Relevant bibliographies by topics / Observations

Academic literature on the topic 'Observations'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Observations"

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Zimmerman, Katie. "Observations on Observation." Endeavour 35, no. 4 (December 2011): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2011.09.001.

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Shulman, Stanford T. "Observations on Otitic Observation." Pediatric Annals 33, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0090-4481-20041201-03.

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Kharasch, Evan D. "Observations and Observational Research." Anesthesiology 131, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002818.

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Robyn Bluhm. "Some Observations on “Observational” Research." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 52, no. 2 (2009): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.0.0076.

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Brankart, Jean-Michel, Clément Ubelmann, Charles-Emmanuel Testut, Emmanuel Cosme, Pierre Brasseur, and Jacques Verron. "Efficient Parameterization of the Observation Error Covariance Matrix for Square Root or Ensemble Kalman Filters: Application to Ocean Altimetry." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 1908–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2693.1.

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Abstract In the Kalman filter standard algorithm, the computational complexity of the observational update is proportional to the cube of the number y of observations (leading behavior for large y). In realistic atmospheric or oceanic applications, involving an increasing quantity of available observations, this often leads to a prohibitive cost and to the necessity of simplifying the problem by aggregating or dropping observations. If the filter error covariance matrices are in square root form, as in square root or ensemble Kalman filters, the standard algorithm can be transformed to be linear in y, providing that the observation error covariance matrix is diagonal. This is a significant drawback of this transformed algorithm and often leads to an assumption of uncorrelated observation errors for the sake of numerical efficiency. In this paper, it is shown that the linearity of the transformed algorithm in y can be preserved for other forms of the observation error covariance matrix. In particular, quite general correlation structures (with analytic asymptotic expressions) can be simulated simply by augmenting the observation vector with differences of the original observations, such as their discrete gradients. Errors in ocean altimetric observations are spatially correlated, as for instance orbit or atmospheric errors along the satellite track. Adequately parameterizing these correlations can directly improve the quality of observational updates and the accuracy of the associated error estimates. In this paper, the example of the North Brazil Current circulation is used to demonstrate the importance of this effect, which is especially significant in that region of moderate ratio between signal amplitude and observation noise, and to show that the efficient parameterization that is proposed for the observation error correlations is appropriate to take it into account. Adding explicit gradient observations also receives a physical justification. This parameterization is thus proved to be useful to ocean data assimilation systems that are based on square root or ensemble Kalman filters, as soon as the number of observations becomes penalizing, and if a sophisticated parameterization of the observation error correlations is required.
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West, Brady T., and Frauke Kreuter. "Strategies for Increasing the Accuracy of Interviewer Observations of Respondent Features." Methodology 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000142.

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Abstract. Because survey response rates are consistently declining worldwide, survey researchers strive to obtain as much auxiliary information on sampled units as possible. Surveys using in-person interviewing often request that interviewers collect observations on key features of all sampled units, given that interviewers are the eyes and ears of the survey organization. Unfortunately, these observations are prone to error, which decreases the effectiveness of nonresponse adjustments based on the observations. No studies have investigated the strategies being used by interviewers tasked with making these observations, or examined whether certain strategies improve observation accuracy. This study is the first to examine the associations of observational strategies used by survey interviewers with the accuracy of observations collected by those interviewers. A qualitative analysis followed by multilevel models of observation accuracy shows that focusing on relevant correlates of the feature being observed and considering a diversity of cues are associated with increased observation accuracy.
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Tarida, Elga, Andria Catri Tamsin, and Zulfikarni Zulfikarni. "STRUKTUR DAN CIRI KEBAHASAAN TEKS LAPORAN HASIL OBSERVASI SISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 12 SOLOK SELATAN." Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia 9, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/108263-019883.

