Relevant bibliographies by topics / Occupant's behaviour

Academic literature on the topic 'Occupant's behaviour'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Occupant's behaviour"

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Kumar, Sanjay, Manoj Kumar Singh, Vivian Loftness, Jyotirmay Mathur, and Sanjay Mathur. "Thermal comfort assessment and characteristics of occupant's behaviour in naturally ventilated buildings in composite climate of India." Energy for Sustainable Development 33 (August 2016): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2016.06.002.

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Yeom, Dongwoo, Joon-Ho Choi, and Yimin Zhu. "Investigation of physiological differences between immersive virtual environment and indoor environment in a building." Indoor and Built Environment 28, no. 1 (September 19, 2017): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x17731945.

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In the domain of building science and architectural design, the immersive virtual environment is being commonly adopted due to its convenience and cost-effectiveness, especially for research relevant to occupant behaviour in a building indoor environmental control. The goal of this study is to investigate whether such an immersive virtual environment condition could affect an occupant's thermal sensation and physiological response to ambient conditions differently, as compared to a real indoor environment, even though those two thermal conditions are the same or very similar. A series of human subject experiments using 18 participants was conducted in an environmental chamber. While thermal conditions were controlled at 20℃ to 30℃ in each environment, respectively, participants were asked to periodically report their thermal sensations on their body. Their heart rates were also continuously measured. The result of our experiments revealed that overall thermal sensations on the whole and local body areas showed some significant differences between the indoor environment and immersive virtual environment conditions during the same thermal conditions. Also, the heart rate difference between two environmental conditions was statistically significant at every thermal sensation level. These findings support the idea that significant physiological response differences could be affected by the immersive virtual environment condition.
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Maghsoudi Nia, Elham, Queena Qian, and Henk Visscher. "An Investigation of Occupants’ Energy Perceptions in Energy Efficient Retrofitted Residential Buildings: A Review Paper." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1085, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1085/1/012021.

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Abstract Buildings are the main sector in energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Retrofitting of existing building has been identified as one of the significant strategies for reducing the impacts of buildings on energy and environment. However, recent studies have shown that low energy buildings mostly do not perform as expected. These differences are related to different factors including the interaction between occupants and building technologies. Thus, most renovation initiatives have not considered occupant behavior equally to the energy efficiency process. Many of the existing studies have been focused on technological improvements rather than behavioral-related parameters. Hence, this study aims to review the literature on the occupants’ energy perceptions and their behavioral interventions in energy efficient retrofitted residential buildings. The results of the literature review reveal that household’s energy consumption significantly differs according to the various factors including social-economic, cultural, household composition as well as individual attitudes, habits, experiences, and occupant practices. Moreover, the energy consumption in the residential sector is highly dependent on demographic parameters. The demographics factors are classified according to type of family, level of income, age of the occupants, and individuals’ educational status. The findings shows that energy perception gap formulates the energy behavior and it is related to the lack of personal interest, accurate information and individuals’ awareness about how to consume efficiently. Therefore, it is suggested that the level of occupant’s perception on energy, control, or comfort have to be considered during energy efficiency retrofits. The study contributes to understanding of occupants’ behaviors which cause energy performance gap and enlighten approaches to encourage more energy efficient behavior.
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Liu, Xuebo, Yingying Wu, and Hongyu Wu. "PV-EV Integrated Home Energy Management Considering Residential Occupant Behaviors." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 14, 2021): 13826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413826.

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Rooftop photovoltaics (PV) and electrical vehicles (EV) have become more economically viable to residential customers. Most existing home energy management systems (HEMS) only focus on the residential occupants’ thermal comfort in terms of indoor temperature and humidity while neglecting their other behaviors or concerns. This paper aims to integrate residential PV and EVs into the HEMS in an occupant-centric manner while taking into account the occupants’ thermal comfort, clothing behaviors, and concerns on the state-of-charge (SOC) of EVs. A stochastic adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) model was proposed to optimally determine the setpoints of heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), occupant’s clothing decisions, and the EV’s charge/discharge schedule while considering uncertainties in the outside temperature, PV generation, and EV’s arrival SOC. The nonlinear and nonconvex thermal comfort model, EV SOC concern model, and clothing behavior model were holistically embedded in the ADP-HEMS model. A model predictive control framework was further proposed to simulate a residential house under the time of use tariff, such that it continually updates with optimal appliance schedules decisions passed to the house model. Cosimulations were carried out to compare the proposed HEMS with a baseline model that represents the current operational practice. The result shows that the proposed HEMS can reduce the energy cost by 68.5% while retaining the most comfortable thermal level and negligible EV SOC concerns considering the occupant’s behaviors.
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Kumar, Sanjay, and Manoj Kumar Singh. "Seasonal comfort temperature and occupant's adaptive behaviour in a naturally ventilated university workshop building under the composite climate of India." Journal of Building Engineering 40 (August 2021): 102701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102701.

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D'Oca, Simona, H. Burak Gunay, Sara Gilani, and William O'Brien. "Critical review and illustrative examples of office occupant modelling formalisms." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 40, no. 6 (February 6, 2019): 732–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624419827468.

