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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

De Haan, Lieuwe, Frederike Schirmbeck, and Mathias Zink, eds. Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Schizophrenia. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12952-5.

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2

Monton, Edgar A. Obsessional neurosis: Its causes, symptoms and treatment. 3rd ed. Worcester Park: Roseneath Scientific, 1985.

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3

Crowe, Elijah M., and Aiden R. O'Dell. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Symptoms, prevalence and psychological treatments. New York: Nova Biomedical, 2014.

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4

J, Cohen Donald, ed. Tourette's syndrome--tics, obsessions, compulsions: Developmental psychopathology and clinical care. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.

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5

Sutton, Amy L. Stress-related disorders sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about stress and stress-related disorders, including signs, symptoms, types, and sources of acute and chronic stress, the impact of stress on the body, and mental health problems associated with stress, such as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, substance abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicide; along with advice about getting help for stress-related disorders, managing stress and coping with trauma, a glossary of stress-related terms, and a directory of resources for additional help and information. 3rd ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, Inc., 2011.

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6

Stress-related disorders sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about stress and stress-related disorders, including signs, symptoms, types, and sources of acute and chronic stress, the impact of stress on the body, and mental health problems associated with stress, such as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, substance abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicide; along with advice about getting help for stress-related disorders, managing stress and coping with trauma, a glossary of stress-related terms, and a directory of resources for additional help and information. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, Inc., 2015.

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7

Poyurovsky, Michael. Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Schizophrenia. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0057.

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This chapter evidence for a relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and psychosis, in some patients. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms are common in individuals with schizophrenia; this ‘schizo-obsessional’ population has been relatively little studied and presents marked clinical challenges. Longitudinal studies suggest that OC symptoms precede psychosis in some patients but develop later in illness in others; they can be induced by some second-generation antipsychotics. Neurobiological and cognitive psychological studies suggest that schizo-obsessional patients have greater impairment in several domains than those with schizophrenia or OC symptoms alone. The literature on pharmacological treatment of this patient population, which is limited, is review.
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8

Haan, Lieuwe De, Frederike Schirmbeck, and Mathias Zink. Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Schizophrenia. Springer, 2016.

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9

Haan, Lieuwe De, Frederike Schirmbeck, and Mathias Zink. Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Schizophrenia. Springer, 2015.

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10

Haan, Lieuwe De, Frederike Schirmbeck, and Mathias Zink. Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Schizophrenia. Springer International Publishing AG, 2015.

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11

McKay, Dean, Rachel Ojserkis, and Jon D. Elhai. Psychological Trauma Exposure and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0055.

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This chapter has three broad aims: it outlines research on the shared and unique features of OCD and PTSD; it reviews the extant literature on how trauma exposure impacts treatment outcome for OCD; and it offers recommendations for treatment and future research on the intersection of trauma and OCD. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a complex and heterogeneous condition. Considerable research has been conducted related to subtypes and symptom dimensions, but comparably little attention has been paid to commonly cooccurring psychiatric disorders. One diagnosis that has distinct etiological and prognostic implications is cooccurring posttraumatic stress disorder, and other trauma disorders. The chapter focuses on trauma generally and its impact on OCD. However, the literature also refers specifically to PTSD. Accordingly, the research related to PTSD is highlighted, to distinguish it from literature discussing trauma exposure more generally.
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12

Nelson, Jeffrey L., ed. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Symptoms, Therapy and Clinical Challenges. Nova Science Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52305/plhb7934.

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13

Farrell, Lara J., Sharna L. Mathieu, and Cassie Lavell. Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.21.

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Obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) in children and adolescents represent a cluster of conditions that significantly interfere in the lives of sufferers and their families. These disorders involve repetitive behaviors and often a preoccupation with distressing, obsessional thoughts. OCRDs include obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, and excoriation disorder. The severity, functional impairment, and associated health conditions of these disorders call for timely evidence-based assessment and treatment. Evidence-based assessments include structured and semistructured interviews. Interviews allow for the assessment of symptoms, comorbid conditions, and differential diagnoses. Evidence-based psychological treatment for OCD and BDD in youth involves cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure and response prevention; research is required to determine evidence-based assessment and treatments for less studied OCRDs; identify factors that predict poorer response to evidence-based treatment; develop approaches to augment evidence-based treatments for nonresponders; and further the reach of empirically supported treatment.
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14

Williams, Monnica T., and Chad T. Wetterneck. Sexual Obsessions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190624798.001.0001.

