Journal articles: 'Occupational and physical'

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Rosenbaum, David I., Mathew J. Cushing, and Daniel Baquet. "Worklife by Occupation Physical Requirements: A Three-State Model." Journal of Forensic Economics 27, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 145–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5085/jfe-436.

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Abstract Do workers in more physically demanding jobs have different worklives than those in more sedentary occupations? To answer this question, we link individual data from the Current Population Survey with occupation characteristics from the Occupational Information Network to categorize individuals into three mutually exclusive initial labor market states: inactive, or active in either a more or less physically demanding occupation. A three-state Markov model estimates worklives given transitions across states over time. There is not a significant difference in worklives between the two occupation groups, even when controlling for sex, age and education. Men and women initially in more physically demanding occupations can be expected to work just as long as their counterparts initially in less physically demanding occupations.

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Yore, Michelle M., Sandra A. Ham, Barbara E. Ainsworth, Caroline A. Macera, Deborah A. Jones, and Harold W. Kohl. "Occupational Physical Activity: Reliability and Comparison of Activity Levels." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2, no. 3 (July 2005): 358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2.3.358.

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Background:In 2001, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) included a new occupational physical activity (PA) question. This article evaluates the reliability of this survey question.Methods:Forty-six subjects were followed for 3 wk, answered 3 PA surveys by telephone, and completed daily PA logs for 1 wk. Kappa statistics determined the reliability of occupational activities (sitting/standing, walking, and heavy lifting). A descriptive analysis compared the time in specific occupational activities.Results:Eighty percent of the respondents reported “mostly sitting or standing” at work; and test–retest reliability was moderate (k = 0.40 to 0.45). The occupationally inactive sat/stood for 85% (mean hours = 5.6) of the workday, whereas the occupationally active sat/stood for 53% (mean hours = 3.9) of the workday.Conclusions:The BRFSS occupational activity question has moderate reliability, distinguishes between occupationally active and inactive persons, and can be used in surveillance systems to estimate adult occupational PA.

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Kukić, Filip, Katie M. Heinrich, Nenad Koropanovski, Walker S. C. Poston, Aleksandar Čvorović, J. Jay Dawes, Robin Orr, and Milivoj Dopsaj. "Differences in Body Composition across Police Occupations and Moderation Effects of Leisure Time Physical Activity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 18, 2020): 6825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186825.

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This study investigated differences in the body composition of police officers from different occupational groups and the moderation effects of leisure time physical activity (LTPA). A sample of 237 police officers (special anti-terrorist unit, gendarmerie, firefighters, and general duties) participated in the study. Body mass index (BMI), percent of body fat (%BF), percent of skeletal muscle mass (%SMM), and index of hypokinesia (IH) were assessed using a multichannel bioelectric impedance analyzer and officers reported the amount of LTPA using an international physical activity questionnaire. The sample was divided in three groups relative to LTPA, sedentary (0–149 min/week), moderately active (150–299 min/week), and very active (300+ min/week). Multiple analysis of variance (4 × 3) was used to analyze if occupational groups differed based solely on occupation, if officers from the same occupation differed in muscularity and fatness based on LTPA, and if any differences in body composition occurred between officers from different occupations with the same level of LTPA. Police officers from more physically demanding occupations demonstrated lower %BF and IH, while having higher %SMM. This was also observed among the officers of the same occupation who reported a higher LTPA, while officers who reported very high LTPA had similar body composition.

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Kåreholt, Ingemar, and Alexander Darin Mattsson. "O8D.2 Occupational complexity in relation to late life physical functioning in sweden." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A75.2—A75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.202.

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BackgroundOccupational complexity is a measure of intellectual stimulation at work. Higher occupational complexity has consistently been associated with less cognitive decline, decreased risk of dementia, less psychological distress, and lower mortality. We build on this research by investigating the association between occupational complexity and physical functioning in late life.MethodsTwo linked Swedish nationally representative surveys were used. Midlife health, education, social class, income, and occupational complexity from current/latest occupation was assessed in 1991. Data from 1991 also include retrospective questions about life-time occupations. From this data we created an aggregated score (based on occupational complexity at ages 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 in addition to the first occupation). Trajectories of change in complexity scores were measured using random slope and intercept models. Physical functioning was assessed in 2014 by self-reported mobility limitations and limitations in activities of daily living (ADL).ResultsThe results show an association between latest and aggregated higher occupational complexity and fewer mobility and ADL limitations. Adjusting for midlife health only moderately affected the associations. The associations were reduced to non-significant when adjusted for education, social class, and income. Trajectories of occupational complexity were only marginally, or not at all, associated with physical functioning in late life.DiscussionOccupational complexity was associated with physical functioning; however, the association could be entirely attributed to socioeconomic position. The initially observed associations between occupational complexity and physical functioning in late life appear to be explained by the same pathways as socioeconomic position. The combined associations between occupational complexity and socioeconomic position on one hand and physical functioning on the other hand need to be further analyzed.

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Vandelanotte, Corneel, Camille Short, Matthew Rockloff, Lee Di Millia, Kevin Ronan, Brenda Happell, and Mitch J. Duncan. "How Do Different Occupational Factors Influence Total, Occupational, and Leisure-Time Physical Activity?" Journal of Physical Activity and Health 12, no. 2 (February 2015): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2013-0098.

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Background:A better understanding of how occupational indicators influence physical activity levels will aid the design of workplace interventions.Methods:Cross-sectional data were collected from 1194 participants through a telephone interview in Queensland, Australia. The IPAQ-long was used to measure physical activity. Multiple logistic regression was applied to examine associations.Results:Of participants, 77.9% were employed full-time, 32.3% had professional jobs, 35.7% were engaged in shift work, 39.5% had physically-demanding jobs, and 66.1% had high physical activity levels. Participants with a physicallydemanding job were less likely to have low total (OR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.17 to 0.38) and occupational (OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.12 to 0.25) physical activity. Technical and trade workers were less likely to report low total physical activity (OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.20 to 0.97) compared with white-collar workers. Part-time (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.15 to 2.64) and shift workers (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.21 to 2.88) were more likely to report low leisure-time activity.Conclusions:Overall, the impact of different occupational indicators on physical activity was not strong. As expected, the greatest proportion of total physical activity was derived from occupational physical activity. No evidence was found for compensation effects whereby physically-demanding occupations lead to less leisure-time physical activity or vice versa. This study demonstrates that workplaces are important settings to intervene, and that there is scope to increase leisure-time physical activity irrespective of occupational background.

