Academic literature on the topic 'Occupant 's behaviour'
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Journal articles on the topic "Occupant 's behaviour":
1
Wang, Brydon. "The Seductive Smart City and the Benevolent Role of Transparency." Interaction Design and Architecture(s), no. 48 (June 10, 2021): 100–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.55612/s-5002-048-005.
Abstract:
Digital Twins and automated decision-making systems operate on real-time sensor data extracted from the built environment to seamlessly produce insights and decisions to predict and influence behaviour in the city. However, these processes are opaque to urban occupants and as such, power holders are not held accountable for decisions. This article applies a Deleuzian lens to consider how desiring-production and modulated forms of control seduce the urban occupant through an uncritical techno-entrepreneurial framing of the smart city. In turn, this techno-optimistic narrative of smart cities seduces us into new modulated representations of ourselves in a society of control. This article argues that transparency practices in digital twins and other smart city technologies are essential as they need to signal benevolence and support trust formation in the city. Transparency practices that communicate the context of data focused decision-making allow power holders, HCI and CSCW practitioners, other technology developers and city administrators to be held accountable for these decisions. At the same time, transparency in the architecture and processes of the digital twin and ADSs creates spaces within seamless dataveillance-to-decision output processes for selfhood development, to allow ‘the right to the city’ to emerge. This article also considers strategies in which practices of power through seduction in digital twins and other smart city technologies can be made to be more benevolent through transparency.
2
Gregório-Atem, Camila, Carolina Aparicio-Fernández, Helena Coch, and José-Luis Vivancos. "Opaque Ventilated Façade (OVF) Thermal Performance Simulation for Office Buildings in Brazil." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 7635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187635.
Abstract:
Opaque ventilated façades (OVFs) are increasingly gaining in importance in the design of sustainable buildings, given that they can lessen the building´s environmental impact. Opaque ventilated façades can reduce thermal gains in hot climate zones, improving the thermal comfort indoors, and reducing air conditioning demand. Nevertheless, the thermal behaviour of the opaque ventilated façade depends on the climatic conditions and the building´s specific design. This study analyses the effect of opaque ventilated façades in office buildings using 30 constructive configurations under eight tropical climate conditions. The study considers three options for the external layer of cladding (ceramic, stone, and aluminium composite material) and two configurations for the inner layer (plasterboard with mineral wool and ceramic). Simulations were carried out using the software tools TRanNsient SYstem Simulation program (TRNSYS) and TRNFlow. The model developed considers bioclimatic characteristics, including solar radiation and wind conditions for each climatic zone. The operating temperature was selected from within the range established by occupant comfort regulations. The findings suggest that it is possible to select the best office building opaque ventilated façade configuration for each of the specific climate conditions in Brazil.
3
Pressley, Joyce C., Nirajan Puri, and Tianhui He. "Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes in Upstate and Long Island New York: The Impact of High Visibility Seat Belt Enforcement on Multiple Risky Driving Behaviors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020920.
Abstract:
Despite an observed daytime front-seat seat belt use that exceeds 90%, nearly half of motor vehicle occupants who die in New York State (NYS) each year are not wearing a seat belt. Crash outcomes were examined by occupant, vehicle, environmental and traffic enforcement patterns related to the annual Click It or Ticket high visibility seat belt enforcement campaign. Three periods of enforcement were examined: pre-enforcement, peri-enforcement (during/immediately after), and post-enforcement. Of the 14.4 million traffic citations, 713,990 (5.0%) were seat belt violations. Relative risk with 95% CI was assessed using deaths from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and SAS Glimmix 9.4 software. Mortality was lower peri-enforcement (32.9%) compared to pre- (40.9%) or post-enforcement (37.1%) (p < 0.001) and tended to be elevated in low enforcement response areas (43.6%). Fatalities were 30% lower (0.7, 95% CI 0.6–0.9) during peri-enforcement in models adjusted for demographics, law coverage, enforcement response, rural, weekend, impairment, speeding, and vehicle type. Adjusted mortality was higher in rural (1.9, 1.6–2.6), alcohol-involved (1.8, 1.4–2.9), and speeding-involved (2.0, 1.7–2.5) crashes. Peri-enforcement alcohol- and speed-involved fatalities tended to be lower in restrained, unrestrained and occupants missing belt status. The finding of lower mortality in both belted and unbelted occupant’s peri-enforcement—in the context of fewer fatal speed and alcohol-involved crashes—suggests that the mechanism(s) through which high visibility seat belt enforcement lowers mortality is through impacting multiple risky driving behaviors.
