Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Occupant's behaviour'
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1
Zhao, Jing. "Lived experiences of Passivhaus occupants using a grounded approach." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31370.
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The Passivhaus standard is a building methodology that was established in Germany in the 1990s. It uses a passive design strategy to achieve built environment comfort with minimum energy consumption. However, research shows that not every Passivhaus project has been successful in terms of its comfort and energy performance. Passivhaus is a representation of a high-performance, low-energy prototype of sustainable buildings, which, as a new building typology, embraces new ideas of comfort and accommodates a range of occupants who have different attitudes and expectations. Thus, the social grounding of such a new typology needs to be reconsidered. Understanding the phenomenon of Passivhaus living in the UK context forms the starting point of my research. In reflection of existing Passivhaus post-occupancy evaluation (POE) research in the UK, the majority of this research is focused on performance and frequently adopts an approach using prediction and computer simulation. Only a few studies have examined the Passivhaus system from an architectural design point of view. Research into its energy performance lacks a deeper connection with the occupants' perception of comfort and the architectural design of the Passivhaus. This research focuses on the coherence of Passivhaus living and builds up a theoretical framework to understand the Passivhaus system in relation to occupants' daily lives. It argues that by providing more possibilities and opportunities within the design of the built environment for adaptive behaviours and norms of sustainable living, as opposed to stressing energy efficiency and technological advances, the sustainability embodied in the Passivhaus standard can be further actualised. Previous research into the POE field of Passivhaus has employed a predominantly quantitative method. However, the small amount of research conducted using a qualitative approach demonstrates the potential benefits of gaining a better understanding of sustainability in people's perceptions of comfort, their everyday practices and the nature of their energy use. The methodological approach for the proposed research will be qualitative in nature due to the need to understand highly context-bound experiential data. A mixed approach of quantitative and qualitative methods will be explored to collect and analyse data from various aspects related to the subject matter in order to draw valid conclusions. The research uses a combined framework of grounded theory methodology and a multiple case study approach as a way of taking a step back from empirical research and building up an inductive theory-building process. The combination of these two frameworks is tailored for this research, which enables them to complement each other. The research provides an exploration of Passivhaus living and an insight into the delicate relationship between the occupants and their domestic space. The study explores the shifting perception of comfort, the delicate relationship between habitat and inhabitant and the process of adaptation in the Passivhaus to understand the shaping of household behaviour in relation to different contexts and scenarios unique to the Passivhaus industry. The substantive theory that describes this relationship is summarised at the end of the thesis, with the aim of informing potential Passivhaus clients of the system's holistic sustainable design features and to make recommendations for better Passivhaus design to building professionals.
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Gulbinas, Rimas Viktoras. "Motivating and Quantifying Energy Efficient Behavior among Commercial Building Occupants." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64867.
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The environmental and economic consequences of climate change are severe and are being exacerbated by increased global carbon emissions. In the United States, buildings account for over 40% of all domestic and 7.4% of all global CO2 emissions and therefore represent an important target for energy conservation initiatives. Even marginal energy savings across all buildings could have a profound effect on carbon emission mitigation. In order to realize the full potential of energy savings in the building sector, it is essential to maximize the energy efficiency of both buildings and the behavior of occupants who occupy them. In this vein, systems that collect and communicate building energy-use information to occupants (i.e. eco-feedback systems) have been demonstrated to motivate building occupants to significantly reduce overall building energy consumption. Furthermore, advancements in building sensor technologies and data processing capabilities have enabled the development of advanced eco-feedback systems that also allow building occupants to share energy-use data with one another and to collectively act to reduce energy consumption. In addition to monitoring building occupant energy-use, these systems are capable of collecting data about specific conservation actions taken by occupants and their interactions with different features of the eco-feedback system. However, despite recent advancements in eco-feedback and building sensor technologies, very few systems have been specifically designed to enable research on the effectiveness of different behavior-based energy conservation strategies in commercial buildings. Consequently, very little research has been conducted on how access to such systems impacts the energy-use behavior of building occupants. In this dissertation, I describe how my research over the past three years has advanced an understanding of how eco-feedback systems can impact the energy-use behavior of commercial building occupants. First, I present a novel eco-feedback system that I developed to connect building occupants over energy-use data and empower them to conserve energy while also collecting data that enables controlled studies to quantify the impacts of a wide variety of energy conservation strategies. Next, I present a commercial building study in which this eco-feedback system was used to investigate the effects of organizational network dynamics on the energy-use of individuals. I then introduce a new set of metrics based on individual energy-use data that enables the classification of individuals and building occupant networks based on their energy-use efficiency and predictability. I describe the principles behind the construction of these metrics and demonstrate how these quantitative measures can be used to increase the efficacy of behavior-based conservation campaigns by enabling targeted interventions. I conclude the dissertation with a discussion about the limitations of my research and the new research avenues that it has enabled.Ph. D.
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Bin, Ja'afar Mohamad Fakri Zaky. "Domestic air conditioning in Malaysia : night time thermal comfort and occupants adaptive behaviour." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444280/.
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This is the first study of night time thermal comfort in Malaysia as well as the first study of sleeping comfort level. The focus of the investigation, the use of air-conditioners in homes clearly indicates a problem. Evidences of overcooling (76% of the cases) and sleep interruptions (45% of cases) to adjust control are found. In around 38% of the cases, the internal thermal profiles never reached a stable condition instead they keep cooling throughout the night until the units are turned off in the morning. The act of putting on a thicker, comforter type blanket, more of a psychological choice than a physiological need, during air-conditioned occupancy, results in people operating their air-conditioners at lower than the optimum temperature level. A thermal comfort field survey was conducted by monitoring 29 air-conditioned bedrooms, investigating the environmental conditions, the corresponding comfort perceptions and occupants' adaptive behaviour. Thermal neutralities and thermal acceptability for night-time occupancy in air-conditioned homes are established. Statistically significant difference is found between the neutral air temperature of normal blanket users (27.5 °C) and that of comforter users (25.2 °C). Thermal acceptability and comfort range for each group have also been established. A simulation study was conducted and it shows that the choice of using a comforter as opposed to a normal blanket results in an increase of up to 52% in the cooling load of a bedroom. This finding suggests that adaptive behaviour does not always result in less energy being used for comfort provision when active cooling is employed.
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Yun, Geun Young. "Occupant behaviour in buildings : thermal performance implications of window use patterns." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612484.
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Fried, Chelsea. "Where Design Meets Occupant Engagement: Studying the Importance of Occupant Engagement for Green Buildings, LEED and Pomona College." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/104.
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A building is not independent from the people who inhabit it. Humans play an important role in determining the resource consumption of buildings. This thesis argues that it is essential for rating systems like LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), that promote green building to include occupant engagement as an important part of the sustainable building equation. Occupant engagement, which includes connecting residents to the sustainable capacity of their buildings, has the potential to lead to reductions in resource consumption and to create a culture of sustainability and awareness. Through a case study of Pomona College strategies for occupant engagement, such as signage and feedback, are investigated more closely. This thesis makes recommendations on how to improve occupant engagement at Pomona College, and how these best practices can be applied on a larger scale.
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Wei, Shen. "Preference-based modelling and prediction of occupants window behaviour in non-air-conditioned office buildings." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14066.
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In naturally ventilated buildings, occupants play a key role in the performance and energy efficiency of the building operation, mainly through the opening and closing of windows. To include the effects of building occupants within building performance simulation, several useful models describing building occupants and their window opening/closing behaviour have been generated in the past 20 years. However, in these models, the occupants are classified based on the whole population or on sub-groups within a building, whilst the behavioural difference between individuals is commonly ignored. This research project addresses this latter issue by evaluating the importance of the modelling and prediction of occupants window behaviour individually, rather than putting them into a larger population group. The analysis is based on field-measured data collected from a case study building containing a number of single-occupied cellular offices. The study focuses on the final position of windows at the end of the working day. In the survey, 36 offices and their occupants were monitored, with respect to the occupants presence and window use behaviour, in three main periods of a year: summer, winter and transitional. From the behaviour analysis, several non-environmental factors, namely, season, floor level, gender and personal preference, are identified to have a statistically significant effect on the end-of-day window position in the building examined. Using these factors, occupants window behaviour is modelled by three different classification methods of building occupants, namely, whole population, sub-groups and personal preference. The preference-based model is found to perform much better predictive ability on window state when compared with those developed based on whole population and sub-groups. When used in a realistic building simulation problem, the preference-based prediction of window behaviour can reflect well the different energy performance among individual rooms, caused by different window use patterns. This cannot be demonstrated by the other two models. The findings from this research project will help both building designers and building managers to obtain a more accurate prediction of building performance and a better understanding of what is happening in actual buildings. Additionally, if the habits and behavioural preferences of occupants are well understood, this knowledge can be potentially used to increase the efficiency of building operation, by either relocating occupants within the building or by educating them to be more energy efficient.
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Gomez, Ortega Jose Luis. "Occupant behaviour pattern modeling and detection in buildings based on environmental sensing." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2017. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/618445/.
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Occupant presence and behaviour have a signi cant impact on building energy performance. An occupant present in a building generates pollutants like CO2, odour, heat, which can directly change the indoor environment. Because of this change, the occupant may interact with the building environment to maintain the comfort level, for example, he or she may turn on air conditioning systems. Today's Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) are usually operated based on a xed seasonal schedule and maximum design occupancy assumption but fail to capture dynamic information. This is both costly and ine cient. Recent e orts on exploitation of environmental sensors and data-driven approaches to monitor occupant behaviour patterns, have shown the potential for dynamically adapt BEMS according to real user needs. Furthermore, this occupant information can also be used for other applications such as home security, healthcare or smart environments. However, most of existing models su er from inaccuracy and imprecision for occupant state classi cation, could not adaptively learn from real-time sensor input and they mainly focused on single occupant scenarios only. To address these issues, we present a novel data-driven approach to model occupant behaviour patterns accurately, for both single occupant and multiple occupants with real-time sensor information. The contributions can be summarised as follows: Firstly, we have conducted a thorough benchmark evaluation of classi cation performance of state-of-the-art Machine Learning (ML) methods and occupant related publicly available datasets. Secondly, based on the ndings in literature and our own experimental evaluations, we have developed a novel dynamic hidden semi-Markov model (DHSMM), which can accurately detect occupant behaviour patterns from sensor data streams in real-time. Thirdly, built upon the online DHSMM model, we have developed a novel incremental learning approach to allow dynamically learning over streaming data. Finally, we have conducted an experimental evaluation of our proposed model Online DHSMM Multi-Occupant for occupancy detection for both single and multiple occupants. We have validated our approach using real datasets and the experimental results show our proposed approach outperforms existing methods in terms of classi cation accuracy and processing time/scalability. To the best of our knowledge, we have rst developed a HSMM-based incremental online learning approach to fast and accurate learn building occupant patterns over streaming data for both single and multiple occupants in a holistic way. Additionally, our approach signi cantly improves the classi cation accuracies of traditional Markov models (over 10% accuracy increase, while maintaining the model complexity and performing multioccupant detection).
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Wu, Jindong. "Thermal comfort and occupant behaviour in office buildings in south-east China." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/29435/.
