Journal articles on the topic 'Occupant's behaviour'
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Kumar, Sanjay, Manoj Kumar Singh, Vivian Loftness, Jyotirmay Mathur, and Sanjay Mathur. "Thermal comfort assessment and characteristics of occupant's behaviour in naturally ventilated buildings in composite climate of India." Energy for Sustainable Development 33 (August 2016): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2016.06.002.
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Yeom, Dongwoo, Joon-Ho Choi, and Yimin Zhu. "Investigation of physiological differences between immersive virtual environment and indoor environment in a building." Indoor and Built Environment 28, no. 1 (September 19, 2017): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x17731945.
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In the domain of building science and architectural design, the immersive virtual environment is being commonly adopted due to its convenience and cost-effectiveness, especially for research relevant to occupant behaviour in a building indoor environmental control. The goal of this study is to investigate whether such an immersive virtual environment condition could affect an occupant's thermal sensation and physiological response to ambient conditions differently, as compared to a real indoor environment, even though those two thermal conditions are the same or very similar. A series of human subject experiments using 18 participants was conducted in an environmental chamber. While thermal conditions were controlled at 20℃ to 30℃ in each environment, respectively, participants were asked to periodically report their thermal sensations on their body. Their heart rates were also continuously measured. The result of our experiments revealed that overall thermal sensations on the whole and local body areas showed some significant differences between the indoor environment and immersive virtual environment conditions during the same thermal conditions. Also, the heart rate difference between two environmental conditions was statistically significant at every thermal sensation level. These findings support the idea that significant physiological response differences could be affected by the immersive virtual environment condition.
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Maghsoudi Nia, Elham, Queena Qian, and Henk Visscher. "An Investigation of Occupants’ Energy Perceptions in Energy Efficient Retrofitted Residential Buildings: A Review Paper." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1085, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1085/1/012021.
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Abstract Buildings are the main sector in energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Retrofitting of existing building has been identified as one of the significant strategies for reducing the impacts of buildings on energy and environment. However, recent studies have shown that low energy buildings mostly do not perform as expected. These differences are related to different factors including the interaction between occupants and building technologies. Thus, most renovation initiatives have not considered occupant behavior equally to the energy efficiency process. Many of the existing studies have been focused on technological improvements rather than behavioral-related parameters. Hence, this study aims to review the literature on the occupants’ energy perceptions and their behavioral interventions in energy efficient retrofitted residential buildings. The results of the literature review reveal that household’s energy consumption significantly differs according to the various factors including social-economic, cultural, household composition as well as individual attitudes, habits, experiences, and occupant practices. Moreover, the energy consumption in the residential sector is highly dependent on demographic parameters. The demographics factors are classified according to type of family, level of income, age of the occupants, and individuals’ educational status. The findings shows that energy perception gap formulates the energy behavior and it is related to the lack of personal interest, accurate information and individuals’ awareness about how to consume efficiently. Therefore, it is suggested that the level of occupant’s perception on energy, control, or comfort have to be considered during energy efficiency retrofits. The study contributes to understanding of occupants’ behaviors which cause energy performance gap and enlighten approaches to encourage more energy efficient behavior.
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Liu, Xuebo, Yingying Wu, and Hongyu Wu. "PV-EV Integrated Home Energy Management Considering Residential Occupant Behaviors." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 14, 2021): 13826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413826.
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Rooftop photovoltaics (PV) and electrical vehicles (EV) have become more economically viable to residential customers. Most existing home energy management systems (HEMS) only focus on the residential occupants’ thermal comfort in terms of indoor temperature and humidity while neglecting their other behaviors or concerns. This paper aims to integrate residential PV and EVs into the HEMS in an occupant-centric manner while taking into account the occupants’ thermal comfort, clothing behaviors, and concerns on the state-of-charge (SOC) of EVs. A stochastic adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) model was proposed to optimally determine the setpoints of heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), occupant’s clothing decisions, and the EV’s charge/discharge schedule while considering uncertainties in the outside temperature, PV generation, and EV’s arrival SOC. The nonlinear and nonconvex thermal comfort model, EV SOC concern model, and clothing behavior model were holistically embedded in the ADP-HEMS model. A model predictive control framework was further proposed to simulate a residential house under the time of use tariff, such that it continually updates with optimal appliance schedules decisions passed to the house model. Cosimulations were carried out to compare the proposed HEMS with a baseline model that represents the current operational practice. The result shows that the proposed HEMS can reduce the energy cost by 68.5% while retaining the most comfortable thermal level and negligible EV SOC concerns considering the occupant’s behaviors.
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Kumar, Sanjay, and Manoj Kumar Singh. "Seasonal comfort temperature and occupant's adaptive behaviour in a naturally ventilated university workshop building under the composite climate of India." Journal of Building Engineering 40 (August 2021): 102701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102701.
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D'Oca, Simona, H. Burak Gunay, Sara Gilani, and William O'Brien. "Critical review and illustrative examples of office occupant modelling formalisms." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 40, no. 6 (February 6, 2019): 732–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624419827468.
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It is widely understood that occupants can have a significant impact on building performance. Accordingly, the field has benefited extensively from research efforts in the past decade. However, the methods and terminology involved in modelling occupants in buildings remains fragmented across a large number of studies. This fragmentation represents a major obstacle to those who intend to join in this research endeavor as well as for the convergence and standardization of methods. To address this issue, this paper investigates occupant modelling methods for the key domains of electric lighting, blinds, operable windows, thermostats, plug loads, and occupancy. In the reviewed literature, five broad categories of occupant model formalisms were identified: schedules, Bernoulli models, discrete-time Markov models, discrete-event Markov models, and survival models. Illustrative examples were provided from two independent datasets to demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of these model forms. It was shown that Markov models are suitable to represent occupants' adaptive behaviors, while survival models are suitable to represent occupancy, non-adaptive behaviors, and infrequently executed adaptive behaviors, such as the blinds opening behavior. Practical application: The engineering application of the occupant modelling formalisms that are critically reviewed in this paper is that these models are highly beneficial for incorporating occupants' presence and behaviors into building design and control. Building design can be improved significantly regarding energy use and occupant comfort when the most suitable occupant models are implemented in simulation-aided building design process. Ultimately, like for any modelling domain, the most suitable model is dependent on the modelling objective (e.g. optimizing passive design, equipment sizing), building type and size, occupant-related domain (e.g. occupancy, window-opening behavior), and climate zones. Furthermore, there is great potential in improving occupant comfort and energy savings of existing buildings when occupants' presence and interactions with buildings' systems and components are predicted accurately using occupant models.
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Othman, Ahmad Ridzwan, Mohammad Ezzat Fakhrawi Mohammad Faisal, and Wahyuni Zahrah. "Thermal Comfort in Living Room of Houses with Different Frontage." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 6, no. 16 (March 28, 2021): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i16.2636.
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House frontage is an essential aspect of terraced house design to ensure the occupant's comfort and healthy living. Four samples selected to evaluate the influence of the window to wall ratio (WWR) towards the internal thermal comfort of the house. The indoor thermal parameters were recorded using HOBOware Data Logger and evaluated using CBE Thermal Comfort Calculator. The study shows that the living room with a bigger WWR had the lowest thermal comfort levels. Besides the WWR, window placements and the shading devices also help in reducing the sun exposure of the frontage wall and increase the indoor thermal comfort. Keywords: Frontage; Thermal Comfort; Window to Wall Ratio; Sun Exposure eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i16.2636
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Bouktif, Salah, Ali Ouni, and Sanja Lazarova-Molnar. "Towards a Rigorous Consideration of Occupant Behaviours of Residential Households for Effective Electrical Energy Savings: An Overview." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 1741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051741.
