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Journal articles on the topic 'Occipito-temporal cortex'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Wiggett, Alison J., and Paul E. Downing. "Representation of Action in Occipito-temporal Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 7 (July 2011): 1765–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21552.

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A fundamental question for social cognitive neuroscience is how and where in the brain the identities and actions of others are represented. Here we present a replication and extension of a study by Kable and Chatterjee [Kable, J. W., & Chatterjee, A. Specificity of action representations in the lateral occipito-temporal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 1498–1517, 2006] examining the role of occipito-temporal cortex in these processes. We presented full-cue movies of actors performing whole-body actions and used fMRI to test for action- and identity-specific adaptation effects. We examined a series of functionally defined regions, including the extrastriate and fusiform body areas, the fusiform face area, the parahippocampal place area, the lateral occipital complex, the right posterior superior temporal sulcus, and motion-selective area hMT+. These regions were analyzed with both standard univariate measures as well as multivoxel pattern analyses. Additionally, we performed whole-brain tests for significant adaptation effects. We found significant action-specific adaptation in many areas, but no evidence for identity-specific adaptation. We argue that this finding could be explained by differences in the familiarity of the stimuli presented: The actions shown were familiar but the actors performing the actions were unfamiliar. However, in contrast to previous findings, we found that the action adaptation effect could not be conclusively tied to specific functionally defined regions. Instead, our results suggest that the adaptation to previously seen actions across identities is a widespread effect, evident across lateral and ventral occipito-temporal cortex.

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2

Striem-Amit, Ella, Gilles Vannuscorps, and Alfonso Caramazza. "Sensorimotor-independent development of hands and tools selectivity in the visual cortex." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 18 (April 17, 2017): 4787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620289114.

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The visual occipito-temporal cortex is composed of several distinct regions specialized in the identification of different object kinds such as tools and bodies. Its organization appears to reflect not only the visual characteristics of the inputs but also the behavior that can be achieved with them. For example, there are spatially overlapping responses for viewing hands and tools, which is likely due to their common role in object-directed actions. How dependent is occipito-temporal cortex organization on object manipulation and motor experience? To investigate this question, we studied five individuals born without hands (individuals with upper limb dysplasia), who use tools with their feet. Using fMRI, we found the typical selective hand–tool overlap (HTO) not only in typically developed control participants but also in four of the five dysplasics. Functional connectivity of the HTO in the dysplasics also showed a largely similar pattern as in the controls. The preservation of functional organization in the dysplasics suggests that occipito-temporal cortex specialization is driven largely by inherited connectivity constraints that do not require sensorimotor experience. These findings complement discoveries of intact functional organization of the occipito-temporal cortex in people born blind, supporting an organization largely independent of any one specific sensory or motor experience.

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3

Mancini, Flavia, Nadia Bolognini, Emanuela Bricolo, and Giuseppe Vallar. "Cross-modal Processing in the Occipito-temporal Cortex: A TMS Study of the Müller-Lyer Illusion." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 8 (August 2011): 1987–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21561.

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The Müller-Lyer illusion occurs both in vision and in touch, and transfers cross-modally from vision to haptics [Mancini, F., Bricolo, E., & Vallar, G. Multisensory integration in the Müller-Lyer illusion: From vision to haptics. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 818–830, 2010]. Recent evidence suggests that the neural underpinnings of the Müller-Lyer illusion in the visual modality involve the bilateral lateral occipital complex (LOC) and right superior parietal cortex (SPC). Conversely, the neural correlates of the haptic and cross-modal illusions have never been investigated previously. Here we used repetitive TMS (rTMS) to address the causal role of the regions activated by the visual illusion in the generation of the visual, haptic, and cross-modal visuo-haptic illusory effects, investigating putative modality-specific versus cross-modal underlying processes. rTMS was administered to the right and the left hemisphere, over occipito-temporal cortex or SPC. rTMS over left and right occipito-temporal cortex impaired both unisensory (visual, haptic) and cross-modal processing of the illusion in a similar fashion. Conversely, rTMS interference over left and right SPC did not affect the illusion in any modality. These results demonstrate the causal involvement of bilateral occipito-temporal cortex in the representation of the visual, haptic, and cross-modal Müller-Lyer illusion, in favor of the hypothesis of shared underlying processes. This indicates that occipito-temporal cortex plays a cross-modal role in perception both of illusory and nonillusory shapes.

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4

Seghier, Mohamed L., Nicholas H. Neufeld, Peter Zeidman, Alex P. Leff, Andrea Mechelli, Arjuna Nagendran, Jane M. Riddoch, Glyn W. Humphreys, and Cathy J. Price. "Reading without the left ventral occipito-temporal cortex." Neuropsychologia 50, no. 14 (December 2012): 3621–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.030.

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5

Mukamel, R. "Enhanced Temporal Non-linearities in Human Object-related Occipito-temporal Cortex." Cerebral Cortex 14, no. 5 (March 28, 2004): 575–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh019.