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ABSTRACT This study aims to (1) describe the structure of the report text observation of the work of class VII SMP Negeri 12 Solok Selatan (2) illustrates the linguistic characteristics of the observation report text by class VII SMP Negeri 12 Solok Selatan. The results of this study are as follows. First, in writing the report text of observations of Grade VII students of class VII SMP Negeri 12 Solok Selatan, they have used the three text structures of the observation report results. The structure of the report's observational text is a general definition, section description, and description of benefits. This is evident from the 20 observational report texts that have been analyzed throughout the observation report text of class VII SMP Negeri 12 Solok Selatan complete using general definitions, section descriptions, and benefits descriptions. Second, in writing the report text of observations generally in class VII SMP Negeri 12 Solok Selatan have used the four text structures of the observation report. The Fourth linguistic characteristics of the text of the observation report are repetition, pronoun, conjunction, and description sentences. This is evident from the 20 text reports on observations that have been analyzed, there are 16 text reports on observations that are complete using the linguistic characteristics of repetition, pronouns, conjunctions, and sentence definitions. Kata Kunci: Struktur Teks, Ciri Kebahasaan, dan Teks Laporan Hasil Observasi
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Battistelli, E. S., E. Carretti, P. de Bernardis, and S. Masi. "Large Radio Telescopes for Anomalous Microwave Emission Observations." Advances in Astronomy 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/607384.

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We discuss in this paper the problem of the Anomalous Microwave Emission (AME) in the light of ongoing or future observations to be performed with the largest fully steerable radio telescope in the world. High angular resolution observations of the AME will enable astronomers to drastically improve the knowledge of the AME mechanisms as well as the interplay between the different constituents of the interstellar medium in our galaxy. Extragalactic observations of the AME have started as well, and high resolution is even more important in this kind of observations. When cross-correlating with IR-dust emission, high angular resolution is also of fundamental importance in order to obtain unbiased results. The choice of the observational frequency is also of key importance in continuum observation. We calculate a merit function that accounts for the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in AME observation given the current state-of-the-art knowledge and technology. We also include in our merit functions the frequency dependence in the case of multifrequency observations. We briefly mention and compare the performance of four of the largest radiotelescopes in the world and hope the observational programs in each of them will be as intense as possible.
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Nikolov, A. S. "An Application of Personal Computers in Astronomy Education." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 105 (1990): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100086668.

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Observations play an important role in the process of teaching astronomical knowledge. Practical observations of astronomical phenomena lead to analysis and explanation based on natural laws and so form the basis of cognitive processes in the education. Evidently the observations are an integral part of acquiring astronomical knowledge. Giving up observations, no matter what the reasons, is equivalent to losing quality in the educational process. It decreases the possible influence over the personal development of pupils and students. At the same time, observation and observational results are important for success in education.Carefully planned observational time has a substantial influence on cognitive and educational processes. It leads to considerably more active participation in astronomy lectures.
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Jung, Byoung-Joo, Hyun Mee Kim, Thomas Auligné, Xin Zhang, Xiaoyan Zhang, and Xiang-Yu Huang. "Adjoint-Derived Observation Impact Using WRF in the Western North Pacific." Monthly Weather Review 141, no. 11 (October 25, 2013): 4080–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-12-00197.1.

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Abstract An increasing number of observations have contributed to the performance of numerical weather prediction systems. Accordingly, it is important to evaluate the impact of these observations on forecast accuracy. While the observing system experiment (OSE) requires considerable computational resources, the adjoint-derived method can evaluate the impact of all observational components at a lower cost. In this study, the effect of observations on forecasts is evaluated by the adjoint-derived method using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, its adjoint model, and a corresponding three-dimensional variational data assimilation system in East Asia and the western North Pacific for the 2008 typhoon season. Radiance observations had the greatest total impact on forecasts, but conventional wind observations had the greatest impact per observation. For each observation type, the total impact was greatest for radiosonde and each Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU)-A satellite, followed by surface synoptic observation from a land station (SYNOP), Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT), atmospheric motion vector (AMV) wind from a geostationary satellite (GEOAMV), and aviation routine weather reports (METARs). The fraction of beneficial observations was approximately 60%–70%, which is higher than that reported in previous studies. For several analyses of Typhoons Sinlaku (200813) and Jangmi (200815), dropsonde soundings taken near the typhoon had similar or greater observation impacts than routine radiosonde soundings. The sensitivity to the error covariance parameter indicates that reducing (increasing) observation (background) error covariance helps to reduce forecast error in the current analysis framework. The observation impact from OSEs is qualitatively similar to that from the adjoint method for major observation types. This study confirms that radiosonde observations provide primary information on the atmospheric state as in situ observations and that satellite radiances are an essential component of atmospheric observation systems.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Observations"

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Van, der Byl Gretchen. "Other observations." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10890.