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Martin, Elizabeth, Clare Hocking, and Margaret Sandham. "The impact of surviving bowel cancer on occupation: A scoping review." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 83, no. 5 (January 9, 2020): 297–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308022619891837.

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Introduction The number of people surviving bowel cancer is increasing globally, with many of those affected living with long-term psychological and physical sequelae that potentially disrupt occupations. Method A scoping review – guided by Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework – was conducted to provide an overview of what is known about the impact of having had bowel cancer on occupations, and to reveal the potential role of occupational therapy. A systematic search of four databases and a grey literature repository generated 244 results. Applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 33 items addressing bowel cancer and occupations were selected and thematically analysed. Results Researchers have identified six domains of occupation that are impacted by bowel cancer (social activity, physical activity, sexual activity, employment and role functioning, physical functioning, and self-care) but survivors report a distinct lack of health professional support after completion of medical treatment and being left to devise self-management strategies to accommodate the long-term effects of their cancer. Conclusion The sequelae of bowel cancer can have a significant impact on occupational participation. There is scope for increasing and improving occupational therapy input to assist people with cancer-related loss of function to re-engage in valued occupations and improve wellbeing.

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Killeen, Hazel, Saeideh Shahin, Gary M. Bedell, and Dana R. Anaby. "Supporting the participation of youth with physical disabilities: Parents' strategies." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 82, no. 3 (November 14, 2018): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308022618808735.

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Introduction Little is known about strategies used by parents to explicitly promote the participation in meaningful occupations of transition-age youth. This descriptive study explored the type and scope of parents' strategies to facilitate the participation of youth living with a physical disability. Methods Twenty-two parents of youths (12 to 18 years) with mobility restriction reported strategies used at home, school, and in the community by completing the Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth at two time points. Content analysis was conducted. Strategies were extracted and coded, and sub-categories were identified and organised into the three domains (person, occupation, environment) of the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance – Engagement. Findings Overall, 241 strategies were reported, of which 130 were distinct. The strategies encompassed all three domains of the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance – Engagement, with an emphasis on youths' immediate physical environment and no reference to institutional policies at the macro level. The majority of strategies focused on facilitating youths' participation in the school setting through collaboration, advocacy, and involvement. Conclusion Findings can increase our understanding of the range of actions parents take in supporting participation of transition-age youth. Occupational therapists can build on those strategies and, through family-centred practice, jointly promote youth participation and inclusion.

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Gay, Jennifer L., Harold W. Kohl, Jennifer J. Salinas, Joseph B. McCormick, and Susan P. Fisher-Hoch. "Contribution of Occupation to High Doses of Light-Intensity Activity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Mexican American Adults." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 11, no. 7 (September 2014): 1342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2012-0174.

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Background:The association between light-intensity activity and cardiovascular disease risk is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of light-intensity activity with census-based occupational activity classifications and cardiovascular risk factors among Mexican American adults.Methods:118 Mexican American adults (68.6% female) provided cross-sectional accelerometer and biological data. Self-reported occupations were classified by activity level (sedentary, low, moderate). Participants were classified as At-Risk for BMI, glucose, triglycerides, HDL, blood pressure, waist circumference, and percent body fat.Results:Participants engaged in > 5 hours of light-intensity activity on average, and those in sedentary occupations engaged in fewer light-intensity activity minutes than low-active or moderately active workers (P < .001). Self-reported occupation explained 14% of the variation in light-intensity activity (P < .001). Participants in moderately active occupations were at increased risk for high %body fat than other workers (P = .01), but no other associations between occupation and cardiovascular risk were detected.Conclusion:Early work in physical activity underscored the importance of occupational activity. This study presents evidence of a dose-response association for light-intensity activity by occupational category such that workers in sedentary occupations had less light-intensity activity than employees in more active occupations. Future research on how light-intensity activity derived from occupation may reduce the risk of chronic disease will contribute to improved interventions as light-intensity activity participation may be more feasible than meeting current physical activity guidelines.

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Steele, R., and K. Mummery. "Occupational physical activity across occupational categories." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 6, no. 4 (December 2003): 398–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(03)80266-9.

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Duijster, Janneke, Lapo Mughini-Gras, Jacques Neefjes, and Eelco Franz. "Occupational exposure and risk of colon cancer: a nationwide registry study with emphasis on occupational exposure to zoonotic gastrointestinal pathogens." BMJ Open 11, no. 8 (August 2021): e050611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050611.

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ObjectivesWhile colon cancer (CC) risk is associated with several lifestyle-related factors, including physical inactivity, smoking and diet, the contribution of occupation to CC morbidity remains largely unclear. Growing evidence indicates that gastrointestinal infections like salmonellosis could contribute to CC development. We performed a nationwide registry study to assess potential associations between occupation (history) and CC, including also those occupations with known increased exposure to gastrointestinal pathogens like Salmonella.MethodsPerson-level occupational data for all residents in The Netherlands were linked to CC diagnosis data. Differences in the incidence of (overall, proximal and distal) CC among occupational sectors and risk groups were tested for significance by calculating standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) with 95% CIs using the general population as reference group. Effects of gender, age, exposure duration and latency were also assessed.ResultsSignificant differences in CC incidence were observed only for a few occupational sectors, including the manufacturing of rubber and plastics, machinery and leather, the printing sector and the information service sector (SIRs 1.06–1.88). No elevated risk of CC was observed among people with increased salmonellosis risk through occupational exposure to live animals, manure or among those working in the sale of animal-derived food products (SIRs 0.93–0.95, 0.81–0.95 and 0.93–1.09 for overall, proximal and distal CC, respectively).ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that occupation in itself provides a relatively small contribution to CC incidence. This is consistent with previous studies where a similar degree of variation in risk estimates was observed. The lack of an association with the high-risk occupations for salmonellosis might be due to higher levels of physical activity, a known protective factor for CC and other diseases, of people working in the agricultural sector, which might outweigh the potential Salmonella-associated risk of CC.