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6

Avidan, Galia, Uri Hasson, Rafael Malach, and Marlene Behrmann. "Detailed Exploration of Face-related Processing in Congenital Prosopagnosia: 2. Functional Neuroimaging Findings." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 7 (July 2005): 1150–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929054475145.

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Specific regions of the human occipito-temporal cortex are consistently activated in functional imaging studies of face processing. To understand the contribution of these regions to face processing, we examined the pattern of fMRI activation in four congenital prosopagnosic (CP) individuals who are markedly impaired at face processing despite normal vision and intelligence, and with no evidence of brain damage. These individuals evinced a normal pattern of fMRI activation in the fusiform gyrus (FFA) and in other ventral occipito-temporal areas, in response to faces, buildings, and other objects, shown both as line drawings in detection and discrimination tasks and under more naturalistic testing conditions when no task was required. CP individuals also showed normal adaptation levels in a block-design adaptation experiment and, like control subjects, exhibited evidence of global face representation in the FFA. The absence of a BOLD-behavioral correlation (profound behavioral deficit, normal face-related activation in the ventral occipito-temporal cortex) challenges existing accounts of face representation, and suggests that activation in these cortical regions per se is not sufficient to ensure intact face processing.

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7

Betts, Lisa R., and Hugh R. Wilson. "Heterogeneous Structure in Face-selective Human Occipito-temporal Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 10 (October 2010): 2276–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21346.

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It is well established that the human visual system contains a distributed network of regions that are involved in processing faces, but our understanding of how faces are represented within these face-sensitive brain areas is incomplete. We used fMRI to investigate whether face-sensitive brain areas are solely tuned for whole faces, or whether they contain heterogeneous populations of neurons tuned to individual components of the face as well as whole faces, as suggested by physiological investigations in nonhuman primates. The middle fusiform gyrus (fusiform face area, or FFA) and the inferior occipital gyrus (occipital face area, or OFA) produced robust BOLD activation to synthetic whole face stimuli, but also to the internal facial features and head outlines. BOLD responses to whole face stimuli in FFA were significantly reduced after adaptation to whole faces, but not after adaptation to features or head outlines, whereas activation to head outlines was reduced after adaptation to both whole faces and head outlines. OFA showed no significant adaptation effects for matching adaptation and test conditions, but did exhibit cross-adaptation between whole faces and head outlines. The internal face features did not produce any significant adaptation within either FFA or OFA. Our results are consistent with a model in which independent populations of whole face-, feature-, and head outline-tuned neurons exist within face-sensitive regions of human occipito-temporal cortex, which in turn would support tasks such as viewpoint processing, emotion classification, and identity discrimination.

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8

Konkle, T., and A. Caramazza. "Macro-organization of object responses in occipito-temporal cortex." Journal of Vision 13, no. 9 (July 25, 2013): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/13.9.1388.

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9

Rosenke, Mona, Rick van Hoof, Job van den Hurk, Kalanit Grill-Spector, and Rainer Goebel. "A Probabilistic Functional Atlas of Human Occipito-Temporal Visual Cortex." Cerebral Cortex 31, no. 1 (September 24, 2020): 603–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa246.

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Abstract Human visual cortex contains many retinotopic and category-specific regions. These brain regions have been the focus of a large body of functional magnetic resonance imaging research, significantly expanding our understanding of visual processing. As studying these regions requires accurate localization of their cortical location, researchers perform functional localizer scans to identify these regions in each individual. However, it is not always possible to conduct these localizer scans. Here, we developed and validated a functional region of interest (ROI) atlas of early visual and category-selective regions in human ventral and lateral occipito-temporal cortex. Results show that for the majority of functionally defined ROIs, cortex-based alignment results in lower between-subject variability compared to nonlinear volumetric alignment. Furthermore, we demonstrate that 1) the atlas accurately predicts the location of an independent dataset of ventral temporal cortex ROIs and other atlases of place selectivity, motion selectivity, and retinotopy. Next, 2) we show that the majority of voxel within our atlas is responding mostly to the labeled category in a left-out subject cross-validation, demonstrating the utility of this atlas. The functional atlas is publicly available (download.brainvoyager.com/data/visfAtlas.zip) and can help identify the location of these regions in healthy subjects as well as populations (e.g., blind people, infants) in which functional localizers cannot be run.

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10

Hasson, Uri, Galia Avidan, Leon Y. Deouell, Shlomo Bentin, and Rafael Malach. "Face-selective Activation in a Congenital Prosopagnosic Subject." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15, no. 3 (April 1, 2003): 419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892903321593135.

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Congenital prosopagnosia is a severe impairment in face identification manifested from early childhood in the absence of any evident brain lesion. In this study, we used fMRI to compare the brain activity elicited by faces in a congenital prosopagnosic subject (YT) relative to a control group of 12 subjects in an attempt to shed more light on the nature of the brain mechanisms subserving face identification. The face-related activation pattern of YT in the ventral occipito-temporal cortex was similar to that observed in the control group on several parameters: anatomical location, activation profiles, and hemispheric laterality. In addition, using a modified vase – face illusion, we found that YT's brain activity in the face-related regions manifested global grouping processes. However, subtle differences in the degree of selectivity between objects and faces were observed in the lateral occipital cortex. These data suggest that face-related activation in the ventral occipito-temporal cortex, although necessary, might not be sufficient by itself for normal face identification.