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Natural ventilation is a passive cooling method that has significant potential to reduce building energy consumption and to positively contribute to indoor environmental conditions. Because the window is an important element in naturally ventilated buildings, it can be used to adjust indoor air flow. However, lack of knowledge about occupants‘ window control behaviour and how this relates to different window typology would result in discrepancy between actual and proposed building performance. And also, limit the potential of natural ventilation in the building. This thesis explores the relationship between indoor air velocity, occupants‘ window control behaviour and window design. This study is based on field measurement and occupant comfort survey in four office buildings in a hot and humid climate in South-east China. The field study was carried in September and October of 2012. The indoor and outdoor thermal conditions, indoor air flow speed, window state and effective opening area were monitored. Occupant thermal comfort questionnaires were given to participants four times a day to record their comfort perceptions in the office. The field study gives new insights into the correlation between indoor air speed, occupants‘ window control behaviour and window design. For the research 14400 set of indoor and outdoor temperature and relative humidity data, 174560 indoor air velocity records and 1344 copies of questionnaires were collected. The results of this study defined comfort zone for this climate which is consistent with Givoni‘s comfort zone for a hot and humid climate. The indoor air flow path is identified by measuring the indoor air velocity across different parts of the office and related window opening combinations. Besides, the effective opening area is reduced with decreased indoor air temperature when the indoor air temperature is lower than 25°c. None of the windows is closed when the indoor air temperature is higher than 28°c. During the working hours, the changing of effective opening is related to the air velocity across the desk surface. And measured maximum indoor air velocity measured around the occupant is 1.8m/s which did not result in occupants‘ window changing behaviour to adjust for comfort. In conclusion, this study proved that occupants who live in hot and humid climate can accept higher humidity level. If the air velocity can be avoided across the occupant‘s working surface, then a higher indoor air velocity is still accepted by occupant as within their comfort threshold. So, there are great potentials for occupant to extend their comfort threshold and adapt to the local climate. Besides, window opening type and position has a significant impact on indoor air velocity and pattern. It would also influence convective cooling affect and occupant thermal comfort. This is evident from the indoor air velocity measurement results and the occupant comfort survey results. In addition, accessibility is important to window design. In the naturally ventilated office building, if occupants find it difficult to operate the window, this will have an influence on the natural ventilation potential in the building and cause the occupant discomfort. Thus, the findings of this study will help architects and engineers to design naturally ventilated office buildings in South-east China.
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Jiang, Shiyu. "Measuring the impact of occupant behaviour on energy usage in existing homes." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/86764/.
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Thermal, visual, and acoustic comfort and air quality in buildings have a significant effect on occupant performance, productivity and satisfaction. Most importantly, earlier research has found that maintaining thermal comfort can make heavy demands on building energy usage in dwellings. Those trends are leading to even greater increases in energy demand and CO2 emissions that create a vicious cycle. In the real world, human indoor thermal comfort is influenced by complexities of past comfort history, technical practices and culture. There is a need to review of existing research and achievements. It provides great benefits to identify future research directions. For this reason, this research presents the results of an extensive literature review on previous studies on different topics of indoor comfort and human behavioural response in the built environment. This study is focused on monitoring and measuring energy consumption and physical environment in dwellings to test various methods that can capture how occupants control their indoor built environment at what cost of energy. Eight dwellings have been selected and the occupants have participated this study. Their thermal comfort, energy consumption, indoor and local outdoor physical conditions have been monitored by mixed methodologies at detailed level. Due to the level of disaggregated information, the number of dwellings was limited and the data can only represent the participating occupants, but the validation of monitoring methodologies has provided valuable overview regarding a range of methods instrumentations for measuring various parameters that could be used different levels of detailed domestic energy consumption and thermal environment information.
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Naylor, Sophie. "Managing the uncertainty of occupant behaviour for building energy evaluation and management." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51466/.
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The influence of building occupancy and user behaviour on energy usage has been identified as a source of uncertainty in current understanding of operational buildings, and yet it is rarely directly monitored. Gathering data on the occupancy of buildings in use is essential to improve understanding of how energy is used relative to the actual energy requirements of building users. This thesis covers the application of occupancy measurement and processing techniques in order to address the gap in knowledge around the contextual understanding of how occupants’ changing use of a building affects this building’s optimum energy demand in real time. Through targeted studies of running buildings, it was found that typical current occupancy measurement techniques do not provide sufficient context to make energy management decisions. Useable occupancy information must be interpreted from raw data sources to provide benefit: in particular, many slower response systems need information for pre-emptive control to be effective and deliver comfort conditions efficiently, an issue that is highlighted in existing research. Systems utilising novel technologies were developed and tested, targeted at the detection and localisation of occupants’ personal mobile devices, making opportunistic use of the existing hardware carried by most building occupants. It was found that while these systems had the potential for accurate localisation of occupants, this was dependent on personal hardware and physical factors affecting signal strength. Data from these sources was also used alongside environmental data measurements in novel algorithms to combine sensor data into a localised estimation of occupancy rates and to estimate near-future changes in occupancy rate, calculating the level of confidence in this prediction. The developed sensor combination model showed that a selected combination of sensors could provide more information than any single data source, but that the physical characteristics and use patterns of the monitored space can affect how sensors respond, meaning a generic model to interpret data from multiple spaces was not feasible. The predictive model showed that a trained model could provide a better prediction of near-future occupancy than the typically assumed fixed schedule, up to an average of approximately two hours. The systems developed in this work were designed to facilitate the proactive control of buildings services, with particular value for slower-response systems such as heating and ventilation. With the application of appropriate control logic, the systems developed can be used to allow for greater energy savings during low or non-occupied periods, while also being more robust to changing occupant patterns and behaviours.
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Jiang, Lai. "Building energy management and occupants' behaviour-intelligent agents, modelling methods and multi-objective decision making algorithms." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/68391/.
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In the UK, buildings contribute around one third of the energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. Space heating and cooling systems are among the biggest power consumers in buildings. Thus, improvement of energy efficient of HVAC systems will play a significant role in achieving the UK carbon reduction target. This research aims to develop a novel Building Energy Management System (BEMS) to reduce the energy consumption of the HVAC system while fulfilling occupants’ thermal comfort requirements. The proposed system not only considers the occupants’ adaptations when making decisions on the set temperature, but also influences occupants’ behaviours by providing them with suggestions that help eliminate unnecessary heating and cooling. Multi-agent technologies are applied to design the BEMS’s architecture. The Epistemic-Deontic-Axiologic (EDA) agent model is applied to develop the structure of the agents inside the system. The EDA-based agents select their optimal action plan by considering the occupants’ thermal sensations, their behavioural adaptations and the energy consumption of the HVAC system. Each aspect is represented by its relevant objective function. Newly-developed personal thermal sensation models and group-of-people-based thermal sensation models generated by support vector machine based algorithms are applied as objective functions to evaluate the occupants’ thermal sensations. Equations calculating heating and cooling loads are used to represent energy consumption objectives. Complexities of adaptive behaviours and confidence of association rules between behaviours and thermal sensations are used to build objective functions of behavioural adaptations. In order to make decisions by considering the above objectives, novel multi-objective decision-making algorithms are developed to help the BEMS system make optimal decisions on HVAC set temperature and suggestions to the occupants. Simulation results prove that the newly-developed BEMS can help the HVAC system reduce energy consumption by up to 10% while fulfilling the occupants’ thermal comfort requirements.
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Blight, Thomas. "Low-energy domestic architecture : the impact of household behaviour on the expected energy use of passive house dwellings." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.675726.
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Reduction of carbon emissions is understood to be vital to help mitigate catastrophic climate change. In Europe, 40% of energy use is attributed to the built environment (European Commission, 2010), with a large proportion of this from dwellings. In line other legislation for decarbonisation under the Climate Change Act of 2008, the UK Government has agreed that all new housing will be ‘zero carbon’ from 2016 onwards. From a technical aspect this task is feasible using improved insulation performance, more airtight building techniques, efficient servicing, and renewable energy technologies. In practice however, post-occupancy evaluation studies highlight a discrepancy between design energy use and measured energy performance, with a tendency for real buildings to use more energy than designed and for projects regarded as ‘low energy’ in design to use an equivalent amount of energy as a pre-existing counterpart (Bordass, 2001; Branco, Lachal, Gallinelli, & Weber, 2004; Gill, Tierney, Pegg, & Allan, 2011). This difference between design and use - ‘the design gap’ - is attributed to both the physical ‘hard’ features of the building (form, area, systems) and occupant-driven or ‘soft’ features (ventilation & heating preferences) by a number of studies (Guerra Santin, Itard, & Visscher, 2009; Socolow, 1978). This body of work begins with a review of the field and state of the art - occupant influence on energy use in a domestic environment. The first contribution to knowledge is in the adapted utilisation of a piece of software by Richardson et al. which stochastically generated electricity use profiles for homes which are shown to be similar to measured energy usage, both in net energy use and in load profiles (Richardson, Thomson, & Infield, 2008). This adapted software was implemented to generate appliance use profiles for a number of dwelling models. These results are then interrogated and a regression model proposed based on a number of dependent variables identified in the input profiles. The theory of planned behaviour is used to underpin a survey in which a number of households are asked to comment on their attitude and behaviour with regards to energy use in the home – the homes in this case being new-build Passivhaus council-housing in Devon. The results of this project form the second aspect of this work’s contribution to knowledge.
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Simsekoglu, Ozlem. "Correlates Of Seat Belt Use Among Turkish Front Seat Occupants." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606193/index.pdf.
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CORRELATES OF SEAT BELT USE AMONG TURKISH FRONT SEAT OCCUPANTS
SimSekoglu, Özlem M.S., Department of Psychology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Timo Lajunen June, 2005, 79 pages This thesis included three separate studies, which were observational, interview and survey studies, on seat belt use among Turkish front seat occupants. The observation study investigated occupant characteristics and environmental factors affecting seat belt use. Seat belts were used significantly more among females and older occupants than among males and younger occupants
and on intercity roads, at weekends and in the afternoons than on city roads, at weekdays and in the evenings. The interview study investigated the common reasons for using and not using a seat belt in different trip types, qualitatively. Safety, situational conditions, habit and avoiding punishment were the commonly reported reasons for using a seat belt, while situational conditions, not believing the effectiveness of seat belt use, discomfort and no habit of using a seat belt were the commonly reported reasons for not using a seat belt, for most of the trip types. In the third study, seat belt use both on urban and rural roads were explained with the basic and extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) models and Health Belief Model (HBM), using Structural Equation Modeling. Basic TPB model showed a good fit to the data, while extended TPB model and HBM showed a low fit to the data. Within TPB constructs, attitudes and the subjective norm had a positive and significant relation to intentions to use a seat belt. Results were discussed for their implications to traffic safety in Turkey, along with limitations of the study and suggestions for further studies.
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Suffolk, Christine. "Rebound and spillover effects : occupant behaviour after energy efficiency improvements are carried out." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/92990/.
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This empirical research explores secondary behavioural effects after energy efficiency improvements are carried out in residential properties. Three field studies were carried out to provide an original contribution to knowledge about rebound effects, behavioural spillover and the psychological constructs that may contribute to changes in behaviour after energy efficiency improvements are carried out in real-life settings. In the first two studies, residents in economically deprived communities in Wales who had energy efficiency improvements under the Arbed scheme were invited to complete a self-reported questionnaire about their behaviours, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and self-identity. The Arbed scheme was set up by the Welsh Government to provide home energy efficiency and renewable microgeneration measures for low-income and fuel-poor households in Wales. Residents from nearby communities served as a control for these studies. The first study was cross-sectional and explored whether there were any associations between energy efficiency measures and other energy-related measures. The second study was a longitudinal study and the occupants filled in the questionnaire both before and after the energy efficiency measures were installed. This study particularly explored whether the energy efficiency measures would lead to changes in other energy related behaviours. The results from both studies found no evidence of changes in other energy-related behaviours, suggesting positive spillover did not occur, but changes were found in some of the measured psychological constructs. Self-reported environmental identity increased for the energy efficiency improvement group after the measures were installed. For the third study, utility meter readings and indoor air temperatures were taken for a sub-sample of the occupants both before and after the energy efficiency measures were installed. There were few differences found between the two groups for indoor air temperature, but the energy efficiency improvement group was found to use less energy after the measures were installed. The actual energy saved for the energy efficiency improvement group was however lower than predicted and a rebound effect of 54% was calculated. This research is one of the few field studies in this area. The findings from the three studies suggest that after energy efficiency improvements are installed, the occupants may take back some, if not a considerable amount, of the potential energy savings to improve their thermal comfort. The findings also provide an indication that psychological mechanisms may change after energy efficiency measures are installed.
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Hill, Adrienne Marie. "Comparison of Occupant Behavior in a Traditional, Green Featured, and LEED Certified Building Case." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74971.