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There are two primary ways to save energy within a building: (1) through improving building engineering structures and adopting efficient appliance ownership, and (2) through changing occupants’ energy-consuming behaviors. Unfortunately the second way suffers from many challenges and limitations. Occupant behavior is, indeed, a complex and multi-disciplinary concept depending on several human factors. Although its importance is recognized by the energy management community, it is often oversimplified and naively defined when used to study, analyze or model energy load. This paper aims at promoting the definition of occupant behavior as well as exploring the extent to which the latter is involved in research works, targeting directly or indirectly energy savings. Hence, in this work, we propose an overview of interdisciplinary research approaches that consider occupants’ energy-saving behaviors, while we present the big picture and evaluate how occupant behavior is defined, we also propose a categorization of the major works that consider energy-consuming occupant behavior. Our findings via a literature review methodology, based on a bibliometric study, reveal a growth of the number of research works involving occupant behavior to model load forecasting and household segmentation. We have equally identified a research trend showing an increasing interest in studying how to successfully change occupant behaviors towards energy saving.
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Weerasinghe, Achini Shanika, Eziaku Onyeizu Rasheed, and James Olabode Bamidele Rotimi. "Occupants’ Decision-Making of Their Energy Behaviours in Office Environments: A Case of New Zealand." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 27, 2023): 2305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032305.
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Understanding how occupants behave and interact with building systems is vital to energy efficiency in buildings. The building occupants’ behaviours are complex and influenced by diverse factors. A deep understanding of the underlying environmental, contextual, social, and psychological factors is the first step of many in establishing the relationship between the indoor environment and occupants’ behaviours. The current study investigates the influence of occupants’ perceived indoor environmental comfort, the availability of control, and the social-psychological impacts on occupant behaviours in a New Zealand context. The data were collected through online surveys, and 99 office occupants responded. A machine learning technique was applied to identify the critical factors influencing the decision-making of occupant behaviours. Of the occupant behaviours considered in the study, adjusting windows, doors, shades and blinds, and drinking beverages were mostly practised (>70%) while adjusting lighting, personal fans, thermostats/heaters, and computers (40−70%) was moderately practised by occupants. The availability of specific user controls was the main predictor of most occupant behaviours, followed by social-psychological factors such as actual knowledge, perceived knowledge, behavioural interventions, subjective norms, organisational support, personal norms, attitudes, and perceived behavioural control. The indoor environmental parameters such as indoor temperature, indoor air quality, natural light, and inside noise were highlighted as most influential in decision-making for occupant behaviours. Additionally, the demographic factors: gender, work duration, days at work, and permanence/temporariness of workspace, were also impactful. Knowing the complexity of occupants’ decision-making with respect to their behaviours helps building managers use this sensitive information to enhance building energy performance and enable more energy feedback to the occupants to raise their awareness. Such information is helpful for creating an intelligent environmental control system loop with eco-feedback and establishing occupant-centric buildings or features.
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Brown, Craig, and Mark Gorgolewski. "Assessing occupant satisfaction and energy behaviours in Toronto’s LEED gold high-rise residential buildings." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 8, no. 4 (October 28, 2014): 492–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-11-2013-0007.
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Purpose – This paper aims to present four purposes: to assess occupant satisfaction with indoor environmental quality (IEQ); to determine if occupants appear to be operating their dwellings in an energy efficient manner; to suggest ways that occupant satisfaction and behaviour can help or hinder energy efficiency; and to show that the post-occupancy evaluation approach is an effective tool in diagnosing and improving satisfaction and energy efficiency in high-rise residential buildings. Design/methodology/approach – Beyond measuring occupant satisfaction with IEQ, this paper uses scores and user comments from occupant questionnaires to identify success and indicate frustration and/or confusion with particular building technologies. It also extrapolates the energy efficiency implications of these responses in four Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Gold residential towers. Findings – The research highlights where problems occur, particularly with the adoption of new technologies which may not be well understood by the occupants. It also identifies behaviour patterns that may negate energy efficiency strategies. Research limitations/implications – The lack of dwelling metre data prevents this research from making causal links between behaviours and their energy implications. Also, the lack of Canadian benchmarks for satisfaction of occupants means that comparisons can only be made to cases from the UK, which is less robust. Originality/value – This type of work has never been done in Canadian residential high rise towers before. It helps to better understand the process of ensuring that occupants successfully adopt innovation that can lead to energy savings.
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Ergöz Karahan, Ebru, Özgür Göçer, Kenan Göçer, and Didem Boyacıoğlu. "An Investigation of Occupant Energy-Saving Behavior in Vernacular Houses of Behramkale (Assos)." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (December 6, 2021): 13476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313476.
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Despite its well-known potential to reduce energy use, the inquiry of whether vernacular architecture prompts its occupants to have energy-saving behavior has been neglected. This paper aims to investigate the influence of vernacular houses on the behavior of their occupants and other parameters affecting occupant behavior. Along with site observations, 117 surveys including multiple choice and open-ended questions were conducted with households living in vernacular houses and new houses in the historical settlement, Behramkale (Assos). A principal component analysis was conducted for the whole sample to determine whether there is a relationship between energy saving occupant behavior and energy use, household, and housing characteristics. Then further analyses were performed to explore the differences in descriptive properties of occupants. Household characteristics were found to be associated with occupant behavior. The females and married people tended to show more energy-saving behavior and sought to use their houses in more environmentally friendly ways. The older people were more likely to show no-cost energy-saving behavior. The households with high income and high-level education tended to invest in energy-efficient appliances but consumed more energy than other households. Besides the effects of household characteristics, historical heritage, and landscape values specific to the area influenced occupant behavior. Vernacular houses enabled the households to behave in a certain way and to continue the traditional daily habits related to sustainable, energy-saving behaviors.
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Yong, Kelvin, Zunaibi Abdullah, and Nazli Che Din. "The Perception of Thermal Comfort in Malaysia Public Low-Cost Housing." Built Environment Journal 18, no. 2 (July 27, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/bej.v18i2.9709.
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In Malaysia, the thermal comfort of low-cost high-rise housing has not been widely given a significant emphasis in the qualitative study despite its increasing scale and significance in the urban areas. Occupant’s perception and adaptive behaviour are important to achieve the level of satisfaction in terms of a comfortable living environment. This paper assesses the occupants’ perception and behaviour in a low-cost high-rise housing development that has been argued with various problems which have a considerable impact on lifestyle. Understanding of comfort as social and cultural behaviour, rather than an engineering approach. This research shows the results of a pilot study that utilized a qualitative strategy for analysing thermal comfort, rather than using the standard thermal comfort research methodologies. The building of study, in the category of low-cost high rise residential located at the urban context of Kuala Lumpur housing area, which is mainly natural ventilated with a versatile adaptive possibility available for the occupants. The outcomes signify the adaptive behaviour that enhances or limit the thermal comfort-related varieties. The results from the pilot study direct for more extensive research and comparison with previous qualitative studies.
Keywords: Thermal comfort, Qualitative study, Occupant perception, Adaptive behaviour, Housing
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Ivanov, Martin, and Detelin Markov. "Analyses of CO2 Time Variation Records in Naturally Ventilated Occupied Spaces." Mathematical Modelling in Civil Engineering 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmce-2014-0008.
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Abstract The present paper concerns the results obtained in a human subject experimental study, regarding the predefined occupant behavior with respect to aerating activities of a naturally ventilated space. During the experiment, various scenarios were investigated of different occupant’s behavior patterns with regard to the degree of window opening. Indoor air temperature, relative humidity and CO2 volume fraction, were continuously measured and recorded. CO2 concentration time variation records were analyzed separately and the time change of this parameter was considered as a main indicator to distinguish the periods of infiltration only and the periods of conscious aeration activities, performed by the occupants. The developed evaluation procedures as well as the key results from the analyses are discussed in the paper.