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Bibliography: leaves 94-98.
Painting presents an almost infinite range of possibilities to convey meaning through the versatility and potential of the medium. It is to this potential for mimicking and representing the real world that I wish to turn; for whilst the word painting refers to the manifestation of the physical object, it also, more importantly for this discussion, refers to the act of painting itself, the application of paint onto a surface in the articulation of an illusory reality. This ability to represent in paint, upon a two-dimensional surface, the real world in such a way as to cause in the viewer an experience which is somehow like that of looking at the world, is called naturalism.
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Ricci, Marina. "Étude des propriétés optiques d’amas de galaxies détectés en rayons X : analyse multi-longueurs d’onde et implications pour les grands relevés du futur." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4070/document.

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Répondre aux questions fondamentales concernant notre compréhension de l’Univers, comme la cause de son expansion accélérée ou la nature de la matière noire, requiert de confronter les théories aux observations. Dans ce contexte, les amas de galaxies peuvent être utilisés comme de puissantes sondes observationnelles. Cependant, à l’heure actuelle, leur utilisation est limitée par des incertitudes et des effets systématiques, qui affectent notamment la mesure de leur masse, que l’on présume dominée par la matière noire. Les amas de galaxies peuvent être étudiés à différentes longueurs d’onde : le gaz chaud qui compose le milieu intra-amas (ICM en anglais) émet des rayons X et est observable dans le domaine millimétrique via l’effet Sunyaev Zel’dovich (SZ), alors que les galaxies rayonnent principalement en optique et infrarouge. Combiner et comparer ces observables permet de réduire les incertitudes et les effets systématiques des contraintes cosmologiques issues des amas. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a pour but de préparer les grands relevés observationnels du futur comme Euclid et le Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). Elle présente les analyses multi-longueurs d’onde d’un échantillon d’amas détectés en X dans le relevé XXL, couvrant une large gamme de masses et de redshifts. La première partie de cette thèse introduit le contexte cosmologique et présente les propriétés observationnelles des galaxies et amas de galaxies, ainsi que les ingrédients pour construire des échantillons cosmologiques d’amas. La deuxième partie traite de la caractérisation optique des amas XXL et des propriétés de leurs galaxies membres. Nous commençons par la présentation de XXL et du Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey (CFHTLS), un relevé optique associé. Ensuite, nous nous concentrons sur la caractérisation de la qualité des redshifts photométriques du CFHTLS et sur leur utilisation pour construire les fonctions de luminosité (LF en anglais) optiques des galaxies d’amas XXL. Il apparaît que la LF des galaxies satellites dépend légèrement de la richesse des amas, le principal proxy de masse en optique, mais ne montre pas d’évolution significative avec le redshift. Ensuite, nous entreprenons l’étude de la couleur et de la fraction de galaxies à noyaux actifs (AGN en anglais) dans les galaxies d’amas XXL et montrons que la masse joue un rôle clé dans la régulation de l’activité de formation stellaire dans les amas. Pour finir, l’algorithme de détection d’amas WaZP est utilisé pour étudier la contrepartie optique des amas XXL. La troisième partie de cette thèse est consacrée au projet observationnel dédié à la cartographie du signal SZ de trois amas XXL distants, avec la camera à haute résolution angulaire NIKA2. La préparation du projet est discutée, en se servant des données optiques et X afin de prédire le signal SZ attendu. Ensuite, nous présentons la procédure d’observation au télescope et la réduction des données, dédiée à la production des cartes SZ étalonnées. Le projet est en cours et un amas, XLSSC102, à z = 0.97, a été observé partiellement. Nous développons ensuite une méthode de détection en aveugle des potentielles galaxies qui peuvent contaminer le signal SZ, permettant la découverte fortuite de galaxies poussiéreuses à haut taux de formation stellaire dans le champ de XLSSC102. La morphologie et l’état dynamique de XLSSC102 sont ensuite caractérisés grâce à la combinaison des données optiques, SZ et X et les profils radiaux de masse et de propriétés thermodynamiques de l’ICM sont mesurés en associant les données X et SZ. Cela permet de montrer que XLSSC102 est un amas en coalescence avec une masse de ∼ 3 × 10^14 Msol et est compatible avec le scénario d’évolution standard de la formation des amas
Addressing fundamental questions regarding our understanding of the Universe, such as the cause of its accelerated expansion or the nature of dark matter, requires to confront theories and observations. In this context, galaxy clusters can be used as powerful observational probes. However, their current utilisation is limited by uncertainties and systematic effects, notably affecting the measurement of their mass, which is presumably dominated by dark matter.Galaxy clusters can be studied at different wavelengths: the hot gas composing the Intra Cluster Medium (ICM) shines in X-ray and is observable at millimetre wavelengths via the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) effect, whereas galaxies emit principally in the optical and infrared. Combining and comparing these observables allows us to reduce the uncertainties and systematics in the cosmological constraints obtained from clusters. In this context, this thesis aims at paving the way of future large surveys such as Euclid and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. It presents the multi-wavelengths analyses of a sample of clusters detected in X-ray in the XXL survey, spanning a wide range of masses and redshifts. The first part of the thesis introduces the cosmological context and presents the observational properties of galaxies and clusters, and the ingredients to build cosmological cluster samples. The second part concentrates on the optical characterisation of XXL clusters and the properties of their member galaxies. It starts by presenting XXL and the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey (CFHTLS), an optical counterpart survey. Then, it focuses on the characterisation of the CFHTLS photometric redshifts quality and their use to construct the optical galaxy luminosity functions (LF) of XXL clusters. The LF of satellite galaxies is found to slightly depend on cluster richness, the main optical mass proxy, but no significant redshift evolution is observed. Then, the study of the colour and active galactic nuclei (AGN) fraction in XXL cluster galaxies is performed, finding that the mass plays a key role in shaping AGN and star formation activity in clusters. Finally, the WaZP optical cluster finder algorithm is used to investigate the optical counterparts of XXL clusters. The third part of this thesis is dedicated to the observational project dedicated to the mapping of the SZ signal in three distant XXL clusters, with the high angular resolution NIKA2 camera. The preparation of the project is discussed, making use of the X-ray and optical data to predict the expected SZ signal. Then, the observation procedure at the telescope and the data reduction, dedicated to produce calibrated SZ maps, are presented. The project is still ongoing and one cluster, XLSSC102, at z = 0.97, has been partially observed. The development of the blind detection of galaxies potentially contaminating the SZ signal is developed, allowing for the serendipitous discovery of dusty star forming galaxies in the field of XLSSC102. The morphology and dynamical state of XLSSC102 are then characterised using optical, SZ and X-ray data and the radial ICM thermodynamics and mass profiles are measured combining SZ and X-ray data. This allows us to show that XLSSC102 is a merging cluster with a mass ∼ 3 × 10 14 M, and is compatible with the standard evolution scenario of cluster formation
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Le, Gal Romane. "Chimie interstellaire des hydrures d'azote : modélisation - observations." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY081/document.