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In developed nations, 20-40% of greenhouse gas emissions and more than one-third of energy consumption are attributable to buildings. Among various available strategies, the building sector has the greatest potential for carbon emission reduction. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) took early action to promote sustainable designs in buildings and has become the most well-known rating system in the field of building sustainability. However, little research has evaluated the effects of LEED on occupant pro-environmental behavior. To examine this, a Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) was conducted in a traditional, green featured, and LEED certified building case to compare the similarities and differences in environmental awareness, perceptions, and perceived ease or difficulty of pro-environmental behaviors, as well as to assess the degree to which pro-environmental behaviors were exhibited by occupants. This was used to determine if the aforementioned factors influence occupant behavior in different building cases. Ease or difficulty of pro-environmental behaviors and environmental awareness were found to be significant factors in influencing pro-environmental behavior in the LEED certified and green featured building cases. In addition, being in a LEED building appears to influence occupant pro-environmental behavior in a positive way. Also, there is evidence to suggest that being in a green featured building appears to influence occupants to exhibit pro-environmental behavior as well. These findings are valuable for owners and designers that want occupants in their buildings to exhibit pro-environmental behavior.Master of Science
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Darakdjian, Quentin. "Prédiction des performances énergétiques des bâtiments avec prise en compte du comportement des usagers." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS015/document.
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L’amélioration continue de la performance énergétique des bâtiments a été accompagnée par un développement d’outils numériques de plus en plus performants et précis. Alors que la prise en compte des phénomènes liés aux bâtiments, aux systèmes et à la météorologie est bien maîtrisée, le comportement des occupants est modélisé de manière très simplifiée par des scénarii répétitifs et des lois déterministes. L’impact des occupants sur les consommations énergétiques dans les bâtiments performants est pourtant majeur, comme en témoigne les écarts récurrents entre les résultats prédits et mesurés. Le travail de thèse propose, par l’intermédiaire d’une plateforme multi-agents et de modèles stochastiques, une mise à jour de la prise en compte de la présence des occupants et de leurs comportements sur la gestion des ouvrants, des dispositifs d’occultation, de l’éclairage et de la température de consigne de chauffage. Le champ d’application de la plateforme concerne les bâtiments de bureaux et de logements, pour des opérations neuves et de rénovation. Les modèles de comportement des occupants sont idéalement issus de campagnes de mesures in situ, d’études de laboratoire ou d’enquêtes sociologiques. La plateforme proposée est alors co-simulée avec le logiciel EnergyPlus, afin d’étudier l’influence des modèles sur les performances énergétiques. Dans la perspective de garantie de performance énergétique, ce travail contribue à la mise à jour et à la fiabilisation des outils de prédictionContinuous improvement of the building energy performance is associated with the development of increasingly efficient and accurate numerical tools. While the consideration of phenomena related to buildings, systems and weather is well mastered, occupants’ behaviours are modelled in a very simplified way by repetitive scenarios and deterministic laws. The impact of occupants on energy consumption in high-performance buildings is dominant, as evidenced by the recurring gaps between predicted and measured results. The thesis demonstrates, via a multi-agent platform and stochastic models, an update on the ability to model occupants’ presence, their behaviours on windows, occultation devices, artificial lighting and heating setpoint temperatures. The application of the platform applies to office and residential buildings, for new builds and refurbishments. Occupants’ behaviour models are ideally obtained from in situ surveys, laboratory studies or sociological works. The suggested platform is then co-simulated with the EnergyPlus software, to study the influence of the models on a buildings energy performance. In the perspective of energy performance guarantees, this work contributes to the updating and reliability of prediction tools
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Luo, Yi. "Gaming at work to save energy - Supporting behavioural change of occupants through cooperative games." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231628.
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Commercial buildings are one of the main contributors to energy consumption while both energy management and occupants’ consumption behaviour play crucial roles in how energy is consumed. This study explored the energy awareness of occupants in a commercial building with the goal to investigate how increased awareness could support behaviour change. For this purpose, a cooperative gamified visualization of energy consumption data, “EnerSpace”, is designed, implemented and evaluated. 8 occupants participated in this study who experienced a one-week baseline period and a one-week “EnerSpace” game period. In EnerSpace, the participants were divided into two teams and powered a spaceship with their energy saving respectively on a resource exploitation trip to Mars. Each participant had an avatar in the spaceship who introduced the participant’s personal consumption data. The energy conservation of the participants affects the moving speed of the spaceship and the living condition of their avatars. Participants were rewarded by a postcard sent by the avatars when reaching a destination. The results showed that the participants 1) decreased their energy consumption, 2) reported a fun and engaging experience with EnerSpace, and 3) felt motivated for energy conservation by different motives. This study indicated a potential for energy saving in a commercial building using a cooperative game.Kommersiella byggnader är en av de främsta bidragsgivarna till energiförbrukningen, medan både energihantering och passagerarnas konsumtionsbeteende spelar en viktig roll i hur energi förbrukas. Denna studie undersökte medvetenheten om passagerare i en kommersiell byggnad med målet att undersöka hur ökad medvetenhet kunde stödja beteendets förändring. I detta syfte utformas, implementeras och utvärderas en kooperativ gammal visualisering av energiförbrukningsdata, "EnerSpace". 8 personer deltog i den här studien som upplevde en veckors baslinjeperiod och en veckas "EnerSpace" spelperiod. I EnerSpace delades deltagarna i två lag och drev ett rymdskepp med respektive energibesparing på en resursutnyttjandesresa till Mars. Varje deltagare hade en avatar i rymdskeppet som introducerade deltagarens personliga konsumtionsdata. Deltagarnas energibesparande påverkar rymdskeppens rörelsehastighet och deras avatars levnadsförhållande. Deltagarna belönades med ett vykort skickat av avatarer när de kom till en destination. Resultaten visade att deltagarna 1) minskade sin energiförbrukning, 2) rapporterade en rolig och engagerande erfarenhet av EnerSpace, och 3) kände sig motiverade för energibesparing med olika motiv. Denna studie indikerade en potential för energibesparing i en kommersiell byggnad med hjälp av en kooperativ gammal visualisering.
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Locke, Frances Claire. "The role of occupant behavior in low-income high energy intensity households." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0017721.
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Esmaeilimoakher, Parisa. "The impact of implicit and explicit occupants' behaviour on the efficient use of energy in low-income households." Thesis, Esmaeilimoakher, Parisa (2019) The impact of implicit and explicit occupants' behaviour on the efficient use of energy in low-income households. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52069/.
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Accounting for approximately 40% of the primary energy use and one-third of the global greenhouse gas emissions, buildings significantly contribute to climate change. Due to increased demand and improved lifestyle, energy demand in the residential sector is growing sharply, placing additional pressure on the energy system. Therefore, this sector has considerable potential for energy savings at the national level.
In an attempt to make energy more affordable for low earners, this study used various tools and techniques to respond to the questions “what are the key factors affecting the energy performance of the residential buildings?” and “to what extent is the energy performance of a building influenced by its occupants and their activities?”. The study revealed that the floor area of the dwellings, household size, and disposable household income, to a certain extent explain the variation in electricity consumption in the sample households. Monitoring the variation in indoor temperatures in a number of sample households with different types of the heating/cooling system further confirmed that thermal performance of buildings and the occupants’ status of thermal comfort are significantly affected by their behaviour with respect to ventilating the house and the use of heating and cooling systems in the dwellings.
Thermal performance assessment of the sample dwellings with AccuRate software, Australia’s benchmark tool for building energy assessment was performed using actual values for occupancy (number of occupants as well as heat gains from people), heat gains from lighting, key appliances, heating and cooling thermostat set-points, and time of use of appliances including heating/cooling systems. It was found that the AccuRate’s base assumptions under-predict the number of internal heat gains in the households and thus calculates a greater need for heating energy and a lesser need for cooling energy than is actually required. The thermostat settings of heating and cooling appliances were found to have the highest impact on the thermal energy requirements of the households. Occupant behaviour in the households resulted in a greater time of use of heating/cooling appliances with lower/greater temperature set-points than AccuRate’s base assumptions. This meant that taking all factors (occupancy, internal heat gains, time of use and temperature set-points) into account, the predicted actual total thermal energy requirements of the households were, on the whole, significantly greater than the total energy requirements calculated using AccuRate’s base assumptions. Further, it was found that significant total thermal energy savings of up to 50% – 70% could be found in households with adjustable thermostats if they followed the recommended thermostat guidelines of this study.
Overall, this research provides an insight into the energy performance of social housing dwellings in Perth, Western Australia. With these buildings constructed similar to the average residential buildings in Australia, the findings from this study may be further extended to the residential sector in Perth. However, evaluating the energy performance of a bigger sample of households is required for validating the outcomes.
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Field, Kristin Marcella. "Effects of variations in occupant behavior on residential building net zero energy performance." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1447693.
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Calì, Davide [Verfasser], Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Müller, and Bjarne [Akademischer Betreuer] Olesen. "Occupants’ behavior and its impact upon the energy performance of buildings / Davide Calì ; Dirk Müller, Bjarne Olesen." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1130788032/34.
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Talbourdet, Fabien. "Développement d'une démarche d’aide à la connaissance pour la conception de bâtis performants." Thesis, Vaulx-en-Velin, Ecole nationale des travaux publics, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENTP0010/document.
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Les demandes des usagers conjuguées à la réglementation nécessitent de concevoir des bâtiments de plus en plus confortables et économes en énergie. En parallèle de ces exigences, les réglementations concernant les bâtiments sont renforcées dans différents domaines (acoustique, sécurité incendie, risque sismique,…) afin d’obtenir des bâtiments plus sûrs et correspondant aux demandes des usagers. Les impacts conjugués de ces deux facteurs engendrent une complexification de la conception des bâtiments.Cette thèse présente une démarche d’aide à la connaissance pour la conception de bâtis performants se basant sur une méthode d’optimisation. Cette démarche vise à ce que les architectes et les bureaux d’études aient une connaissance claire du potentiel de leur projet (exploration de solutions) en phase amont de conception, pour concevoir des bâtiments les plus performants possibles. Ce potentiel est évalué via des paramètres de la géométrie extérieure et intérieure ainsi que des caractéristiques énergétiques du bâti. La démarche leur permet également d’évaluer les avantages et inconvénients de différentes géométries et solutions de conception qu’ils envisagent pour répondre à leurs projets. Cette démarche est appliquée à un immeuble de bureaux à Lyon.Pour le cas testé, la démarche permet d’obtenir rapidement des solutions performantes et de définir pour certains des paramètres étudiés, des valeurs conduisant aux solutions performantes dans une partie de l’espace des solutions ou dans l’ensemble de cet espace.Cette application de la démarche montre également qu’il peut exister des solutions ayant des besoins énergétiques et des coûts de construction proches mais étant très différentes en termes de paramètres de conception. Bien que remettant en cause l'applicabilité directe de la démarche, ce résultat met en exergue un problème nouveau. Cette thèse pose alors les bases pour une nouvelle étudeBoth aspirations of users and improvements in the thermal regulation require that the comfort and the energy efficiency of new buildings improve. In addition to these requirements, regulations are strengthening in many fields such as acoustics, fire safety and mechanical performance. The combined effects of these factors are making it increasingly hard to design buildings. This thesis presents a knowledge-aid approach for designing high-performance buildings based on an optimization method. This approach aims to provide clear knowledge of the potential of projects (exploration of various options) for architects and design offices at the beginning of the design that will allow them to design the best possible high-performance buildings. This potential is evaluated using external and internal geometric parameters as well as the energy characteristics of buildings. This approach also allows them to assess geometries and design solutions which are intended to be used for their projects.This approach will be applied to an office building in Lyon, France. For the tested case, the approach obtains quickly efficient solutions and also finds, for some parameters, values to design efficient solutions on part of the Paretofront or in this entire front. This application of the approach also shows that there may be solutions which are close in terms of energy needs and cost but could be very different on design parameters. This problem could influence robustness of the approach but highlights a new problem. This thesis then lays the foundation of a new study on this topic
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Spigliantini, Giorgia [Verfasser], M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Schweiker, and S. P. [Akademischer Betreuer] Corgnati. "Exploring occupant behaviour potentialities for historic buildings' energy retrofit / Giorgia Spigliantini ; M. Schweiker, S. P. Corgnati." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1238147909/34.
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Bruce-Konuah, Adorkor. "Occupant window opening behaviour : the relative importance of temperature and carbon dioxide in university office buildings." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8187/.