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Pulakka, Anna, Tuija Leskinen, Annemarie Koster, Jaana Pentti, Jussi Vahtera, and Sari Stenholm. "Daily physical activity patterns among aging workers: the Finnish Retirement and Aging Study (FIREA)." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, no. 1 (October 23, 2018): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-105266.

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ObjectivesPhysical activity is associated with the aging workers' ability to work and predicts working beyond retirement age. To better understand physical activity behaviour in this growing population group, we aimed at characterising 24-hour physical activity patterns among aging workers, and to describe the association between occupational category and total, occupational and leisure-time physical activities.MethodsWe included 878 workers (mean age 62.4 years, SD 1.1, 85% women) from the Finnish Retirement and Aging Study, who wore an accelerometer on their non-dominant wrist for 1 week. We plotted mean hourly activity counts per minute (CPM) for working days and days off. We also compared mean daily CPM between genders and occupations between working days and days off, and work and leisure time by using repeated measures analysis of variance.ResultsActivity patterns were different between genders, occupations and types of the day. Women (2580, 95% CI 2540 to 2620) had higher daily mean CPM than men (2110, 95% CI 2020 to 2000). Women in manual occupations were more active than women in non-manual occupations during working days. The differences among men were in the same direction but less pronounced than among women. We found no differences in activity levels between occupations during days off and leisure time on working days.ConclusionsIn aging workers, physical activity differs by gender and occupation during working time, but not during leisure time. As low physical activity is associated with increased risk of early exit from employment, physical activity should be promoted at workplaces, especially among men and people in non-manual occupations.

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Choudhury, Jyotirmayee. "Occupational Stress, Physical Wellness and Productivity Barometer at Workplace." International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics 8, no. 5 (August 30, 2019): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31270/ijame/v08/i05/2019/6.

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The paper is a conceptual one to understand the relationship between occupational stress, physical wellbeing and productivity barometer such as burnout, illness, labour turnover and absenteeism. The accumulated unpleasant emotional and psychological feelings ascend out of occupational stress impacts the physical and mental wellness of an employee which ultimately depreciates his/ her productivity barometer. The present paper is a conceptual frame work to understand the concept stress, occupational stress and individual’s appraisal of it in his/her work environment. The research work analyses occupational stress as more of a sort of individual generated which rises out of individual’s assessment of the stressors of work life. The objective of the research work is to study on occupational stress, physical and psychological wellbeing and productivity barometer. The research article attempts to suggest in promoting health philosophy and physical wellness programme in organisation’s work culture and environment through individual initiated interventions and organisation policy to put a control on occupational stress in order to check the alarming signal of productivity barometer. Keywords: Occupational Stress, Physical Wellbeing, Productivity Barometer, Quality of Work Life and Quality of Life.

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Hillsdon, Melvyn. "Occupational Social Class, Occupational Physical Activity, and Leisure-Time Physical Activity." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 40, no. 4 (April 2011): 494–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.01.001.

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Crowder, Ruth. "Book Review: Occupational Therapy and Physical Dysfunction: Enabling Occupation." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 74, no. 7 (July 2011): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802261107400707.

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Steeves, Jeremy A., Catrine Tudor-Locke, Rachel A. Murphy, George A. King, Eugene C. Fitzhugh, David R. Bassett, Dane Van Domelen, John M. Schuna, and Tamara B. Harris. "Daily Physical Activity by Occupational Classification in US Adults: NHANES 2005–2006." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 15, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 900–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0465.

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Background: Little is known about the daily physical activity (PA) levels of people employed in different occupational categories. Methods: Nine ActiGraph accelerometer-derived daily PA variables are presented and ranked for adults (N = 1465, 20–60 y) working in the 22 occupational categories assessed by NHANES 2005–2006. A composite score was generated for each occupational category by summing the rankings of 3 accelerometer-derived daily PA variables known to have strong associations with health outcomes (total activity counts [TAC], moderate to vigorous PA minutes per week in modified 10-minute bouts [MVPA 10], and percentage of time spent in sedentary activity [SB%]). Results: Classified as high-activity occupational categories, “farming, fishing, forestry,” and “building & grounds cleaning, maintenance” occupations had the greatest TAC (461 996 and 449 452), most MVPA 10 (149.6 and 97.8), most steps per day (10 464 and 11 602), and near the lowest SB% (45.2% and 45.4%). “Community, social services” occupations, classified as low-activity occupational categories, had the second lowest TAC (242 085), least MVPA 10 (12.1), fewest steps per day (5684), and near the highest SB% (64.2%). Conclusions: There is a strong association between occupational category and daily activity levels. Objectively measured daily PA permitted the classification of the 22 different occupational categories into 3 activity groupings.

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Clarkson, Claudia, Kobie Boshoff, and Jocelyn Kernot. "Occupational Therapy Interventions for Adolescents: A Scoping Review." Allied Health Scholar 2, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 51–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21913/tahs.v2i1.1575.