4
Rodriguez, Carolina, María Coronado, Marta D’Alessandro, and Juan Medina. "The Importance of Standardised Data-Collection Methods in the Improvement of Thermal Comfort Assessment Models for Developing Countries in the Tropics." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 4180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154180.
Abstract:
Thermal comfort in the built environment is one of the most defining parameters influencing energy use, environmental quality, and occupant satisfaction. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research in this area within developing countries, which are becoming increasingly urbanised and where mechanical air conditioning demands are rising. Many of these countries are adopting thermal comfort standards such as the ASHRAE Standard 55, the EN 15251, and the ISO 7730 to regulate the use of air-conditioning; even when these standards have been widely criticised for their inadequacy within geographical regions different to the ones that they were designed for. Research suggests the need to confirm these models through further post-occupancy studies and fieldwork. Deficiencies in data collection and methodologies are thought to require particular attention to develop algorithms that can predict thermal comfort levels accurately. Comprehensive strategies considering interrelated psychological, physiological and social factors are needed. This manuscript highlights gaps of research, specifically within tropical developing countries, through the analysis of Colombia as a case study. It emphasises the importance of standardised fieldwork data and gives examples of alternative collection systems. This aims to contribute to the understanding of occupant´s adaptive behaviours and their impact on the mitigation of climate change.
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Brocklehurst, K., S. M. Brocklehurst, D. Kowlessur, M. O'Driscoll, G. Patel, E. Salih, W. Templeton, E. Thomas, C. M. Topham, and F. Willenbrock. "Supracrystallographic resolution of interactions contributing to enzyme catalysis by use of natural structural variants and reactivity-probe kinetics." Biochemical Journal 256, no. 2 (December 1, 1988): 543–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2560543.
Abstract:
1. The influence on the reactivities of the catalytic sites of papain (EC 3.4.22.2) and actinidin (3.4.22.14) of providing for interactions involving the S1-S2 intersubsite regions of the enzymes was evaluated by using as a series of thiol-specific two-hydronic-state reactivity probes: n-propyl 2-pyridyl disulphide (I) (a ‘featureless’ probe), 2-(acetamido)ethyl 2′-pyridyl disulphide (II) (containing a P1-P2 amide bond), 2-(acetoxy)ethyl 2′-pyridyl disulphide (III) [the ester analogue of probe (II)] and 2-carboxyethyl 2′-pyridyl disulphide N-methylamide (IV) [the retroamide analogue of probe (II)]. Syntheses of compounds (I), (III) and (IV) are reported. 2. The reactivities of the two enzymes towards the four reactivity probes (I)-(IV) and also that of papain towards 2-(N'-acetyl-L-phenylalanylamino)ethyl 2′-pyridyl disulphide (VII) (containing both a P1-P2 amide bond and an L-phenylalanyl side chain as an occupant for the S2 subsite), in up to four hydronic (previously called protonic) states, were evaluated by analysis of pH-dependent stopped-flow kinetic data (for the release of pyridine-2-thione) by using an eight-parameter rate equation [described in the Appendix: Brocklehurst & Brocklehurst (1988) Biochem. J. 256, 556-558] to provide pH-independent rate constants and macroscopic pKa values. The analysis reveals the various ways in which the two enzymes respond very differently to the binding of ligands in the S1-S2 intersubsite regions despite the virtually superimposable crystal structures in these regions of the molecules. 3. Particularly striking differences between the behaviour of papain and that of actinidin are that (a) only papain responds to the presence of a P1-P2 amide bond in the probe such that a rate maximum at pH 6-7 is produced in the pH-k profile in place of the rate minimum, (b) only in the papain reactions does the pKa value of the alkaline limb of the pH-k profile change from 9.5 to approx. 8.2 [the value characteristic of a pH-(kcat./Km) profile] when the probe contains a P1-P2 amide bond, (c) only papain reactivity is affected by two positively co-operative hydronic dissociations with pKI congruent to pKII congruent to 4 and (d) modulation of the reactivity of the common -S(-)-ImH+ catalytic-site ion-pair (Cys-25/His-159 in papain and Cys-25/His-162 in actinidin) by hydronic dissociation with pKa approx. 5 is more marked and occurs more generally in reactions of actinidin than is the case for papain reactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Deng, Qing, Bo Zhang, Zheng Zhou, Hongyu Deng, Liang Zhou, Zhengqing Zhou, and Huiling Jiang. "Evacuation Time Estimation Model in Large Buildings Based on Individual Characteristics and Real-Time Congestion Situation of Evacuation Exit." Fire 5, no. 6 (November 29, 2022): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5060204.