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Occupant window opening behaviour has become of increasing concern because of the role windows play in controlling ventilation and hence in building energy consumption. Previous studies (in different countries, climates, buildings and room types and over different observation periods) have shown a general trend that window opening is related to weather conditions, indoor temperature and some non-environmental conditions. However, seeking to reduce the amount of energy lost through ventilation and infiltration can be conflicting with the need to maintain high indoor air quality (IAQ) levels. Carbon dioxide (CO2) which is an occupant generated pollutant and also a good indicator of ventilation and IAQ is known to have negative physiological impacts on occupants. It is therefore important to seek to understand occupants’ interaction with building controls in response to changes in IAQ as well as changes in thermal conditions. The work described in this thesis is focussed on window opening behaviour of occupants in university buildings. The influence of indoor and outdoor environmental variables on window opening will be assessed. Also the influence of CO2, as an indicator of IAQ, on window opening will be considered. Field observations were conducted in two naturally ventilated office buildings over three different seasons. Window states, window state changing events and environmental data were measured during the survey periods. An experiment with controlled conditions was also conducted to investigate the influence of CO2 concentration in different thermal conditions. This was achieved by observing participants window use in environments with pre-set CO2 and temperature conditions. Results from these studies confirmed that window opening behaviour is heavily influenced by temperature. However, temperature alone did not explain all the variance in the observed behaviour. Differences were found in behaviour at different times of the day and in different seasons as different combinations of variables affected window opening at different times. From the experiment, it was found that perceived environment was also significantly associated with window opening. Based on the observations made in this study, models for window opening were generated for both indoor and outdoor temperature. These were compared with models from previous studies and it was shown that there is a range in the prediction of window opening. The comparison highlighted the disparities between the window opening models and questions the generalizability and reliability of the models, highlighting the need to consider the effects of a wider range of variables.
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Chen, Jun. "Occupant behaviour of air conditioning and window use in Chinese residential buildings : thermal comfort and energy efficiency." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648549.
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Castilho, Gabriela Mouriño. "Energy behaviour and consumption reduction in service buildings." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/23298.
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Mestrado em Sistemas Energéticos SustentáveisIn view of the current global scenery, in which several nations are striving against global warming, energy efficiency rises as a cost-effective prospect. As the building sector accounts for over one-fifth of the total delivered energy consumed worldwide, it has great potential for implementing rationalization and energy efficiency measures. Service buildings are expected to have the highest growth in energy consumption when compared to residential buildings and are therefore the focus of this thesis. Energy reduction efforts for service buildings are vast; however, they are concentrated mostly on technological opportunities. Behaviour changes represent a great potential for reducing energy consumption without significant financial costs, but still, they are commonly disregarded. Hence, the present dissertation aims to propose a quantitative methodology to analyze occupants’ behaviours and their impact on energy consumption in service buildings. Results are acquired through the use of dynamic simulation, namely DesignBuilder software. Energy consumption due to behaviour is determined by simulating the occupant interactions with equipment, lighting and HVAC systems. To that end, three occupancy profiles were fixed: standard occupants’ interactions are defined by Decree-Law nº 79/2006; efficient occupants have extreme efficient behaviours leading to energy savings; inefficient ones lead to extreme energy waste. Dynamic simulation results give evidence of the occupancy impact on energy consumption. Efficient behaviours were able to reduce energy consumption by over 34%. However, regardless of the rigorousness of efficient behaviours, waste potential by inefficient occupants was always higher than saving potential. This result highlights the importance of understanding occupant behaviours and its accurate consideration of dynamic simulation tools.
No atual cenário mundial, no qual diversas nações lutam contra o aquecimento global, a eficiência energética se destaca como uma opção viável. O setor de edifícios é responsável pelo consumo de mais de um quinto da energia total gerada, e por isso possui grande potencial para a implementação de medidas de racionalização e eficiência energética. Espera-se que os edifícios de serviços tenham o maior crescimento no consumo de energia quando comparados aos edifícios residenciais, e, portanto, são o foco desta tese. As possibilidades de redução de energia para os edifícios de serviços são vastas; no entanto, estas se concentram principalmente em oportunidades tecnológicas. As mudanças de comportamento representam um grande potencial para reduzir o consumo de energia sem custos financeiros significativos, no entanto ainda são geralmente desconsiderados. Dessa forma, a presente dissertação visa propor uma metodologia quantitativa para análise dos comportamentos dos ocupantes e seu impacto no consumo de energia em edifícios de serviços. Os resultados foram adquiridos através do uso da simulação dinâmica de edifícios, pelo software DesignBuilder. O consumo de energia devido ao comportamento foi determinado pela simulação das interações entre os ocupantes e os equipamentos, sistema de iluminação e de aquecimento, ar condicionado e ventilação. Para este fim, foram considerados três perfis de ocupação: o ocupante de referência teve por base as definições do Decreto-Lei nº 79/2006; os ocupantes eficientes possuem comportamentos extremos e eficientes que levam a economias de energia; ocupantes ineficientes causam um desperdício extremo de energia. Resultados da simulação dinâmica evidenciam o impacto da ocupação no consumo de energia. Comportamentos eficientes . foram capazes de reduzir o consumo em mais de 34%. No entanto, independentemente do rigor dos comportamentos eficientes, o potencial de desperdício de energia pelos ocupantes ineficientes foi, em todos os casos, superior ao potencial de economia energética pelos ocupantes eficientes.Este resultado destaca a importância de compreender os comportamentos dos ocupantes e assegurar sua análise de forma precisa sobre as ferramentas de simulação dinâmica.
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Khosrowpour, Ardalan. "Establishing the Need for Tailored Energy Feedback Programs in Buildings." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82719.
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Buildings account for 40% of energy consumption in the US. Despite all improvements in buildings shell, equipment, and design, CO2 emissions from buildings are increasing as a result of increased energy consumption. Since occupants spend more than 90% of their time indoors, they are inseparable and significant elements of building system dynamics. Hence, there is a great potential for energy efficiency in buildings using a wide range of programs such as education, intervention, energy feedback, etc. Due to advancement of technology and accessibility of high resolution energy consumption data, utility companies are enabled to focus on implementing energy feedback programs to induce energy efficiency and reduce the peak energy load in the commercial and residential sector. In order to better understand various aspects of energy feedback programs, in the first chapter of this dissertation, I conduct a comprehensive literature review on the state-of-the-art energy feedback study methods and identify gaps of knowledge and challenges faced by researchers in the field. Accordingly, the future research vision is laid out at the intersection of methods and gaps of knowledge used in energy feedback studies and future research opportunities and questions are provided. One of the major gaps of knowledge I identified in the literature review is the lack of quantitative analyses used to investigate the variability of occupant responses to commercial buildings energy feedback programs to evaluate the need for targeted and tailored energy feedback programs. In the second chapter, I conducted a comprehensive analysis on occupant energy-use responses under the influence of a uniform energy feedback program. Furthermore, I investigated the effectiveness of notifications on increasing the level of engagement of the occupants in these studies. The results supported the existence of a variability in responses and engagement level in a uniform energy feedback program which may be due to intra-class variability of occupant behavior. In the third chapter, based on the established need for a targeted energy feedback program, I investigate the predictability of occupant energy consumption behavior and its correlation with energy consumption. The results report that 46% of occupants may be good candidates for targeted energy feedback programs due to their combination of higher levels of energy-use and predictability of their energy consumption behavior.Ph. D.
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Harpur, Amy. "A detailed investigation into occupant behaviours and influencing factors surrounding fatal dwelling fire incidents in Northern Ireland." Thesis, Ulster University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.625444.
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More people die in dwelling fires than fires in any other location. Despite considerable efforts to prevent dwelling fire deaths they are still occurring. In 0 rder to investigate why people are still dying in dwelling fires detailed circumstances surrounding 129 fatal dwelling fires in Northern Ireland were investigated using data gleaned from coronial reports. Compared to their share in the underlying Northern Ireland population, males, the very young and elderly, smokers, problem drinkers, those that live alone and those with a pre-existing illness were found to be over-represented among dwelling fire fatalities. In-depth analysis of the circumstances surrounding very young fatalities indicated that fire-play, having a smoker in the householder, inadequate supervision and dismissive attitudes to fi re safety in the home. Further analysis of the elderly dwelling fire fatality group indicated that an age-related decline in health and mobility impairments played an important role in the fatalities. An additional analysis comparing the fatalities to those that survived the fatal fire incidents indicated that unlike fatalities, those that survived were rarely in close proximity to the seat of the fire when they became aware of the fire. A further important finding of this research was that there were health, social and welfare issues within the home environment of the fatalities that were fundamental to their demise. These often formed barriers to implementing fire safety strategies among those most at-risk. Over-coming these barriers through a multi-disciplinary and inter-agency approach may be the key to preventing more fire deaths. It is hoped that the findings of this research will inform community fire safety strategies in the future both in Northern Ireland and further afield.
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Grassi, Camila Chagas Anchieta [Verfasser], and M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Schweiker. "Algorithm to simulate occupant behavior in mixed-mode office buildings / Camila Chagas Anchieta Grassi ; Betreuer: M. Schweiker." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1239180519/34.
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Shah, Nazari Hoda. "Examining the potential for design and renewable energy to contribute to zero energy housing in Queensland." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/75650/1/Hoda_Shah%20Nazari_Thesis.pdf.
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This was a comparative study of the possibility of a net zero energy house in Queensland, Australia. It examines the actual energy use and thermal comfort conditions of an occupied Brisbane home and compares performance with the 10 star scale rating scheme for Australian residential buildings. An adaptive comfort psychometric chart was developed for this analysis. The house's capacity for the use of the natural ventilation was studied by CFD modelling. This study showed that the house succeeded in achieving the definition of net zero energy on an annual and monthly basis for lighting, cooking and space heating / cooling and for 70% of days for lighting, hot water and cooking services.
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Meng, Yao. "Assessing the effect of new control and payment methods on heating energy consumption and occupant behaviour in Chinese dwellings." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/25749.
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Energy demand reduction has become a global issue involving all countries, including China. As major energy consumers in today s society, the need for buildings to be built and operated more energy efficiently is well recognized. In 1995, the national standard on building energy efficiency in China (JGJ 26-95) was refined and updated to become the new residential Buildings standard (JGJ 26-2010) published in 2010. In the new version, many changes have been made to support the construction of more energy efficient buildings in China. For example, in the new standard, all buildings are highly recommended to install personal control on the heating system, such as by Thermostatic Radiator Valves (TRVs), together with pay for what you use tariffs. Previous practice comprised uncontrolled heating with payment based on floor area. In order to reduce building energy consumption, Chinese government has revised the Chinese building design standard. In the new guide the use of individual room temperature control is highly recommended for new and refurbishment buildings. However, evidence to quantify the extent to which this improvement impact upon on the building energy consumption is currently lacking. This thesis evaluates the impact of updated building design standards on thermal conditions and energy consumption in Chinese residential buildings. In order to evaluate the impact on the building energy consumption, two types of residential buildings have been chosen, one complying with the old Chinese building design standard, while the other complies with the new standard. The study was carried out in seven apartments in each type of building, a total of fourteen apartments and comprised with a longitudinal monitoring of indoor air temperature, outdoor air temperature, window position and energy consumption of each apartment. The impact of the new design standard has been evaluated in relation to a number of aspects, that include building construction, indoor thermal environment, occupant behaviour, thermal comfort and building energy consumption. It is concluded that updating the building design standard has had a positive influence on the building conditions and energy consumption. Furthermore, a thermal comfort survey was carried out in both new and old apartments according to updated standards. The results show that the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) model has a efficiently adequate predictor of occupants thermal comfort in both type of apartments. Thereby allowing confirmation that the new control refine did not compromise on thermal comfort. The percentage of acceptable of occupants is higher in new apartments compared with the old apartments.
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Gill, Zachary M. "Building performance evaluation of aspiring low carbon and low energy domestic buildings and the impact of occupant behaviours." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.573398.