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Aim and Background: Occupations are everyday activities that help occupy our time and provide us with a sense of purpose in life. Adolescence is a unique stage of life when individuals experience occupational change that assists with preparation for adulthood. Participation in occupations is linked to health and wellbeing. Existing literature on occupational participation appears to combine adolescents’ and children’s experiences. Due to the unique nature of adolescence and an increased focus on service development and re-design for all age groups in Australia since the implementation of the National Disability Insurance Scheme, this scoping review sought to explore Occupational Therapy interventions that promote adolescents’ participation in everyday occupations. Design and Methods: A systematic search of eight databases for peer reviewed papers published between 2008 and 2018 was conducted. The PRISMA guidelines were used to guide the review processes. Study selection criteria focussed on Occupational Therapy interventions promoting participation in everyday occupations for adolescents (between 10 to 19 years of age). The data was charted and synthesised to identify key features of the interventions. Results: The 26 included studies revealed various intervention types and adolescent groups. The majority of the interventions targeted adolescents with physical disabilities and autism spectrum disorder. Many studies focussed on promoting functional independence in work, personal care, social participation and health management. Features of interventions include collaborative (with the adolescent and family) intervention goal setting and evaluation processes, as well as the use of technology. The majority of the papers reported positive outcomes, however mixed results were also identified. The findings provide guidance for adolescent service development and re-design by identifying the areas of occupation and features of programs, documented in Occupational Therapy-specific literature. Future reviews can extend our understanding further by incorporating by including publications that focus on assessment and other roles of Occupational Therapists. Keywords: participation, occupation, Occupational Therapy, adolescents

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Solovieva, Svetlana, Tea Kontio, and Eira Viikari-Juntura. "Occupation, Physical Workload Factors, and Disability Retirement as a Result of Hip Osteoarthritis in Finland, 2005–2013." Journal of Rheumatology 45, no. 4 (February 1, 2018): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.170748.

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Objective.To identify occupations with a high risk of disability retirement as a result of hip osteoarthritis (OA), and to examine the effect of physical workload factors on the occupational differences in disability retirement.Methods.A total of 1,135,654 (49.4% women) Finns aged 30–60 years in gainful employment were followed from 2005 to 2013 for full disability retirement as a result of hip OA. Information on pensions, occupation, and education were obtained from national registers. Physical workload was assessed by a sex-specific job exposure matrix. We calculated age-adjusted incidence rates and examined the associations of occupation, education, and physical workload factors with disability retirement using a competing risk regression model.Results.Age-adjusted incidence rate was 25 and 22 per 100,000 person-years in men and women, respectively. Both men and women working in lower-level nonmanual and manual occupations had an elevated age-adjusted risk of disability retirement as a result of hip OA. A very high risk of disability retirement was found among male construction workers, electricians, and plumbers (HR 12.7, 95% CI 8.4–19.7), and female professional drivers (HR 15.2, 95% CI 7.5–30.8) as compared with professionals. After adjustment for age and education, the observed occupational differences in disability retirement were largely explained by physical workload factors among men and to a smaller extent, among women.Conclusion.Our results suggest that education and physical workload factors appear to be the major reasons for excess disability retirement as a result of hip OA in manual occupations, particularly among men.

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Harrell, Joanne S., Lawrence F. Johnston, Thomas R. Griggs, Peggy Schaefer, Edward G. Carr, Robert G. McMurray, Anne R. Meibohm, Sergio Munoz, Byron N. Raines, and O. Dale Williams. "An Occupation Based Physical Activity Intervention Program." AAOHN Journal 44, no. 8 (August 1996): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507999604400803.

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The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to determine the effectiveness of an occupation based health and fitness program. Subjects were 1,504 police trainees (85% male, 15% female) with an ethnic distribution of 82% white, 16% African American, and 2% other. Data were collected at 25 sites across the state of North Carolina. The sites were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (implemented the intervention) or the control group (continued usual training). As compared with controls, subjects at the experimental sites improved significantly in cardiovascular fitness (aerobic power), general muscular strength (number of sit ups per minute), and flexibility, and lowered their body fat. The intervention required minimal equipment and was taught primarily by peers who received a 1 week training program. This occupational approach to improving health could be particularly useful in occupations with many workers who seldom engage in leisure time physical activity.

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Pontes, Tatiana Barcelos, Katie Mah, Adrianne K. Arnold, Helene J. Polatajko, and Jane A. Davis. "The occupational repertoires of children with mobility difficulties: The child’s perspective." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 83, no. 4 (January 30, 2020): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308022619897877.

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Introduction Children with mobility difficulties are thought to share similar participation repertoires due to the impact of their physical impairments. However, with these children, as with all others, individual differences and contexts should mediate occupational repertoires and experiences, resulting in participation differences, at least in part. This study aimed to explore the occupational repertoires of children with mobility difficulties and their view of their occupational participation. Methods Five children with mobility difficulties were assessed using the paediatric activity card sort, to establish their occupational repertoires. Semi-structured interviews were used to understand the children’s occupational participation. Findings Our findings suggest that children with mobility issues are more likely to participate in quiet occupations, but not exclusively. The children defined participation in their own way. Conclusion The knowledge about how children with mobility difficulties understand participation in occupation can help occupational therapists to establish goals with their clients and personalise interventions.

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Case-Smith, Jane, and Sandra Rogers. "Physical and Occupational Therapy." Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 8, no. 2 (April 1999): 323–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30183-4.

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Johnston, Venerina. "Occupational health physical therapy." Physical Therapy Reviews 18, no. 5 (October 2013): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1083319613z.000000000132.

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Isernhagen, Dennis D. "Occupational Health Physical Therapy." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 17, no. 5 (May 1993): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1993.17.5.211.

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SHEARER, B., J. BURNHAM, J. C. WALL, and G. I. TURNBULL. "Physical and occupational therapy." International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 18, no. 2 (June 1995): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004356-199506000-00011.

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Duncan, Mitch J., Hannah M. Badland, and William Kerry Mummery. "Physical Activity Levels by Occupational Category in Non-Metropolitan Australian Adults." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 7, no. 6 (November 2010): 718–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.6.718.

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Background:The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between occupational category and 3 health-related behaviors: participation in leisure-time physical activity, active transport (AT) and occupational sitting in a sample of employed Australian adults.Methods:A random, cross-sectional sample of 592 adults aged 18 to 71 years completed a telephone survey in October/November 2006. Reported occupations were categorized as professional (n = 332, 56.1%), white-collar (n = 181, 30.6%), and blue-collar (n = 79, 13.3%). Relationships between occupational category and AT, sufficient physical activity and occupational sitting were examined using logistic regression.Results:White-collar employees (OR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.14−0.95) were less likely to engage in AT and more likely to engage in occupational sitting (OR = 3.10, 95% CI 1.63−5.92) when compared with blue-collar workers. Professionals (OR = 3.04, 95% CI 1.94−4.76) were also more likely to engage in occupational sitting compared with blue-collar workers. No relationship was observed between occupational category and engagement in sufficient physical activity.Conclusions:No association between occupational category and sufficient physical activity levels was observed, although white-collar and professionals were likely to engage in high levels of occupational sitting. Innovative and sustainable strategies are required to reduce occupational sitting to improve health.