Abstract:
Fire is one of the most common and harmful disasters in real life. In 2021, firefighting teams in China reported 748,000 fires, resulting in 1987 deaths, 2225 injuries and CNY 6.75 billion of direct property losses, which account for 0.05‰ of GDP. Scientific and accurate estimation of evacuation time can provide decision support for intelligent fire evacuation. This paper aims to effectively improve the evacuation efficiency of people in large buildings, especially for a scenario with intricate evacuation passages. There are many factors that make a difference in evacuation time, such as individual behavior, occupant density, exit width, and so on. The people distribution density is introduced to effectively assess the impact of unstable pedestrian flow and unbalanced distribution in the process of evacuation. The verification results show that there is a strong positive correlation between people distribution density and evacuation time. Combining the people distribution density with many other factors, the training dataset is built by Pathfinder to learn the relationship between evacuation time and influencing factors. Finally, an evacuation time prediction model is established to estimate the consumption time that occupants spend on moving in the evacuation process based on stacking integration. The model can assist occupants in choosing different channels for evacuation in advance. After testing, the average error between the predicted evacuation consumption time and the reference time is 3.63 s. The result illustrates that the model can accurately predict the time consumed in the process of evacuation.
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Li, Junmei, Zhao Qi, Yanfeng Li, Wan-Ki Chow, Fei Xie, and Qiwei Dong. "Field Measurements of Free Ascending Behavior of Occupants along Medium-Long Stairway." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (October 6, 2022): 10038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app121910038.
Abstract:
The human behavior of walking upstairs was studied by field measurement in a 10-storey building, which simulates the greatest depth of most underground facilities. The effects of age, gender, walking distance, and fatigue on individual free ascending speed on stairs were investigated. The experimental results showed that walking distance and fatigue due to the long-distance upward walking have great impact on the upward walking and ascent speed. When climbing over 8 floors (vertical height about 30 m), the mean ascent speeds were 0.97 m/s and 0.78 m/s for young males and females, and 0.91 m/s and 0.68 m/s for middle-aged males and females, respectively. The mean ascending speed that is used to predict the evacuation time should be combined with the traveling distance or floor levels. Ascent speed models for males and females walking along a medium-long stairway were developed to describe the fatigue effect on ascending speed based on the vertical heights travelled.
8
Niu, Zhiyuan, and Zhiqi Yang. "Research on Warner Bros.’s Consumer Behavior and Marketing Strategy." BCP Business & Management 33 (November 20, 2022): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v33i.2718.
Abstract:
Warner Bros. is now one of the most well-known entertainment companies worldwide. They should perform on and off-screen to provide consumers with spiritual and emotional pleasure. Nowadays Warner Bros are competing with many successful entertainment companies for market occupancy. To win, they need to win the consumers’ preference. In order to better satisfy consumers’ needs, Warner Bros Should change consumer’s behavior and set proper marketing strategy.
9
Harb, Mustapha, Jai Malik, Giovanni Circella, and Joan Walker. "Glimpse of the Future: Simulating Life with Personally Owned Autonomous Vehicles and Their Implications on Travel Behaviors." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2676, no. 3 (October 30, 2021): 492–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03611981211052543.