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It is widely understood that occupants can have a significant impact on building performance. Accordingly, the field has benefited extensively from research efforts in the past decade. However, the methods and terminology involved in modelling occupants in buildings remains fragmented across a large number of studies. This fragmentation represents a major obstacle to those who intend to join in this research endeavor as well as for the convergence and standardization of methods. To address this issue, this paper investigates occupant modelling methods for the key domains of electric lighting, blinds, operable windows, thermostats, plug loads, and occupancy. In the reviewed literature, five broad categories of occupant model formalisms were identified: schedules, Bernoulli models, discrete-time Markov models, discrete-event Markov models, and survival models. Illustrative examples were provided from two independent datasets to demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of these model forms. It was shown that Markov models are suitable to represent occupants' adaptive behaviors, while survival models are suitable to represent occupancy, non-adaptive behaviors, and infrequently executed adaptive behaviors, such as the blinds opening behavior. Practical application: The engineering application of the occupant modelling formalisms that are critically reviewed in this paper is that these models are highly beneficial for incorporating occupants' presence and behaviors into building design and control. Building design can be improved significantly regarding energy use and occupant comfort when the most suitable occupant models are implemented in simulation-aided building design process. Ultimately, like for any modelling domain, the most suitable model is dependent on the modelling objective (e.g. optimizing passive design, equipment sizing), building type and size, occupant-related domain (e.g. occupancy, window-opening behavior), and climate zones. Furthermore, there is great potential in improving occupant comfort and energy savings of existing buildings when occupants' presence and interactions with buildings' systems and components are predicted accurately using occupant models.
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Othman, Ahmad Ridzwan, Mohammad Ezzat Fakhrawi Mohammad Faisal, and Wahyuni Zahrah. "Thermal Comfort in Living Room of Houses with Different Frontage." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 6, no. 16 (March 28, 2021): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i16.2636.

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House frontage is an essential aspect of terraced house design to ensure the occupant's comfort and healthy living. Four samples selected to evaluate the influence of the window to wall ratio (WWR) towards the internal thermal comfort of the house. The indoor thermal parameters were recorded using HOBOware Data Logger and evaluated using CBE Thermal Comfort Calculator. The study shows that the living room with a bigger WWR had the lowest thermal comfort levels. Besides the WWR, window placements and the shading devices also help in reducing the sun exposure of the frontage wall and increase the indoor thermal comfort. Keywords: Frontage; Thermal Comfort; Window to Wall Ratio; Sun Exposure eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i16.2636
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Bouktif, Salah, Ali Ouni, and Sanja Lazarova-Molnar. "Towards a Rigorous Consideration of Occupant Behaviours of Residential Households for Effective Electrical Energy Savings: An Overview." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 1741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051741.

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There are two primary ways to save energy within a building: (1) through improving building engineering structures and adopting efficient appliance ownership, and (2) through changing occupants’ energy-consuming behaviors. Unfortunately the second way suffers from many challenges and limitations. Occupant behavior is, indeed, a complex and multi-disciplinary concept depending on several human factors. Although its importance is recognized by the energy management community, it is often oversimplified and naively defined when used to study, analyze or model energy load. This paper aims at promoting the definition of occupant behavior as well as exploring the extent to which the latter is involved in research works, targeting directly or indirectly energy savings. Hence, in this work, we propose an overview of interdisciplinary research approaches that consider occupants’ energy-saving behaviors, while we present the big picture and evaluate how occupant behavior is defined, we also propose a categorization of the major works that consider energy-consuming occupant behavior. Our findings via a literature review methodology, based on a bibliometric study, reveal a growth of the number of research works involving occupant behavior to model load forecasting and household segmentation. We have equally identified a research trend showing an increasing interest in studying how to successfully change occupant behaviors towards energy saving.
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Weerasinghe, Achini Shanika, Eziaku Onyeizu Rasheed, and James Olabode Bamidele Rotimi. "Occupants’ Decision-Making of Their Energy Behaviours in Office Environments: A Case of New Zealand." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 27, 2023): 2305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032305.

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Understanding how occupants behave and interact with building systems is vital to energy efficiency in buildings. The building occupants’ behaviours are complex and influenced by diverse factors. A deep understanding of the underlying environmental, contextual, social, and psychological factors is the first step of many in establishing the relationship between the indoor environment and occupants’ behaviours. The current study investigates the influence of occupants’ perceived indoor environmental comfort, the availability of control, and the social-psychological impacts on occupant behaviours in a New Zealand context. The data were collected through online surveys, and 99 office occupants responded. A machine learning technique was applied to identify the critical factors influencing the decision-making of occupant behaviours. Of the occupant behaviours considered in the study, adjusting windows, doors, shades and blinds, and drinking beverages were mostly practised (>70%) while adjusting lighting, personal fans, thermostats/heaters, and computers (40−70%) was moderately practised by occupants. The availability of specific user controls was the main predictor of most occupant behaviours, followed by social-psychological factors such as actual knowledge, perceived knowledge, behavioural interventions, subjective norms, organisational support, personal norms, attitudes, and perceived behavioural control. The indoor environmental parameters such as indoor temperature, indoor air quality, natural light, and inside noise were highlighted as most influential in decision-making for occupant behaviours. Additionally, the demographic factors: gender, work duration, days at work, and permanence/temporariness of workspace, were also impactful. Knowing the complexity of occupants’ decision-making with respect to their behaviours helps building managers use this sensitive information to enhance building energy performance and enable more energy feedback to the occupants to raise their awareness. Such information is helpful for creating an intelligent environmental control system loop with eco-feedback and establishing occupant-centric buildings or features.
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Brown, Craig, and Mark Gorgolewski. "Assessing occupant satisfaction and energy behaviours in Toronto’s LEED gold high-rise residential buildings." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 8, no. 4 (October 28, 2014): 492–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-11-2013-0007.

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Purpose – This paper aims to present four purposes: to assess occupant satisfaction with indoor environmental quality (IEQ); to determine if occupants appear to be operating their dwellings in an energy efficient manner; to suggest ways that occupant satisfaction and behaviour can help or hinder energy efficiency; and to show that the post-occupancy evaluation approach is an effective tool in diagnosing and improving satisfaction and energy efficiency in high-rise residential buildings. Design/methodology/approach – Beyond measuring occupant satisfaction with IEQ, this paper uses scores and user comments from occupant questionnaires to identify success and indicate frustration and/or confusion with particular building technologies. It also extrapolates the energy efficiency implications of these responses in four Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Gold residential towers. Findings – The research highlights where problems occur, particularly with the adoption of new technologies which may not be well understood by the occupants. It also identifies behaviour patterns that may negate energy efficiency strategies. Research limitations/implications – The lack of dwelling metre data prevents this research from making causal links between behaviours and their energy implications. Also, the lack of Canadian benchmarks for satisfaction of occupants means that comparisons can only be made to cases from the UK, which is less robust. Originality/value – This type of work has never been done in Canadian residential high rise towers before. It helps to better understand the process of ensuring that occupants successfully adopt innovation that can lead to energy savings.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Occupant's behaviour"

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Zhao, Jing. "Lived experiences of Passivhaus occupants using a grounded approach." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31370.