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Kim, Lanu. "Geographical Locations of Occupations and Information and Communication Technology: Do Online Tools Impact Where People in the United States Live and Work?" SAGE Open 11, no. 3 (July 2021): 215824402110376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211037663.

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This article investigates whether the development of information and communication technology (ICT) contributes to the dispersion of wealthy and talented people and helps prevent the concentration of wealth in only a few cities. In between some authors’ positive speculation on the role of ICT in reducing the necessity of physical distance and others’ emphasis on the vital role of offline interaction, the current research takes a broader view and investigates whether the technology impacts the concentration of jobs across the U.S. cities in the years 2006 and 2016. Using data from Occupational Employment Statistics surveys and the Occupational Information Network, I measure the significance of location for occupations by exploring geographical concentration and the interdependence of occupation dyads. The results show there is no evidence to support the assertion that ICT skills required for occupation were negatively associated with the geographical dispersion of the occupation in the study period. Instead, the research indicates that occupational ICT strengthened the geographical interdependence of occupations. The finds show that, in particular, jobs requiring higher ICT skills continued to be bounded to locations between 2006 and 2016. Overall, the results show there is no evidence for the claim that ICT is associated with the dispersion of geographical locations of occupations. The results suggest that rising communication technology will not necessarily diminish the concentration of good jobs or wealth inequality between cities.

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Ní Léime, Á., and Debra Street. "Working later in the USA and Ireland: implications for precariously and securely employed women." Ageing and Society 39, no. 10 (July 17, 2018): 2194–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18000508.

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AbstractPolicies to extend working life (EWL) assume homogeneous workers face similar choices about working longer: this may be difficult for women, workers in physically onerous jobs or in low-paid precarious employment. Work-life trajectories are gendered; women interrupt employment and pension-building to provide care. There is occupational variation in capacities to prolong working lives: physically demanding jobs cause work-related health deficits. The precariously employed cannot contribute regularly to pensions and may face age discrimination. This research provides an inter-occupational and cross-national dimension to EWL research, comparing women teachers and health-care workers in the United States of America (USA) and Republic of Ireland. It documents intra-cohort distinctions that emerge among women when considering educational opportunities and occupational tracks expressed in lifecourse trajectories and accumulated capacities for extended work. Analysis draws on interview data from ten teachers and ten health-care workers in each country, comparing the implications of EWL policies for women workers: in precariousversussecure occupations and occupations with different physical demands. It reveals work-life trajectories leading to poorer financial and health outcomes for older health-care workers, especially in the USA. Most women (regardless of occupation or country) opposed extending working life, with concerns ranging from health status and ability to work to the desire to have healthy years in retirement. The most important distinctions are between the occupational categories considered, rather than cross-national differences. Implications for national and work-place policy and research are considered.

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Athanasou, James, Robert Pithers, and Ian Cornford. "Using Occupational Descriptors in Career Counselling." Australian Journal of Career Development 3, no. 3 (December 1994): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103841629400300304.

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This paper deals with the development of a system of key occupational descriptors for the Australian Standard Classification of Occupations (ASCO) and their potential value in careers counselling. A system of 43 descriptors covering: aptitudes, physical activities, environmental conditions, educational and vocational development, labour market factors, key competency strands, specific vocational preparation and occupational interests has been proposed for the 1079 occupations classified in Australia. The value and limitations of occupational descriptors as a basis for career exploration are highlighted.

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Brennan, Gareth James, and MaryBeth Gallagher. "Expectations of choice: an exploration of how social context informs gendered occupation." Irish Journal of Occupational Therapy 45, no. 1 (April 3, 2017): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijot-01-2017-0003.

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Purpose Occupational choice describes the process that leads to occupational engagement as a result of intrinsic and extrinsic influences. There has been a considerable amount of research concerning occupational choice, gender and adolescence. However, this has largely focused on the areas of career choice and engagement in risky health behaviours. This paper aims to expand on the literature by providing a broader scope of occupation more aligned with the concept associated with occupational science. Furthering this, the researcher aims to examine the influence of gender as an extrinsic influence on occupational choice. The researcher aims to explore how contextual influences inform gendered occupational choice. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory qualitative approach was used in the current study. Incorporating photographs as a means of elucidating conversation during the interview process, photo-elicitation interview techniques were used as part of the data collection. This involved using a collection of photographs to prompt participants to discuss their interpretations of various occupations. Six adolescent boys and girls aged 11-14 years participated in the study. Participants were recruited from mixed-gendered sports clubs in the West of Ireland. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. An occupational justice perspective was used to interpret the data. Findings Responses suggest that gender informs occupational choice through different mechanisms. These included social systems, physical and institutional opportunities as well as expectations participants held of themselves and others they considered to be within their social grouping. Social systems included groups such as friends and family. The ease of access to physical and institutional resources was another factor that informed choice. Participants projected views of expectations they perceived others held for them informed how the participants made their choices. These factors varied across gender. Despite opportunities being available to both sexes, choices were often restricted to particular occupations. Originality/value The findings suggest that factors informing the occupational choices of adolescents included a combination of intrinsic factors such as gender and perspectives, as well as external factors including peers, family and opportunities in the local community. Practical applications of this involve acknowledging and further understanding the contextually situated nature of choice to provide more equitable practice. The results of the study may provide more insight into the factors that enable and inhibit occupation. A further understanding of these influences can redirect how we view adolescent occupations in a way that promotes health.

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Huang, Chun-Jung, and Edmund O. Acevedo. "Occupational Stress." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 5, no. 6 (September 2, 2011): 486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827611418168.