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Jia, Mengda, Ravi Srinivasan, Robert J. Ries, Gnana Bharathy, and Nathan Weyer. "Investigating the Impact of Actual and Modeled Occupant Behavior Information Input to Building Performance Simulation." Buildings 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11010032.
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Occupant behaviors are one of the most dominant factors that influence building energy use. Understanding the influences from building occupants can promote the development of energy–efficient buildings. This paper quantifies the impact of different occupant behavior information on building energy model (BEM) from multiple perspectives. For this purpose, an occupant behavior model that uses agent–based modeling (ABM) approach is implemented via co-simulation with a BEM of an existing commercial building. Then, actual occupant behavior data in correspondence to ABM output, including operations on window, door, and blinds in selected thermal zones of the building are recorded using survey logs. A simulation experiment is conducted by creating three BEMs with constant, actual, and modeled occupant behavioral inputs. The analysis of the simulation results among these scenarios helps us gain an in–depth understanding of how occupant behaviors influence building performance. This study aims to facilitate robust building design and operation with human–in–the–loop system optimization.
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Proulx, Guylène, and Joelle Pineau. "Differences in the Evacuation Behaviour of Office and Apartment Building Occupants." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 16 (October 1996): 825–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604001607.
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An experiment was designed to observe evacuation times and occupant movement in two office buildings during a simulated fire emergency and to compare these results with previous studies of evacuation drills in apartment buildings. The evacuation drills were recorded using videocameras located throughout the buildings. The results were analyzed with respect to occupant behaviour, occupants' time to start to evacuate, occupants' time to reach an outside exit, and the occupants' speed while travelling in the stairways. A comparison of the results from this office buildings study with previous studies involving evacuations of midrise and highrise apartment buildings reveals many interesting differences. The physical organization of the buildings, evacuation strategies, and the occupants' characteristics, behaviour and movement are discussed. The study showed that apartment building occupants delay their evacuation more than office building occupants, either by a long preparation time or because they cannot hear the alarm from their apartments. Travelling speeds are slowest in midrise apartment buildings where the population is more diverse and includes children, elderly people and occupants with limitations. The more structured evacuation plans, the presence of fire wardens and the easier access to fire safety information also contribute to the efficiency of evacuation procedures in office buildings.
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Almeida, Laura, Vivian W. Y. Tam, Khoa N. Le, and Yujuan She. "Effects of occupant behaviour on energy performance in buildings: a green and non-green building comparison." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 27, no. 8 (June 26, 2020): 1939–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-11-2019-0653.
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PurposeOccupants are one of the most impacting factors in the overall energy performance of buildings, according to literature. Occupants’ behaviours and actions may impact the overall use of energy in more than 50%. In order to quantify the impact that occupant behaviour has in the use of energy, this study simulated interactions between occupants and the systems present in two actual buildings. The main aim was to compare the deviations due to occupant behaviour with the actual conditions and energy use of the two buildings.Design/methodology/approachThe buildings used as a case study in this research were green buildings, rated according to the Australian Green Star certification system as a 6-star and a non-rated building. The two buildings are university buildings with similar characteristics, from Western Sydney University, in Sydney, Australia. A comparison was performed by means of building simulations among the use of energy in both buildings, aiming to understand if the green rating had any impact on the energy related to occupant behaviour. Therefore, to represent the actual buildings' conditions, the actual data related with climate, geometry, systems, internal loads, etc. were used as input variables in the simulation models of the green and the non-rated buildings. Both models were calibrated and validated, having as target the actual monitored use of electricity.FindingsOccupants were categorized according to their levels of energy use as follows: saving, real and intensive energy users. Building simulations were performed to each building, with varying parameters related with lighting, plug loads, windows/doors opening, shading and air conditioning set points. Results show that occupant behaviour may impact the buildings' energy performance in a range of 72% between the two extremes. There is no significant relationship between the green rating and the way occupants behave in terms of the energy use.Originality/valueThis study intends to show the impact of different categories of occupant behaviour in the overall energy performance of two university buildings, a non-rated and a green-rated building, having as reference an actual representation of the buildings. Additionally, the study aims to understand the main differences between a green-rated and a non-rated building when accounting with the previous categories.
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Pereira, Pedro F., and Nuno M. M. Ramos. "Influence of Occupant Behaviour on the State of Charge of a Storage Battery in a nearly-Zero Energy Building." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 16010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017216010.
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The development of nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) is a goal being set for many countries for the next years. In order to achieve that goal, on-site energy generation is needed, and the use of photovoltaic and storage systems is a possible strategy. Hence, the objective of this work is to evaluate the impact that occupant behaviour has on the batteries energy storage systems (BESS) of an nZEB. This study considers as a case study an nZEB with lightweight construction, located in the university campus, and used by different occupants. The case study has 12 PVs located on the root and a second-life BESS from an electrical vehicle (EV). The monitoring system consists of interior T, RH, CO2 and energy sensors and an exterior on-site meteorological station. The research started with a state of the art review of the support policies for the on-site photovoltaic generation and energy storage. Different storage charge profiles were obtained as different occupant behaviours were applied to the test building. In total, it were considered three occupant profiles and a base scenario was the unoccupied. The occupant behaviour showed to be determinant in the state of charge of the BESS independently from the impacts in the indoor temperature. The need to know the profile of the occupants before the design of the buildings was enhanced.
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Zeng, Fei, Yiqun Pan, Huiyan Deng, and Zhizhong Huang. "Research on air-conditioning usage behaviour in offices with different occupancy." E3S Web of Conferences 356 (2022): 01041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235601041.
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Occupant behaviours in the buildings are not only random and uncertain but also related to each occupant’s habitual preference. This leads to the performance gap between actual and expected energy consumption in buildings. Therefore, accurate information and modelling with regard to occupant behaviour are important for reliable energy simulation and energy-saving optimization design. Existing studies on occupant behaviour models in office space usually focus on single-person offices or full-floor buildings, without considering the behavioural differences among offices with different occupancy. Therefore, this study established the air-conditioning usage behaviour models in offices with different occupancy based on questionnaires and measured data. The results show that occupant compromise and clustering effect will increase with the increase of occupancy. Using the established models as input, this study compared the simulation results with that under the standard schedule. The difference rate is as high as 32.19% in winter and 13.07% in the whole year. And for areas with high energy consumption in winter, the gap may be bigger.
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Levermore, Geoffrey. "Maxmaladaptation, occupant behaviour and energy performance gap." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 42, no. 5 (March 15, 2021): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01436244211000990.
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Occupant behaviour is a key factor in the energy consumption and performance of a building. However, it is difficult to model and simulate hence there is often a mismatch between the predicted and actual performance of a new or refurbished buildings and surprising variations in the consumptions of similar and identical buildings. Although environmental conditions affect people significantly, there are also non-environmental factors including how well employers manage people and how well dwelling occupants understand their controls. Rarely are these factors considered in building performance, especially commercial buildings. Poor management can lead to varying degrees of occupant maladaptation. Maladaptation taken here to mean behaviour patterns that are detrimental to the optimal functioning of the building. This paper proposes a novel concept for designers that examines the worst possible energy performance gap (“extreme” scenario testing) where the theoretical occupants do their best to make the building consume as much energy as possible. The novel concept is called “maxmaladaptation”. By considering maxmaladaptation, designers can attempt to reduce it, so reducing the energy gap. This paper briefly reviews the energy gap and social psychology and its contribution to understanding energy consumption with some examples, underlying the concept of maxmaladaptation. Practical application: Building energy performance gaps often exist because predicted design consumptions are often less than actual consumptions due to the occupants not behaving as designers expect. Using the concept of maxmaladaptation, an extreme scenario of maximum energy use by occupants, designers can design buildings to avoid unexpected energy consumption. Often the influences of occupant behaviour are not considered in detail. Social psychology gives an insight into non-environmental factors that can cause maladaptation, a constituent of maxmaladaptation.