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The Passivhaus standard is a building methodology that was established in Germany in the 1990s. It uses a passive design strategy to achieve built environment comfort with minimum energy consumption. However, research shows that not every Passivhaus project has been successful in terms of its comfort and energy performance. Passivhaus is a representation of a high-performance, low-energy prototype of sustainable buildings, which, as a new building typology, embraces new ideas of comfort and accommodates a range of occupants who have different attitudes and expectations. Thus, the social grounding of such a new typology needs to be reconsidered. Understanding the phenomenon of Passivhaus living in the UK context forms the starting point of my research. In reflection of existing Passivhaus post-occupancy evaluation (POE) research in the UK, the majority of this research is focused on performance and frequently adopts an approach using prediction and computer simulation. Only a few studies have examined the Passivhaus system from an architectural design point of view. Research into its energy performance lacks a deeper connection with the occupants' perception of comfort and the architectural design of the Passivhaus. This research focuses on the coherence of Passivhaus living and builds up a theoretical framework to understand the Passivhaus system in relation to occupants' daily lives. It argues that by providing more possibilities and opportunities within the design of the built environment for adaptive behaviours and norms of sustainable living, as opposed to stressing energy efficiency and technological advances, the sustainability embodied in the Passivhaus standard can be further actualised. Previous research into the POE field of Passivhaus has employed a predominantly quantitative method. However, the small amount of research conducted using a qualitative approach demonstrates the potential benefits of gaining a better understanding of sustainability in people's perceptions of comfort, their everyday practices and the nature of their energy use. The methodological approach for the proposed research will be qualitative in nature due to the need to understand highly context-bound experiential data. A mixed approach of quantitative and qualitative methods will be explored to collect and analyse data from various aspects related to the subject matter in order to draw valid conclusions. The research uses a combined framework of grounded theory methodology and a multiple case study approach as a way of taking a step back from empirical research and building up an inductive theory-building process. The combination of these two frameworks is tailored for this research, which enables them to complement each other. The research provides an exploration of Passivhaus living and an insight into the delicate relationship between the occupants and their domestic space. The study explores the shifting perception of comfort, the delicate relationship between habitat and inhabitant and the process of adaptation in the Passivhaus to understand the shaping of household behaviour in relation to different contexts and scenarios unique to the Passivhaus industry. The substantive theory that describes this relationship is summarised at the end of the thesis, with the aim of informing potential Passivhaus clients of the system's holistic sustainable design features and to make recommendations for better Passivhaus design to building professionals.
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Gulbinas, Rimas Viktoras. "Motivating and Quantifying Energy Efficient Behavior among Commercial Building Occupants." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64867.

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The environmental and economic consequences of climate change are severe and are being exacerbated by increased global carbon emissions. In the United States, buildings account for over 40% of all domestic and 7.4% of all global CO2 emissions and therefore represent an important target for energy conservation initiatives. Even marginal energy savings across all buildings could have a profound effect on carbon emission mitigation. In order to realize the full potential of energy savings in the building sector, it is essential to maximize the energy efficiency of both buildings and the behavior of occupants who occupy them. In this vein, systems that collect and communicate building energy-use information to occupants (i.e. eco-feedback systems) have been demonstrated to motivate building occupants to significantly reduce overall building energy consumption. Furthermore, advancements in building sensor technologies and data processing capabilities have enabled the development of advanced eco-feedback systems that also allow building occupants to share energy-use data with one another and to collectively act to reduce energy consumption. In addition to monitoring building occupant energy-use, these systems are capable of collecting data about specific conservation actions taken by occupants and their interactions with different features of the eco-feedback system. However, despite recent advancements in eco-feedback and building sensor technologies, very few systems have been specifically designed to enable research on the effectiveness of different behavior-based energy conservation strategies in commercial buildings. Consequently, very little research has been conducted on how access to such systems impacts the energy-use behavior of building occupants. In this dissertation, I describe how my research over the past three years has advanced an understanding of how eco-feedback systems can impact the energy-use behavior of commercial building occupants. First, I present a novel eco-feedback system that I developed to connect building occupants over energy-use data and empower them to conserve energy while also collecting data that enables controlled studies to quantify the impacts of a wide variety of energy conservation strategies. Next, I present a commercial building study in which this eco-feedback system was used to investigate the effects of organizational network dynamics on the energy-use of individuals. I then introduce a new set of metrics based on individual energy-use data that enables the classification of individuals and building occupant networks based on their energy-use efficiency and predictability. I describe the principles behind the construction of these metrics and demonstrate how these quantitative measures can be used to increase the efficacy of behavior-based conservation campaigns by enabling targeted interventions. I conclude the dissertation with a discussion about the limitations of my research and the new research avenues that it has enabled.
Ph. D.
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Bin, Ja'afar Mohamad Fakri Zaky. "Domestic air conditioning in Malaysia : night time thermal comfort and occupants adaptive behaviour." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444280/.