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In the UK it is well documented that the domestic buildings we occupy contribute significantly to anthropogenic climate change, through their energy consumption and associated carbon dioxide emissions. To reduce these emissions, strict legislative targets require considerable changes to the construction of dwellings (for instance, by improving insulation and air tightness) and also to the technological systems that service them (both passively and actively). Routine validation of, and feedback from, the operation of occupied buildings is seldom conducted despite growing evidence that performance often aligns poorly with expectations or even traditional equivalents. Furthermore, the extent to which the performance of buildings is assignable to the structural and technical features, rather than the actions of the occupant, is not well understood and can lead to profligate consumption and improper (or unexpected) utilisation of design features. The contributions to knowledge documented in this thesis are two-fold. The first contribution is a survey tool and interview structure to capture information on domestic occupant behaviours, which can explain a proportion of performance variation between otherwise comparable dwellings. Five case studies are reported on, alongside wider performance assessments (including occupant comfort and satisfaction, resource consumption and associated carbon emissions, and building integrity). This constitutes the second contribution to knowledge: performance results from four nominally low-energy and low-carbon domestic sites. The fifth case study site was selected to represent a traditional, non-environmentally informed development. Both contributions resulted in individual peer-reviewed academic journal publications. In the absence of measurement, building performance can only be assumed and hence compliance with design expectations or progression towards strict legislative targets cannot be validated. At the low-energy case study sites, average total normalised carbon emissions ranged between 22 and 34 kgC02/m2/year, 39. - 65% lower than local and national benchmarks and most sites exceeded overall comfort and satisfaction benchmarks. At each site large household-to-household variations in consumption of resources and carbon emissions confirmed the importance of human factors (factors of difference ranged from 2.7 - 36). Occupant behaviour, in some houses, undermined overall performance and compliance with standards and design expectations. Interviews with residents at two sites enabled unprecedented access and insight into behaviours and helped explain performance variation in depth. The survey, which aimed to provide a repeatable and rigorous method for capturing behavioural data, explained between 7 - 48% of overall performance variation and facilitated detailed investigation of pertinent behaviours. Socio-demographic and• lifestyle factors are proposed to explain the varying accuracy and inconsistency between individual site results and are of interest for further work and method refinement.
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Carlander, Jakob. "On the Effect of Occupant Behavior and Internal Heat Gains on the Building’s Energy Demand : A case study of an office building and a retirement home." Licentiate thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem och byggnadsteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-35507.
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About 12% of the greenhouse gas emissions and 40% of the total energy use in the EU derive from the buildings. User behavior, construction, and HVAC systems has a significant impact on a building’s energy use. If a building is to be energy-efficient it is important to understand how all these parameters are connected. This study is motivated by the need to decrease the energy use in buildings to reach the goals of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. In this thesis, measurements of indoor climate and electricity use, together with time diaries was used to create input data for an energy simulation model of a retirement home. A parametric study was conducted to simulate how energy demand was affected by changes in five different parameters in an office building. Also, two different energy-efficiency indicators were used to see how indicators can affect the perceived energy-efficiency of buildings. High amount of airing and low electricity use had the most impact on the heating demand in the retirement home, and electricity use had the highest impact on the total energy demand in the office building. The model of the retirement home using data gathered on-site had 24% higher energy use than the model using standard user input data. In the office building, total energy demand for heating and cooling could be lowered with 12-31% by lowering the electricity use with 30% compared to standard user input data. For office buildings the most important thing to lower total energy demand seems to be lowering the electricity use. Using today’s standard user input data does not correspond well to using on-site gathered data in a retirement home and it is therefore important to develop the standard user input data further. The indicator kWh/m2, seems to promote buildings with low occupancy. This could lead to buildings being utilized in an in-efficient way. The indicator kWh/m2 should either be replaced or combined with an indicator that takes occupancy into consideration.Runt 12% av utsläppen av växthusgaser och 40% av den totala energianvändningen i EU kommer från byggnader. Brukarbeteende, konstruktion och HVAC-system har signifikant påverkan på en byggnads energianvändning. Om en byggnad ska bli så energieffektiv som möjligt är det viktigt att förstå hur dessa parametrar hör ihop. Denna studie motiveras av behovet att minska energianvändning i byggnader för att nå målen för energianvändning och utsläpp av växthusgaser. I denna avhandling användes mätningar av inomhusklimat och elanvändning, tillsammans med tidsdagböcker, för att skapa indata till en energisimuleringsmodell av ett ålderdomshem. En parameterstudie genomfördes för att simulera hur energibehovet påverkades av ändringar i fem olika parametrar i en kontorsbyggnad. Två olika indikatorer för energieffektivitet användes också, för att se hur olika indikatorer påverkar hur en byggnads energieffektivitet uppfattas. Hög grad av vädring och låg elanvändning hade störst påverkan av energibehovet i ålderdomshemmet, och i kontorsbyggnaden påverkades det totala energibehovet mest av elanvändningen. Modellen av ålderdomshemmet där data insamlad på plats användes hade 24% högre värmebehov än modellen som använde standardiserade brukarindata. Det totala energibehovet för värme och kyla i kontorsbyggnaden kunde sänkas med 12-31% genom att sänka elanvändningen med 30% jämfört med standardiserad brukarindata. Det viktigaste för att få ner det totala energibehovet i kontorsbyggnader verkar vara att sänka elanvändningen. Att använda dagens standardvärden för brukarindata överensstämmer inte väl med att använda data insamlad på plats för ett ålderdomshem. Det är därför viktigt att vidareutveckla standardiserad brukarindata. Indikatorn kWh/m2 verkar främja byggnader med låg beläggning. Detta skulle kunna leda till att byggnader utnyttjas på ett ineffektivt sätt. Indikatorn kWh/m2 skulle därför behöva ersättas eller kombineras med en indikator som även tar byggnadens beläggning i beaktande.
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Collins, Thomas. "The Influence of Design, Operations, and Occupancy on Plug Loads in Student Housing." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19258.
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Plug loads—traditionally viewed as behaviorally motivated and beyond the control of designers and operations—are now seen as an integral part of achieving low-energy building targets. Higher education institutions are increasingly recognizing the environmental impacts of campus facilities through holistic approaches to energy savings including energy efficient design and occupant engagement. Residence halls are a compelling example because students bring large numbers of electronics to their rooms and have unlimited access to power for an all-inclusive room rate and resource usage competitions and campaigns are commonplace. However, limited research exists on residence halls plug loads.
This dissertation asked the following of residence halls: (1) What are the measured plug loads and how do they compare with design estimates? (2) What role do building design characteristics play in plug loads? (3) What are the specific occupant behaviors that could influence future design? (4) How can plug loads be better understood in terms of behavior, design, and operations? To answer these questions, a sequential mixed methods study included field measurements and student surveys in six residence halls on three Oregon campuses followed by 24 interviews with designers, operators, and students.
Findings suggest that plug loads in occupied residence halls are higher and usage profiles differ from design predictions. Results do not show significant correlations between design characteristics and plug loads but suggest that some room/suite level features may play a somewhat stronger role. Survey responses indicated that students are doing more with fewer smart devices, which suggests opportunities for students sharing energy intensive devices. Lighting emerged as both a practical and a social consideration. Finally, the data revealed “balance of power” as a coherent process that explicates the relationships between design, operations, and behavior. Designers have the power to recommend plug load strategies and technologies but are limited by costs, maintenance, and political concerns; operations personnel have the power to impose limits on student power usage but are often reluctant to interfere with the overall living experience; and students have the power to use plug load electricity with few restrictions. This suggests that the balance may be skewed toward student behavior.
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Baudains, Catherine Mary. "Environmental education in the workplace : inducing voluntary transport behaviour change to decrease single occupant vehicle trips by commuters into the Perth CBD." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browser/view/adt-MU20040310.121357.
Full text
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au, c. baudains@murdoch edu, and Catherine Baudains. "Environmental Education In The Workplace: Inducing voluntary transport behaviour change to decrease single occupant vehicle trips by commuters into the Perth CBD." Murdoch University, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040310.121357.
Full textAbstract:
As populations increase and air quality continues to decline in many cities around the world, there is growing recognition that human dependency on car based transport is a serious pollution issue. The potential exists to change this aspect of human behaviour using environmental education to develop more sustainable transport practices. The application of education strategies to achieve behaviour change in transport mode choice may benefit from an interdisciplinary approach.
This research examined the effectiveness of three different educational strategies in a workplace situation in achieving a shift in transport mode away from the single occupant vehicle. This research aimed to determine if workplace based education interventions that stimulate a deeper level of learning, and encourage self-regulated learning and reflective practice, are more likely to achieve positive behaviour change than interventions based on more superficial learning. A secondary aim was to determine if the characteristics or type of workplace influence the effectiveness of particular education strategies. The research focuses specifically on peoples perceptions of transport behaviour and air pollution.
The research examined the effectiveness of three workplace based interventions which aimed at reducing the use of single occupant vehicles (SOV) for commuting to work resulting in an increase in the use of green transport (alternatives to the SOV). The primary goal of the three educational interventions was to achieve an increased awareness, development of positive attitudes and increased empowerment regarding sustainable transport choices. Based on a combination of environmental education and self-regulation of learning theory it was theorized that achieving the three afore mentioned educational outcomes would be highly likely to result in a change in behaviour.
The three interventions differ in level of participant involvement, while the information and structure of each intervention was controlled as much as is possible in a naturalistic study. The intervention designs were based on educational theories including cognitivist information processing, Vygotskian/social constructivism, and self-regulation of learning. The first intervention provided information to participants impersonally with no additional support. The second intervention incorporated a volunteer to model pro-environmental behaviour, facilitate discussion of issues, and aid in planning commute trips using alternatives to the single occupant vehicle. The
third intervention included the formation of a green transport planning group within the workplace which aimed to identify and address barriers to using alternative transport in the workplace through the development of a green transport plan.
In the naturalistic workplace setting, mixed methodologies(qualitative and quantitative) were employed to examine the relative effectiveness of the three interventions in terms of participants knowledge about, attitudes towards and behaviour (action) in regard to transport, as well as changes at an organizational level. Multiple case studies and surveys were used to collect data about employee transport behaviour, attitudes, and knowledge in 13 workplaces situated in the central area of Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, before and after a period of intervention. To allow comparability between workplaces in terms of organisational structure and function six of the 13 workplaces were selected to examine in detail,one government and one engineering organization in each of the three intervention groups.
It was found that the level of knowledge about car use and air quality was increased in all three intervention groups, suggesting increased involvement does not improve the chance of increasing knowledge. In contrast, significantly more positive attitudes to car use and air quality issues were developed in only the two most involving interventions, suggesting information distribution alone is unlikely to influence attitude. There were no changes in the general environmental attitudes across the intervention groups. Single occupant vehicle trips were significantly reduced in the second intervention group only. An overall significant increase was reported for self efficacy (as a measure of empowerment) but no significant change was reported for any particular intervention group. At an organizational level the third intervention resulted in the greatest organizational change, and it is likely that the measures implemented as a result of the green transport planning process will have an ongoing impact on employee transport behaviour in the participant workplaces.
The effectiveness of each intervention type also varied between workplaces. Structural factors such as design of the work environment, internal mail and email systems, and work hours influenced the delivery of the interventions in some workplaces and qualitative data indicates this may have influenced success. There was also an indication that management involvement and workplace culture were major factors influencing participant perceptions of effectiveness of particular education strategies.
Overall it is concluded that while the second intervention involving leadership (but without participant ownership) achieved the greatest reduction in use of the single occupant vehicle, the third intervention achieved the greatest long-term impact on participants and organizations. As a result the definition of effectiveness is complicated and is dependant on whether preferred outcomes have a short-term or a long-term focus. These findings have implications for the way in which achieving sustainable transport in metropolitan areas is approached, as well as other environmentally sustainable behaviours.
37
Baudains, Catherine. "Environmental education in the workplace: inducing voluntary transport behaviour change to decrease single occupant vehicle trips by commuters into the Perth CBD." Baudains, Catherine (2003) Environmental education in the workplace: inducing voluntary transport behaviour change to decrease single occupant vehicle trips by commuters into the Perth CBD. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2003. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/236/.
Full textAbstract:
As populations increase and air quality continues to decline in many cities around the world, there is growing recognition that human dependency on car based transport is a serious pollution issue. The potential exists to change this aspect of human behaviour using environmental education to develop more sustainable transport practices. The application of education strategies to achieve behaviour change in transport mode choice may benefit from an interdisciplinary approach.
This research examined the effectiveness of three different educational strategies in a workplace situation in achieving a shift in transport mode away from the single occupant vehicle. This research aimed to determine if workplace based education interventions that stimulate a deeper level of learning, and encourage self-regulated learning and reflective practice, are more likely to achieve positive behaviour change than interventions based on more superficial learning. A secondary aim was to determine if the characteristics or type of workplace influence the effectiveness of particular education strategies. The research focuses specifically on people's perceptions of transport behaviour and air pollution.