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La nouvelle fenêtre spectroscopique dans le sub-millimétrique, ouverte par l’avènement del’observatoire spatial Herschel, a permis la détection d’espèces azotées simples, les hydruresd’azote NH, NH2 et NH3, dans les enveloppes froides de proto-étoiles. Ces enveloppes sontconstituées de gaz dense et froid caractéristique des conditions physico-chimiques des nuagesmoléculaires. L’observation d’hydrures d’azote dans de tels environnements a donc permis d’apporterde nouvelles contraintes sur la chimie interstellaire de ces nuages, et nous a donné enparticulier l’occasion de ré-explorer la chimie de l’azote.L’objectif de mon travail de thèse a été d’analyser en détail cette chimie interstellaire etprincipalement la formation en phase gazeuse d’espèces polyatomiques simples : les hydruresd’azote. Dans des conditions de gaz dense et froid (n = 104 cm−3, T = 10 K), la chimie de cesderniers est initiée par une chimie lente (la conversion de N en N2 par réactions neutre-neutre),contrairement à celles de ses analogues oxygénés et carbonés. Nous nous sommes particulièrementintéressés à cette étape de la chimie de l’azote, au vu des récents travaux théoriqueset expérimentaux menés par plusieurs équipes d’experts (Bordeaux, Besançon). De plus, lesrécents travaux concernant la conversion ortho-para de l’hydrogène moléculaire et les nouveauxcalculs de rapports de branchement de spins nucléaires pour les voies de production des hydruresd’azote dans leurs configurations ortho et para, menés à l’IPAG, nous ont permis d’entreprendrele calcul auto-cohérent des différentes symétries de spin des hydrures d’azote et de l’hydrogènemoléculaire. Nous avons ainsi pu développer un nouveau réseau chimique de l’azote, bénéficiantdes taux cinétiques les plus à jour pour les réactions critiques impliquées dans la chimie deshydrures d’azote.Ce nouveau réseau est utilisé pour modéliser l’évolution temporelle des abondances desespèces azotées dans des conditions de gaz dense et froid ( 103 < n < 106 cm−3, T ≤ 50 K).Les résultats à l’état stationnaire sont comparés aux observations de NH, NH2 et NH3, dans lesenveloppes froides de proto-étoiles de faible masse, en étudiant l’influence des abondances totalesen phase gazeuse du carbone, de l’oxygène et du soufre. Nos modèles chimiques reproduisent lesabondances des hydrures d’azote observés et leurs rapports pour un rapport C/O élementaire, enphase gazeuse, de ∼ 0.8 et à condition que l’abondance totale de soufre soit déplétée d’au moinsun facteur 2. Les rapports ortho/para prédits par nos modèles, pour NH2 et NH3, respectivement∼ 2.3 et ∼ 0.7, sont compatibles avec les observations de ces derniers dans des nuages diffusfroids. Les abondances des hydrures d’azote, dans des conditions de nuages sombres, sont donccohérentes avec une synthèse purement en phase gazeuse. De plus, nos résultats soulignent lefait que NH provient d’une voie de formation différente de celle de NH2 et NH3. NH vient de larecombinaison dissociative de N2H+ alors que la formation de NH2 et NH3 est principalementdue à la recombinaison dissociative de l’ion ammonium (NH+4 ), lui même molécule fille deN+. Ainsi, NH2 et NH3 procèdent de l’échange de charge dissociatif N2 + He+, tandis que NHprovient de la réaction N2 + H+3
The new spectroscopic window opened by the advent of the Herschel Space Observatory,has enabled the detection of simple nitrogen species, the nitrogen hydrides NH, NH2, and NH3,in the cold envelope of protostars. These envelopes are made of dense cold gas characteristicof the physico-chemical conditions of molecular clouds. The observation of nitrogen hydrides insuch environments has brought new constraints on the interstellar chemistry of these kind ofclouds, and gives, in particular, the opportunity to revisit the chemistry of nitrogen.The aim of my thesis was to comprehensively analyse the interstellar chemistry of nitrogen,focussing on the gas-phase formation of the simplest polyatomic species, namely nitrogen hydrides.Under dense, cold gas conditions (n = 104 cm−3, T = 10 K), the chemistry of theselatter is initiated by a slow chemistry (the conversion from N to N2 with neutral-neutral reactions),in contrast to their carbonated and oxygenated analogues. We have investigated andrevisited this specific part of the nitrogen chemistry in the light of recent theoretical and experimentalwork carried out by several expert teams (Bordeaux, Besançon). In addition, recentwork about the ortho-para conversion of molecular hydrogen and new calculations of nuclearspin branching ratios for the production pathways of nitrogen hydrides in their ortho and paraconfigurations conducted at IPAG, enabled us to treat self-consistently the different spin symmetriesof the nitrogen hydrides together with the ortho and para forms of molecular hydrogen.We were able to develop a new network of chemical nitrogen in which the kinetic rates of criticalreactions involved in the nitrogen chemistry have been updated.This new network is used to model the time evolution of the nitrogen species abundancesin dense cold gas conditions (T ≤ 50 K, 103 < n < 106 cm−3). The steady-state resultsare compared to observations of NH, NH2 and NH3 towards a sample of low-mass protostars,with a special emphasis on the influence of the overall amounts of gaseous carbon, oxygen, andsulphur. Our chemical models reproduced the nitrogen hydrides abundances and their ratios fora gas-phase elemental C/O ratio of ∼ 0.8, provided that the total amount of sulphur is depletedby at least a factor of two. Our predicted ortho-to-para ratios for NH2 and NH3, ∼ 2.3 and∼ 0.7 respectively, are in good agreement with the observations towards cold diffuse clouds.Then, in dark gas conditions, the nitrogen hydride abundances are consistent with a pure gasphasesynthesis. Moreover, our results are based on the fact that NH is coming from a differentpathway than NH2 and NH3. NH is the daughter molecule of N2H+, deriving from the reactionN2+H+3 , while NH2 and NH3 proceed from NH+4 , itself daughter molecule of N+, resulting fromthe dissociative charge exchange N2 + He+
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Ninove, Floriane. "Apports de données Argo pour caractériser les erreurs modèles et contraindre les systèmes d'assimilation." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30230/document.