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Occupational stress can affect physiological and psychological homeostasis. In addition, the occupational challenges associated with firefighting and law enforcement have been linked to increased mortality ratios for ischemic heart disease when compared with other population cohorts. Laboratory studies have shown that the exacerbation of stress hormones (eg, catecholamines) following dual challenge (physical and psychological stress) may affect immune system responses, which may partially explain the link between cardiovascular disease and inflammation. Physical fitness has been shown to attenuate both cardiovascular and inflammatory cytokine responses following physical and/or psychological stress; however, criteria for safe and effective occupation-specific fitness levels have not been established. In addition, firefighters and police officers have high overweight and obesity rates, which also contribute significantly to the development of cardiovascular disease. Future investigation on the possible interaction (additive or synergistic) of obesity and psychological stress on the development of cardiovascular diseases in these professions is warranted, and a criterion for fitness level should be established for safe and effective participation in occupation-related activities.

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Jones, Paul, Amanda Jones, Nicola Williams-Burnett, and Vanessa Ratten. "Let’s get physical." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 18, no. 4 (November 2017): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465750317741878.

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The study explores the entrepreneurial experiences of sport coaches/instructors and their operation, thus contributing to a nascent literature. There is minimal literature evaluating entrepreneurial experiences in different occupational contexts. This is particularly true in newer entrepreneurial occupations such as sports coaches/instructors and how they function as business owners. This study considers the challenges, drivers, motivations and perceptions sport coaches/instructors exhibit and face. The results provided a plurality of diverse practice and attitudes towards self-employment sports coaches/instructors. In terms of motivations, respondents revealed both necessity and personal enjoyment as a driver to career choice. Respondents stressed the challenges involved with self-employment sports coaching, which included time management and problems with financing the business.

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Gay, Jennifer L., David M. Buchner, and Jessalyn Smith. "Occupational Physical Activity Opposes Obesity." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 61, no. 3 (March 2019): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000001489.

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&NA;. "Tecumseh Occupational Physical Activity Questionnaire." Medicine&amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 29, Supplement (June 1997): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199706001-00020.

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Kaggestad, Janette, and Egil W. Martinsen. "Physical Training as Occupational Therapy." World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bulletin 11, no. 1 (January 1985): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14473828.1985.11785112.

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Shariat, Ardalan. "Occupational physical and emotional fitness." Work 59, no. 3 (April 6, 2018): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-182696.

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Isernhagen, Susan J. "Physical therapy and occupational rehabilitation." Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 1, no. 1 (March 1991): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01073281.

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Pigatto, Paolo Daniele, Agostina Legori, and Andrea Stefano Bigardi. "Occupational dermatitis from physical causes." Clinics in Dermatology 10, no. 2 (April 1992): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0738-081x(92)90111-b.

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Capozzi, Lauren C., Naomi D. Dolgoy, and Margaret L. McNeely. "Physical Rehabilitation and Occupational Therapy." Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America 30, no. 4 (November 2018): 471–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2018.06.008.

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Ghaneh-Ezabadi, Saeed, Leila Nezamabadi-Farahani, Kianoush Abdi, Maral Saadat, and Seyed Abolfazl Zakerian. "The Impact of Employment Status and Occupation Type on Occupational Stress and General Health of Physically Disabled Employees in Vocational Centers of the State Welfare Organization of Tehran: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Rehabilitation 22, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 66–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/rj.22.1.3287.1.

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Objective: Disabled people experience worse situation in respect of the stress, health, and socio-demographic indicators than healthy people. Little knowledge is available about the way in which this disadvantage is patterned by employment status and occupation type, especially in employees with physical disabilities. Few studies have investigated the potential effect of employment status and occupation type on general health and occupational stress in physically disabled employees. This study investigated the role of employment status and occupation type and demographic factors in predicting general health and also, examined the relations between occupational stress and general health while adjusting for demographic factors among employees with physical disabilities in vocational centers of the State Welfare Organization in Tehran City, Iran. Materials & Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design. The study was performed among 273 people with physical disabilities employed in the productive workrooms of vocational rehabilitation centers of Tehran, which were selected via convenience sampling. Data collection tools were Occupational Stress Index (OSI) developed by Belkic (1991) based upon cognitive ergonomics concept to measure the five key potential work-related stressors, Goldberg’s 28-item General Health Questionnaires (GHQ-28) (1979) to detect psychiatric illness as well as current psychological state in the past month and self-administered demographic form. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS software, using the independent t-test, one-way ANOVA and multiple linear regression. Results: The Mean±SD age of the physically disabled employees was 33.65 (3.76) years. Most of them were aged 30 to 39 years. (55.2%), men (60.4%), married (60.4%), with part-time employment (67%) and engaged in productive affairs (30%). The relationship between general health and occupational stress with gender and marital status was found to be significant (P<0.05). Women and married subjects had more occupational stress. Moreover, there were significant differences in general health and occupational stress subscales regarding employment status (P<0.05). Part-time employees were exposed to more stressful physical conditions and accidents at work than others, causing a higher level of occupational stress. In addition, employees who were engaged in art-related jobs had higher rate of time pressure, problems and decision-making situations in their workplace, hence, overall more occupational stress. Multiple linear regression analyses were then performed on data to identify general health predictors while adjusting for demographic variables. Age had a significant independent direct effect on enhanced somatic symptoms (β=0.16). Disabled women had a higher score of somatic symptoms than men (β=1.97). Furthermore, part-time employment was directly related to somatic and depression symptoms (β=1.26 and 1.51). Productive works were significantly associated with a higher level of somatic symptoms, anxiety, insomnia and depression symptoms (β=1.28, 1.53 and 1.95, respectively). Therefore, being female, employing as a part-time worker and working in productive affairs were significant predictors of somatic and depressive symptoms in physically disabled employees. Moreover, the physical condition of the workplace, workplace problems and decision-making situations were positively related to somatic symptoms (β=0.7, 0.13 and 0.14, respectively). In overall, 49% of the variance in somatic symptoms (the best model fit) could be explained by independent variables. Conclusion: Employment status and occupation type are significantly related to occupational stress, which in turn, causes general health disparities among people with physical disabilities. With respect to the higher level of somatic symptoms and depression in part-time employees, it seems that changing their employment status to full-time, can reduce their stress load and improve their health. In addition, women and married subjects experience more occupational stress and have more somatic symptoms

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Brown, Helen Viola, and Vivien Hollis. "The Meaning of Occupation, Occupational Need, and Occupational Therapy in a Military Context." Physical Therapy 93, no. 9 (September 1, 2013): 1244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20120162.