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Uddin, Mohammad Nyme, Hsi-Hsien Wei, Hung Lin Chi, and Meng Ni. "Influence of Occupant Behavior for Building Energy Conservation: A Systematic Review Study of Diverse Modeling and Simulation Approach." Buildings 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11020041.
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Energy consumption in buildings depends on several physical factors, including its physical characteristics, various building services systems/appliances used, and the outdoor environment. However, the occupants’ behavior that determines and regulates the building energy conservation also plays a critical role in the buildings’ energy performance. Compared to physical factors, there are relatively fewer studies on occupants’ behavior. This paper reports a systematic review analysis on occupant behavior and different modeling approaches using the Scopus and Science Direct databases. The comprehensive review study focuses on the current understanding of occupant behavior, existing behavior modeling approaches and their limitations, and key influential parameters on building energy conservation. Finally, the study identifies six significant research gaps for future development: occupant-centered space layout deployment; occupant behavior must be understood in the context of developing or low-income economies; there are higher numbers of quantitative occupant behavior studies than qualitative; the extensive use of survey or secondary data and the lack of real data used in model validation; behavior studies are required for diverse categories building; building information modeling (BIM) integration with existing occupant behavior modeling/simulation. These checklists of the gaps are beneficial for researchers to accomplish the future research in the built environment.
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Popa, Virgil, Horia Beles, Bogdan Tzolea, George Dragomir, and Tudor Mitran. "Studies Regarding Occupant Kinematics in the Vehicle at the Frontal and Rear Impact." Applied Mechanics and Materials 822 (January 2016): 512–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.822.512.
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In this paper is presented the analysis of the behavior of occupants inside a vehicle during road events, methods and means of biomechanics. Also, to analyze the behavior of the occupants were taken into account research methods impact occupant kinematics, based techniques for acquisition and processing of experimental data.
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Tam, Vivian, Laura Almeida, and Khoa Le. "Energy-Related Occupant Behaviour and Its Implications in Energy Use: A Chronological Review." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 2635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082635.
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It is essential to understand how significantly occupants’ actions impact the performance of a building, as a whole, in terms of energy use. Consequently, this paper reviews the available resources on energy-related occupant behaviour and its implications in energy use in a building. A chronological review on energy-related occupant behaviour and its implications in energy use has been conducted. As a main existing gap, it was identified by researchers the difference between real energy performance and the one that is predicted during the design stage of a building. The energy predicted during the design stage of a building may be over twice the energy used in the operation stage. Buildings are one of the most energy intensive features in a country. They are affected by the interaction and correlation of several different variables, such as: its physical characteristics, technical systems, equipment, occupants, etc. Therefore, buildings are considered to be complex systems that require a careful and intensive analysis. Moreover, one of the key variables impacting real building energy use is occupant behaviour. The way occupants behave and their motivations are some of the main aspects that need to be considered in a building life-cycle.
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Furuhashi, Kaito, Takashi Nakaya, and Yoshihiro Maeda. "Prediction of Occupant Behavior toward Natural Ventilation in Japanese Dwellings: Machine Learning Models and Feature Selection." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 5993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165993.
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Occupant behavior based on natural ventilation has a significant impact on building energy consumption. It is important for the quantification of occupant-behavior models to select observed variables, i.e., features that affect the state of window opening and closing, and to consider machine learning models that are effective in predicting this state. In this study, thermal comfort was investigated, and machine learning data were analyzed for 30 houses in Gifu, Japan. Among the selected machine learning models, the logistic regression and deep neural network models produced consistently excellent results. The accuracy of the prediction of open and closed windows differed among the models, and the factors influencing the window-opening behaviors of the occupants differed from those influencing their window-closing behavior. In the selection of features, the analysis using thermal indices representative of the room and cooling features showed excellent results, indicating that cooling features, which have conflicting relationships with natural ventilation, are useful for improving the accuracy of occupant-behavior prediction. The present study indicates that building designers should incorporate occupant behavior based on natural ventilation into their designs.
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Xu, L., O. Guerra-Santin, and S. U. Boess. "Overview of occupant behaviour in modelling high-performance residential buildings." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1085, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1085/1/012018.
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Abstract As the goal-setting in the European Green Deal is to reach carbon neutrality by 2050, great efforts have been put to improve the energy efficiency in residential buildings. As residential buildings are towards high energy efficiency, building envelopes are becoming better thermally insulated and systems are becoming more energy-efficient. Therefore, the role of occupants in the actual building performance is becoming more important. However, contradictions exist between the uncertainties caused by occupant behaviour (OB) and the over-simplified consideration of OB in building design. Therefore, this paper aims to present a state-of-the-art of how OB is represented in residential buildings. Through a literature study, this paper first reviews different occupant behaviours and how they are considered in the design and operation of high-performance residential buildings. Modelling methods are categorized by occupant activities. In addition, behavioural theories in the application of analysing building performance are reviewed. How the behavioural theories are integrated with state-of-the-art building technologies is outlined. Finally, challenges and suggestions for representing the interaction between occupants and buildings in the design and operation of residential buildings are discussed.
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Gerges, Michael, Peter Demian, and Zulfikar Adamu. "Customising Evacuation Instructions for High-Rise Residential Occupants to Expedite Fire Egress: Results from Agent-Based Simulation." Fire 4, no. 2 (April 24, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire4020021.
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As the possibility of safe escape is one of the most crucial aspects of a building’s fire safety features, understanding of human behaviour under fire conditions is important for a successful evacuation. Although most of today’s buildings are equipped with fire safety systems, a fire can still occur at anytime and anywhere in a building and have devastating consequences. In the last decade, researchers and practitioners have used information technology to assist with fire safety design and emergency management. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an exemplar process whose underpinning digital technology has been helpful for fire safety design, simulation, and analysis, but there is a lack of research on how BIM-based models combined with agent-based simulations can help improve evacuation via effective navigation and wayfinding in high-rise residential buildings. Customising evacuation instructions based on BIM, simulation results and occupant location, and delivery of these bespoke instructions to occupants’ smartphones during a fire emergency is relatively novel and research is needed to realise the potential of this approach. Therefore, this study investigates how customised evacuation instructions delivered to each occupant in a high-rise residential building could result in a faster evacuation during a fire incident. The research adopted a case study building and used Pathfinder (agent-based evacuation simulation software) to simulate evacuation from this eleven-floor high-rise residential building in Cairo, Egypt. Constraining evacuees (simulated agents in Pathfinder) to take particular exit routes was used as a proxy for delivering customised evacuation instructions to actual evacuees. Simulation results show that, in general, allowing the use of lifts for the benefit of disabled occupants could lead to their misuse by able-bodied occupants; evacuees would attempt to use the first visible point of exit regardless of how crowded it is. With optimally customised instructions, the evacuation time was, on average, 17.6 min (almost 50%) shorter than when the occupant’s choice of egress route was simulated based on standard path planning factors such as route length, nearby crowds and visible hazards. With evacuation instructions sent via smartphones, occupants could exit more rapidly via alternative routes. Such bespoke instructions were shown to reduce the adverse effects of crowdedness and uneven distribution of occupants along vertical and horizontal evacuation routes on evacuation time.