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11

Cheung, Olivia, and Alfonso Caramazza. "Contextual influences on object representations in the occipito-temporal cortex." Journal of Vision 15, no. 12 (September 1, 2015): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/15.12.1169.

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12

Sams, M., J. K. Hietanen, R. Hari, R. J. Ilmoniemi, and O. V. Lounasmaa. "Face-specific responses from the human inferior occipito-temporal cortex." Neuroscience 77, no. 1 (January 1997): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00419-8.

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13

Schiltz, Christine, and Bruno Rossion. "Faces are represented holistically in the human occipito-temporal cortex." NeuroImage 32, no. 3 (September 2006): 1385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.037.

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14

Moreau, Quentin, Eleonora Parrotta, Vanessa Era, Maria Luisa Martelli, and Matteo Candidi. "Role of the occipito-temporal theta rhythm in hand visual identification." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00267.2019.

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Neuroimaging and EEG studies have shown that passive observation of the full body and of specific body parts is associated with 1) activity of an occipito-temporal region named the extrastriate body area (EBA), 2) amplitude modulations of a specific posterior event-related potential (ERP) component (N1/N190), and 3) a theta-band (4–7 Hz) synchronization recorded from occipito-temporal electrodes compatible with the location of EBA. To characterize the functional role of the occipito-temporal theta-band increase during the processing of body-part stimuli, we recorded EEG from healthy participants while they were engaged in an identification task (match-to-sample) of images of hands and nonbody control images (leaves). In addition to confirming that occipito-temporal electrodes show a larger N1 for hand images compared with control stimuli, cluster-based analysis revealed an occipito-temporal cluster showing an increased theta power when hands are presented (compared with leaves) and show that this theta increase is higher for identified hands compared with nonidentified ones while not being significantly different between not identified nonhand stimuli. Finally, single trial multivariate pattern analysis revealed that time-frequency modulation in the theta band is a better marker for classifying the identification of hand images than the ERP modulation. The present results support the notion that theta activity over the occipito-temporal cortex is an informative marker of hand visual processing and may reflect the activity of a network coding for stimulus identity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hands provide crucial information regarding the identity of others, which is a key information for social processes. We recorded EEG activity of healthy participants during the visual identification of hand images. The combination of univariate and multivariate pattern analysis in time- and time-frequency domain highlights the functional role of theta (4–7 Hz) activity over visual areas during hand identification and emphasizes the robustness of this neuromarker in occipito-temporal visual processing dynamics.

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15

Zannino, Gian Daniele, Francesco Barban, Emiliano Macaluso, Carlo Caltagirone, and Giovanni A. Carlesimo. "The Neural Correlates of Object Familiarity and Domain Specificity in the Human Visual Cortex: An fMRI Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 10 (October 2011): 2878–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2011.21629.

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Ventral occipito-temporal cortex is known to play a major role in visual object recognition. Still unknown is whether object familiarity and semantic domain are critical factors in its functional organization. Most models assume a functional locus where exemplars of familiar categories are represented: the structural description system. On the assumption that familiarity should modulate the effect of visual noise on form recognition, we attempted to individualize the structural description system by scanning healthy subjects while they looked at familiar (living and nonliving things) and novel 3-D objects, either with increasing or decreasing visual noise. Familiarity modulated the visual noise effect (particularly when familiar items were living things), revealing a substrate for the structural description system in right occipito-temporal cortex. These regions also responded preferentially to living as compared to nonliving items. Overall, these results suggest that living items are particularly reliant on the structural description system.

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16

Taylor, John C., and Paul E. Downing. "Division of Labor between Lateral and Ventral Extrastriate Representations of Faces, Bodies, and Objects." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 12 (December 2011): 4122–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00091.

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The occipito-temporal cortex is strongly implicated in carrying out the high-level computations associated with vision. In human neuroimaging studies, focal regions are consistently found within this broad region that respond strongly and selectively to faces, bodies, or objects. A notable feature of these selective regions is that they are found in pairs. In the posterior-lateral occipito-temporal cortex, focal selectivity is found for faces (occipital face area), bodies (extrastriate body area), and objects (lateral occipital). These three areas are found bilaterally and at close quarters to each other. Likewise, in the ventro-medial occipito-temporal cortex, three similar category-selective regions are found, also in proximity to each other: for faces (fusiform face area), bodies (fusiform body area), and objects (posterior fusiform). Here we review some of the extensive evidence on the functional properties of these areas with two aims. First, we seek to identify principles that distinguish the posterior-lateral and ventro-medial clusters of selective regions but that apply generally within each cluster across the three stimulus kinds. Our review identifies and elaborates several principles by which these relationships hold. In brief, the posterior-lateral representations are more primitive, local, and stimulus-driven relative to the ventro-medial representations, which in contrast are more invariant to visual features, global, and linked to the subjective percept. Second, because the evidence base of studies that compare both posterior-lateral and ventro-medial representations of faces, bodies, and objects is still relatively small, we seek to provoke more cross-talk among the research strands that are traditionally separate. We identify several promising approaches for such future work.