Abstract:
To explore potential travel behavior shifts induced by personally owned, fully autonomous vehicles (AVs), we ran an experiment that provided personal chauffeurs to 43 households in the Sacramento region to simulate life with an AV. Like an advanced AV, the chauffeurs took over driving duties. Households were recruited from the 2018 Sacramento household travel survey sample. Sampling was stratified by weekly vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and households were selected to be diverse by demographics, modal preferences, mobility barriers, and residential location. Thirty-four households received 60 h of chauffeur service for 1 week, and nine households received 60 h per week for 2 weeks. Smartphone-based travel diaries were recorded for the chauffeur week(s), 1 week before, and 1 week after. During the chauffeur week, the overall systemwide VMT (summing across all sampled households) increased by 60%, over half of which came from “zero-occupancy vehicle” (ZOV) trips (when the chauffeur was the only occupant). The number of trips made in the system increased by 25%, with ZOV trips accounting for 85% of these additional trips. There was a shift away from transit, ridehailing, biking, and walking trips, which dropped by 70%, 55%, 38%, and 10%, respectively. Households with mobility barriers and those with less auto dependency had the greatest percent increase in VMT, whereas higher VMT households and families with children had the lowest. The results highlight how AVs can enhance mobility, but also caution against the potential detrimental effects on the transportation system and the need to regulate AVs and ZOVs.
10
Proulx, Guylène, Chantal Laroche, and John C. Latour. "Audibility Problems with Fire Alarms in Apartment Buildings." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 15 (October 1995): 989–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503901505.
Abstract:
A previous study of apartment building evacuation drills showed that as many as 25% of the occupants mentioned not hearing the fire alarm from inside their apartments. A new experiment was developed to observe evacuation drills and to measure the sound level of the fire alarms in three high-rise apartment buildings. These buildings, built during the 1980's, met the local building regulations regarding the provision of fire alarms at the time of construction. Each building contained approximately 200 apartments, with 1 to 4 persons per apartment. For each building, the printed fire safety procedures stated that all occupants should leave the building or move to an area of refuge, upon hearing the building fire alarm. During each evacuation drill, video cameras, were located in corridors and staircases, to record the movement time and behaviour of occupants. Using a digital audio tape recorder, precise sound samples of the fire alarm and background noise were taken from different locations in the buildings. Analyses of the alarm sound spectrum and levels were performed. Results confirm the subjective assessment of occupants who mentioned not hearing the fire alarm in specific locations of the building. It was also found that, in some other areas, the alarm was overpowering. The impact of alarm audibility on fire safety is discussed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Occupant 's behaviour":
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Spigliantini, Giorgia [Verfasser], M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Schweiker, and S. P. [Akademischer Betreuer] Corgnati. "Exploring occupant behaviour potentialities for historic buildings' energy retrofit / Giorgia Spigliantini ; M. Schweiker, S. P. Corgnati." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1238147909/34.
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Akkouche, Nour El Houda Rabab. "Approche comportementale pour le pilotage des consommations énergétiques dans le bâtiment." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPSLM081.
Abstract:
Dans le contexte actuel, les efforts de réduction de la consommation d'énergie dans les bâtiments doivent prendre en compte de nombreux paramètres, le bâtiment, son environnement, ses équipements et surtout le comportement de ses utilisateurs. Les nudges, issus de l'économie comportementale et trouvant des applications dans divers domaines (financier, alimentation, santé, etc.), ont notamment été explorés dans le contexte environnemental en général, et spécifiquement dans celui de la consommation d'énergie dans les bâtiments.L'objectif de notre travail est de mettre en œuvre des comportements d'économie d'énergie par le biais de nudges dans un bâtiment et de mesurer leur impact à l'aide de compteurs intelligents. Notre approche implique des simulations thermiques dynamiques, l'utilisation de capteurs connectés et la création de profils d'occupants par le biais de questionnaires. Ces éléments sont généralement traités de manière individuelle et isolée dans la littérature.Nous évaluons d'abord de façon théorique les écogestes qui ont l'impact le plus significatif dans la réduction des consommations d'énergie dans un bâtiment tertiaire public situé en France. Nous créons un cadre basé sur des théories psychologiques et des travaux antérieurs afin de définir des concepts sur lesquels nous nous basons pour définir différents profils de consommateurs d'énergie. Nous menons une expérimentation afin de mesurer, à l'aide de compteurs intelligents, l'impact de l'utilisation de nudges sur le changement de comportement des occupants d'un immeuble de bureaux. Pour ce faire, nous mettons en place une plateforme permettant de délivrer différents types de nudges à différents profils que nous avons établis à partir d'une classification basée sur des théories du comportement. Nous avons ainsi combiné deux volets technologique et comportementale, souvent traités séparément et pour lesquels les travaux de recherche nécessite souvent une approche pluridisciplinaire.La simulation de différents types d'utilisation de l'énergie dans un même bâtiment est également intéressante pour