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Far, Claire, Iftekhar Ahmed, and Jamie Mackee. "Significance of Occupant Behaviour on the Energy Performance Gap in Residential Buildings." Architecture 2, no. 2 (June 2, 2022): 424–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/architecture2020023.
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Buildings are an important part of worldwide efforts to reduce energy consumption and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Despite recent technological developments in the area of energy consumption reduction, energy use is on the rise, highlighting the significance of considering occupant behavior with regard to controlling energy consumption and supporting climate resilience. Energy performance of residential buildings is a function of various aspects such as properties of the building envelope, climatic location characteristics, HVAC system, and, more importantly, occupant behavior and activities towards energy utilization. This study carries out a comprehensive review of the impact of occupant behavior on reducing the energy performance gap in residential buildings since residential buildings account for 70% of building floor area around the globe. Findings have revealed that a dearth of literature on occupants’ behavior scholarship leads to inaccurate simplifications in building modeling and design. Thus, there is a strong need to obtain appropriate occupant behavioral data to develop strategies to close the energy performance gap as much as possible to achieve better energy efficiency in residential buildings to contribute to resilience and sustainability. Findings have also revealed a lack of objective and subjective data on occupants’ behavior towards energy efficiency in residential buildings. In response to these gaps, the current paper has proposed a conceptual framework for occupant behavior toward a modification of thermal comfort to reduce energy use. Based on the findings of this paper, understanding the variety of factors influencing occupants’ behavior should be considered a major influential factor in the design and retrofit of residential buildings with a view toward long-term resilience and sustainability.
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Aversa, Alejandra, Luis Ballestero, and Miguel Chen Austin. "Highlighting the Probabilistic Behavior of Occupants’ Preferences in Energy Consumption by Integrating a Thermal Comfort Controller in a Tropical Climate." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 4, 2022): 9591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159591.
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The thermal comfort of an individual is known as the mental satisfaction they possess in a medium. This depends on several ambient factors such as air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and personal factors such as cloth and metabolic activity. In buildings, occupants interact with different systems and equipment such as air conditioning, ventilation, lighting, and other appliances to influence these factors or demonstrate adaptive tendencies with the systems to reach comfort. Within the last two decades, preference-based occupant-centered control systems have been incorporated into buildings, generally validated with comfort indexes. A frequently found challenge is the formulation of the method used to create a system that considers the stochastic characteristics of the occupant’s portrait. Here, a method that links the advantages of both probabilistic and schedule-based methods and satisfactorily integrates it with comfort indexes through a controller is proposed. It is intended to compare the controller’s effect on thermal comfort through comfort indexes and energy consumption when implementing different occupant models applied in Panama. Sensibility analysis, gray-box building modeling, and thermal indexes were used in the controller’s design. Results showed that the best controller is the probability-based model providing low power consumption and PMV levels.
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Durkin, Michael E. "Behavior of Building Occupants in Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 1, no. 2 (February 1985): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585265.
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To be truly effective, earthquake hazard reduction measures must be based on a realistic appraisal of occupants' capabilities and actions during earthquakes. Studies suggest that many overly general beliefs about appropriate response can endanger rather than protect building occupants. We need to analyze occupant actions with respect to hazards posed by the seismic performance of specific building types. This paper will review the findings of recent U.S. studies, discuss the applicability of research from abroad, and summarize requirements for continued progress in this vital research area.
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Lian, Linwen, Hui Xie, and Yuanyuan Song. "Occupant seating optimization to reduce lighting energy consumption and improve comfort." E3S Web of Conferences 356 (2022): 01063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235601063.
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occupant presence and behavior are non-negligible factors affecting building energy consumption. It should be emphasized: guaranteed building core functions is a prerequisite for energy saving. This paper proposes a method that can minimize building energy consumption and improve occupant comfort. Through monitoring the entry and exit of a 24-person office, occupant presence is obtained. And the difference in comfort of occupants is investigated and analyzed. The occupant is moved to a seat that is more thermally comfortable. Then occupants with a high degree of overlap in-room time are gathered in the same lighting area to reduce lighting energy consumption. Through the multi-objective optimization model, the lighting energy consumption is reduced by 16.2%, and the overall indoor comfort is slightly improved.
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Verbruggen, Silke, Marc Delghust, Jelle Laverge, and Arnold Janssens. "Inclusion of window opening habits in a window model based on activity and occupancy patterns." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 04058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911104058.
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The occupants’ window opening behaviour can have a substantial influence on the indoor climate and the energy use in low energy dwellings. In literature, most window opening models are based on outdoor and/or indoor climate variables. However a study of Verbruggen et al. [1] revealed that these models are not able to predict the window opening behaviour accurately in wintertime, which may be attributed to the presence of window opening habits. The occupants perform the habits not according to a fixed time step but rather to the performance of a reoccurring activity or an occupancy change. Therefore, a window opening model is generated based on the occupancy and activity patterns of the inhabitants. The model links certain behaviours to specific activities or moments in an occupant’s day without relating it to an exact time-step or specific weather conditions. Data on these habits and the links with occupancy are acquired from a survey conducted in a NZEB case-study project in Belgium. This paper includes the results of the habit-survey and explains how the window use model based on habits is generated. Based on the answers from the survey the window use in bedrooms and bathrooms could be fully defined for 93% of the households, only in the living room no complete window use profile could be defined. The developed model is able to predict the window use in a more realistic way compared to weather-models, with window opening actions linked to specific moments in the occupant’s day.
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Fabi, Valentina, Rune Vinther Andersen, Stefano Corgnati, and Bjarne W. Olesen. "Occupants' window opening behaviour: A literature review of factors influencing occupant behaviour and models." Building and Environment 58 (December 2012): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.07.009.
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Spiekman, M. E., S. U. Boess, O. Guerra Santin, T. J. H. Rovers, and N. Nelis. "Effects of energy-efficient renovation concepts on occupant behaviour and hence building performance." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1085, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1085/1/012023.
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Abstract Dwellings and systems are becoming ever more complex. In achieving high energy performances, the interaction among user, building and systems plays an increasingly crucial role. We studied this interaction in 16 recently renovated low-energy dwellings, to advance the field in terms of methods, and to derive pointers for improved renovation concepts. We used sensors to monitor the indoor environment. And we further developed a method that uses questionnaires, diaries and a so-called 'walk through the house' interview technique to gain insights into occupant behaviour and the reasons for the occupants’ behaviours. The results show that the observed behaviour was almost always a normal response to the situation, but often not the behaviour that was expected when designing the renovation concept. A major reason for this was the occupants’ efforts to reduce discomfort, which was often the result of the renovation solution itself (for example draught, noise or a warm bedroom). So, we found that behaviour was often a quite normal reaction to the renovation solution. We conclude that the resulting underperformances of renovation concepts are caused by technology centred design. We posit that this can be improved by testing renovation concepts in real world situations.
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Seyler, Nicolas Julian, and Jan Mutl. "Going beyond buildings: mindfulness and real estate user behavior." Journal of Corporate Real Estate 21, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 194–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcre-10-2018-0039.
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Purpose Building performance does not only depend on its efficiency but also on the behaviors of its occupants. Occupant behaviors can more than offset technological efficiency gains so, that corporate real estate (CRE) managers have to go beyond sustainable buildings. CRE managers need to understand occupants to effectively reduce the environmental impact of their building portfolio. This paper aims to investigate the effects of environmental attitudes and mindfulness on occupant behaviors at home and at the office. Thereby, the authors address numerous calls for research regarding the drivers of more environmental real estate user behaviors. Design/methodology/approach The authors use partial least squares structural equation modeling based on self-report data obtained for a representative German sample. Findings The results show that environmental attitudes and mindfulness have both positive effects on occupant behaviors. However, the effects tend to be weaker in the office context. Research limitations/implications This study relies on self-reports as an indicator of actual behaviors. Besides, the findings are limited by the cross-sectional nature of the data. Practical implications Environmental education and mindfulness training may be an effective way to promote more environmental occupant behaviors and help CRE managers to further reduce the environmental impact of their building portfolio. Originality/value The paper contributes to prior research about the antecedents of environmental behaviors and provides evidence for the positive impact of environmental attitudes and mindfulness on occupant behaviors. The author provide a new approach for CRE managers, which may improve occupant behaviors.