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17

Rostalski, Sophie‐Marie, Jonathan Edward Robinson, Géza Gergely Ambrus, Patrick Johnston, and Gyula Kovács. "Person identity‐specific adaptation effects in the ventral occipito‐temporal cortex." European Journal of Neuroscience 55, no. 5 (February 8, 2022): 1232–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.15604.

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18

Ben-Shachar, Michal, Robert F. Dougherty, Gayle K. Deutsch, and Brian A. Wandell. "Differential Sensitivity to Words and Shapes in Ventral Occipito-Temporal Cortex." Cerebral Cortex 17, no. 7 (September 6, 2006): 1604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl071.

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19

Grotheer, Mareike, Igor Nenadic, Lisa Münke, Szabolcs Kéri, and Gyula Kovács. "Normal repetition probability effects in the occipito-temporal cortex in Schizophrenia." Journal of Vision 15, no. 12 (September 1, 2015): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/15.12.1193.

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20

Cornelissen, Piers, Antti Tarkiainen, Paivi Helenius, and Riitta Salmelin. "Letter-string processing in the left and right occipito-temporal cortex." NeuroImage 13, no. 6 (June 2001): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(01)92216-5.

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21

Humphreys, Gina F., Katherine Newling, Caroline Jennings, and Silvia P. Gennari. "Motion and actions in language: Semantic representations in occipito-temporal cortex." Brain and Language 125, no. 1 (April 2013): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2013.01.008.

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22

Kitada, Ryo, Ingrid S. Johnsrude, Takanori Kochiyama, and Susan J. Lederman. "Functional Specialization and Convergence in the Occipito-temporal Cortex Supporting Haptic and Visual Identification of Human Faces and Body Parts: An fMRI Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 10 (October 2009): 2027–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21115.

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Humans can recognize common objects by touch extremely well whenever vision is unavailable. Despite its importance to a thorough understanding of human object recognition, the neuroscientific study of this topic has been relatively neglected. To date, the few published studies have addressed the haptic recognition of nonbiological objects. We now focus on haptic recognition of the human body, a particularly salient object category for touch. Neuroimaging studies demonstrate that regions of the occipito-temporal cortex are specialized for visual perception of faces (fusiform face area, FFA) and other body parts (extrastriate body area, EBA). Are the same category-sensitive regions activated when these components of the body are recognized haptically? Here, we use fMRI to compare brain organization for haptic and visual recognition of human body parts. Sixteen subjects identified exemplars of faces, hands, feet, and nonbiological control objects using vision and haptics separately. We identified two discrete regions within the fusiform gyrus (FFA and the haptic face region) that were each sensitive to both haptically and visually presented faces; however, these two regions differed significantly in their response patterns. Similarly, two regions within the lateral occipito-temporal area (EBA and the haptic body region) were each sensitive to body parts in both modalities, although the response patterns differed. Thus, although the fusiform gyrus and the lateral occipito-temporal cortex appear to exhibit modality-independent, category-sensitive activity, our results also indicate a degree of functional specialization related to sensory modality within these structures.

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23

James, Thomas W., Eunji Huh, and Sunah Kim. "Temporal and spatial integration of face, object, and scene features in occipito-temporal cortex." Brain and Cognition 74, no. 2 (November 2010): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2010.07.007.

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24

van der Linden, Marieke, Miranda van Turennout, and Peter Indefrey. "Formation of Category Representations in Superior Temporal Sulcus." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 6 (June 2010): 1270–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21270.

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The human brain contains cortical areas specialized in representing object categories. Visual experience is known to change the responses in these category-selective areas of the brain. However, little is known about how category training specifically affects cortical category selectivity. Here, we investigated the experience-dependent formation of object categories using an fMRI adaptation paradigm. Outside the scanner, subjects were trained to categorize artificial bird types into arbitrary categories (jungle birds and desert birds). After training, neuronal populations in the occipito-temporal cortex, such as the fusiform and the lateral occipital gyrus, were highly sensitive to perceptual stimulus differences. This sensitivity was not present for novel birds, indicating experience-related changes in neuronal representations. Neurons in STS showed category selectivity. A release from adaptation in STS was only observed when two birds in a pair crossed the category boundary. This dissociation could not be explained by perceptual similarities because the physical difference between birds from the same side of the category boundary and between birds from opposite sides of the category boundary was equal. Together, the occipito-temporal cortex and the STS have the properties suitable for a system that can both generalize across stimuli and discriminate between them.

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Duncan, Keith J., Chotiga Pattamadilok, and Joseph T. Devlin. "Investigating Occipito-temporal Contributions to Reading with TMS." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 4 (April 2010): 739–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21207.