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Although there have been several manuals written about how to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) using cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), there has been little focus on application of CBT principles to those suffering from sexual obsessions. Treating sexual obsessions in OCD differs from the treatment of other forms of OCD due to heightened feelings of shame surrounding symptoms, widespread misdiagnosis from professionals, and the covert nature of ritualizing behaviors. This book provides clinicians with the tools needed to successfully help clients suffering from unwanted, intrusive thoughts of a sexual nature. It provides instructions on how to diagnose OCD in clients reporting sexual obsessions, guidance on measures to employ during assessment, and a discussion of differential diagnoses. It includes a step-by-step manual describing how to provide treatment, using a combination of exposure and ritual (response) prevention (Ex/RP), cognitive therapy, and newer CBT techniques. Also included are case examples of pedophile-themed OCD (sometimes called P-OCD) and sexual orientation worries in OCD (called SO-OCD or H-OCD) and their treatment approaches, along with a catalogue of specific ideas for in vivo exposures and detailed templates for imaginal exposures. Included are strategies therapists can use to tackle relationship issues that commonly emerge as a result of sexually themed OCD. Also included are appendices of handouts for clients and helpful measures for therapists to utilize with clients.
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15

Geoffreys, Clayton. Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder: The Ultimate Guide to Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015.

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16

Bream, Victoria, Fiona Challacombe, Asmita Palmer, and Paul Salkovskis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Obsessive-compulsive Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780198703266.001.0001.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can be a very disabling and distressing problem. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been shown to be very effective in helping people to overcome OCD. OCD is a highly heterogeneous disorder, often complicated by contextual factors, and therapists are often left wondering how to apply their knowledge of treatment to the particular problems as they face them in clinical practice. This book guides the reader through understanding the background to and principles of using CBT for OCD in a clear practical ‘how to’ style. It also elucidates the particular challenges and solutions in applying CBT for OCD using illustrative case material and guidance on formulation-driven intervention. The book also addresses commonly occurring complexities in the treatment of OCD; for example, working with comorbidity, perfectionism, shame, and family involvement in symptoms. Throughout the book, tips are provided on receiving and giving supervision to troubleshoot commonly encountered problems. This book provides a guide to improved practice for clinicians at all levels of experience.
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17

Abrahamsohn, Rixi. Assessment of inflated responsibility as a risk factor for obsessive-compulsive symptoms: An analogue test. 2004.

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18

Dorfan, Nicole M., and Sheila R. Woody. Assessing OCD Symptoms and Severity. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0051.

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This chapter describes methods and tools for assessing obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The chapter outlines the purposes of assessment and discusses special challenges presented by OCD, such as shame associated with socially unacceptable obsessional content. Several types of assessment tools are discussed, including structured diagnostic interviews, semistructured clinician interviews to assess OCD symptom profile and severity, self-report instruments, behavioral assessment and self-monitoring, assessment of appraisals and beliefs relevant to OCD, and functional impairment. The importance of linking assessment findings to an evidence-based treatment plan is discussed.
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19

Earlstein, Frederick. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Explained: OCD Facts, Diagnosis, Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Effects, Alternative Medicines, Therapeutic Methods, History, Home Remedies, and More! Pack & Post Plus, LLC, 2018.

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20

Pinto, Anthony, and Jane L. Eisen. Personality Features of OCD and Spectrum Conditions. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0038.