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Despite occupational therapists having strong historical ties to the Canadian military, there are currently no uniformed occupational therapists and only a few permanent occupational therapists employed by Canadian Forces. Occupational therapy is provided, in the main, through civilian occupational therapists. Occupational therapists have unique skills that can contribute to the existing Canadian Forces Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Services Department. To establish the depth and scope of their work, this article explains the theoretical underpinnings of occupational therapy. Examples are provided of possible occupational therapy for populations of Canadian Forces members: (1) those with transient, intermittent injuries; (2) those returning from overseas missions with very serious injuries or severe injuries; and (3) those with permanent injuries who are transitioning from the Canadian Forces into the civilian workforce. Interventions for mental health issues are interwoven with those targeting physical issues. The article suggests that occupational therapists employed on a permanent basis by the Canadian Forces can contribute in a more comprehensive manner to the wider rehabilitation of Canadian Forces members. The article has applicability to occupational therapy military services in other countries.

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Sirén, Maria, Eira Viikari-Juntura, Jari Arokoski, and Svetlana Solovieva. "Occupational differences in disability retirement due to a shoulder lesion: do work-related factors matter?" International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 93, no. 8 (May 4, 2020): 983–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00420-020-01549-y.

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Abstract Objective To identify occupations with a high risk of disability retirement due to a shoulder lesion and to examine the effect of physical and psychosocial work-related factors on occupational differences in disability retirement. Methods We followed Finnish wage earners aged 30–59 years (n = 1,135,654) from 2005 to 2014 for full disability retirement due to a shoulder lesion. The work-related exposures were assessed with job exposure matrices. We calculated age-adjusted incidence rates and hazard ratios to test for the association between occupation and disability retirement due to a shoulder lesion. We also examined the contribution of work-related exposures to the excess risk of disability retirement. Results As compared to professionals, the age-adjusted risk of disability retirement was increased among men in all occupational groups except managers and customer service clerks and among women in several occupational groups. Adjustment for education attenuated the occupational differences considerably, particularly among women. The physical work-related factors fully explained the excess risk of disability retirement due to a shoulder lesion among male finance and sales associate professionals and administrative secretaries as well as among agricultural and fishery workers. In women, the physical work-related factors fully explained the excess risk among construction workers, electricians and plumbers. For both genders, the contribution of psychosocial factors to excess risk of disability retirement was modest and seen for monotonous work only. Conclusions A reduction of the level of physical work load factors as well as monotonousness of work has a potential to prevent work disability due to a shoulder lesion.

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Goldman, Noreen, Anne R. Pebley, Keunbok Lee, Theresa Andrasfay, and Boriana Pratt. "Racial and ethnic differentials in COVID-19-related job exposures by occupational standing in the US." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): e0256085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256085.

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Researchers and journalists have argued that work-related factors may be partly responsible for disproportionate COVID-19 infection and death rates among vulnerable groups. We evaluate these issues by describing racial and ethnic differences in the likelihood of work-related exposure to COVID-19. We extend previous studies by considering 12 racial and ethnic groups and five types of potential occupational exposure to the virus: exposure to infection, physical proximity to others, face-to-face discussions, interactions with external customers and the public, and working indoors. Most importantly, we stratify our results by occupational standing, defined as the proportion of workers within each occupation with at least some college education. This measure serves as a proxy for whether workplaces and workers employ COVID-19-related risk reduction strategies. We use the 2018 American Community Survey to identify recent workers by occupation, and link 409 occupations to information on work context from the Occupational Information Network to identify potential COVID-related risk factors. We then examine the racial/ethnic distribution of all frontline workers and frontline workers at highest potential risk of COVID-19, by occupational standing and by sex. The results indicate that, contrary to expectation, White frontline workers are often overrepresented in high-risk jobs while Black and Latino frontline workers are generally underrepresented in these jobs. However, disaggregation of the results by occupational standing shows that, in contrast to Whites and several Asian groups, Latino and Black frontline workers are overrepresented in lower standing occupations overall and in lower standing occupations associated with high risk, and thus may be less likely to have adequate COVID-19 protections. Our findings suggest that greater work exposures likely contribute to a higher prevalence of COVID-19 among Latino and Black adults and underscore the need for measures to reduce potential exposure for workers in low standing occupations and for the development of programs outside the workplace.

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Crowder, Ruth. "Book Review: Occupational Therapy and Physical Dysfunction: Enabling Occupation, 6th ed." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 74, no. 7_suppl (July 2011): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802261107407s11.

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Youngson, Bel. "Book Review: Occupational Therapy and Physical Dysfunction: Enabling Occupation, 6th Ed." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 75, no. 4 (April 2012): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802261207500405.

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Dengler, Katharina, and Anita Tisch. "Examining the Relationship Between Digital Transformation and Work Quality: Substitution Potential and Work Exposure in Gender-Specific Occupations." KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 72, S1 (July 13, 2020): 427–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11577-020-00674-3.

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Abstract Computers can substitute for many tasks currently performed by humans and are likely to change occupations in the near future. However, it is not likely that entire occupations will disappear. In this context, little attention has been paid to possible impacts of digital transformation on aspects of work quality. It would be desirable for changes to ease occupations with high work exposure. In this article, we assume that digital technologies may replace physically demanding jobs mainly performed by men, but not psychosocially demanding jobs mainly performed by women. Thus, the question arises whether social inequality between men and women may increase in the course of digital transformation. Using large-scale administrative and survey data from Germany, we analyse the relationship between digital transformation and work exposure for male- and female-dominated occupations. We measure the degree of digital transformation by occupation-specific substitution potential, that is the extent to which occupational tasks can be replaced by computers or computer-controlled machines. The results imply that digital technologies could relieve men of physically demanding jobs. However, we cannot find any evidence that digital technologies have already caused employment to decline in occupations with physical work exposure.