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The debate regarding the role of ventral occipito-temporal cortex (vOTC) in visual word recognition arises, in part, from difficulty delineating the functional contributions of vOTC as separate from other areas of the reading network. Here, we investigated the feasibility of using TMS to interfere with vOTC processing in order to explore its specific contributions to visual word recognition. Three visual lexical decision experiments were conducted using neuronavigated TMS. The first demonstrated that repetitive stimulation of vOTC successfully slowed word, but not nonword, responses. The second confirmed and extended these findings by demonstrating the effect was specific to vOTC and not present in the adjacent lateral occipital complex. The final experiment used paired-pulse TMS to investigate the time course of vOTC processing for words and revealed activation starting as early as 80–120 msec poststimulus onset—significantly earlier than that expected based on electrophysiological and magnetoencephalography studies. Taken together, these results clearly indicate that TMS can be successfully used to stimulate parts of vOTC previously believed to be inaccessible and provide a new tool for systematically investigating the information processing characteristics of vOTC. In addition, the findings provide strong evidence that lexical status and frequency significantly affect vOTC processing, findings difficult to reconcile with prelexical accounts of vOTC function.

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Milner, A. D. "Is visual processing in the dorsal stream accessible to consciousness?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1737 (March 28, 2012): 2289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2663.

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There are two highly interconnected clusters of visually responsive areas in the primate cortex. These two clusters have relatively few interconnections with each other, though those interconnections are undoubtedly important. One of the two main clusters (the dorsal stream) links the primary visual cortex (V1) to superior regions of the occipito-parietal cortex, while the other (the ventral stream) links V1 to inferior regions of the occipito-temporal cortex. According to our current understanding of the functional anatomy of these two systems, the dorsal stream's principal role is to provide real-time ‘bottom-up’ visual guidance of our movements online. In contrast, the ventral stream, in conjunction with top-down information from visual and semantic memory, provides perceptual representations that can serve recognition, visual thought, planning and memory offline. In recent years, this interpretation, initially based chiefly on studies of non-human primates and human neurological patients, has been well supported by functional MRI studies in humans. This perspective presents empirical evidence for the contention that the dorsal stream governs the visual control of movement without the intervention of visual awareness.

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Adam, Ruth, and Uta Noppeney. "Prior auditory information shapes visual category-selectivity in ventral occipito-temporal cortex." NeuroImage 52, no. 4 (October 2010): 1592–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.002.

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28

Allen, Harriet A., and Glyn W. Humphreys. "Direct Tactile Stimulation of Dorsal Occipito-Temporal Cortex in a Visual Agnosic." Current Biology 19, no. 12 (June 2009): 1044–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.04.057.

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Dębska, Agnieszka, Chiara Banfi, Katarzyna Chyl, Gabriela Dzięgiel-Fivet, Agnieszka Kacprzak, Magdalena Łuniewska, Joanna Plewko, Anna Grabowska, Karin Landerl, and Katarzyna Jednoróg. "Neural patterns of word processing differ in children with dyslexia and isolated spelling deficit." Brain Structure and Function 226, no. 5 (March 23, 2021): 1467–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-021-02255-2.

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AbstractThere is an ongoing debate concerning the extent to which deficits in reading and spelling share cognitive components and whether they rely, in a similar fashion, on sublexical and lexical pathways of word processing. The present study investigates whether the neural substrates of word processing differ in children with various patterns of reading and spelling deficits. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we compared written and auditory processing in three groups of 9–13-year olds (N = 104): (1) with age-adequate reading and spelling skills; (2) with reading and spelling deficits (i.e., dyslexia); (3) with isolated spelling deficits but without reading deficits. In visual word processing, both deficit groups showed hypoactivations in the posterior superior temporal cortex compared to typical readers and spellers. Only children with dyslexia exhibited hypoactivations in the ventral occipito-temporal cortex compared to the two groups of typical readers. This is the result of an atypical pattern of higher activity in the occipito-temporal cortex for non-linguistic visual stimuli than for words, indicating lower selectivity. The print–speech convergence was reduced in the two deficit groups. Impairments in lexico-orthographic regions in a reading-based task were associated primarily with reading deficits, whereas alterations in the sublexical word processing route could be considered common for both reading and spelling deficits. These findings highlight the partly distinct alterations of the language network related to reading and spelling deficits.

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30

Heitger, Marcus H., Marc J. M. Macé, Jan Jastorff, Stephan P. Swinnen, and Guy A. Orban. "Cortical regions involved in the observation of bimanual actions." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 9 (November 1, 2012): 2594–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00408.2012.

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Although we are beginning to understand how observed actions performed by conspecifics with a single hand are processed and how bimanual actions are controlled by the motor system, we know very little about the processing of observed bimanual actions. We used fMRI to compare the observation of bimanual manipulative actions with their unimanual components, relative to visual control conditions equalized for visual motion. Bimanual action observation did not activate any region specialized for processing visual signals related to this more elaborated action. On the contrary, observation of bimanual and unimanual actions activated similar occipito-temporal, parietal and premotor networks. However, whole-brain as well as region of interest (ROI) analyses revealed that this network functions differently under bimanual and unimanual conditions. Indeed, in bimanual conditions, activity in the network was overall more bilateral, especially in parietal cortex. In addition, ROI analyses indicated bilateral parietal activation patterns across hand conditions distinctly different from those at other levels of the action-observation network. These activation patterns suggest that while occipito-temporal and premotor levels are involved with processing the kinematics of the observed actions, the parietal cortex is more involved in the processing of static, postural aspects of the observed action. This study adds bimanual cooperation to the growing list of distinctions between parietal and premotor cortex regarding factors affecting visual processing of observed actions.