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This is the first study of night time thermal comfort in Malaysia as well as the first study of sleeping comfort level. The focus of the investigation, the use of air-conditioners in homes clearly indicates a problem. Evidences of overcooling (76% of the cases) and sleep interruptions (45% of cases) to adjust control are found. In around 38% of the cases, the internal thermal profiles never reached a stable condition instead they keep cooling throughout the night until the units are turned off in the morning. The act of putting on a thicker, comforter type blanket, more of a psychological choice than a physiological need, during air-conditioned occupancy, results in people operating their air-conditioners at lower than the optimum temperature level. A thermal comfort field survey was conducted by monitoring 29 air-conditioned bedrooms, investigating the environmental conditions, the corresponding comfort perceptions and occupants' adaptive behaviour. Thermal neutralities and thermal acceptability for night-time occupancy in air-conditioned homes are established. Statistically significant difference is found between the neutral air temperature of normal blanket users (27.5 °C) and that of comforter users (25.2 °C). Thermal acceptability and comfort range for each group have also been established. A simulation study was conducted and it shows that the choice of using a comforter as opposed to a normal blanket results in an increase of up to 52% in the cooling load of a bedroom. This finding suggests that adaptive behaviour does not always result in less energy being used for comfort provision when active cooling is employed.
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Yun, Geun Young. "Occupant behaviour in buildings : thermal performance implications of window use patterns." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612484.

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Fried, Chelsea. "Where Design Meets Occupant Engagement: Studying the Importance of Occupant Engagement for Green Buildings, LEED and Pomona College." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/104.

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A building is not independent from the people who inhabit it. Humans play an important role in determining the resource consumption of buildings. This thesis argues that it is essential for rating systems like LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), that promote green building to include occupant engagement as an important part of the sustainable building equation. Occupant engagement, which includes connecting residents to the sustainable capacity of their buildings, has the potential to lead to reductions in resource consumption and to create a culture of sustainability and awareness. Through a case study of Pomona College strategies for occupant engagement, such as signage and feedback, are investigated more closely. This thesis makes recommendations on how to improve occupant engagement at Pomona College, and how these best practices can be applied on a larger scale.
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Wei, Shen. "Preference-based modelling and prediction of occupants window behaviour in non-air-conditioned office buildings." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14066.

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In naturally ventilated buildings, occupants play a key role in the performance and energy efficiency of the building operation, mainly through the opening and closing of windows. To include the effects of building occupants within building performance simulation, several useful models describing building occupants and their window opening/closing behaviour have been generated in the past 20 years. However, in these models, the occupants are classified based on the whole population or on sub-groups within a building, whilst the behavioural difference between individuals is commonly ignored. This research project addresses this latter issue by evaluating the importance of the modelling and prediction of occupants window behaviour individually, rather than putting them into a larger population group. The analysis is based on field-measured data collected from a case study building containing a number of single-occupied cellular offices. The study focuses on the final position of windows at the end of the working day. In the survey, 36 offices and their occupants were monitored, with respect to the occupants presence and window use behaviour, in three main periods of a year: summer, winter and transitional. From the behaviour analysis, several non-environmental factors, namely, season, floor level, gender and personal preference, are identified to have a statistically significant effect on the end-of-day window position in the building examined. Using these factors, occupants window behaviour is modelled by three different classification methods of building occupants, namely, whole population, sub-groups and personal preference. The preference-based model is found to perform much better predictive ability on window state when compared with those developed based on whole population and sub-groups. When used in a realistic building simulation problem, the preference-based prediction of window behaviour can reflect well the different energy performance among individual rooms, caused by different window use patterns. This cannot be demonstrated by the other two models. The findings from this research project will help both building designers and building managers to obtain a more accurate prediction of building performance and a better understanding of what is happening in actual buildings. Additionally, if the habits and behavioural preferences of occupants are well understood, this knowledge can be potentially used to increase the efficiency of building operation, by either relocating occupants within the building or by educating them to be more energy efficient.
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Gomez, Ortega Jose Luis. "Occupant behaviour pattern modeling and detection in buildings based on environmental sensing." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2017. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/618445/.

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Occupant presence and behaviour have a signi cant impact on building energy performance. An occupant present in a building generates pollutants like CO2, odour, heat, which can directly change the indoor environment. Because of this change, the occupant may interact with the building environment to maintain the comfort level, for example, he or she may turn on air conditioning systems. Today's Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) are usually operated based on a xed seasonal schedule and maximum design occupancy assumption but fail to capture dynamic information. This is both costly and ine cient. Recent e orts on exploitation of environmental sensors and data-driven approaches to monitor occupant behaviour patterns, have shown the potential for dynamically adapt BEMS according to real user needs. Furthermore, this occupant information can also be used for other applications such as home security, healthcare or smart environments. However, most of existing models su er from inaccuracy and imprecision for occupant state classi cation, could not adaptively learn from real-time sensor input and they mainly focused on single occupant scenarios only. To address these issues, we present a novel data-driven approach to model occupant behaviour patterns accurately, for both single occupant and multiple occupants with real-time sensor information. The contributions can be summarised as follows: Firstly, we have conducted a thorough benchmark evaluation of classi cation performance of state-of-the-art Machine Learning (ML) methods and occupant related publicly available datasets. Secondly, based on the ndings in literature and our own experimental evaluations, we have developed a novel dynamic hidden semi-Markov model (DHSMM), which can accurately detect occupant behaviour patterns from sensor data streams in real-time. Thirdly, built upon the online DHSMM model, we have developed a novel incremental learning approach to allow dynamically learning over streaming data. Finally, we have conducted an experimental evaluation of our proposed model Online DHSMM Multi-Occupant for occupancy detection for both single and multiple occupants. We have validated our approach using real datasets and the experimental results show our proposed approach outperforms existing methods in terms of classi cation accuracy and processing time/scalability. To the best of our knowledge, we have rst developed a HSMM-based incremental online learning approach to fast and accurate learn building occupant patterns over streaming data for both single and multiple occupants in a holistic way. Additionally, our approach signi cantly improves the classi cation accuracies of traditional Markov models (over 10% accuracy increase, while maintaining the model complexity and performing multioccupant detection).
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Wu, Jindong. "Thermal comfort and occupant behaviour in office buildings in south-east China." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/29435/.