étudier l'impact du comportement des occupants sur la consommation d'énergie et la manière dont l'utilisation d'incitations personnalisées pour sensibiliser et favoriser l'adoption d'économies d'énergie peut conduire à une réduction significative de la consommation d'énergie dans le bâtiment.Les résultats obtenus sont positifs en ce qui concerne les gains en énergie à condition qu'une connaissance préalable des occupants soit établieIn the current context, efforts to reduce energy consumption in buildings must take into consideration a wide range of parameters, the building, its environment, its equipment and, above all, the behavior of its users. Nudges, which emerged from behavioral economics and find applications in various fields (finance, food, health, etc.), have been explored in the environmental context in general, and specifically in that of energy consumption in buildings.The aim of our work is to implement energy-saving behaviors through nudges in a building and to measure their impact using smart meters. Our approach involves dynamic thermal simulations, the use of connected sensors, and the creation of occupant profiles through questionnaires. These elements are typically addressed individually and isolated in the literature.We start with a theoretical assessment of the energy-saving actions that have the most significant impact in reducing energy consumption in a public tertiary building located in France. We create a framework based on psychological theories and previous works to define concepts that we use to define different energy consumers profiles. We conduct an experimentation using smart meters to measure the impact of nudges on behavioral change among occupants of an office building. To do this, we implement a platform for delivering various types of nudges to different profiles that we have established from a classification based on behavioral theories. In this way, we have combined the technological and behavioral aspects, which are often dealt with separately, and for which research often requires a multidisciplinary approach.Simulating different types of energy use scenarios in the same building is also interesting for studying the impact of occupants' behavior on energy consumption, and how the use of tailored incentives to raise awareness and encourage the larger adoption of energy savings measures can lead to a significant reduction in energy consumption in the building.The results obtained are positive in terms of energy savings, provided that prior knowledge of occupants is established
Conference papers on the topic "Occupant 's behaviour":
1
Hosseini-Tehrani, P., and M. Nikahd. "Two Material S-Frames Representation for Improving Crashworthiness." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95698.
Abstract:
Crashworthiness analysis for a passenger car consists of car-body structural analysis and occupant behavior analysis. With raising the energy absorption of each component an improved car-body structure against crashing may be achieved. In this paper various design of a simplified front side rail is studied. Various possible model of S-frame is presented and characteristics of each model are compared and discussed. It is shown that a hybrid S-frame made of steel and aluminum shows better characteristics from the point of view of passenger safety.
2
Carolan, Michael, Benjamin Perlman, David Tyrell, and Jeff Gordon. "Crippling Test of a Budd M-1 Passenger Railcar: Test and Analysis Results." In 2014 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2014-3824.
Abstract:
The Federal Railroad Administration’s (FRA) Office of Research and Development is conducting research into the occupied volume integrity (OVI) of passenger railcars. OVI refers to a passenger railcar’s ability to preserve space for passengers and crew during accident loading conditions. The information developed in this research program will form the basis for establishing alternative OVI evaluation procedures. These alternative procedures, in turn, will allow a wider variety of passenger railcar designs to have their OVI evaluated, will provide guidance for applying modern engineering technologies, such as finite element analysis (FEA), and will continue to ensure a level of safety in evaluated vehicles equivalent to conventional evaluation. As part of this research program, two tests and corresponding FEA were conducted on a Budd M-1 passenger railcar that had been retrofitted with crash energy management (CEM) components on both ends. This testing and analysis program was sponsored by FRA and carried out by Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI), Arup, and the Volpe Center. An 800,000 pound load test was conducted on March 13, 2013 and was intended to elastically deform the car. The data generated during this test were, in turn, used to validate FE models of the M-1 car. The second test was performed on July 17, 2013. This test introduced loads into the occupant volume through its CEM attachment points until the ultimate, or crippling, load was reached. By loading the occupant volume through the CEM components, the test load path is similar to the load path that would be traveled by collision loads during activation of the CEM system. This paper presents the results of the crippling test, discusses the sequence of buckling that was observed to occur in the test, and compares the results of the test with the results from FEA of the test conditions. During the crippling test, the car exhibited a crippling load of 1.1 million pounds. This value is consistent with crippling loads reached by two Budd Pioneer cars that were previously tested in an FRA program. The buckling sequence of the members making up the M-1’s occupant volume were particularly well-captured by strain gages during this most recent test. The load path through the occupant volume and the sequence of progressive buckling of structural members is discussed. Additionally, the presence of existing damage and previously-repaired areas and their likely effects on the crippling behavior of the car are discussed.