The research examined the effectiveness of three workplace based interventions which aimed at reducing the use of single occupant vehicles (SOV) for commuting to work resulting in an increase in the use of green transport (alternatives to the SOV). The primary goal of the three educational interventions was to achieve an increased awareness, development of positive attitudes and increased empowerment regarding sustainable transport choices. Based on a combination of environmental education and self-regulation of learning theory it was theorized that achieving the three afore mentioned educational outcomes would be highly likely to result in a change in behaviour.
The three interventions differ in level of participant involvement, while the information and structure of each intervention was controlled as much as is possible in a naturalistic study. The intervention designs were based on educational theories including cognitivist information processing, Vygotskian/social constructivism, and self-regulation of learning. The first intervention provided information to participants impersonally with no additional support. The second intervention incorporated a volunteer to model pro-environmental behaviour, facilitate discussion of issues, and aid in planning commute trips using alternatives to the single occupant vehicle. The
third intervention included the formation of a green transport planning group within the workplace which aimed to identify and address barriers to using alternative transport in the workplace through the development of a green transport plan.
In the naturalistic workplace setting, mixed methodologies (qualitative and quantitative) were employed to examine the relative effectiveness of the three interventions in terms of participants knowledge about, attitudes towards and behaviour (action) in regard to transport, as well as changes at an organizational level. Multiple case studies and surveys were used to collect data about employee transport behaviour, attitudes, and knowledge in 13 workplaces situated in the central area of Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, before and after a period of intervention. To allow comparability between workplaces in terms of organisational structure and function six of the 13 workplaces were selected to examine in detail,one government and one engineering organization in each of the three intervention groups.
It was found that the level of knowledge about car use and air quality was increased in all three intervention groups, suggesting increased involvement does not improve the chance of increasing knowledge. In contrast, significantly more positive attitudes to car use and air quality issues were developed in only the two most involving interventions, suggesting information distribution alone is unlikely to influence attitude. There were no changes in the general environmental attitudes across the intervention groups. Single occupant vehicle trips were significantly reduced in the second intervention group only. An overall significant increase was reported for self efficacy (as a measure of empowerment) but no significant change was reported for any particular intervention group. At an organizational level the third intervention resulted in the greatest organizational change, and it is likely that the measures implemented as a result of the green transport planning process will have an ongoing impact on employee transport behaviour in the participant workplaces.
The effectiveness of each intervention type also varied between workplaces. Structural factors such as design of the work environment, internal mail and email systems, and work hours influenced the delivery of the interventions in some workplaces and qualitative data indicates this may have influenced success. There was also an indication that management involvement and workplace culture were major factors influencing participant perceptions of effectiveness of particular education strategies.
Overall it is concluded that while the second intervention involving leadership (but without participant ownership) achieved the greatest reduction in use of the single occupant vehicle, the third intervention achieved the greatest long-term impact on participants and organizations. As a result the definition of effectiveness is complicated and is dependant on whether preferred outcomes have a short-term or a long-term focus. These findings have implications for the way in which achieving sustainable transport in metropolitan areas is approached, as well as other environmentally sustainable behaviours.
38
Baudains, Catherine M. "Environmental education in the workplace: Inducing voluntary transport behaviour change to decrease single occupant vehicle trips by commuters into the Perth CBD." Thesis, Baudains, Catherine M. ORCID: 0000-0001-8340-864X (2003) Environmental education in the workplace: Inducing voluntary transport behaviour change to decrease single occupant vehicle trips by commuters into the Perth CBD. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2003. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/236/.
Full textAbstract:
As populations increase and air quality continues to decline in many cities around the world, there is growing recognition that human dependency on car based transport is a serious pollution issue. The potential exists to change this aspect of human behaviour using environmental education to develop more sustainable transport practices. The application of education strategies to achieve behaviour change in transport mode choice may benefit from an interdisciplinary approach.
This research examined the effectiveness of three different educational strategies in a workplace situation in achieving a shift in transport mode away from the single occupant vehicle. This research aimed to determine if workplace based education interventions that stimulate a deeper level of learning, and encourage self-regulated learning and reflective practice, are more likely to achieve positive behaviour change than interventions based on more superficial learning. A secondary aim was to determine if the characteristics or type of workplace influence the effectiveness of particular education strategies. The research focuses specifically on people's perceptions of transport behaviour and air pollution.
The research examined the effectiveness of three workplace based interventions which aimed at reducing the use of single occupant vehicles (SOV) for commuting to work resulting in an increase in the use of green transport (alternatives to the SOV). The primary goal of the three educational interventions was to achieve an increased awareness, development of positive attitudes and increased empowerment regarding sustainable transport choices. Based on a combination of environmental education and self-regulation of learning theory it was theorized that achieving the three afore mentioned educational outcomes would be highly likely to result in a change in behaviour.
The three interventions differ in level of participant involvement, while the information and structure of each intervention was controlled as much as is possible in a naturalistic study. The intervention designs were based on educational theories including cognitivist information processing, Vygotskian/social constructivism, and self-regulation of learning. The first intervention provided information to participants impersonally with no additional support. The second intervention incorporated a volunteer to model pro-environmental behaviour, facilitate discussion of issues, and aid in planning commute trips using alternatives to the single occupant vehicle. The
third intervention included the formation of a green transport planning group within the workplace which aimed to identify and address barriers to using alternative transport in the workplace through the development of a green transport plan.
In the naturalistic workplace setting, mixed methodologies (qualitative and quantitative) were employed to examine the relative effectiveness of the three interventions in terms of participants knowledge about, attitudes towards and behaviour (action) in regard to transport, as well as changes at an organizational level. Multiple case studies and surveys were used to collect data about employee transport behaviour, attitudes, and knowledge in 13 workplaces situated in the central area of Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, before and after a period of intervention. To allow comparability between workplaces in terms of organisational structure and function six of the 13 workplaces were selected to examine in detail,one government and one engineering organization in each of the three intervention groups.
It was found that the level of knowledge about car use and air quality was increased in all three intervention groups, suggesting increased involvement does not improve the chance of increasing knowledge. In contrast, significantly more positive attitudes to car use and air quality issues were developed in only the two most involving interventions, suggesting information distribution alone is unlikely to influence attitude. There were no changes in the general environmental attitudes across the intervention groups. Single occupant vehicle trips were significantly reduced in the second intervention group only. An overall significant increase was reported for self efficacy (as a measure of empowerment) but no significant change was reported for any particular intervention group. At an organizational level the third intervention resulted in the greatest organizational change, and it is likely that the measures implemented as a result of the green transport planning process will have an ongoing impact on employee transport behaviour in the participant workplaces.
The effectiveness of each intervention type also varied between workplaces. Structural factors such as design of the work environment, internal mail and email systems, and work hours influenced the delivery of the interventions in some workplaces and qualitative data indicates this may have influenced success. There was also an indication that management involvement and workplace culture were major factors influencing participant perceptions of effectiveness of particular education strategies.
Overall it is concluded that while the second intervention involving leadership (but without participant ownership) achieved the greatest reduction in use of the single occupant vehicle, the third intervention achieved the greatest long-term impact on participants and organizations. As a result the definition of effectiveness is complicated and is dependant on whether preferred outcomes have a short-term or a long-term focus. These findings have implications for the way in which achieving sustainable transport in metropolitan areas is approached, as well as other environmentally sustainable behaviours.
39
Clark, Brian. "The behaviour of rollover protective structures subjected to static and dynamic loading conditions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16292/1/Brian_Clark_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The Rollover of heavy vehicles operating in the construction, mining and agricultural sectors is a common occurrence that may result in death or severe injury for the vehicle occupants. Safety frames called ROPS (Rollover Protective Structures) that enclose the vehicle cabin, have been used by heavy vehicle manufacturers to provide protection to vehicle occupants during rollover accidents. The design of a ROPS requires that a dual criteria be fulfilled that ensures that the ROPS has sufficient stiffness to offer protection, whilst possessing an appropriate level of flexibility to absorb some or most of the impact energy during a roll. Over the last four decades significant research has been performed on these types of safety devices which has resulted in the generation of performance standards that may be used to assess the adequacy of a ROPS design for a particular vehicle type. At present these performance standards require that destructive full scale testing methods be used to assess the adequacy of a ROPS. This method of ROPS certification can be extremely expensive given the size and weight of many vehicles that operate in these sectors. The use of analytical methods to assess the performance of a ROPS is currently prohibited by these standards. Reasons for this are attributed to a lack of available fundamental research information on the nonlinear inelastic response of safety frame structures such as this. The main aim of this project was to therefore generate fundamental research information on the nonlinear response behaviour of ROPS subjected to both static and dynamic loading conditions that could be used to contribute towards the development of an efficient analytical design procedure that may lessen the need for destructive full scale testing. In addition to this, the project also aspired to develop methods for promoting increased levels of operator safety during vehicle rollover through enhancing the level of energy absorbed by the ROPS. The methods used to fulfil these aims involved the implementation of an extensive analytical modelling program using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in association with a detailed experimental testing program. From these studies comprehensive research information was developed on both the dynamic impact response and energy absorption capabilities of these types of structures. The established finite element models were then used to extend the investigation further and to carry out parametric studies. Important parameters such as ROPS post stiffness, rollslope inclination and impact duration were identified and their effects quantified. The final stage of the project examined the enhancement of the energy absorption capabilities of a ROPS through the incorporation of a supplementary energy absorbing device within the frame work of the ROPS. The device that was chosen for numerical evaluation was a thin walled tapered tube known as frusta that was designed to crush under a sidewards rollover and hence lessen the energy absorption demand placed upon the ROPS. The inclusion of this device was found to be beneficial in absorbing energy and enhancing the level of safety afforded to the vehicle occupants.
40
Clark, Brian. "The behaviour of rollover protective structures subjected to static and dynamic loading conditions." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16292/.
Full textAbstract:
The Rollover of heavy vehicles operating in the construction, mining and agricultural sectors is a common occurrence that may result in death or severe injury for the vehicle occupants. Safety frames called ROPS (Rollover Protective Structures) that enclose the vehicle cabin, have been used by heavy vehicle manufacturers to provide protection to vehicle occupants during rollover accidents. The design of a ROPS requires that a dual criteria be fulfilled that ensures that the ROPS has sufficient stiffness to offer protection, whilst possessing an appropriate level of flexibility to absorb some or most of the impact energy during a roll. Over the last four decades significant research has been performed on these types of safety devices which has resulted in the generation of performance standards that may be used to assess the adequacy of a ROPS design for a particular vehicle type. At present these performance standards require that destructive full scale testing methods be used to assess the adequacy of a ROPS. This method of ROPS certification can be extremely expensive given the size and weight of many vehicles that operate in these sectors. The use of analytical methods to assess the performance of a ROPS is currently prohibited by these standards. Reasons for this are attributed to a lack of available fundamental research information on the nonlinear inelastic response of safety frame structures such as this. The main aim of this project was to therefore generate fundamental research information on the nonlinear response behaviour of ROPS subjected to both static and dynamic loading conditions that could be used to contribute towards the development of an efficient analytical design procedure that may lessen the need for destructive full scale testing. In addition to this, the project also aspired to develop methods for promoting increased levels of operator safety during vehicle rollover through enhancing the level of energy absorbed by the ROPS. The methods used to fulfil these aims involved the implementation of an extensive analytical modelling program using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in association with a detailed experimental testing program. From these studies comprehensive research information was developed on both the dynamic impact response and energy absorption capabilities of these types of structures. The established finite element models were then used to extend the investigation further and to carry out parametric studies. Important parameters such as ROPS post stiffness, rollslope inclination and impact duration were identified and their effects quantified. The final stage of the project examined the enhancement of the energy absorption capabilities of a ROPS through the incorporation of a supplementary energy absorbing device within the frame work of the ROPS. The device that was chosen for numerical evaluation was a thin walled tapered tube known as frusta that was designed to crush under a sidewards rollover and hence lessen the energy absorption demand placed upon the ROPS. The inclusion of this device was found to be beneficial in absorbing energy and enhancing the level of safety afforded to the vehicle occupants.
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Kossmann, de Menezes Anna Carolina. "Improving predictions of operational energy performance through better estimates of small power consumption." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13549.