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Le programme international Argo a révolutionné l'observation globale des océans. Une flotte de plus de 3000 instruments sous-marins autonomes est en place, programmés pour fournir des mesures globales de profils de température et de salinité sur les 2000 premiers mètres de l'océan. Ces mesures sont assimilées dans des modèles océaniques conjointement aux observations satellitaires afin de décrire et prévoir l'océan. Dans cette thèse nous proposons une analyse permettant de caractériser les erreurs d'un modèle global océanique par comparaison aux données du réseau Argo. Ces erreurs sont décrites via leurs amplitudes, leurs variations régionales et temporelles ainsi que via les échelles spatiales associées. Une caractérisation des échelles spatiales à la fois pour la variabilité océanique et pour les erreurs modèles est, en particulier, menée permettant de relier la structure des erreurs modèles à celle du signal. Enfin, des techniques basées sur le contenu en information sont testées afin de pouvoir à terme mieux quantifier l'impact des observations Argo sur les systèmes d'assimilation de Mercator Océan
The international Argo program has revolutionized the observation of the global ocean. An array of more than 3000 profiling floats is in place and provides global measurements of temperature and salinity on the first 2000 meters of the ocean. These measurements are assimilated into ocean models together with satellite observations to describe and forecast the ocean state. We propose here to characterize model errors using Argo observations. Model errors are described through their amplitude, geographical and temporal variations as well as their spatial scales. Spatial scales of both model errors and ocean signals are, in particular, estimated. This allows a comparison of model errors and ocean variability structure. Finally, techniques based on information content are tested in the longer run quantifying the impact of Argo observations in the Mercator Ocean data assimilation systems
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Nelson, Stephanie Anne. "Associations Between Intelligence Test Scores and Test Session Behavior in Children with ADHD, LD, and EBD." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2008. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/159.