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Nakamura, Kimihiro, Stanislas Dehaene, Antoinette Jobert, Denis Le Bihan, and Sid Kouider. "Subliminal Convergence of Kanji and Kana Words: Further Evidence for Functional Parcellation of the Posterior Temporal Cortex in Visual Word Perception." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 954–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929054021166.

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Recent evidence has suggested that the human occipito-temporal region comprises several subregions, each sensitive to a distinct processing level of visual words. To further explore the functional architecture of visual word recognition, we employed a subliminal priming method with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during semantic judgments of words presented in two different Japanese scripts, Kanji and Kana. Each target word was preceded by a subliminal presentation of either the same or a different word, and in the same or a different script. Behaviorally, word repetition produced significant priming regardless of whether the words were presented in the same or different script. At the neural level, this cross-script priming was associated with repetition suppression in the left inferior temporal cortex anterior and dorsal to the visual word form area hypothesized for alphabetical writing systems, suggesting that cross-script convergence occurred at a semantic level. fMRI also evidenced a shared visual occipito-temporal activation for words in the two scripts, with slightly more mesial and right-predominant activation for Kanji and with greater occipital activation for Kana. These results thus allow us to separate script-specific and script-independent regions in the posterior temporal lobe, while demonstrating that both can be activated subliminally.

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Rossion, Bruno, Daniel Collins, Valérie Goffaux, and Tim Curran. "Long-term Expertise with Artificial Objects Increases Visual Competition with Early Face Categorization Processes." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 3 (March 2007): 543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.3.543.

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The degree of commonality between the perceptual mechanisms involved in processing faces and objects of expertise is intensely debated. To clarify this issue, we recorded occipito-temporal event-related potentials in response to faces when concurrently processing visual objects of expertise. In car experts fixating pictures of cars, we observed a large decrease of an evoked potential elicited by face stimuli between 130 and 200 msec, the N170. This sensory suppression was much lower when the car and face stimuli were separated by a 200-msec blank interval. With and without this delay, there was a strong correlation between the face-evoked N170 amplitude decrease and the subject's level of car expertise as measured in an independent behavioral task. Together, these results show that neural representations of faces and nonface objects in a domain of expertise compete for visual processes in the occipito-temporal cortex as early as 130–200 msec following stimulus onset.

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33

Wurm, Moritz F., D. Yves Cramon, and Ricarda I. Schubotz. "The Context–Object–Manipulation Triad: Cross Talk during Action Perception Revealed by fMRI." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 7 (July 2012): 1548–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00232.

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To recognize an action, an observer exploits information about the applied manipulation, the involved objects, and the context where the action occurs. Context, object, and manipulation information are hence expected to be tightly coupled in a triadic relationship (the COM triad hereafter). The current fMRI study investigated the hemodynamic signatures of reciprocal modulation in the COM triad. Participants watched short video clips of pantomime actions, that is, actions performed with inappropriate objects, taking place at compatible or incompatible contexts. The usage of pantomime actions enabled the disentanglement of the neural substrates of context–manipulation (CM) and context–object (CO) associations. There were trials in which (1) both manipulation and objects, (2) only manipulation, (3) only objects, or (4) neither manipulation nor objects were compatible with the context. CM compatibility effects were found in an action-related network comprising ventral premotor cortex, SMA, left anterior intraparietal sulcus, and bilateral occipito-temporal cortex. Conversely, CO compatibility effects were found bilaterally in lateral occipital complex. These effects interacted in subregions of the lateral occipital complex. An overlap of CM and CO effects was observed in the occipito-temporal cortex and the dorsal attention network, that is, superior frontal sulcus/dorsal premotor cortex and superior parietal lobe. Results indicate that contextual information is integrated into the analysis of actions. Manipulation and object information is linked by contextual associations as a function of co-occurrence in specific contexts. Activation of either CM or CO associations shifts attention to either action- or object-related relevant information.

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Walbrin, Jon, and Jorge Almeida. "High-Level Representations in Human Occipito-Temporal Cortex Are Indexed by Distal Connectivity." Journal of Neuroscience 41, no. 21 (April 13, 2021): 4678–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2857-20.2021.

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35

Rossion, B., C. Nameche, B. Sorger, and R. Goebel. "A whole-to-part advantage for processing faces in the occipito-temporal cortex." Journal of Vision 6, no. 6 (March 19, 2010): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/6.6.429.

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36

Hagen, Simen, Corentin Jacques, Louis Maillard, Sophie Colnat-Coulbois, Bruno Rossion, and Jacques Jonas. "Mapping face- and house-selectivity in ventral occipito-temporal cortex with intracerebral potentials." Journal of Vision 19, no. 10 (September 6, 2019): 55a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.10.55a.