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This chapter reviews personality features (comorbid personality disorders, trait dimensions, and related constructs) in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and hypothesized obsessive compulsive spectrum conditions (body dysmorphic disorder, compulsive hoarding, tic disorders, and impulse control disorders). For each disorder, there is a discussion of the impact of personality features on clinical course, including the development and maintenance of symptoms, and treatment outcome. The chapter also includes a review of the longstanding, yet often misunderstood, relationship between OCD and obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). Understanding the role of personality variables in the psychopathology of OCD and related conditions has important etiological, clinical, and theoretical implications for the study of these disorders.
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21

Cohen, Donald J., and James F. Leckman. Tourette's Syndrome -- Tics, Obsessions, Compulsions: Developmental Psychopathology and Clinical Care. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.

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22

Cohen, Donald J., and James F. Leckman. Tourette's Syndrome: Tics, Obsessions, Compulsions: Development Psychopathology and Clinical Care. Wiley, 1999.

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23

King, Robert A. Psychodynamic Perspectives on OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0007.

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A psychodynamic perspective attempts to understand the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) in terms of excessive, maladaptive efforts to cope with perceived dangers posed by aggressive or sexual impulses and in terms of distorted information processing and rigid cognitive styles that are intolerant of ambiguity. The psychodynamic perspective also sees OC phenomena against the backdrop of normal childhood development and the vicissitudes of conscience formation, as well as culturally defined notions of ordered boundaries/transgressions and cleanliness/pollution. This perspective provides valuable insights into the subjective experience of patients with these disorders. Similarly, although psychodynamic therapy in its classic form appears to be ineffective for the core symptoms of obsessions and compulsions, the psychodynamic approach can be very helpful in understanding what patients make of their symptoms and in forming a therapeutic alliance that facilitates more evidence-based approaches.
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24

Watson, David, and Michael W. O'Hara. Understanding the Emotional Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199301096.001.0001.

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Understanding the Emotional Disorders: A Symptom-Based Approach examines replicable symptom dimensions contained within five adjacent diagnostic classes in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: depressive disorders, bipolar and related disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and trauma- and stressor-related disorders. It reviews several problems and limitations associated with traditional, diagnosis-based approaches to studying psychopathology, and it establishes the theoretical and clinical value of analyzing specific types of symptoms within the emotional disorders. It demonstrates that several of these disorders—most notably, major depression, bipolar disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder—contain multiple symptom dimensions that clearly can be differentiated from one another. Moreover, these symptom dimensions are highly robust and generalizable and can be identified in multiple types of data, including self-ratings, semistructured interviews, and clinicians’ ratings. Furthermore, individual symptom dimensions often have strikingly different correlates, such as varying levels of criterion validity and diagnostic specificity. It concludes with the development of a more comprehensive, symptom-based model that subsumes various forms of psychopathology—including sleep disturbances, eating- and weight-related problems, personality pathology, psychosis/thought disorder, and hypochondriasis—beyond the emotional disorders.
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25

McIngvale, Elizabeth. Living with OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0067.

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Living with obsessive-compulsive disorder raises lifelong challenges—not only the daily struggle with symptoms, but also challenges to educate oneself, one’s family, and one’s peers; the search for effective treatment; and the ongoing battle with stigma. This closing chapter provides a personal narrative of one individual’s experience.
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26

Jacoby, Ryan J., and Jonathan S. Abramowitz. Intolerance of Uncertainty in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0017.

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Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a key cognitive construct in the maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. Whereas most individuals feel “certain-enough” that situations are relatively safe, those with OCD who have elevated IU have difficulty managing the feeling of not knowing “for sure” whether a feared outcome may occur. As a result, they engage in compulsive rituals (e.g., checking, reassurance seeking) with the aim of restoring a sense of certainty. Given the pervasiveness of uncertainty in daily life, these doubts and rituals can lead to heightened daily distress for individuals with OCD. Accordingly, the present chapter reviews the following: (a) a comprehensive definition of IU, (b) the conceptualization of IU as important in the development and maintenance of OCD across various symptom presentations, (c) the measurement of IU using both self-report and behavioral methods, and (d) recommendations for the consideration of IU in OCD treatment.
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27

Trelles, M. Pilar, Paige M. Siper, and Dorothy E. Grice. Current Treatments for Pediatric Psychiatric Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0068.