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Sewdas, Ranu, Allard J. van der Beek, Cecile R. L. Boot, Stefania D’Angelo, Holly E. Syddall, Keith T. Palmer, and Karen Walker-Bone. "Poor health, physical workload and occupational social class as determinants of health-related job loss: results from a prospective cohort study in the UK." BMJ Open 9, no. 7 (July 2019): e026423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026423.

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ObjectivesThe aims of the present study were to assess the association and interactions of physical workload and poor health with health-related job loss (HRJL) among older workers, and the association and interactions of occupational social class and poor health with HRJL.MethodsData were used from an existing prospective cohort study, Health and Employment after Fifty, where employed or self-employed workers aged 50–64 years (n=4909) were followed-up between 2014 and 2016. Associations between potential determinants (self-perceived health status, physical workload and occupational social class) and 2-year HRJL were examined by Cox regression analyses. To study whether physical workload or occupational social class moderates the influence of poor health on HRJL, additive and multiplicative interactions were calculated.ResultsOlder workers with poor self-perceived health status had increased risk of HRJL during the 2-year follow-up period (men: HR 2.57 (95%CI: 1.68 to 3.92); women: HR 3.26 (95%CI: 2.33 to 4.55)). Furthermore, men with high physical workload were at increased risk for HRJL (HR 1.63 (95%CI: 1.09 to 2.43)). No significant interactions (p<0.05) were identified between poor health and high physical workload, nor between poor health and lower occupational social class.ConclusionOur study indicates that older workers in poor health, and older workers with a physically demanding job, are at increased risk of HRJL. Having a physically demanding job or working in routine/manual occupations does not moderate the association between poor health and HRJL.

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Rebeiro, Karen L. "Occupation-as-Means to Mental Health: A Review of the Literature, and a Call for Research." Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 65, no. 1 (February 1998): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841749806500102.

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Occupational therapy is a profession which is based upon many beliefs about occupation. One belief is that engagement in occupation can promote physical and mental health. This belief appears to support the profession's jurisdictional claim to the use and application of occupation in psychosocial practice. A review of the psychosocial occupational therapy literature yielded few empirical studies which addressed the use of occupation-as-means to mental health. A discrepancy exists between what the profession theoretically advances about occupation and the research conducted in this area. This discrepancy is highlighted as a possible explanation for the lack of recognition of the value of occupational therapy in mental health and is forwarded as a potential risk to the profession's jurisdictional claim to the use and application of occupation. A call to research is advanced to develop a knowledge base on occupation, to empirically support the use of occupation as therapy, and to secure a unique role for occupational therapy in psychosocial practice.

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Ruzic, L. "Increased occupational physical activity does not improve physical fitness." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 60, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 983–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.12.983.

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Reilly, Maura, Guadalupe X. Ayala, John P. Elder, and Kevin Patrick. "Physician Communication and Physical Activity Among Latinas." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 10, no. 4 (May 2013): 602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.10.4.602.

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Background:Research suggests that individuals who talk with their physicians about lifestyle behaviors are more physically active. Research on this topic is limited in the U.S. Latino population. This study examines doctor-patient communication from the perspective of enrollees in a physical activity (PA) intervention.Methods:Three hundred and eighty-seven Latinos were surveyed at program enrollment. Analysis examined the extent to which physician communication about healthy lifestyles and weight was associated with self-reported PA, including leisure-time PA (LTPA), transportation PA (TPA), and occupational PA (OPA). Physician communication included asking, advising, and assisting.Results:Most of the respondents reported no LTPA (46%) and no TPA (60%). The percent reporting no occupational activity, which included housework if a homemaker, was lower at 36%. Greater physician assistance was associated with a greater likelihood of doing any LTPA (P ≤ .05). A similar trend was observed for TPA (P ≤ .10).Conclusions:Latinos who reported physician assistance to engage in healthy lifestyle behaviors reported more LTPA. Providers who assist their patients in obtaining resources to support PA have the potential to increase levels of PA.

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Östlin, Piroska, and Mats Thorslund. "Problems with Cross-Sectional Data in Research on Working Environment and Health." Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 16, no. 3 (September 1988): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/140349488801600303.

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Occupational turnover due to health related selection might introduce a bias in cross-sectional studies that tends to mask real occupational health effects. People could have changed occupation so that they, when disease occurs and/or the data collection is accomplished, are working in an environment that is irrelevant for the disease in question. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is any difference in morbidity between ‘stable’ workers and ‘changers’. Occurrence of long-term illness was studied on four exposure levels, defined according to the physical demands at work. The study population comprised 10487 men and 10058 women between 25 to 74 years of age, who were interviewed within the scope of the Statistics Sweden Survey of Living Conditions in the years 1977 and 1979–81. Considerable differences in health outcomes were found between stable workers and changers, especially when considering the degree of physical strain at work. Thus, the findings indicate the necessity of detailed recording of occupational histories within the framework of cross-sectional studies, especially when the aim of the investigation is to study and compare health outcomes for workers in occupations with different turnover rates.

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Healy, Helen, and Patricia Rigby. "Promoting Independence for Teens and Young Adults with Physical Disabilities." Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 66, no. 5 (December 1999): 240–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841749906600508.

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The transition to adult roles and responsibilities poses unique challenges for young people with physical disabilities. The Independence Programme (TIP) assists youths to meet these challenges. TIP is client-centred and addresses each participant's occupational performance problems. Participants live in a student residence located near shops, restaurants and other businesses for 20 consecutive days during TIP. This paper describes TIP and results from the evaluation of one summer's programme. Ten youths with physical disabilities, such as cerebral palsy, participated. The programme was evaluated using interviews with each participant at the beginning and end of the programme, and at a four month follow-up with the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) (Law et al., 1994a). Participants made clinically important changes in performance and satisfaction of their identified occupations. They rated this programme as the best experience of the summer. Participants valued the opportunities to learn about and access environmental supports, to assume greater independence, and to develop connectedness with peers.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Occupational and physical'

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