3
G, Karthigan, Vesna Savic, Sibo Hu, Gowrishankar Ravichandran, and Biswajit Tripathy. "Characterization and Modeling of Instrument Panel Textile Trim Materials for Passenger Airbag Deployment Analysis." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0930.
Abstract:
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Premium instrument panels (IPs) contain passenger airbag (PAB) systems that are typically comprised of a stiff plastic substrate and a soft ‘skin’ material which are adhesively bonded. During airbag deployment, the skin tears along the scored edges of the door holding the PAB system, the door opens, and the airbag inflates to protect the occupant. To accurately simulate the PAB deployment dynamics during a crash event all components of the instrument panel and the PAB system, including the skin, must be included in the model. It has been recognized that the material characterization and modeling of the skin tearing behavior are critical for predicting the timing and inflation kinematics of the airbag. Even so, limited data exists in the literature for skin material properties at hot and cold temperatures and at the strain rates created during the airbag deployment. This paper presents tensile test results of one typical skin material conducted at four different strain rates of 0.01/s, 1/s, 10/s, and 100/s. Challenges in testing are discussed. A material modeling methodology is proposed that accounts for anisotropy, loading rate sensitivity and failure, and is verified by comparison of results from simulation and physical tests. Finally, recommendations for setting proper contact parameters between different parts in the model and for proper representation of the adhesive between the instrument panel substrate and skin are presented.</div></div>
4
Klein, Richard E. "Afterthoughts of a Founding Structural Control Theorist." In ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-4930.
Abstract:
This paper reflects back on the author’s research in structural control, originating in the early 1970’s. Upon reflection, in the early 1970’s and even as far as into the 1990’s, it constituted near heresy to suggest that large civil engineering structures could be candidates for control. The previous techniques of the 1930’s of building structures with masonry and stone were then being phased out, being replaced with lighter and more cost-effective steel-framed structures. The newer designs then emerging in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s were steel-framed structures that functioned as cantilevered tubes. The characteristic designs emerging included an absence of stone or masonry especially around the steel pillars, glass or similar non-load bearing cladding. Additionally, interior walls were non-load bearing affording more spacious rooms as well as affording the occupants the ability to reposition interior walls as desired. Moreover, the newly emerging steel-framed structures with increased compliance properties were increasingly prone to wind excitations as compared to the prior generation of structures. As a consequence, a number of these newer structures exhibited increased sway and other related dynamic behaviors. My mechanical engineering servomechanisms background included groundings in observability, controllability, as well as control of spatially distributed systems. Therefore, I felt confident then that control systems theoretic methods held promise to produce favorable and cost-effective results if properly applied to problematic civil engineering structures. That confidence still remains. I also realized the critical importance of being able to design structures in advance to be controlled, as opposed to the less desirable situation of dealing with an after-the-fact retrofit of an existing problematic structure. This paper affords an opportunity for the author to provide his anecdotal recollections and afterthoughts. Because the story to be told is of personal recollections, it is presented in first person.
5
Meghna, V., and Nisha A.S. "Comparison of Analytical Models for Seismic Induced Pounding in Buildings – A Review." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.38.