Full textAbstract:
This Engineering Doctorate aims to understand the factors that generate variability in small power consumption in commercial office buildings in order to generate more representative, building specific estimates of energy consumption. Current energy modelling practices in England are heavily focussed on simplified calculations for compliance with Building Regulations, which exclude numerous sources of energy use such as small power. When considered, estimates of small power consumption are often based on historic benchmarks, which fail to capture the significant variability of this end-use, as well as the dynamic nature of office environments. Six interrelated studies are presented in this thesis resulting in three contributions to existing theory and practice. The first contribution consists of new monitored data of energy consumption and power demand profiles for individual small power equipment in use in contemporary office buildings. These were used to inform a critical review of existing benchmarks widely used by designers in the UK. In addition, monthly and annual small power consumption data for different tenants occupying similar buildings demonstrated variations of up to 73%. The second contribution consists of a cross-disciplinary investigation into the factors influencing small power consumption. A study based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour demonstrated that perceived behavioural control may account for 17% of the variation in electricity use by different tenants. A subsequent monitoring study at the equipment level identified that user attitudes and actions may have a greater impact on variations in energy consumption than job requirements or computer specification alone. The third contribution consists of two predictive models for estimating small power demand and energy consumption in office buildings. Outputs from both models were validated and demonstrated a good correlation between predictions and monitored data. This research also led to the development and publication of industry guidance on how to stimate operational energy use at the design stage.
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Vorger, Éric. "Étude de l'influence du comportement des habitants sur la performance énergétique du bâtiment." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0066/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le comportement humain est modélisé de manière sommaire dans les logiciels de simulation énergétique des bâtiments. Or son impact est considérable et il est à l'origine d'écarts importants entre résultats de simulation et mesures in situ. Les occupants influencent les consommations d'énergie des bâtiments par leur présence et leurs activités, les ouvertures/fermetures de fenêtres, la gestion des dispositifs d'occultation, l'utilisation de l'éclairage artificiel et des appareils électriques, la gestion des consignes de chauffage et les puisages d'eau chaude sanitaire. La thèse propose une modélisation de l'occupation incluant l'ensemble de ces aspects suivant une approche stochastique statistique, pour les bâtiments résidentiels et de bureaux. La construction des modèles fait appel à un grand nombre de données issues de campagnes de mesures, d'enquêtes sociologiques et de la littérature scientifique. Le modèle d'occupation proposé est couplé à l'outil de simulation thermique dynamique Pléiades+COMFIE. En propageant les incertitudes des facteurs du modèle d'occupation et du modèle thermique (enveloppe, climat, systèmes), un intervalle de confiance des résultats de simulation peut être estimé, ouvrant ainsi la voie à un processus de garantie de performance énergétiqueHuman behaviour is modelled in a simplistic manner in building energy simulation programs. However, it has a considerable impact and is identified as a major explanatory factor of the discrepancy between simulation results and in situ measurements. Occupants influence buildings energy consumption through their presence and activities, the opening/closing of windows, the actions on blinds, the use of artificial lighting and electrical appliances, the choices of temperature setpoints, and the water consumptions. The thesis proposes a model of occupants' behaviour including all these aspects, according to a stochastic approach, for residential and office buildings. Models' development is based on numerous data from measurements campaigns, sociological surveys and from the scientific literature. The proposed model for occupants' behaviour is coupled to the simulation tool Pléiades+COMFIE. By propagating the uncertainties of factors from the occupants' behaviour model and the thermal model (envelope, climate, systems), the simulation results confidence interval can be estimated, opening the way to an energy performance guarantee process
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Seifhashemi, Seyedeh Mahsa. "Impact of cool roof application on commercial buildings: A contribution to sustainable design in Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/90897/1/Seyedeh%20Mahsa_Seifhashemi_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated the cool roof technology effects on annual energy saving of a large one-storey commercial building in Queensland, Australia. A computer model of the case study was developed using commercial software by using the appropriate geometrical and thermal building specifications. Field study data were used to validate the model. The model was then used to extend the investigation to other cities in various Australian climate zones. The results of this research show that significant energy savings can be obtained using cool roof technology, particularly in warm, sunny climates, and the thesis can contribute to provide a guideline for application of cool roof technology to single-storey commercial building throughout Australia.
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Talele, Suraj Harish. "Comparative Study of Thermal Comfort Models Using Remote-Location Data for Local Sample Campus Building as a Case Study for Scalable Energy Modeling at Urban Level Using Virtual Information Fabric Infrastructure (VIFI)." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1404602/.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of this dissertation is to demonstrate that data from a remotely located building can be utilized for energy modeling of a similar type of building and to demonstrate how to use this remote data without physically moving the data from one server to another using Virtual Information Fabric Infrastructure (VIFI). In order to achieve this goal, firstly an EnergyPlus model was created for Greek Life Center, a campus building located at University of North Texas campus at Denton in Texas, USA. Three thermal comfort models of Fanger model, Pierce two-node model and KSU two-node model were compared in order to find which one of these three models is most accurate to predict occupant thermal comfort. This study shows that Fanger's model is most accurate in predicting thermal comfort. Secondly, an experimental data pertaining to lighting usage and occupancy in a single-occupancy office from Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) has been implemented in order to perform energy analysis of Greek Life Center assuming that occupants in this building's offices behave similarly as occupants in CMU. Thirdly, different data types, data formats and data sources were identified which are required in order to develop a city-scale urban building energy model (CS-UBEM). Two workflows were created, one for an individual scale building energy model and another one for CS-UBEM. A new innovative infrastructure called as Virtual Information Fabric Infrastructure (VIFI) has been introduced in this dissertation. The workflows proposed in this study will demonstrate in the future work that by using VIFI infrastructure to develop building energy models there is a potential of using data for remote servers without actually moving the data. It has been successfully demonstrated in this dissertation that data located at remote location can be used credibly to predict energy consumption of a newly built building. When the remote experimental data of both lighting and occupancy are implemented, 4.57% energy savings was achieved in the Greek Life Center energy model.
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Hsu, Shun-Hsiang, and 許舜翔. "Indoor Occupant Behavior Analysis with Multi-Target, Multi-Camera Tracking." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26vnu7.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
107
During the development of society, buildings and people’s daily activities are inseparable. Therefore, the indoor environment has a great impact on the quality of life and researches on building management systems were devoted to achieve the goal of enhancing energy efficiency and occupant comfort. With the increasing trend of IoT application, data analytics approaches had emerged and they can be applied to understand better indoor environment. However, it is problematic in practice to adopt sensing technology due to stochastic nature of occupant behaviors and large-scale monitoring area. Therefore, a cost-effective and accurate method is required to collect data regarding occupant behavior. This research aims to implement a re-identification system for multi-target, multi-camera tracking with surveillance cameras to obtain more reliable occupancy data. In recent years, tracking combined with deep learning techniques has better performance and more robust to visual obstacles like dim-lighting or being partially obstructed than traditional approaches. The advance in tracking gives the opportunity to develop an application for behavior analysis of building occupants. This research proposes the distributed system for tracking cross non-overlapping cameras. Firstly, multiple object tracking is performed under each camera; then, the probe images of occupants provide appearance and location information. Secondly, feature vectors extracted from the images by the convolutional neural network are used to concatenate trajectory data from different cameras. Finally, the concatenated data are analyzed for usage rate of spaces and their distribution in building levels. Moreover, abnormal situations can be detected and tracked cross multiple cameras. With the analysis, the building manager can not only validate and revise the energy strategy but also enhance public safety and better handle emergency conditions.
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Wen-ShengLuo and 羅文聖. "Evaluating the effect of temperature change on occupants’ behaviors and subsequent PM2.5 concentration." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zg2re7.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
環境醫學研究所
105
SUMMARY Impacts of global warming on not only temperature but also air pollutants and human behaviors are more evident in recent years. This study aims to examine the effect of changing climate, in terms of increasing temperature, on indoor PM2.5 profiles. To what extent the changes of occupants’ behaviors resulted from temperature variations involved in the above mentioned association was further determined and quantified. Based on the changing behaviors found to be effective in reducing the indoor PM2.5 exposure, the adaptive strategies could be formulated for residents to refrain themselves from higher PM2.5 exposure under the impact of global warming. Samplings were conducted at 8 households, and at least 4 to 10 times at each home during the study periods. Indoor/outdoor PM2.5 concentration, temperature, building characteristics and occupants’ behaviors were investigated. Occupants’ behaviors were found to affect PM2.5 I/O ratio. The intervention experiments found that lower PM2.5 I/O ratio level were achieved if the frequency of occupants’ behaviors were decreased. In conclusion, the results further characterize the relationship between temperatures, occupants’ behaviors and PM2.5 concentration. An adaptive strategy which could reduce the indoor exposure levels of PM2.5 for occupants under the impact of global warming is suggested. INTRODUCTION Indoor air quality (IAQ) has become more critical while the time people spend indoors is increasing along with global warming. Rising temperatures in polluted regions are associated with increasing peak levels of O3 and PM2.5. Higher ambient air pollutants lead to poor IAQ and are hazardous to human health. This study aims to examine the effect of changing climate, particularly increasing temperature, on the indoor PM2.5 profile, and further to determine the role of occupants’ behaviors and the consequences of temperature changes involved in the association. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study can be divided into two phases. First, 8 homes, in which Taiwan people averagely spend about 90% of their daily time, were selected from 4 major cities of Taiwan. All of them are located within 6 km from the local meteorological stations. The long-term investigation of IAQ profile for at least 4 to 10 times of each home was conducted. Real-time monitors for PM2.5 (TSI Dust-Trak IAQ Monitor Model 8533, 8530) were set at the rooms where occupants spent most of their time when inside the house and the entrance of fresh air to the room. The indoor and ambient temperature was recorded by the HOBO logger (#U10-003) and acquired from Taiwan Central Weather Bureau, respectively. Occupants’ behaviors and building characteristics were recorded by questionnaires. Generalized estimation equation (GEE) was applied to estimate the effect of occupants’ behaviors on indoor PM2.5 concentration. In the second phase, two intervention experiments were conducted to examine whether the level of PM2.5 I/O ratio can be reduced by decreasing the frequency of occupants’ behaviors. The first intervention involves one week of background measurement, and another week of intervening measurement. The second intervention selected two spaces (one control, one intervening room) with the same entrance point of fresh air and collected samples for 24 hours. The occupants were asked to reduce their frequency of behaviors, including opening windows, turning on AC or fans during both intervention periods. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Occupants will start turning on AC or fan when indoor or ambient temperature reach 28°C and 29°C (Figure 1), respectively. With 1°C increase of the ambient/indoor temperature, the probability of turning on AC or fan was higher than the turning off by about 1.31, 1.45, 1.89 and 2.19 times, respectively (Table 1). PM2.5 I/O ratio was also influenced by both indoor and ambient temperature. With 1°C increase of the ambient and indoor temperature, PM2.5 I/O ratio was rising by 0.22 (β= 0.22) and 0.32 (β= 0.32), respectively. The PM2.5 I/O varied with the temperature levels. Comparing to the reference scenario (Table 2), I/O ratio for opening windows, turning on fans or AC were significantly higher by 0.24, 0.29 or 0.41 times, respectively. When turning on AC and fan concurrently, the ratio was 0.47 times higher than that during the reference scenario while opening windows and turning on fans concurrently was 0.48 times higher. The lowest level of I/O ratio was found when windows being closed, AC and fans being turned off. It is suggested that indoor particles could be disturbed and suspended in air while AC/fan is turned on. During intervention period, changing the frequency of human behaviors, influenced by the temperature, can reduce the level of I/O ratio about 0.2 to 5.8%. Based on the finding in the second intervention experiment, closing window or turning off fan can reduce I/O ratio about 16.3% and 3.6%, respectively, on the hourly base. (Table 3). CONCLUSION Human behaviors, including opening window, turning on fan or AC, may affect the relationship between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentration. Increase of every 1°C of ambient and indoor temperature, the probability of turning on fan or AC are about 1.26 to 2.19 times higher, compared to the turning off. Increasing frequency of occupants’ behaviors is found in order to maintain a relatively comfortable indoor thermal environment when ambient temperature is rising. However, higher PM2.5 I/O ratio was observed when these behaviors were present. Opening windows, turning on fan or AC, may increase I/O ratio by 0.24, 0.29 and 0.41 times, respectively. On the other hand, by closing window or turning off fan, I/O ratio was lower by 16.3% and 3.6%, respectively, on the hourly base. . A relatively cheap and accessible method to reduce the exposure of PM2.5 by changing the frequency of occupants’ behaviors is proposed based on study resutls.