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Mulville, Mark, Nicola Callaghan, and David Isaac. "The impact of the ambient environment and building configuration on occupant productivity in open-plan commercial offices." Journal of Corporate Real Estate 18, no. 3 (September 12, 2016): 180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcre-11-2015-0038.
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Purpose This paper sets out to understand the impact of the ambient environment on perceived comfort, health, wellbeing and by extension productivity in the workplace. Design/methodology/approach The research combined an occupant survey considering satisfaction with the ambient environment, health and wellbeing and workplace behaviour with the monitoring of ambient environmental conditions. Findings The paper demonstrates that the ambient environment can have a significant impact on occupant comfort, health and wellbeing, which in turn has implications for built asset performance. Within the ambient environmental factors considered, a hierarchy may exist with noise being of particular importance. Occupant behaviour within the workplace was also found to be influential. Research limitations/implications The research was limited to a single commercial office building, and a wider range of case studies would therefore be of benefit. The research was also limited to the summer months. Practical implications The findings show that an active approach to asset management is required, by continuously monitoring internal environment and engaging with occupants. This must carefully consider how ambient environmental factors and workplace behaviour impact upon occupants’ comfort, health and wellbeing to ensure the performance of the built asset is maximised. Originality/value This paper demonstrates that both occupiers’ workplace behaviour and ambient environmental conditions can have an impact on occupant comfort, health, wellbeing and productivity. The paper strengthens the case for the active management of the workplace environment through environmental monitoring and behaviour change campaigns supported by corresponding changes to workplace culture.
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Yassir Ali and Sarah 'Atifah Saruchi. "Comparison of Transfer Function Models to Represent the Correlation Between Vehicle Lateral Acceleration and Head Tilting Angle in Motion Sickness." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 19, no. 4 (December 28, 2022): 10039–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.19.4.2022.01.0775.
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Motion Sickness (MS) is described as an unpleasant feeling caused by a forceful movement; hence vehicle movement impacts the severity of MS. While negotiating a curve, drivers and passenger tilt their heads differently, affecting their motion sickness incidence (MSI), which is the severity of MS. MS is a negative feeling, that affects occupant’s comfort, and to further understand the correlation between occupants' behavior and vehicle movement in MS and then represent it using mathematical models, it was proven that MSI could be predicted through mathematical models. However, there is an indefinite value between values between occupant’s behavior and vehicle movement. Based on that it is vital to express it the correlation mathematically. An experiment adopted from a prior study was utilized to get the data and develope the mathematical models with different proportions to represent the correlation between vehicle movement and occupant behavior in motion sickness in transfer function equations using system identification (SI), by utilising black-box feature to use the experimental data as input and output to allow SI to predict the transfer function models. The aim of this study is to investigate MS factors in relation to the vehicle movement and occupant’s behavior, to develop multiple transfer function models, to analyze and compare them. The results were obtained in the three different transfer function orders, second, third and fourth order functions for each proportion used for both the driver and passenger, the driver models’ results were in between 64.68%-67.87%, and the passenger results were in between 63.75%-67.93%, after the comparison the highest fits for each order were obtained. The highest fits amongst driver models were 67.87% (4th Order), 66.78% (3rd Order) and 65.17% (2nd Order) and 67.93% (4th Order), 66.3% (3rd Order) and 64.82% (2nd Order) amongst the passenger models. Those fits were then validated via Simulink with unseen data that was not used in identification process, and lastly the models Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was obtained for all of them to determine their efficiency.
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Tezel, Ecem, and Heyecan Giritli. "Understanding pro-environmental workplace behavior: a comparative study." Facilities 37, no. 9/10 (July 1, 2019): 669–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-12-2017-0134.
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Purpose This paper aims to fulfill the gap in existing knowledge of determinants of pro-environmental behavior (PEB) in the workplace and the influence of sustainability certificates on occupants’ PEBs in workplace settings. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire survey with a total of 95 respondents from both certified and noncertified office buildings was conducted. Two independent sample comparisons were executed to understand the influence of sustainable building certificates on occupants’ environmental values, beliefs, awareness and PEBs. Findings Ecocentric value, belief and awareness were found as the predictors of pro-environmental workplace behavior. Certified office occupants showed higher awareness about buildings’ environmentally oriented characteristics. Despite higher awareness, certified office occupants revealed less PEB compared to those who work in noncertified office buildings. Originality/value This study determined the influencing factors on PEBs in workplaces and PEB differences between certified and noncertified building occupants. Less PEBs of occupants in certified offices signify the misperception of individuals about sustainable buildings and the need for more informative training about sustainability issues in the society. This result also draws academic attention to sustainable building evaluation practices and provides certain insights for more occupant integrated evaluation alternative for sustainable buildings.
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Mun, Sun-Hye, Younghoon Kwak, and Jung-Ho Huh. "Influence of Complex Occupant Behavior Models on Cooling Energy Usage Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031243.
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The behavior of building occupants has been studied by researchers for building control as well as for predicting energy use. In this study, we analyzed the effect of the application of single and complex behavior models on the simulation results of residential buildings. Two occupant behaviors—window opening and closing and air conditioner (AC) usage—were simulated, which are known to be interconnected. This study had two purposes: The first was to integrate data analysis tools (R in this study) and building simulation tools (EnergyPlus in this study) so that two behaviors with interconnectivity could be reflected in building simulation analysis. The second purpose was to apply the behavior models in residential buildings to an integrated simulation environment in stages to analyze their relative influence on the building energy and indoor environment. The results of the study prove that the application of complex behavior is important for research regarding the prediction of actual energy consumption. The results help identify the gap between reality and the existing simulation methods; thereby, they can help improve methods related to energy consumption analysis. We hope that this study and its results will serve as a guide for researchers looking to study occupants’ behavior in the future.
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Blanco Cadena, Juan Diego, Tiziana Poli, Mitja Košir, Gabriele Lobaccaro, Andrea Giovanni Mainini, and Alberto Speroni. "Current Trajectories and New Challenges for Visual Comfort Assessment in Building Design and Operation: A Critical Review." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 3018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12063018.
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Visual comfort can affect building occupants’ behaviour, productivity and health. It is highly dependent on the occupant and how they perform a task indoors. In that regard, an occupant centred approach is more suitable for evaluating the lighting perception of the indoor environment. Nevertheless, the process of rating and estimating the visual comfort makes a limited distinction between physiological differences (e.g., ageing eye, light sensitivity), field of view, and personal preferences, which have been proven to influence the occupants’ lighting needs to complete their tasks. Such features were not considered while establishing the visually comfortable conditions; perhaps due to the challenge of coupling the assumptions made during building design to the performance indicators monitored during building operation. This work focuses on reviewing literature findings on how the common design approach deviates from real building performance, particularly failing to prevent visual disturbances that can trigger the inefficient operation of building systems. Additionally, it is highlighted that redesigned visual comfort assessment methods and metrics are required to bridge the gap between the lighting environment ratings computed and surveyed. One possibility is to consider such physiological features that induce lighting experiences. Finally, it was deducted that it is important to target the occupants’ eye response to calibrate limit thresholds, propose occupant profiling, and that it is convenient to continuously monitor the occupants’ perception of indoor lighting conditions.