Abstract:
During an earthquake, buildings will have a tendency to sway too much and when the relative displacements between the buildings become greater than their separation gap, collision occurs. This results in serious damage or sometimes destruction of the structure. This phenomenon is termed as seismic pounding. In cities, because of large number of occupants and high land values, buildings are being constructed without enough separation gap between two buildings. Many numerical models were proposed over the past few years for calculating the force of collision during pounding. In this paper, a comparative study based on efficacy of various contact models like linear spring, linear viscoelastic (Kelvin-Voigt), modified linear viscoelastic, Hertz non linear, Hertzdamp and non linear viscolestic models are carried out. In addition to this, a study on a model proposed by Wang et.al. (Wang model) to analyse low speed pounding between viscoelatic material and steel is also carried out. The results of the study indicated that, Hertzdamp model is considered to be the best model for simulating the pounding behaviour generally. But in case of low speed pounding (at range from 0.025 to 0.15m/s) Wang model is best suited.
6
Rabinowitz, Aaron, Gil Tal, and Thomas Bradley. "Quantifying the Costs of Charger Availability Uncertainty for Residents of Multi-Unit Dwellings." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-2034.
Abstract:
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Even when charging at the highest rates currently available, Electric Vehicles (EVs) add range at substantially lower rates than Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICVs) do while fueling. In addition, DC charging comes at a cost premium and leads to accelerated battery degradation. EV users able to rely on AC charging during long dwells at home or work may experience cost and time savings relative to ICV users with similar driving patterns. However, EV users unable to charge during long dwells will face higher charging costs and higher dedicated charging time. An important question is how occupants of Multi-Unit Dwellings (MUDs), which provide some AC Electric Vehicle Supply Infrastructure (EVSE) but not enough for all cars to charge at once, will be effected. In this paper the authors’ previously published method for quantifying EV user inconvenience due to charging is extended to deal with stochastic charger availability. Stochastic Mixed Integer Linear Programming (S-MILP) is used to determine optimal charging behavior for EV users based on itineraries and the likelihood of availability of charging. Expected inconveniences for levels of charger availability and the quantitative value of additional EVSE and of charger scheduling schemes are presented.</div></div>
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Hu, Wei, Nicholas Wilson, Gregory J. Hiemenz, and Norman M. Wereley. "Magnetorheological Shock Absorber for Crew Seats in the Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle." In ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2008-542.
Abstract:
A magnetorheological shock absorber (MRSA) system is designed and tested to integrate semi-active shock and vibration mitigating technology into the existing EFV (Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle) forward seating positions. Based on the operational requirements of the vehicle, the MRSA is designed so that it can not only isolate occupants from harmful whole body vibration (WBV) during normal operations but also reduce injury risk during extreme events such as a “rogue” wave or ballistic/UNDEX shock event. The MRSA consists of a piston with a circular flow-mode valve, a magnetorheological (MR) fluid cylinder, and a nitrogen accumulator. Piston motion forces MR fluids enclosed in the fluid cylinder to flow through the valve where it is activated by a magnetic field in the valve. Based on the Bingham-plastic constitutive relation and a steady state fluid motion model, the valve parameters are determined using a magnetic circuit analysis tool and are validated by electromagnetic finite element analysis (FEA). The high-speed field-off viscous force of the MRSA is predicted using computational fluid dynamic analysis. To experimentally evaluate the damping performance of the MRSA and validate the design, the MRSA is tested under single frequency sinusoidal displacement excitation on a material dynamic testing machine for low piston velocities (up to 0.9 m/s) performance evaluation. For performance evaluation at high piston velocities (up to 2.2 m/s), the MRSA is tested under impact loading on a rail-guided mass-drop test stand. Equivalent viscous damping is used to characterize the controllable damping behavior of the MRSA. To describe the time response of the MRSA, a dynamic model is developed based on geometrical parameters and MR fluid properties.
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Whitson, Jordan A., David Gorsich, Vladimir V. Vantsevich, Michael Letherwood, Oleg Sapunkov, and Lee Moradi. "Military Unmanned Ground Vehicle Maneuver: A Review and Formulation." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0108.