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Individually administered intelligence tests are a routine component of psychological assessments of children who may meet criteria for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), learning disorders (LD), or emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). In addition to providing potentially useful test scores, the individual administration of an intelligence test provides an ideal opportunity for observing a child’s behavior in a standardized setting, which may contribute clinically meaningful information to the assessment process. However, little is known about the associations between test scores and test session behavior of children with these disorders. This study examined patterns of test scores and test session observations in groups of children with ADHD, LD, EBD who were administered the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5), as well as in control children from the SB5 standardization sample. Three hundred and twelve children receiving special education services for ADHD (n = 50), LD (n = 234), EBD (n = 28) and 100 children selected from the SB5 standardization sample were selected from a data set of children who were administered both the SB5 and the Test Observation Form (TOF; a standardized rating form for assessing behavior during cognitive or achievement testing of children). The groups were then compared on SB scores and TOF scores. Associations between test scores and TOF scores in children with ADHD, LD, and EBD and normal controls were also examined. The results of this investigation indicated that children with ADHD, LD, and EBD and normal control children differed on several SB5 and TOF scales. Control children scored higher on all of the SB5 scales than children with LD, and scored higher on many of the SB5 scales than children with ADHD and EBD. Children with EBD demonstrated the most problem behavior during testing, followed by children with ADHD. Children with LD were similar to control children with respect to test session behavior. In addition, several combinations of test scores and test session behavior were able to predict diagnostic group status. Overall, the results of this investigation suggest that test scores and behavioral observations during testing can and should be important components of multi-informant, multi-method assessment of children with ADHD, LD, and EBD.
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Atkins, John L. "Personal anthropological observations." Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/724963.