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Zhang, Yan. "Occupant behavior and its impact on energy consumption of urban residential buildings." Phd thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/219635.
Full textAbstract:
Improving the energy efficiency of buildings cannot be circumvented to address two big challenges confronting us today - energy security and climate change. Operation of buildings alone accounted for 30% of global final energy consumption and 28% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2018 (IEA, 2019). With rapid urbanization and growth in household income, especially among developing countries, energy demand from buildings may double or even triple by mid-century if we go with business as usual (IPCC, 2014). Energy reduction and decarbonization of buildings is hence critical for both ensuring energy security and mitigating climate change, where technology alone is not sufficient and the behaviors of building occupants have a role to play. This thesis explores human-building interactions and examines the impact of occupant behavior on energy consumption of residential buildings with empirical evidence from a large-scale survey in Beijing, China. The findings of this work can help us better understand various energy-related behaviors and how they influence building energy use at the city scale, adding to existing technology and policy solutions for improving building energy efficiency and contributing with empirical evidence to both building energy research and effective energy policy-making.
To begin with, by a systematic review of research on occupant behavior and building energy performance, the energy-saving potential of occupant behavior is estimated to be in the range of 10-25% for residential buildings and 5-30% for commercial buildings. Four existing research gaps in the field have also been identified, namely the needs for understanding occupant behavior in a systematic framework; for stronger empirical evidence beyond individual buildings and at a larger city scale; for linking occupant behavior to socio-economic and policy variables; and for evaluating the role of occupant behavior in the effectiveness of building energy efficiency policy.
Following the literature review, the thesis goes on to explore occupants' energy-related behavior in residential buildings. An in-depth and comprehensive picture of occupant behavior in Beijing households are presented: Purchase behavior is overall energy-efficient; air conditioning (AC), for both purchase and usage behaviors, plays a critical role as the residents usually have less energy efficient AC in their homes and use it more often and for a longer period of time than other devices; habitual behavior are consistent across all habitual categories. Furthermore, there is no single, straightforward and coherent pattern of behavior that can be explained by any single socio-economic factor.
With a better understanding occupant behavior in buildings on the basis of the empirical data from Beijing, the thesis further examines the effect of occupant behavior on energy consumption of urban residential buildings. Several key findings emerge - i.e. occupant behavior overall explains about 25% of the variability in residential energy consumption, 28% in space heating energy and 12% in non-space-heating energy; purchase behavior explains the most variability; space heating option and fuel type of the primary kitchen stove are the two most influential purchase behaviors in residential energy use.
The relationship between attitude and behavior relating to residential energy use is also investigated. The results show a mixed picture: An attitude-behavior gap exists for purchase behavior as the occupants generally don't behave consistently with their reported willingness to pay more for energy efficient products, but when it comes to the energy efficiency of household products, there is a consistency between attitude and behavior; likewise, for habitual behavior, the occupants display an attitude-behavior gap in terms of behavior relating to thermal comfort and lighting, whereas their habitual action towards unused appliances/equipment is consistent with their reported attitude.
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(10292846), Zhipeng Deng. "RECOGNITION OF BUILDING OCCUPANT BEHAVIORS FROM INDOOR ENVIRONMENT PARAMETERS BY DATA MINING APPROACH." Thesis, 2021.
Find full textAbstract:
Currently, people in North America spend roughly 90% of their time indoors. Therefore, it is important to create comfortable, healthy, and productive indoor environments for the occupants. Unfortunately, our resulting indoor environments are still very poor, especially in multi-occupant rooms. In addition, energy consumption in residential and commercial buildings by HVAC systems and lighting accounts for about 41% of primary energy use in the US. However, the current methods for simulating building energy consumption are often not accurate, and various types of occupant behavior may explain this inaccuracy.
This study first developed artificial neural network models for predicting thermal comfort and occupant behavior in indoor environments. The models were trained by data on indoor environmental parameters, thermal sensations, and occupant behavior collected in ten offices and ten houses/apartments. The models were able to predict similar acceptable air temperature ranges in offices, from 20.6 °C to 25 °C in winter and from 20.6 °C to 25.6 °C in summer. We also found that the comfortable air temperature in the residences was 1.7 °C lower than that in the offices in winter, and 1.7 °C higher in summer. The reason for this difference may be that the occupants of the houses/apartments were responsible for paying their energy bills. The comfort zone obtained by the ANN model using thermal sensations in the ten offices was narrower than the comfort zone in ASHRAE Standard 55, but that using behaviors was wider.
Then this study used the EnergyPlus program to simulate the energy consumption of HVAC systems in office buildings. Measured energy data were used to validate the simulated results. When using the collected behavior from the offices, the difference between the simulated results and the measured data was less than 13%. When a behavioral ANN model was implemented in the energy simulation, the simulation performed similarly. However, energy simulation using constant thermostat set point without considering occupant behavior was not accurate. Further simulations demonstrated that adjusting the thermostat set point and the clothing could lead to a 25% variation in energy use in interior offices and 15% in exterior offices. Finally, energy consumption could be reduced by 30% with thermostat setback control and 70% with occupancy control.
Because of many contextual factors, most previous studies have built data-driven behavior models with limited scalability and generalization capability. This investigation built a policy-based reinforcement learning (RL) model for the behavior of adjusting the thermostat and clothing level. We used Q-learning to train the model and validated with collected data. After training, the model predicted the behavior with R2 from 0.75 to 0.80 in an office building. This study also transferred the behavior knowledge of the RL model to other office buildings with different HVAC control systems. The transfer learning model predicted with R2 from 0.73 to 0.80. Going from office buildings to residential buildings, the transfer learning model also had an R2 over 0.60. Therefore, the RL model combined with transfer learning was able to predict the building occupant behavior accurately with good scalability, and without the need for data collection.
Unsuitable thermostat settings lead to energy waste and an undesirable indoor environment, especially in multi-occupant rooms. This study aimed to develop an HVAC control strategy in multi-occupant offices using physiological parameters measured by wristbands. We used an ANN model to predict thermal sensation from air temperature, relative humidity, clothing level, wrist skin temperature, skin relative humidity and heart rate. Next, we developed a control strategy to improve the thermal comfort of all the occupants in the room. The control system was smart and could adjust the thermostat set point automatically in real time. We improved the occupants’ thermal comfort level that over half of the occupants reported feeling neutral, and fewer than 5% still felt uncomfortable. After coupling with occupancy-based control by means of lighting sensors or wristband Bluetooth, the heating and cooling loads were reduced by 90% and 30%, respectively. Therefore, the smart HVAC control system can effectively control the indoor environment for thermal comfort and energy saving.
As for proposed studies in the future, at first, we will use more advanced sensors to collect more kinds of occupant behavior-related data. We will expand the research on more occupant behavior related to indoor air quality, noise and illuminance level. We can use these data to recognize behavior instead of questionnaire survey now. We will also develop a personalized zonal control system for the multi-occupant office. We can find the number and location of inlet diffusers by using inverse design.
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Lee, Ta-Chun, and 李大椿. "The Characteristics of Storage Facility and Occupant Storing Behavior in Apartment Buildings in Taipei Area." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86413248704469213926.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
91
There are three objectives in this research : (1) To investigate the characteristics of the household’s objects and storage facilities, including the quantity of both and manufactural categories of storage facilities. (2) To investigate the storing behaviors of the households in apartment buildings. (3) To summarize storage problems in apartment buildings and propose strategies to resolve the problems. The findings of this research are : 1. The inhabitants of apartment buildings in Taipei area own an average quantity of 19.2 M3/per household or 4.8 M3/per member in articles, include about 1/5 unstored objects and the others stored. Where most of the unstored objects are distributed over those spaces of balcony, Japanese rooms and bedrooms, and most of the entire objects and storage facilities are located in the bedrooms, kitchen and family room, that occupy more than a half quantity of the entire housing unit. Also, the inhabitants own an average quantity of 20.6 M3/ per household or 4.86 M3/per member in storage facilities. In which of six types of manufactural categories of storage facilities, the inhabitants prefer to adopt the shop-saled storage furniture far than the others. 2. The storage facilities are needed the most in the studio, living room, master room and kitchen. Most of the inhabitants occupy the public lobby to settle storage facilities for storing shoes, slippers and outdoor articles such as raincoats etc. Most of the inhabitants tend to reduce the household’s objects and increase the storage capacity to match the storage demand, with more than 70%. The inhabitants subjectively willingly prefer to adopt the systematic pre-assembled furniture, the shop-saled the second and the DIY products the third, which shows comparative differentials between the practical existing which mentioned above and the subjective willing of the inhabitants. Most of the inhabitants are unsatisfied with the existing storage situations owing to the housing supply policy and building design issued to the storage demand. The shop-saled furnitures are popularly acceptable for it’s convenient and with various types. At the meantime, most of the inhabitants complain that the storage facility is not enough, especially over the spaces of balcony, Japanese room, master bedroom and studio. Through the field survey, the storage space’s occupation ratio is unefficient even though the inhabitants self-suppose that it’s efficient, in which there is about 1/3 space unused, and also the wasted articles kept in house is up to 18.67%. 3. It is proposed to provide 8.0 M3 /per household member of storage facilities for each or at least 5.6 M3 for each member, or 0.86 M3/per ping in well and 0.6 M3/per ping in low limitation. It is suggested to improve the housing developing programme and building design, also in the interior furnishing and furniture design, by the investors, architects and interior/furniture designers. For the aspect of the users, the well-management could leads to a better results in articles storage by promoting the storage efficiency and throwing away appropriately those wasted articles kept in house.
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Wu, Yu-Fang, and 吳瑜芳. "A Preliminary Exploration of Linking Smart Home Technology with Time-Use Based Occupant Energy Consumption Behavior Model." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ut42j4.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
104
“Energy conservation and carbon reduction” has become a global effort. Practices and tips to improve household energy efficiency are as follows:(1) encourage occupants to use energy-efficient appliances; (2) improve the building envelope energy efficiency; (3) advocate occupants to develop energy-conscious, etc. There are rarely from the dimension of how to make occupants can immediately understand their household electricity end-use consumption results which trigger occupant’s energy-saving behavior spontaneously or how to maintain the previous patterns of family lifestyle which can also reduce household electricity end-use consumption results, proposing “humanize” energy-saving practices and tips. In addition, ICT technology is upgrading and internet of things era is coming, the related smart home technology may potentially change occupant behavior of energy consumption or save energy automatically. But most of the time smart home developers solely focus on upgrading the specifications or technical innovation which neglect patterns of family lifestyle anywhere There has been little research on whether smart home energy-saving devices are suitable for occupants. Therefore, this study is to investigate how to install smart home energy-saving devices appropriately into the new or existing housing in order to reduce residential energy consumption and change occupant behavior. In this study, the representative households in Minsheng community Taipei are selected as study object. Then (1) based on time-use survey approach to investigate patterns of family lifestyle in Taiwan’s urban areas in order to find out the relationship between residential electricity consumption and occupant behavior. (2) Collecting and finding out the current products and services and their design features and functional specifications related to smart home energy-saving application while exploring the impact factors of residential intelligent levels. And (3) linking smart home energy-saving devices with occupant behavior in order to propose the design guidelines of smart home energy-saving application of urban areas in Taiwan. Based on the above points, the results of this study are shown below： 1. Electricity consumption per household and occupant behavior are highly relevant. 2. The two factors, which are “ability of families to pay” and “occupant behavior”, are determined by the intelligence extent and appropriate technology of smart home devices. 3. This study proposed the design guidelines of smart home energy-saving application of urban areas in Taiwan. (1) HEMS combine with lifestyle services. Instant messages with using electricity and saving tips of HEMS can be triggered and intended to save energy spontaneously. And if HEMS through additional messages with lifestyle services, it will increase the satisfaction of households and encourage energy-saving behavior. (2) Linking smart home energy-saving devices with occupant behavior appropriately which will not impact the previous patterns of family lifestyle and is able to reduce electricity consumption per household.