Abstract:
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">A state-of-the-art review of the technical meaning and application of the term ‘maneuver’, used by the U.S. Army and ground vehicle engineering communities, was performed with regard to various military activities, including modeling and simulation (M&S), to focus on the value and applicability of the term to military vehicle dynamics. As shown, U.S. military doctrine has built through history and experience a unique concept of maneuver-in-general and its application in U.S. Army unified land operations. Yet, the term ‘maneuver’ needs further technical categorization and characterization for the purpose of dynamics of military unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) and vehicle design for maneuver. While the NHTSA and SAE standards and definitions provide solid foundations for M&S of cars and trucks to enhance the safety of those vehicles (manned and autonomous), occupants, and pedestrians on roads, the standards cannot address all needs of military vehicles in maneuver. Military UGVs are designed to operate in hyper-dynamic battlefield and tactical conditions on severe terrains where manned systems cannot operate. These operational conditions require a different approach to modeling, simulation, and real-time UGV-self-assessment of its dynamic behavior to be technically capable to fulfill autonomous missions and tasks for the sake of the safety of warfighters and the UGV itself. In the paper, a technical definition for a military vehicle maneuver is presented with the purpose of encompassing vehicle agile movements with extended safety due to controllable instability and also unsafe movements on a need basis. Sub-element definitions of a vehicle maneuver and new ideation of agile movement is proposed to narrow the scope to vehicle military tasks in austere environments. Along with formulation, a graphical interpretation is provided to illustrate advantages of the proposed approach for planning UGV motion using geometric and kinematics characteristics. The contextual application is shown in an operation study to illustrate where the terms can improve M&S.</div></div>
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Tsai, C. S., B. J. Chen, and T. C. Chiang. "Shaking Table Tests of Full Scale Base-Isolated Structures." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1453.
Abstract:
Conventional earthquake resistant designs depend on strengthen and ductility of the structural components to resist induced forces and to dissipate seismic energy. However, this can produce permanent damage to the joints as well as the larger interstory displacements. In recently years, many studies on structural control strategies and devices have been developed and applied in U. S. A., Europe, Japan, and New Zealand. The rubber bearing belongs to one kind of the earthquake-proof ideas of structural control technologies. The installation of rubber bearings can lengthen the natural period of a building and simultaneously reduce the earthquake-induced energy trying to impart to the building. They can reduce the magnitude of the earthquake-induced forces and consequently reduce damage to the structures and its contents, and reduce danger to its occupants. This paper is aimed at studying the mechanical behavior of the stirrup rubber bearings (SRB) and evaluating the feasibility of the buildings equipped with the stirrup rubber bearings. Furthermore, uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial shaking table tests are conducted to study the seismic response of a full-scale three-story isolated steel structure. Experimental results indicate that the stirrup rubber bearings possess higher damping ratios at higher strains, and that the stirrup rubber bearings provide good protection for structures. It has been proved through the full-scale tests on shaking table that the stirrup rubber bearing is a very promising tool to enhance the seismic resistibility of structures.
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Schaad, Joseph W. "Assessment of Broken Rail Protection in Audio Frequency Track Circuits." In 2014 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2014-3707.
Abstract:
In addition to the vital function of train detection, a track circuit is also expected to provide an indication of a broken rail within its boundaries. Ability to detect a broken rail in a double rail track circuit is a result of the failsafe design principle, which interrupts the flow of track signal current and drops the track relay in the presence of any credible component failure. The overall result of such an event is identical to that of track occupancy, which causes the associated signals to be set to the most restrictive aspect. In the case of electrified territory, the ability to detect a broken rail may be compromised by the presence of crossbonds between parallel tracks. These additional connections, which are intended to minimize potential differences in the negative return system, also provide a sneak path for track signal current to flow from transmit to receive ends of the track circuit under broken rail conditions. In most cases involving 2 parallel tracks, application of a simple rule of thumb (described in this paper) regarding crossbond spacing and track circuit length is sufficient to ensure broken rail protection. In situations which are marginal, or where complex track work is involved, a more detailed analysis is necessary. Evaluation of the broken rail protection in such cases requires that the sneak path impedance be calculated and compared to the normal track circuit impedance. A formal method for this impedance calculation, based upon the classical circuit analysis techniques, is presented. To completely characterize the behavior of the track circuit under broken rail conditions, the operational characteristics of the track circuit must also be considered. In this paper a digital jointless AF track circuit, operating in the 9.5–20.7 kHz range, is used as a basis for this discussion. The operational characteristics of the S-bond, O-bond, as well as the role of overdrive are considered in the context of broken rail (BR) protection. The mathematical methods described for the simplified examples in this paper can readily be expanded to include any number of parallel tracks.