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Natural ventilation is a passive cooling method that has significant potential to reduce building energy consumption and to positively contribute to indoor environmental conditions. Because the window is an important element in naturally ventilated buildings, it can be used to adjust indoor air flow. However, lack of knowledge about occupants‘ window control behaviour and how this relates to different window typology would result in discrepancy between actual and proposed building performance. And also, limit the potential of natural ventilation in the building. This thesis explores the relationship between indoor air velocity, occupants‘ window control behaviour and window design. This study is based on field measurement and occupant comfort survey in four office buildings in a hot and humid climate in South-east China. The field study was carried in September and October of 2012. The indoor and outdoor thermal conditions, indoor air flow speed, window state and effective opening area were monitored. Occupant thermal comfort questionnaires were given to participants four times a day to record their comfort perceptions in the office. The field study gives new insights into the correlation between indoor air speed, occupants‘ window control behaviour and window design. For the research 14400 set of indoor and outdoor temperature and relative humidity data, 174560 indoor air velocity records and 1344 copies of questionnaires were collected. The results of this study defined comfort zone for this climate which is consistent with Givoni‘s comfort zone for a hot and humid climate. The indoor air flow path is identified by measuring the indoor air velocity across different parts of the office and related window opening combinations. Besides, the effective opening area is reduced with decreased indoor air temperature when the indoor air temperature is lower than 25°c. None of the windows is closed when the indoor air temperature is higher than 28°c. During the working hours, the changing of effective opening is related to the air velocity across the desk surface. And measured maximum indoor air velocity measured around the occupant is 1.8m/s which did not result in occupants‘ window changing behaviour to adjust for comfort. In conclusion, this study proved that occupants who live in hot and humid climate can accept higher humidity level. If the air velocity can be avoided across the occupant‘s working surface, then a higher indoor air velocity is still accepted by occupant as within their comfort threshold. So, there are great potentials for occupant to extend their comfort threshold and adapt to the local climate. Besides, window opening type and position has a significant impact on indoor air velocity and pattern. It would also influence convective cooling affect and occupant thermal comfort. This is evident from the indoor air velocity measurement results and the occupant comfort survey results. In addition, accessibility is important to window design. In the naturally ventilated office building, if occupants find it difficult to operate the window, this will have an influence on the natural ventilation potential in the building and cause the occupant discomfort. Thus, the findings of this study will help architects and engineers to design naturally ventilated office buildings in South-east China.
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Jiang, Shiyu. "Measuring the impact of occupant behaviour on energy usage in existing homes." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/86764/.

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Thermal, visual, and acoustic comfort and air quality in buildings have a significant effect on occupant performance, productivity and satisfaction. Most importantly, earlier research has found that maintaining thermal comfort can make heavy demands on building energy usage in dwellings. Those trends are leading to even greater increases in energy demand and CO2 emissions that create a vicious cycle. In the real world, human indoor thermal comfort is influenced by complexities of past comfort history, technical practices and culture. There is a need to review of existing research and achievements. It provides great benefits to identify future research directions. For this reason, this research presents the results of an extensive literature review on previous studies on different topics of indoor comfort and human behavioural response in the built environment. This study is focused on monitoring and measuring energy consumption and physical environment in dwellings to test various methods that can capture how occupants control their indoor built environment at what cost of energy. Eight dwellings have been selected and the occupants have participated this study. Their thermal comfort, energy consumption, indoor and local outdoor physical conditions have been monitored by mixed methodologies at detailed level. Due to the level of disaggregated information, the number of dwellings was limited and the data can only represent the participating occupants, but the validation of monitoring methodologies has provided valuable overview regarding a range of methods instrumentations for measuring various parameters that could be used different levels of detailed domestic energy consumption and thermal environment information.
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Naylor, Sophie. "Managing the uncertainty of occupant behaviour for building energy evaluation and management." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51466/.

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The influence of building occupancy and user behaviour on energy usage has been identified as a source of uncertainty in current understanding of operational buildings, and yet it is rarely directly monitored. Gathering data on the occupancy of buildings in use is essential to improve understanding of how energy is used relative to the actual energy requirements of building users. This thesis covers the application of occupancy measurement and processing techniques in order to address the gap in knowledge around the contextual understanding of how occupants’ changing use of a building affects this building’s optimum energy demand in real time. Through targeted studies of running buildings, it was found that typical current occupancy measurement techniques do not provide sufficient context to make energy management decisions. Useable occupancy information must be interpreted from raw data sources to provide benefit: in particular, many slower response systems need information for pre-emptive control to be effective and deliver comfort conditions efficiently, an issue that is highlighted in existing research. Systems utilising novel technologies were developed and tested, targeted at the detection and localisation of occupants’ personal mobile devices, making opportunistic use of the existing hardware carried by most building occupants. It was found that while these systems had the potential for accurate localisation of occupants, this was dependent on personal hardware and physical factors affecting signal strength. Data from these sources was also used alongside environmental data measurements in novel algorithms to combine sensor data into a localised estimation of occupancy rates and to estimate near-future changes in occupancy rate, calculating the level of confidence in this prediction. The developed sensor combination model showed that a selected combination of sensors could provide more information than any single data source, but that the physical characteristics and use patterns of the monitored space can affect how sensors respond, meaning a generic model to interpret data from multiple spaces was not feasible. The predictive model showed that a trained model could provide a better prediction of near-future occupancy than the typically assumed fixed schedule, up to an average of approximately two hours. The systems developed in this work were designed to facilitate the proactive control of buildings services, with particular value for slower-response systems such as heating and ventilation. With the application of appropriate control logic, the systems developed can be used to allow for greater energy savings during low or non-occupied periods, while also being more robust to changing occupant patterns and behaviours.
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Books on the topic "Occupant's behaviour"

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Wagner, Andreas, William O’Brien, and Bing Dong, eds. Exploring Occupant Behavior in Buildings. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61464-9.