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Many psychiatric disorders of childhood have a chronic course. As such, they impact multiple developmental epochs and negatively influence developmental trajectories. While early identification and intervention may minimize, or even prevent, symptoms being carried into adulthood, the availability of evidence-based treatments is sparse in children and adolescents compared to adult populations. Establishing effective interventions for psychiatric symptoms presenting in childhood is critical given the chronic course of most psychiatric disorders. This chapter describes psychopharmacological and psychosocial interventions used for the treatment of childhood psychiatric conditions, with an emphasis on empirically supported treatments. Both symptom- and diagnosis-specific approaches are described as well as the use of combined interventions for the following childhood psychiatric conditions: autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), chronic tic disorders, eating disorders, and conduct problems.
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28

Ginsberg, Rachel E., Samantha Morrison, and Anthony Puliafico. Pediatric OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0003.

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This chapter outlines the clinical presentation and course of pediatric OCD, discusses its etiology and phenomenology, and describes principal assessment methods for evaluation of symptoms. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often manifests during childhood and adolescence. Symptom presentation in children is similar to that in adults and is typically characterized by the presence of both obsessions and compulsions. Pediatric OCD is highly comorbid with other psychiatric disorders, and evidence suggests abnormal brain functioning in youth with OCD. The onset and progression of OCD in childhood have developmental implications, given the associated distress and interference with academic, social, and home functioning. Multiinformant and multidiagnostic evaluation, including administration of evidence-based semistructured clinical interviews and rating scales, is optimal.
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29

Grimaldi, Stephanie J., and Emily R. Stern. Sensory Processing and Intolerance in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0011.

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Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often exhibit abnormal sensitivity to sensory stimuli and a reduced ability to screen out stimuli that most do not find bothersome. This chapter reviews evidence documenting increased sensitivity to external sensory stimuli (auditory, olfactory, tactile) and reduced sensory gating in patients with OCD. In some individuals such sensitivity can present as a primary symptom. Many patients with OCD also experience sensations that appear to be “internally generated,” including not-just-right experiences, incompleteness, and physical urges; this is the focus of the second half of the chapter. These sensations, termed “sensory phenomena,” cause significant distress and impairment in daily functioning and may require different treatments than fear-based obsessions. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of directions for future research that may provide further insight into the nature of sensory symptoms as well as potential treatments.
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30

Mataix-Cols, David, and Odile A. van den Heuvel. Neuroanatomy of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0027.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) shares features and often co-occurs with other anxiety disorders, as well as with other psychiatric conditions classified elsewhere in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), the so-called “OCD spectrum disorders.” Neurobiologically, it is unclear how all these disorders relate to one another. The picture is further complicated by the clinical heterogeneity of OCD. This chapter will review the literature on the common and distinct neural correlates of OCD vis-à-vis other anxiety and “OCD spectrum” disorders. Furthermore, the question of whether partially distinct neural systems subserve the different symptom dimensions of OCD will be examined. Particular attention will be paid to hoarding, which is emerging as a distinct entity from OCD. Finally, new insights from cognitive and affective neuroscience will be reviewed before concluding with a summary and recommendations for future research.
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31

Mancusi, Lauren, Dean McKay, and Bunmi Olatunji. Disgust and OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0010.

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This chapter discusses the available research that suggests a role for disgust in OCD, and methods for treating disgust responses associated with the condition. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is typically associated with anxious obsessional experiences, with compulsions serving the function of anxiety reduction. However, in recent years it has been shown that disgust, an emotion designed to prevent ingestion of harmful contaminants, can be an important driver of OC symptoms generally, and of contamination fears with washing rituals in particular. Disgust-driven symptomatology may have distinct properties and require adaptations of treatment. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future research on this specific emotional response in OCD.
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32

do Rosário, Maria Conceição, Marcelo Batistutto, and Ygor Ferrao. Symptom Heterogeneity in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0008.