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37

Caspari, Natalie, Ivo D. Popivanov, Patrick A. De Mazière, Wim Vanduffel, Rufin Vogels, Guy A. Orban, and Jan Jastorff. "Fine-grained stimulus representations in body selective areas of human occipito-temporal cortex." NeuroImage 102 (November 2014): 484–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.066.

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Olulade, O. A., D. L. Flowers, E. M. Napoliello, and G. F. Eden. "Dyslexic children lack word selectivity gradients in occipito-temporal and inferior frontal cortex." NeuroImage: Clinical 7 (2015): 742–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2015.02.013.

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Liu, Tina T., Adrian Nestor, Mark D. Vida, John A. Pyles, Christina Patterson, Ying Yang, Fan Nils Yang, Erez Freud, and Marlene Behrmann. "Successful Reorganization of Category-Selective Visual Cortex following Occipito-temporal Lobectomy in Childhood." Cell Reports 24, no. 5 (July 2018): 1113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.099.

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40

Teder-Sälejärvi, W. A., F. Di Russo, J. J. McDonald, and S. A. Hillyard. "Effects of Spatial Congruity on Audio-Visual Multimodal Integration." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 9 (September 2005): 1396–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929054985383.

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Spatial constraints on multisensory integration of auditory (A) and visual (V) stimuli were investigated in humans using behavioral and electrophysiological measures. The aim was to find out whether cross-modal interactions between A and V stimuli depend on their spatial congruity, as has been found for multisensory neurons in animal studies (Stein & Meredith, 1993). Randomized sequences of unimodal (A or V) and simultaneous bimodal (AV) stimuli were presented to right-or left-field locations while subjects made speeded responses to infrequent targets of greater intensity that occurred in either or both modalities. Behavioral responses to the bimodal stimuli were faster and more accurate than to the uni-modal stimuli for both same-location and different-location AV pairings. The neural basis of this cross-modal facilitation was studied by comparing event-related potentials (ERPs) to the bimodal AV stimuli with the summed ERPs to the unimodal A and V stimuli. These comparisons revealed neural interactions localized to the ventral occipito-temporal cortex (at 190 msec) and to the superior temporal cortical areas (at 260 msec) for both same-and different-location AV pairings. In contrast, ERP interactions that differed according to spatial congruity included a phase and amplitude modulation of visual-evoked activity localized to the ventral occipito-temporal cortex at 100-400 msec and an amplitude modulation of activity localized to the superior temporal region at 260-280 msec. These results demonstrate overlapping but distinctive patterns of multisensory integration for spatially congruent and incongruent AV stimuli.

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Kable, Joseph W., Irene P. Kan, Ashley Wilson, Sharon L. Thompson-Schill, and Anjan Chatterjee. "Conceptual Representations of Action in the Lateral Temporal Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 12 (December 2005): 1855–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892905775008625.

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Retrieval of conceptual information from action pictures causes greater activation than from object pictures bilaterally in human motion areas (MT/MST) and nearby temporal regions. By contrast, retrieval of conceptual information from action words causes greater activation in left middle and superior temporal gyri, anterior and dorsal to the MT/MST. We performed two fMRI experiments to replicate and extend these findings regarding action words. In the first experiment, subjects performed conceptual judgments of action and object words under conditions that stressed visual semantic information. Under these conditions, action words again activated posterior temporal regions close to, but not identical with, the MT/MST. In the second experiment, we included conceptual judgments of manipulable object words in addition to judgments of action and animal words. Both action and manipulable object judgments caused greater activity than animal judgments in the posterior middle temporal gyrus. Both of these experiments support the hypothesis that middle temporal gyrus activation is related to accessing conceptual information about motion attributes, rather than alternative accounts on the basis of lexical or grammatical factors. Furthermore, these experiments provide additional support for the notion of a concrete to abstract gradient of motion representations with the lateral occipito-temporal cortex, extending anterior and dorsal from the MT/MST towards the peri-sylvian cortex.

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Woollams, Anna M., Giorgia Silani, Kayoko Okada, Karalyn Patterson, and Cathy J. Price. "Word or Word-like? Dissociating Orthographic Typicality from Lexicality in the Left Occipito-temporal Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 4 (April 2011): 992–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21502.

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Prior lesion and functional imaging studies have highlighted the importance of the left ventral occipito-temporal (LvOT) cortex for visual word recognition. Within this area, there is a posterior–anterior hierarchy of subregions that are specialized for different stages of orthographic processing. The aim of the present fMRI study was to dissociate the effects of subword orthographic typicality (e.g., cider [high] vs. cynic [low]) from the effect of lexicality (e.g., pollen [word] vs. pillen [pseudoword]). We therefore orthogonally manipulated the orthographic typicality of written words and pseudowords (nonwords and pseudohomophones) in a visual lexical decision task. Consistent with previous studies, we identified greater activation for pseudowords than words (i.e., an effect of lexicality) in posterior LvOT cortex. In addition, we revealed higher activation for atypical than typical strings, irrespective of lexicality, in a left inferior occipital region that is posterior to LvOT cortex. When lexical decisions were made more difficult in the context of pseudohomophone foils, left anterior temporal activation also increased for atypical relative to typical strings. The latter finding agrees with the behavior of patients with progressive anterior temporal lobe degeneration, who have particular difficulty recognizing words with atypical orthography. The most novel outcome of this study is that, within a distributed network of regions supporting orthographic processing, we have identified a left inferior occipital region that is particularly sensitive to the typicality of subword orthographic patterns.