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The creative project dealt with the artist creating a vocabulary of images derived from past and present cultures in order to create a series of highly personalized anthropological narratives. The artist intended the narrative drawings to invoke archaic moods rather than summon literal responses.The accomplishments of this creative project were further development of the artist's personal imagist style, success in relating personal anthropological observations through narratives, and progress in media experimentation. By creating more contrast between forms, by varying value against value and deep space against shallow space, the artist was able to achieve superior compositional studies.
Department of Art
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Bradley, Christine Lavella, and Christine Lavella Bradley. "SpectroPolarimetric Imaging Observations." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624499.

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The capability to map anthropogenic aerosol quantities and properties over land can provide significant insights for climate and environmental studies on global and regional scales. One of the primary challenges in aerosol information monitoring is separating two signals measured by downward-viewing airborne or spaceborne instruments: the light scattered from the aerosols and light reflected from the Earth's surface. In order to study the aerosols independently, the surface signal needs to be subtracted out from the measurements. Some observational modalities, such as multispectral and multiangle, do not provide enough information to uniquely define the Earth's directional reflectance properties for this task due to the high magnitude and inhomogeneity of albedo for land surface types. Polarization, however, can provide additional information to define surface reflection. To improve upon current measurement capabilities of aerosols over urban areas, Jet Propulsion Laboratory developed the Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (MSPI) that can accurately measure the Degree of Linear Polarization to 0.5%. In particular, data acquired by the ground-based prototype, GroundMSPI, is used for directional reflectance studies of outdoor surfaces in this dissertation. This work expands upon an existing model, the microfacet model, to characterize the polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution function (pBRDF) of surfaces and validate an assumption, the Spectral Invariance Hypothesis, on the surface pBRDF that is used in aerosol retrieval algorithms. The microfacet model is commonly used to represent the pBRDF of Earth's surface types, such as ocean and land. It represents a roughened surface comprised of randomly oriented facets that specularly reflect incoming light into the upward hemisphere. The analytic form of the pBRDF for this model assumes only a single reflection of light from the microfaceted surface. If the incoming illumination is unpolarized, as it is with natural light from the Sun, the reflected light is linearly polarized perpendicular to the plane that contains the illumination and view directions, the scattering plane. However, previous work has shown that manmade objects, such as asphalt and brick, show a polarization signature that differs from the single reflection microfacet model. Using the polarization ray-tracing (PRT) program POLARIS-M, a numerical calculation for the pBRDF is made for a roughened surface to account for multiple reflections that light can experience between microfacets. Results from this numerical PRT method shows rays that experience two or more reflections with the microfacet surface can be polarized at an orientation that differs from the analytical single reflection microfacet model. This PRT method is compared against GroundMSPI data of manmade surfaces. An assumption made regarding the pBRDF for this microfacet model is verified with GroundMSPI data of urban areas. This is known as the Spectral Invariance Hypothesis and asserts that the magnitude and shape of the polarized bidirectional reflectance factor (pBRF) is the same for all wavelengths. This simplifies the microfacet model by assuming some surface parameters such as the index of refraction are spectrally neutral. GroundMSPI acquires the pBRF for five prominent region types, asphalt, brick, cement, dirt, and grass, for day-long measurements on clear sky conditions. Over the course of each day, changing solar position in the sky provides a large range of scattering angles for this study. The pBRF is measured for the three polarimetric wavelengths of GroundMSPI, 470, 660, and 865nm, and the best fit slope of the spectral correlation is reported. This investigation shows agreement to the Spectral Invariance Hypothesis within 10% for all region types excluding grass. Grass measurements show a large mean deviation of 31.1%. This motivated an angle of linear polarization (AoLP) analysis of cotton crops to isolate single reflection cases, or specular reflections, from multiple scattering cases of light in vegetation. Results from this AoLP method show that specular reflections off the top surface of leaves follow the Spectral Invariance Hypothesis.
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Dahlqvist, Caroline, and Hanna Eriksson. "Night-Time Observations of Earth : Satellite Orbit Modied for UHECR Observations." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-249172.