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This chapter reviews the most relevant studies using the dimensional approach to describe the range of OCD symptomatology. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinically and etiologically heterogeneous condition. This heterogeneity is problematic because it can make it difficult to interpret the results of clinical, genetic and neuroimaging studies and limits the development of more effective treatment strategies. Recently, a dimensional approach to dealing with the OCD heterogeneity has been proposed. Factor analytic studies have found from three to six obsessive compulsive symptom (OCS) dimensions (or factors), which represent groups of obsessions and compulsions that tend to co-occur. Many authors have reported that these OCS dimensions are similar in children, adolescents, and adults and are temporally stable. The usefulness and validity of this dimensional approach has been proven by studies reporting the association between the OCS dimensions and various genetic, neuroimaging and treatment response variables.
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33

Fairbrother, Nichole, and Jonathan S. Abramowitz. Obsessions and Compulsions During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.010.

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Although for most women the perinatal period is an exciting and joyful time, some new mothers experience the onset (or intensification) of emotional distress during this period. Whereas a great deal of attention has been paid to depression and psychotic symptoms during the postpartum period, pre- and postpartum anxiety disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), have received relatively less consideration. This is despite the fact that anxiety disorders are, as a group, the most prevalent of all psychological disorders. Anxiety disorders are more common among women compared with men, and OCD is the only anxiety disorder for which there is evidence of an increased risk of onset and exacerbation in the perinatal period; this risk is most apparent for women giving birth to their first child. In this chapter, we provide an overview and description of the clinical features of perinatal obsessive-compulsive disorder and consider the degree to which perinatal OCD is related to OCD in general. We review the data pertaining to the incidence and prevalence of perinatal OCD and discuss the relation between perinatal OCD and postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. Theoretical perspectives on perinatal OCD are then presented before turning to treatment. Lastly, two interventions have been shown to be effective for perinatal OCD are described: cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy.
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34

Martino, Davide, and Gavin Giovannoni. Poststreptococcal Movement Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0095.

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The spectrum of “poststreptococcal” movement disorders and other behavioral abnormalities has expaanded and the array of neuropsychiatric features associated with rheumatic fever (RF) has been broadened. However, it is difficult to establish a causal link between Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and neuropsychiatric symptoms beyond RF, which has fuelled a long-lasting, and still unsolved, debate as to whether putative “poststreptococcal” disorders such as the PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infection) phenotype are distinct entities or not. This chapter provides an up-to-date overview of the conditions that are well established (Sydenham’s chorea) or proposed (poststreptococcal tic and obsessive-compulsive disorders) as secondary to an immune response toward GAS.
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35

Koller, Kristin, and Eli R. Lebowitz. Family Accommodation in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0043.

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The impact of psychiatric disorders often goes beyond the affected individual, extending to family members, partners, and close friends. This is certainly true in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Clinical experience and empirical research have long shown that relatives of individuals with OCD commonly become involved in the symptoms of the disorder, through a process known as family accommodation. Family accommodation has important implications for the conceptualization, clinical course, and treatment of OCD. This chapter provides a brief review of family accommodation in OCD and its implications for the disorder’s clinical course. It also addresses the role of family accommodation in treatment response and highlights some novel interventions that have incorporated a focus on family accommodation in OCD treatment programs.
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36

McCurdy-McKinnon, Danyale, and Jamie D. Feusner. Neurobiology of Body Dysmorphic Disorder : Heritability/Genetics, Brain Circuitry, and Visual Processing. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0020.

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This chapter covers studies addressing neurobiologic factors that may contribute to body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). There are indications that neurobiologic abnormalities are associated with symptoms in BDD. This includes evidence that the susceptibility for BDD may be partly heritable and that there may be shared genetic factors among the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (of which BDD is a member) as a group. In addition, studies of brain circuitry in BDD implicate white matter and structural connectivity abnormalities as playing possible roles in the pathophysiology of BDD. Furthermore, studies of visual processing suggest that disturbances in visual perception and visuospatial information processing, characterized by heightened attention to detail and impairment in holistic and global assessment, are also contributory.
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37

Boisseau, Christina L., Carly M. Schwartzman, and Steven A. Rasmussen. Quality of Life and Psychosocial Functioning in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0006.