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Stazi, Francesca, and Federica Naspi. Impact of Occupants' Behaviour on Zero-Energy Buildings. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71867-5.

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Pereira, Pedro F., Nuno M. M. Ramos, and João M. P. Q. Delgado. Intelligent Residential Buildings and the Behaviour of the Occupants. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00160-5.

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Santin, Olivia Guerra. Actual energy consumption in dwellings: The effect of energy performance regulations and occupant behaviour. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2010.

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Fricke, Lynn B. Understanding occupant behavior in vehicle collisions: Topic 876 of The traffic-accident investigation manual. Evanston, Ill. (P.O. Box 1409, Evanston 60204): Northwestern University Traffic Institute, 1988.

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DeLillo, Don. Valparaiso. New York, NY: Dramatists Play Service, 1999.

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Levin, B. M. EXITT - a simulation model of occupant decisions and actions in residential fires: Users guide and program description. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1987.

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Stazi, Francesca, and Federica Naspi. Impact of Occupants' Behaviour on Zero-Energy Buildings. Springer, 2017.

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Ghisi, Enedir, Ricardo Forgiarini Rupp, and Pedro Fernandes Pereira, eds. Occupant Behaviour in Buildings: Advances and Challenges. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97816810883271210601.

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Ricardo, Enedir Ghisi;. Occupant Behaviour in Buildings: Advances and Challenges. Bentham Science Publishers, 2021.

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Book chapters on the topic "Occupant's behaviour"

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Salim, Sherna, and Amin Al-Habaibeh. "How Often Do You Open Your House Windows When Heating is ON? An Investigation of the Impact of Occupants’ Behaviour on Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 233–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_29.

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AbstractCurrently, there are many initiatives to thermally insulate buildings on the assumption that the more insulated the building is, the more efficient in terms of energy conservation it will perform. Many assessment systems assume a linear relationship between building insulation and energy conservation. The drawback of such hypotheses is that they ignore the effect of occupants’ behaviour in their conclusions. In this study, the authors will examine the effect of people’s behaviour, particularly windows’ opening, as a behavioural pattern of occupants. It aims to study the impact of occupant’s behaviour on energy consumption of residential buildings and to identify the key factors that influence occupants’ behaviour; thus, providing ideas for improving energy efficiency by suggesting enhanced policies, approaches and techniques. The findings suggest that occupants’ behaviour could have a greater influence on the energy efficiency of buildings in some cases when compared with their thermal insulation due to opening of windows in cold weather which causes air infiltration.
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Stieninger, Petra. "Understanding the Occupant’s Behavior." In Integration of Nature and Technology for Smart Cities, 305–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25715-0_17.

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Hwang, Ruey-Lung. "Occupants’ Behavior in Taiwan." In Sustainable Houses and Living in the Hot-Humid Climates of Asia, 247–51. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8465-2_24.

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Stazi, Francesca, and Federica Naspi. "Occupants’ Adaptive Actions." In Impact of Occupants' Behaviour on Zero-Energy Buildings, 31–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71867-5_5.

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Alp, Nese Çakici, and Gülen Çağdaş. "Occupants Emergency Behaviour in Turkey." In Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2012, 1123–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02447-9_92.

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Schweiker, Marcel, Salvatore Carlucci, Rune Korsholm Andersen, Bing Dong, and William O’Brien. "Occupancy and Occupants’ Actions." In Exploring Occupant Behavior in Buildings, 7–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61464-9_2.

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Seyler, Nicolas J. "Sustainability and User Behavior." In Sustainability and the Occupant, 25–70. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-27390-3_3.

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Wagner, Andreas, Rune Korsholm Andersen, Hui Zhang, Richard de Dear, Marcel Schweiker, Edwin Goh, Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt, Rita Streblow, Francesco Goia, and Sumee Park. "Laboratory Approaches to Studying Occupants." In Exploring Occupant Behavior in Buildings, 169–212. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61464-9_7.

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Summerfield, Alex, Tadj Oreszczyn, Ayub Pathan, and Sung-Min Hong. "Occupant Behaviour and Energy Use." In A Handbook of Sustainable Building Design and Engineering, 481–91. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, [2018]: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315172026-35.

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O’Brien, William, Sara Gilani, and H. Burak Gunay. "In Situ Approaches to Studying Occupants." In Exploring Occupant Behavior in Buildings, 129–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61464-9_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Occupant's behaviour"

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Emery, A. F., and C. J. Kippenhan. "The Effect of Occupant Behavior on Residential House Energy Consumption." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-62112.

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Space conditioning energy needs are strongly affected by occupant behavior. Generally, simulations ignore the behavior of the occupants in estimating the energy needed for heating and cooling. During winter heating, it is reasonable to assume that the electricity associated with appliances contributes to the space heating needs. This paper describes the monitoring of energy used for space heating over a 15 year period. The data suggest that estimates of energy savings can be based upon envelope thermal resistance for moderate occupant behavior. For these occupants space heating is well characterized by the daily average difference between house average space temperature and outside air temperature. Characterizing in terms of indoor temperature, outdoor air temperature, wind speed, and insolation gives a slightly better representation but requires more information than is usually available. However, vigorous conservation tactics can lead to substantially different energy needs and no correlation could be established when aggressive conservation made use of thermostat setback at every opportunity.
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Joshi, Gauri A., Yousof Azizi, Anil Bajaj, and Patricia Davies. "An Investigation Into the Dynamic Response of Seat-Occupant Models Incorporating Foam Properties Identified Through Quasi-Static Compression Tests." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48006.