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Vijlbrief, O., B. Eslami Mossallam, and M. E. Spiekman. "Interactive feedback tool for occupants based on a tuned building energy model." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1085, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1085/1/012020.
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Abstract It is a well-known fact that there is a gap between the theoretical energy performance and the actual energy use of a building. The behaviour of occupants has a large influence on this energy use. Within the BIM4Ren H2020 project we developed a feedback tool for occupants that gives insight in the effect of behaviour on the amount of energy use required for heating and cooling. The tool has a front-end in which the occupant can see their current behaviour, as well as their actual energy use. By changing their initial behaviour virtually, they will get feedback about the effect on their actual energy use. The back-end of the tool contains a reduced order simulation, based on the ISO 52016-1:2017 hourly method to calculate the energy needs. In deviation from the standard, the most important parameters that describe user behaviour are directly obtained from the occupants by a questionnaire. The model is tuned on the real situation using the behavioural data and measurement data. The feedback tool will help occupants understand better why their energy use is higher than expected despite the renovation, or help them save even more energy by educating them on the effect of their behaviour.
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Adams, Jacqueline Nicole, Zsófia Deme Bélafi, Miklós Horváth, János Balázs Kocsis, and Tamás Csoknyai. "How Smart Meter Data Analysis Can Support Understanding the Impact of Occupant Behavior on Building Energy Performance: A Comprehensive Review." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 2502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092502.
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The goal of this literature review was to outline the research currently conducted on smart meter (SM) adoption and its connection to building occupant behavior to better understand both SM technology and SM customers. We compiled our findings from the existing literature and developed a holistic understanding of the socio-demographic factors that lead to more or less energy use, the methods used to group and cluster occupants on the basis of energy use, how occupant energy use profiles are developed, and which socio-psychological determinants may influence SM adoption. Our results highlight 11 demographic variables that impact building energy use, find 9 methods commonly used to profile occupants on the basis of energy usage, and highlight 13 socio-psychological variables than can be utilized to better understand SM adoption intentions. The review findings two major deficiencies in the existing literature. First, this review highlights the lack of existing interdisciplinary research that combines occupant behavior with SM data and a clear socio-psychological framework. Second, this review underscores certain data limitations in existing SM research, with most research being conducted only on residential or office buildings and geographically in North America or Western Europe. Final policy recommendations center on increased need for interdisciplinary SM research and the need for an expanded understanding of occupant behavior and SM research across different geographies.
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Heidari, Amirreza, Francois Marechal, and Dolaana Khovalyg. "An adaptive control framework based on Reinforcement learning to balance energy, comfort and hygiene in heat pump water heating systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2042, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2042/1/012006.
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Abstract A major challenge in the operation of water heating systems lies in the highly stochastic nature of occupant behavior in hot water use, which varies over different buildings and can change over the time. However, the current operational strategies of water heating systems are detached from occupant behavior, and follow a conservative and energy intensive approach to ensure the availability of hot water any time it is demanded. This paper proposes a Reinforcement learning-based control framework which can learn and adapt to the occupant behavior of each specific building and make a balance between energy use, occupant comfort and water hygiene. The proposed framework is compared to the conventional approach using the real-world measurements of hot water use behavior in a single family residential building. Although the monitoring campaign has been executed during home lockdown due to COVID-19, when the occupants exhibited a very different schedule and water use related behavior, the proposed framework has learned the occupant behavior over a relatively short period of 8 weeks and provided 24.5% energy use reduction over the conventional approach, while preserving occupant comfort and water hygiene.
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Roccotelli, Michele, Alessandro Rinaldi, Maria Pia Fanti, and Francesco Iannone. "Building Energy Management for Passive Cooling Based on Stochastic Occupants Behavior Evaluation." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010138.
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The common approach to model occupants behaviors in buildings is deterministic and consists of assumptions based on predefined fixed schedules or rules. In contrast with the deterministic models, stochastic and agent based (AB) models are the most powerful and suitable methods for modeling complex systems as the human behavior. In this paper, a co-simulation architecture is proposed with the aim of modeling the occupant behavior in buildings by a stochastic-AB approach and implementing an intelligent Building Energy Management System (BEMS). In particular, optimized control logics are designed for smart passive cooling by controlling natural ventilation and solar shading systems to guarantee the thermal comfort conditions and maintain energy performance. Moreover, the effects of occupant actions on indoor thermal comfort are also taken into account. This study shows how the integration of automation systems and passive techniques increases the potentialities of passive cooling in buildings, integrating or replacing the conventional efficiency strategies.
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Pressley, Joyce C., Nirajan Puri, and Tianhui He. "Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes in Upstate and Long Island New York: The Impact of High Visibility Seat Belt Enforcement on Multiple Risky Driving Behaviors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020920.
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Despite an observed daytime front-seat seat belt use that exceeds 90%, nearly half of motor vehicle occupants who die in New York State (NYS) each year are not wearing a seat belt. Crash outcomes were examined by occupant, vehicle, environmental and traffic enforcement patterns related to the annual Click It or Ticket high visibility seat belt enforcement campaign. Three periods of enforcement were examined: pre-enforcement, peri-enforcement (during/immediately after), and post-enforcement. Of the 14.4 million traffic citations, 713,990 (5.0%) were seat belt violations. Relative risk with 95% CI was assessed using deaths from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and SAS Glimmix 9.4 software. Mortality was lower peri-enforcement (32.9%) compared to pre- (40.9%) or post-enforcement (37.1%) (p < 0.001) and tended to be elevated in low enforcement response areas (43.6%). Fatalities were 30% lower (0.7, 95% CI 0.6–0.9) during peri-enforcement in models adjusted for demographics, law coverage, enforcement response, rural, weekend, impairment, speeding, and vehicle type. Adjusted mortality was higher in rural (1.9, 1.6–2.6), alcohol-involved (1.8, 1.4–2.9), and speeding-involved (2.0, 1.7–2.5) crashes. Peri-enforcement alcohol- and speed-involved fatalities tended to be lower in restrained, unrestrained and occupants missing belt status. The finding of lower mortality in both belted and unbelted occupant’s peri-enforcement—in the context of fewer fatal speed and alcohol-involved crashes—suggests that the mechanism(s) through which high visibility seat belt enforcement lowers mortality is through impacting multiple risky driving behaviors.
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Youssef, Caballero, and Aerts. "Model-Based Monitoring of Occupant’s Thermal State for Adaptive HVAC Predictive Controlling." Processes 7, no. 10 (October 10, 2019): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100720.
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Conventional indoor climate design and control approaches are based on static thermal comfort/sensation models that view the building occupants as passive recipients of their thermal environment. Recent advances in wearable sensing technologies and their generated streaming data are providing a unique opportunity to understand the user’s behaviour and to predict future needs. Estimation of thermal comfort is a challenging task given the subjectivity of human perception; this subjectivity is reflected in the statistical nature of comfort models, as well as the plethora of comfort models available. Additionally, such models are using not-easily or invasively measured variables (e.g., core temperatures and metabolic rate), which are often not practical and undesirable measurements. The main goal of this paper was to develop dynamic model-based monitoring system of the occupant’s thermal state and their thermoregulation responses under two different activity levels. In total, 25 participants were subjected to three different environmental temperatures at two different activity levels. The results have shown that a reduced-ordered (second-order) multi-inputs-single-output discrete-time transfer function (MISO-DTF), including three input variables (wearables), namely, aural temperature, heart rate, and average skin heat-flux, is best to estimate the individual’s metabolic rate (non-wearable) with a mean absolute percentage error of 8.7%. A general classification model based on a least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) technique is developed to predict the individual’s thermal sensation. For a seven-class classification problem, the results have shown that the overall model accuracy of the developed classifier is 76% with an F1-score value of 84%. The developed LS-SVM classification model for prediction of occupant’s thermal sensation can be integrated in the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system to provide an occupant thermal state-based climate controller. In this paper, we introduced an adaptive occupant-based HVAC predictive controller using the developed LS-SVM predictive classification model.