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This chapter examines quality of life (QoL) and psychosocial functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). More specifically, it summarizes recent investigations demonstrating that: (1) OCD negatively impacts multiple areas of life, such as social and family relationships, functioning at work and in the household, and aspects of physical and mental health; (2) the negative relation between OCD and QoL is as great as (or greater than) that observed in other psychiatric disorders and chronic medical conditions; (3) the degree of the QoL impairment is generally proportional to the severity of OCD symptoms; (4) specific OCD symptoms differentially impact aspects of psychosocial functioning; and (5) adequate treatment of OCD is associated with significant improvements in QoL. Finally, the chapter discusses future perspectives involved in the evaluation of QoL in OCD populations and the critical need to address these issues in assessment and treatment of individuals with OCD.
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38

Cassin, Stephanie E., and Neil A. Rector. Psychological Models of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0041.

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The current chapter provides an overview of psychoanalytic and behavioral theories of obsessive compulsive disorder and related conditions (i.e., hoarding, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania, and tic disorders), and reviews the empirical support for these psychological theories. While Freud correctly ascribed compulsive rituals to an anxiety-reducing role, the more fundamental tenets of his drive model of obsessional development, and the subsequent focus on the role of defense mechanisms, have remained largely untested. In contrast, behavioral theories of obsessive compulsive and spectrum disorders revolutionized the psychological conceptualization and treatment of these disorders, and there is strong evidence accumulated over the past 40 years demonstrating the seminal role of operant conditioning processes in the maintenance of obsessive compulsive and related spectrum disorders. The evidence supporting the role of classical conditioning in symptom development is less clear; however, learning theory has contributed a partial understanding of the etiology of these conditions.
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39

L, Sutton Amy, ed. Mental health disorders sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about the causes and symptoms of mental health problems, including depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive- compulsive disorder, eating disorders, addictions, and personality and schizophrenic disorders ... 4th ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2009.

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40

Phillips, Katharine A. Differentiating Body Dysmorphic Disorder from Normal Appearance Concerns and Other Mental Disorders. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0018.

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This chapter discusses differentiation of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) from disorders that may be misdiagnosed as BDD or that present differential diagnosis challenges: eating disorders, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), excoriation (skin-picking) disorder, illness anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, gender dysphoria, avoidant personality disorder, olfactory reference syndrome, and several other constructs. This chapter also discusses how to differentiate BDD from normal appearance concerns and from problematic preoccupation with obvious physical defects.BDD is commonly misdiagnosed as another mental disorder. Sometimes misdiagnosis occurs because patients are too embarrassed and ashamed to reveal their appearance concerns; in such cases, BDD symptoms that are more readily observable (such as social anxiety) may be assigned an incorrect diagnosis while BDD goes undetected. In other cases, BDD symptoms are recognized but are misdiagnosed as another disorder. BDD must be differentiated from other conditions so appropriate treatment can be instituted.
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41

Ehrenreich-May, Jill, Sarah M. Kennedy, Jamie A. Sherman, Emily L. Bilek, Brian A. Buzzella, Shannon M. Bennett, and David H. Barlow. Unified Protocols for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780199340989.001.0001.

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The therapy manuals included in this volume—the Unified Protocols for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children (UP-C) and Adolescents (UP-A)—include evidence-based treatment strategies to assist child and adolescent clients to function better in their lives. The manuals include specific guidelines for treatment delivery, and they also contain information about how to introduce parent-directed strategies to help promote long-term uptake of youth-directed therapy skills. The evidence-based treatment skills presented may be applied by therapists to children and adolescents with a wide variety of emotional disorders. This treatment guide takes a transdiagnostic approach to the treatment of emotional disorders. Some of the disorders that may be targeted include anxiety disorders and depressive disorders. This treatment is flexible enough for use with some trauma and stress-related disorders (including adjustment disorders), somatic symptom disorders, tic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The transdiagnostic presentation of evidence-based intervention techniques within these treatments may be particularly useful for children and adolescents presenting with multiple emotional disorders or mixed/subclinical symptoms of several emotional disorders.
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42

Passaro, Antony, Foteini Christidi, Vasiliki Tsirka, and Andrew C. Papanicolaou. White Matter Connectivity. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.5.