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Vehicle occupants are sensitive to low frequency vibrations, and these can affect ride-quality and dynamic comfort. Static comfort, a function of the support provided by the seat, is also important. The transmission of vibration to seated occupants and the support provided by the seat can be controlled by appropriately designing the seats. Optimization of seat design requires accurate models of seat-occupant systems can be used to predict both static settling points and the low frequency dynamic behavior of the occupant around those points. A key element in the seat, which is a challenge to model, is the flexible polyurethane foam in the seat cushion. It is a nonlinear, viscoelastic material exhibiting multiple time-scale behavior. In this work, the static and the low-frequency dynamic response of the occupant is examined through a planar multi-body seat-occupant model, which also incorporates a model of flexible polyurethane foam developed from relatively slow cyclic compression tests. This model also incorporates profiles of the seat and the occupant, and includes relatively simple friction models at the various occupant-seat interfaces. The settling point, the natural frequencies, the deflection shapes of the occupant at particular frequencies, and the dynamic force distribution between the seat and the occupant are examined. The effects of seat foam properties on the responses as well as those of including a flexible seat-back frame are also investigated.
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"Optimal Waiting Position of a Home Robot for Risk Communication Considering Behavior Patterns of an Occupant." In Structural Health Monitoring. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901311-25.

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Abstract. The risk communication in a home between a home robot and an occupant must be smooth in a way that the home robot does not disturb the occupant lives. In this paper, we propose a new method to determine the optimal waiting position considering the personal space and the obstacles such as furniture and the occupant’s walking patterns. It is shown that the distance to the wall from the occupant in the direction of the home robot and the standing or sitting posture affect most on the personal space. Furthermore, this personal space is dependent on each individual preference. The performance of the proposed method is much more feasible compared with those obtained in our previous approach.
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Elkady, Mustafa, and Ahmed Elmarakbi. "Enhancement of Occupant Safety During Frontal Collisions Using New Vehicle/Occupant Interaction Modelling With VDC Systems and Smart Structures." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37007.

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The aim of this paper is to enhance crashworthiness in the case of vehicle-to-barrier full frontal collision using vehicle dynamics control systems integrated with an extendable bumper. The work carried out in this paper includes developing and analyzing a new vehicle dynamics/crash mathematical model and a multi-body occupant mathematical model to capture the occupant kinematics during full frontal collision. Different cases of vehicle dynamics control systems have been used during the collision to show their effect on the occupant dynamic response. The occupant deceleration and the occupant’s chest and head rotational acceleration are used as injury criteria. It is shown from the numerical simulations that the occupant behaviour can be captured and analysed quickly and accurately. Furthermore, it is shown that the vehicle dynamics control systems (VDCS) can affect the crash characteristics positively and the occupant safety is improved.
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Joshi, Divyanshu, and Anindya Deb. "Effect of Sitting Occupancy on Lateral Dynamics and Trajectory of a Passenger Car." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47528.

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In the current work, the effects of sitting locations and combinations of occupants on handling performance of a four-wheeled passenger car have been investigated. A new multi-occupant nonlinear lumped parameter model (LPM) is developed by coupling 1-DOF longitudinal vehicle model, 2-DOF lateral vehicle model, 13-DOF nonlinear vehicle ride model including seats, 6-DOF nonlinear human occupant model, and 1-DOF tire model. The combined model with a maximum of 50 degrees-of-freedom (in case of all five seats occupied) is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Model subsystems i.e. occupant and vehicle models including tires are validated independently by comparing biodynamic responses of seated occupants, vehicle vertical response and handling behavior with published results. The coupled model can facilitate the study of vehicle dynamics considering the combined effects of road inputs, vehicle maneuvering and seat occupancy while taking into account the nonlinear behavior of vehicle suspension. Further the yaw rate and vehicle trajectories are compared and studied for various cases of sitting occupancies at a given vehicle velocity with a road input representing harsh and abrupt scenario. The current study shows that appreciable changes in yaw rate and vehicle trajectory can be caused due to varying sitting occupancies and vehicle velocities.
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Azizi, Yousof, Patricia Davies, and Anil K. Bajaj. "Predictions of the Periodic Response of a Single-Degree-of-Freedom Foam-Mass System by Using Incremental Harmonic Balance." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88232.

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Vehicle occupants are exposed to low frequency vibration that can cause fatigue, lower back pain, spine injuries. Therefore, understanding the behavior of a seat-occupant system is important in order to minimize these undesirable vibrations. The properties of seating foam affect the response of the occupant, so there is a need for good models of seat-occupant systems through which the effects of foam properties on the dynamic response can be directly evaluated. In order to understand the role of flexible polyurethane foam in characterizing the complex seat-occupant system behavior better, the response of a single-degree-of-freedom foam-mass system, which is the simplest model representing a seat-occupant system, is studied. The incremental harmonic balance method is used to determine the steady-state behavior of the foam-mass system subjected to sinusoidal base excitation. This method is used to reduce the time required to generate the steady-state response at the driving frequency and at harmonics of the driving frequency from that required when using direct time-integration of the governing equations to determine the steady state response. Using this method, the effects of different viscoelastic models, riding masses, base excitation levels and damping coefficients on the response are investigated.
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Zaraket, Toufic, Bernard Yannou, Yann Leroy, Stephanie Minel, and Emilie Chapotot. "A Stochastic Activity-Based Approach for Forecasting Occupant-Related Energy Consumption in Residential Buildings." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35528.

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Building occupants are considered as a major source of uncertainty in energy modeling nowadays. Yet, industrial energy simulation tools often account for occupant behavior through some predefined scenarios and fixed consumption profiles which yield to unrealistic and inaccurate predictions. In this paper, a stochastic activity-based approach for forecasting occupant-related energy consumption in residential buildings is proposed. First, the model is exposed together with its different variables. Second, a direct application of the model on the domestic activity “washing laundry” is performed. A number of simulations are performed and their results are presented and discussed. Finally, the model is validated by confronting simulation results to real measured data.
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Preziuso, Danielle, Gregory Kaminski, and Philip Odonkor. "Understanding the Energy Behavior of Building Occupants Through the Chronology of Their Energy Interactions." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-69953.