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Bussey, Timothy J., Lisa M. Saksida, and Elisabeth A. Murray. "The Perceptual-Mnemonic/Feature Conjunction Model of Perirhinal Cortex Function." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B 58, no. 3-4b (July 2005): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724990544000004.

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The perirhinal cortex was once thought to be “silent cortex”, virtually ignored by researchers interested in the neurobiology of learning and memory. Following studies of brain damage associated with cases of amnesia, perirhinal cortex is now widely regarded as part of a “medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system”. This system is thought to be more or less functionally homogeneous, having a special role in declarative memory, and making little or no contribution to other functions such as perception. In the present article, we summarize an alternative view. First, we propose that components of the putative MTL system such as the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex have distinct and dissociable functions. Second, we provide evidence that the perirhinal cortex has a role in visual discrimination. In addition, we propose a specific role for perirhinal cortex in visual discrimination: the contribution of complex conjunctive representations to the solution of visual discrimination problems with a high degree of “feature ambiguity”. These proposals constitute a new view of perirhinal cortex function, one that does not assume strict modularity of function in the occipito-temporal visual stream, but replaces this idea with the notion of a hierarchical representational continuum.

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Kim, Esther S., Kindle Rising, Steven Z. Rapcsak, and Pélagie M. Beeson. "Treatment for Alexia With Agraphia Following Left Ventral Occipito-Temporal Damage: Strengthening Orthographic Representations Common to Reading and Spelling." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 58, no. 5 (October 2015): 1521–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2015_jslhr-l-14-0286.

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Purpose Damage to left ventral occipito-temporal cortex can give rise to written language impairment characterized by pure alexia/letter-by-letter (LBL) reading, as well as surface alexia and agraphia. The purpose of this study was to examine the therapeutic effects of a combined treatment approach to address concurrent LBL reading with surface alexia/agraphia. Method Simultaneous treatment to address slow reading and errorful spelling was administered to 3 individuals with reading and spelling impairments after left ventral occipito-temporal damage due to posterior cerebral artery stroke. Single-word reading/spelling accuracy, reading latencies, and text reading were monitored as outcome measures for the combined effects of multiple oral re-reading treatment and interactive spelling treatment. Results After treatment, participants demonstrated faster and more accurate single-word reading and improved text-reading rates. Spelling accuracy also improved, particularly for untrained irregular words, demonstrating generalization of the trained interactive spelling strategy. Conclusion This case series characterizes concomitant LBL with surface alexia/agraphia and demonstrates a successful treatment approach to address both the reading and spelling impairment.

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Hagen, Simen, Aliette Lochy, Corentin Jacques, Louis Maillard, Sophie Colnat-Coulbois, Jacques Jonas, and Bruno Rossion. "Dissociated face- and word-selective intracerebral responses in the human ventral occipito-temporal cortex." Journal of Vision 20, no. 11 (October 20, 2020): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.20.11.713.

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Strother, Lars, Zhiheng Zhou, Tutis Vilis, and Jacqueline Snow. "Lateral occipito-temporal cortex involvement in haptic object recognition: evidence against mere visual imagery." Journal of Vision 16, no. 12 (September 1, 2016): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/16.12.514.

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Fan, Xiaoxu, Hanyu Shao, Fan Wang, and Sheng He. "A combined fMRI-MEG investigation of face information processing in the occipito-temporal cortex." Journal of Vision 17, no. 10 (August 31, 2017): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.10.259.

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Wang, Jin, Yuan Deng, and James R. Booth. "Automatic semantic influence on early visual word recognition in the ventral occipito-temporal cortex." Neuropsychologia 133 (October 2019): 107188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107188.

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Papale, Paolo, Andrea Leo, Giacomo Handjaras, Luca Cecchetti, Pietro Pietrini, and Emiliano Ricciardi. "Shape coding in occipito-temporal cortex relies on object silhouette, curvature, and medial axis." Journal of Neurophysiology 124, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 1560–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00212.2020.

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There are several possible ways of characterizing the shape of an object. Which shape description better describes our brain responses while we passively perceive objects? Here, we employed three competing shape models to explain brain representations when viewing real objects. We found that object shape is encoded in a multidimensional fashion and thus defined by the interaction of multiple features.

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Spiridon, Mona, and Nancy Kanwisher. "How Distributed Is Visual Category Information in Human Occipito-Temporal Cortex? An fMRI Study." Neuron 35, no. 6 (September 2002): 1157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00877-2.

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