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The applications of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have increased considerably among both normal and diverse neuropsychiatric populations in recent years. In this chapter, the authors examine the contributions of DTI in identifying profiles of trait-specific connectivity in several groups defined in terms of gender, age, handedness, and general intelligence. Additionally, the DTI literature is reviewed across a range of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, and acquired neurological disorders resulting from neuronal injury such as traumatic brain injury, aphasia, agnosia, amnesia, and apraxia. DTI metrics sensitive to psychiatric disorders encompassing obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and alcoholism are reviewed. Future uses of DTI as a promising means of confirming diagnoses and identifying in vivo early microstructural changes of patients’ clinical symptoms are discussed.
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43

Lebowitz, Eli R. Breaking Free of Child Anxiety and OCD. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190883522.001.0001.

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Anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are the most common mental health problems of childhood and adolescence. Parents of anxious children struggle with how to help their child and are faced with constant dilemmas, such as how to respond to their child’s anxiety. This book provides a practical step-by-step guide for parents to help children and adolescents overcome anxiety and OCD in a positive and loving manner. It builds on rich clinical experience and on rigorous scientific evidence for the efficacy of a completely parent-based program called SPACE, or Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions. Working through the steps in the book, parents replace accommodating behaviors—which can maintain the child’s symptoms—with supportive responses that convey both acceptance of the child’s genuine difficulty and confidence in the ability to cope.
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44

King, Matt, and Joshua May, eds. Agency in Mental Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868811.001.0001.

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How exactly do mental disorders affect one’s agency? How might therapeutic interventions help patients regain or improve their autonomy? Do only some disorders excuse morally inappropriate behavior, such as theft or child neglect? Or is there nothing about having a disorder, as such, that affects whether we ought to praise or blame someone for their moral success or failure? Our volume gathers together empirically informed philosophers who are well equipped to tackle such questions. Contributors specialize in free will, agency, and responsibility, but they are informed by current scientific and clinical approaches to a wide range of psychopathologies, including autism, addiction, Tourette syndrome, personality disorders, depression, dementia, phobias, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. These conditions exhibit a diverse array of symptoms that can contribute quite differently to being blameworthy or praiseworthy.
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45

Camfield, David A., and Jerome Sarris. Nutraceutical and Alternative Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0044.

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This chapter reviews current research regarding nutraceutical substances that have been systematically investigated through either case studies, open-label and/or randomized placebo-controlled trials and found to have some evidence of efficacy in the treatment of obsessive compulsive and related disorders (specifically, trichotillomania, compulsive nail biting, and excoriation). The substances to be considered are myo-inositol, St. John’s wort, milk thistle, borage, glycine, sarcosine, psilocybin, and N-acetylcysteine. A description of each substance is presented, together with relevant biochemistry and interpretation regarding the current evidence of efficacy and safety/tolerability as well as what can be determined about factors that may moderate its efficacy, including OCD symptom severity, and advice in regard to concomitant antidepressant use. Conclusions and recommendations for future research are also presented.
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Vázquez, Gustavo H., Alberto Forte, Sebastián Camino, Leonardo Tondo, and Ross J. Baldessarini. Treatment implications for bipolar disorder co-occurring with anxiety syndromes and substance abuse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0017.