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Abstract The energy consumption of buildings has traditionally been driven by the consumption habits of building occupants. However, with the proliferation of smart building technologies and appliances, automated machine decisions are beginning to impart their influence on building energy behavior as well. This is giving rise to a disconnect between occupant energy behavior and the overall energy consumption of buildings. Consequently, researchers can no longer leverage building energy consumption as a proxy for understanding human energy behavior. This paper addresses this problem by exploiting the habitual and sequential nature of human energy consumption. By studying the chronology of human energy actions, the results of this work present a promising new approach for non-intrusively learning about human energy behavior directly from building energy demand data.
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Benhaddou, Driss, Lotanna Afogbuom, Farouk Attia, and Muhammad Anan. "Autonomous Living Building: Adapting to Occupant’s Behavior." In 2019 15th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc.2019.8766447.

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Goldstein, Rhys, Alex Tessier, and Azam Khan. "Schedule-calibrated occupant behavior simulation." In the 2010 Spring Simulation Multiconference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1878537.1878725.

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Reports on the topic "Occupant's behaviour"

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Averill, Jason D., Dennis S. Mileti, Richard D. Peacock, Erica D. Kuligowski, Norman Groner, Guylene Proulx, Paul A. Reneke, and Harold E. Nelson. Occupant behavior, egress, and emergency communications. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ncstar.1-7.

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Weinschenk, Craig, Keith Stakes, and Robin Zevotek. Impact of Fire Attack Utilizing Interior and Exterior Streams on Firefighter Safety and Occupant Survival: Air Entrainment. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/gmax3657.

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As research continues into how fire department interventions affect fire dynamics in the modern fire environment, questions continue to arise on the impact and implications of interior versus exterior fire attack on both firefighter safety and occupant survivability. Previous research into various types of fire ground ventilation, flow paths, and exterior fire streams has provided the fire service with an increased understanding of fire dynamics. However, in some instances, the information from the studies did not support current, experience-based practices. This gap between the research to date and the fire ground suppression experience has driven the need for further study. This study will build upon the fire research conducted to date by analyzing how firefighting tactics, specifically different fire suppression tools and tactics, affect the thermal exposure and survivability of both firefighters and building occupants and affect fire behavior in structures. The purpose of this study is to improve firefighter safety, fire ground tactics, and the knowledge of fire dynamics by providing the fire service with scientific information, developed from water flow and full-scale fire testing, in representative single-family homes. This study will build and expand upon the fire research conducted to date by analyzing how firefighting tactics, specifically suppression methods, affect the thermal exposure and survivability of both firefighters and building occupants in addition to impacting fire behavior in structures. The purpose of this study is to improve firefighter safety, fireground tactics, and the knowledge of fire dynamics by providing the fire service with credible scientific information, developed from both water flow and full-scale fire testing, in representative single family homes. The project is comprised of 3 parts: • Part I: Water Distribution • Part II: Air Entrainment • Part III: Full-Scale Residential Fire Experiments This report details the results and analysis from the air entrainment testing. These tests were conducted without the presence of fire to gain a fundamental understanding of how hose streams entrain air. Each set of experiments was intended to add to the understanding of air entrainment and pressure from fire service hose streams by evaluating the differences caused by various application methods, hose stream types, nozzle movements, pressures/flow rates, manufacturers, and ventilation configurations.
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Judd, Kathleen S., Thomas F. Sanquist, Mary D. Zalesny, and Nicholas Fernandez. The Role of Occupant Behavior in Achieving Net Zero Energy: A Demonstration Project at Fort Carson. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1110475.

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Weinschenk, Craig, Keith Stakes, and Robin Zevotek. Impact of Fire Attack Utilizing Interior and Exterior Streams on Firefighter Safety and Occupant Survival: Water Mapping. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/nevx1787.

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As research continues into how fire department interventions affect fire dynamics in the modern fire environment; questions continue to arise on the impact and implications of interior versus exterior fire attack on both firefighter safety and occupant survivability. Previous research into various types of fire ground ventilation, flow paths, and exterior fire streams has provided the fire service with an increased understanding of fire dynamics. However, in some instances, the information from the studies may not support current, experienced-based practices. This gap between the research to date and the fire ground suppression experience has driven the need for further study. Therefore, research into the various methods of fire attack will allow a broader understanding of how firefighter interventions on the fire ground can impact the outcome of both life safety and property protection. This study will build upon the fire research conducted to date by analyzing how firefighting tactics, specifically different fire suppression tools and tactics, affect the thermal exposure and survivability of both firefighters and building occupants and affect fire behavior in structures. The purpose of this study is to improve firefighter safety, fireground tactics, and the knowledge of fire dynamics by providing the fire service with scientific information, developed from water flow and full-scale fire testing, in representative single-family homes. The project will be comprised of 3 parts: • Part I: Water Distribution • Part II: Air Entrainment • Part III: Full-Scale Residential Fire Experiments This report details the results and analysis from the water distribution experiments. These tests were conducted without the presence of fire to gain a fundamental understanding of water flows into compartments. Each test was designed to quantify water distribution within a compartment by evaluating the differences caused by various application methods, hose stream types, nozzle movements, pressures/flow rates, stream locations and elevation angles.
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Ueno, Atsushi, Hiroyasu Yamada, Tomonari Itagaki, Hideo Sakai, and Masaaki Morisawa. A Study on Behavior of Occupants in the Struck Car at Oblique Center-Side Collision Using Scale Models~In Case of Head and Chest Injury. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0524.

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