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Verbruggen, Silke, Els De Ceuster, Marc Delghust, and Jelle Laverge. "Clothing behaviour in Belgian homes." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017206006.
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Clothing has a direct influence on the thermal comfort of an occupant and so, indirectly on the energy use of a building. Literary sources point out a lack of data about clothing behaviour in residential buildings. In order to assess the clothing behaviour two kinds of surveys are created: logbook surveys and online questionnaires. Both surveys are executed between March 11 and April 5, 2019. The mean clothing insulation worn during the investigation period is 0.58 clo. This clo-value differs from the clothing insulation values provided by Fanger, which are 1.0 clo for winter months and 0.5 clo for summer months. The influence of the indoor temperature, outdoor temperature, weather history memory, gender and age on the clothing behaviour is analysed. All variables have a small significant influence on the clo-value. It was found that occupants tend to wear the same clothes when they are at home. So, each participant clothes him/herself to be comfortable in their clothes and in the temperature of their own room. People who are used to live in lower indoor temperatures will, and are used to, wear more clothing insulation to be thermally comfortable than people living in warmer indoor temperatures. An adjustment in clothing behaviour can make a big impact on the energy use of residential buildings. A decrease in indoor temperature of 1°C can lead to heating energy savings of 10%. To remain thermally comfortable, the occupant must only wear an extra insulation value of 0.17 clo, which corresponds with a shirt. The question remains if occupants will effectively use the opportunity of changing clothes to lower their energy use.
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Zhu, Boshan, Hanzun Zhang, Yunliang Lu, Fang Wang, and Dapeng Liu. "The Effect of Intruder Density on Territoriality and Dominance in Male Swimming Crab (Portunus trituberculatus)." Animals 12, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12030314.
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Territorial behavior of animals is affected by numerous factors, one being the number of intruders. The swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus), an important commercial and ecological species on the continental shelf of Asia, usually needs to defend its territory from intrusion by other crabs, especially in habitats with high densities of conspecifics. To clarify the underlying patterns of how P. trituberculatus protects its territory, we assessed the territorial behavior of occupant crabs (territory holders) when presented with different numbers of intruders using an indoor observation system. We calculated the territory size of the occupants and quantified their behavioral responses to intruders. With an increased number of intruders, the territory size the occupants owned significantly decreased, and their behavior adjusted accordingly. Besides, the territorial behavior score, reflecting the territoriality of crab, decreased significantly. Furthermore, in a high density group that had seven intruders, the occupants showed a higher dominance hierarchy than the intruders, indicating the ascendancy of occupants in territorial competition with intruders. These results revealed that as the number of intruders increased, the territory size of P. trituberculatus shrunk because the fight for territory became more intense.
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Beder, Christian, Julia Blanke, and Martin Klepal. "Behaviour Demand Response in District Heating—A Simulation-Based Assessment of Potential Energy Savings." Proceedings 20, no. 1 (July 19, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019020002.
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Behaviour Demand Response (BDR) is an approach that enables the adaptation of operation of the district heating assets to dynamic market and capacity constraints by asking building occupants to participate and temporarily alter their demand profiles. In this paper we will present an explicit behavioural occupant model that considers motivational factors beyond financial incentives and that integrates with the district heating simulation model of the CIT Bishopstown campus, which has been used as a testbed for the E2District project. Both models have been calibrated to reflect the actual occupant population and energy consumption of the campus for the 2018/2019 heating period. This allows an accurate simulation-based assessment of potential energy savings through different dynamic behaviour demand response (BDR) triggers. We will show how a generic district simulation model can be integrated with the occupant behaviour model to quantify the potential additional energy savings that can be achieved through better demand-side management of the heating system.
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Moreno-Rangel, Alejandro, Tim Sharpe, Gráinne McGill, and Filbert Musau. "Indoor Air Quality in Passivhaus Dwellings: A Literature Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (July 1, 2020): 4749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134749.
Full textAbstract:
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a critical consideration in airtight buildings that depend on mechanical ventilation, such as those constructed to the Passivhaus standard. While previous reviews of IAQ on Passivhaus-certified buildings foccused on offices, this study examines residential buildings. A summary of data collection methods and pollutant concentrations is presented, followed by a critical discussion of the impact of Passivhaus design strategies on IAQ. This review indicates that IAQ in Passivhaus-certified dwellings is generally better than in conventional homes, but both occupant behaviour and pollution from outdoor sources play a significant role in indoor concentrations. Moreover, there are differences in data collection and reporting methods. Many of the available studies depend on short-term IAQ monitoring of less than two weeks, making it difficult to determine the longer impact of housing design on IAQ and occupants’ well-being. There is also a lack of studies from non-European countries. Future research should focus on investigating associations between IAQ and Passivhaus design strategies in hot and humid climates, where evidence is particularly lacking. Further effort is also required to investigate potential links between occupant’s perception of IAQ and physical exposure to indoor pollution. Finally, the lack of homogeneous monitoring and reporting methods for IAQ studies needs to be addressed.
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Ryu, Jihye, and Jungsoo Kim. "Effect of Different HVAC Control Strategies on Thermal Comfort and Adaptive Behavior in High-Rise Apartments." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 25, 2021): 11767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111767.
Full textAbstract:
In the residential sector, householders play an active role in regulating the indoor climate via diverse control measures such as the operation of air-conditioners or windows. The main research question asked in this paper is whether control decisions made by householders are rational and effective in terms of achieving comfort and energy efficiency. Based on a field study in South Korea, this paper explores how a HVAC control strategy for high-rise apartment buildings can affect occupant comfort and adaptive behavior. Two different control strategies: (1) occupant control (OC), where occupants were allowed to freely operate the HVAC system and (2) comfort-zone control (CC), where the operation of the HVAC system was determined by the researcher, based on a pre-defined comfort zone, were applied to, and tested within the participating households in summer. The impact of the two control strategies on indoor thermal environments, thermal comfort, and occupant adaptive behavior were analyzed. We find that the CC strategy is more energy/comfort efficient than OC because: (1) comfort was be achieved at a higher indoor temperature, and (2) unnecessary control behaviors leading to cooling load increase can be minimized, which have major implications for energy consumption reduction in the residential sector.
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Domínguez-Amarillo, Samuel, Jesica Fernández-Agüera, Juan Sendra, and Susan Roaf. "Rethinking User Behaviour Comfort Patterns in the South of Spain—What Users Really Do." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 4448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124448.
Full textAbstract:
Although energy analysis techniques can contribute to substantial energy savings in housing stock retrofitting operations, the outcomes often deviate significantly from the predicted results, which tend to overestimate potential savings by overestimating the starting energy baselines, particularly in southern Europe. This deviation can be largely attributed to occupant practice relating to the use of air conditioning facilities and the temperatures at which occupants feel comfortable. The patterns observed differed widely from standard values. In this study environmental variables, primarily indoor air temperature both with and without HVAC, were monitored in occupied dwellings for a full year. The data gathered were supplemented with surveys on occupants’ temperature-related behaviour to define comfort patterns. The findings show that the standards in place are not consistent with actual comfort-accepted patterns in medium- to low-income housing in southern Spain, where energy consumption was observed to be lower than expected, mostly because occupants endure unsuitable, even unhealthy, conditions over long periods of time. A new user profile, better adjusted to practice in southern Europe, particularly in social housing, is proposed to reflect the current situation.