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Anxiety symptoms and syndromes affect approximately half of both types I and II bipolar disorder (BD) patients at some time, more in women than men. Reported prevalence has ranked: generalized anxiety ≥ phobias ≥ panic ≥ post-traumatic stress syndrome ≥ obsessive–compulsive syndrome. BD associated with anxiety disorders is less responsive to mood-stabilizing treatments, with greater disability, substance abuse, and possibly suicidal risk. Emerging treatments for anxiety in BD patients include lurasidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, valproate, and psychotherapies, whereas the efficacy and safety of standard anxiolytics and antidepressants are not established. Abuse of alcohol, cannabis, stimulants, and opioids, alone or in combinations, also affects about half of BD patients at some time—more men than women and possibly somewhat more in type I than II. Substance abuse greatly complicates clinical care, contributing to erratic treatment-adherence, adverse outcomes, disability, increased risk of suicide or accidental death, and increased costs of care and from disability.
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Bloch, Michael H. Natural History and Long-Term Outcome of OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0005.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is often a chronic condition. Convergent evidence suggests that early-onset and adult-onset disease are importantly distinct: early-onset OCD is more highly genetic, has a male bias, and is more often associated with tic disorders and attention deficit disorder. Adult-onset OCD has an equal male–female ratio and is more often associated with anxiety and depression. Long-term follow-up studies from before institution of effective treatments suggest that a minority of individuals with adult-onset OCD remit, and many have persistent severe symptoms. There are few analogous studies of patients with childhood-onset OCD. Prognosis has improved over the past 30 years with the development of effective, evidence-based pharmacotherapy and psychotherapies. More recent long-term follow-up studies of both adult-onset and pediatric-onset OCD suggest remission rates of up to 50%. Refractory illness nevertheless remains an important clinical problem.
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Izaute, Marie, and Elizabeth Bacon. Metamemory in Psychopathology. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.20.

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This chapter explores the degree to which various psychopathologies influence metamemory. The literature suggests such patients suffer different impairment patterns rather than global, nonspecific impairments of metamemory processes and the memory-metamemory relationships: Depressed patients present memory and metamemory difficulties; obsessive-compulsive patients appear to suffer from metamemory impairments rather than memory disturbances. ADHD patients suffer more from control process impairments than from monitoring deficits. Patients with autism present metamemory and memory difficulties that are restricted to certain context. The chapter focuses on schizophrenia, as impairments of cognition and consciousness are today considered core symptoms of the illness and contribute to patients ‘difficulties in social and professional integration. Patients with schizophrenia present specific disruptions and selective preservation of the metacognitive processes, as the accuracy of their metamemory monitoring is relatively preserved, whereas their metamemory control is sometimes impaired. The presence of preserved abilities allows for optimism regarding patients’ possibilities to improve their memory.
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Bagby, R. Michael, Amanda Uliaszek, Tara M. Gralnick, and Nadia Al-Dajani. Axis I Disorders. Edited by Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.5.

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The purpose of this chapter is to summarize and discuss the complex relationship between Five Factor Model (FFM) personality traits and clinical (Axis I) psychopathology, including depressive, bipolar, anxiety, obsessive–compulsive, eating, schizophrenia and psychotic, trauma and stress-related, and substance use disorders. Considered herein will be the alternative forms of relationship, including vulnerability, common cause, pathoplasty, complication/scar, and spectrum. This chapter will highlight the necessity for well-designed, longitudinal studies aimed at elucidating the complex relationships between the FFM and clinical disorders. Consistent research supports Neuroticism as a vulnerability factor to certain disorders, even sharing genetic etiology. However, there are also important contributions for each of the other four domains. The majority of this research is in the area of mood and anxiety disorders. Expanding these studies to include other forms of psychopathology could help identify common personality vulnerabilities to psychopathology, as well as unique predictors of certain constellations of symptoms.
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Torres, Albina R., Leonardo F. Fontenelle, Roseli G. Shavitt, Marcelo Q. Hoexter, Christopher Pittenger, and Euripedes C. Miguel. Epidemiology, Comorbidity, and Burden of OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0004.

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This chapter addresses the interrelated topics of OCD epidemiology, comorbidity, and disease burden. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a frequent condition, especially if subthreshold manifestations are considered. Epidemiological surveys describe current and lifetime prevalence rates of full-blown OCD around 1% and 2.5%, respectively. Subthreshold symptoms occur in up to a third of the general population. Comorbidity is the rule in OCD, which increases the complexity, severity, distress, chronicity, and negative impact of the disorder. Comorbidity may influence the search for, adherence with, and response to treatment. OCD entails significant costs to society, both illness related and care/treatment related. Epidemiological surveys show that only a minority of individuals with OCD are receiving treatment. Recognition and treatment of OCD is often delayed for many years, increasing the morbidity and the burden of sufferers, family members, and society. Increasing public awareness, professional recognition, and access to treatment is an urgent clinical and public health need.
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