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Particles with energies higher than 3. 10.19 eV are generally referred to as Ultra- High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) and their sources are currently unknown. The observations of these particles are performed during the night from ground observatories or telescopes mounted on stratospheric balloons or, in the near future, from the International Space Station (ISS). In this report, different orbit types are analysed and compared with the ISS in terms of the duration of the sub-point in night-time (umbra), the observed area on the ground in umbra and estimations of the observable number of events.
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Mtema, Kuda. "När leken vänder. : En studie som bygger på mina observationer kring hur leken kan förändras i ett ögonblick." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för didaktik och pedagogiskt arbete, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-38678.

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Devogèle, Maxime. "Propriétés des astéroïdes de type L : un lien avec le Système Solaire primordial ?" Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4069/document.

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En 2006, Il a été observé que l'astéroïde (234)~Barbara possède une valeur anormalement élevée d’angle d’inversion polarimétrie. Par la suite, d'autres astéroïdes possédant la même caractéristique que Barbara ont été découverts et nommés ``Barbarians'' en référence à (234) Barbara. L'étude de ces astéroïdes constitue le sujet principal de cette thèse ayant pour but de mieux comprendre la raison de cet angle d'inversion plus élevé que la normale. La première hypothèse formulée afin d’expliquer cette anomalie polarimétrique suppose que les astéroïdes Barbarians possèdent une forme fortement irrégulière induisant une réponse polarimétrique particulière. La deuxième hypothèse stipule que les astéroïdes Barbarians possèdent une abondance anormalement élevée d'inclusions riches en aluminium et en calcium. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons obtenu de nombreuses nouvelles données aussi bien en photométrie, spectroscopie que polarimétrie. Ces nouvelles observations d’astéroïdes ont permis de tester différentes hypothèses formulées précédemment afin d'expliquer l'anomalie polarimétrique observée. Nos observations ont permis d'éliminer une hypothèse faisant appel à une topologie particulière des astéroïdes Barbarians, mais nous avons confirmé et renforcé une autre hypothèse faisant intervenir une composition particulière de ces astéroïdes. Si cette dernière hypothèse était confirmée, cela en ferait des astéroïdes primitifs s'étant formés lors des premières étapes du Système Solaire. Leur étude permettrait donc d'en apprendre plus sur les mécanismes de formation des astéroïdes et la composition de la nébuleuse ayant donné naissance au Système Solaire. Comprendre les astéroïdes Barbarians sert à mieux comprendre les premières étapes de formation du Système Solaire et aussi celles des planètes
A few years ago, asteroid polarimetry allowed to discover a class of asteroids exhibiting peculiar phase polarization curves, collectively called "Barbarians" from the prototype of this class, the asteroid (234) Barbara. All such objects belong to the L visible plus near infrared based taxonomic class. The anomalous polarization has been tentatively interpreted in terms of high-albedo, spinel-rich Calcium-Aluminum inclusions (CAI) that could be abundant on the surfaces of some of these asteroids, according to their spectral reflectance properties and to analogies with CO3/CV3 meteorites. Such CAIs are among the oldest mineral assemblages ever found in the Solar System. Barbarians' surfaces could therefore be rich in this very ancient material and bring information on the early phases of planetary formation. During this thesis, a systematic campaign for photometric, polarimetric and spectroscopic characterization has been conducted. These observation campaigns allowed improving our general knowledge about these peculiar asteroids and highlighting the link between polarization and polarimetric properties. Our observation also allowed discarding the hypotheses involving peculiar shape for these asteroids. However, as it was suggested, a link between the presence of CAI and the polarimetric response was found. Our observations show that the relative abundance of CAI is correlated with the polarimetric inversion angle. This is the first time that a direct link between polarimetric and spectroscopic properties is found
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Books on the topic "Observations"

1

Jones, Wesley Emerson. Unblinkered observations. (Great Britain?): (W. E. Jones?), 1990.

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Broekel, Ray. Animal observations. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1990.

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United States. National Weather Service. Surface observations. Silver Spring, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, 1994.

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Galerie, Kunstforum Ostdeutsche, ed. New observations. Köln: Buchhandlung Walther König, 2018.

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Nietzsche, Friedrich. Unmodern observations. Edited by Arrowsmith William. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.

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Wolff, Ann. Betragtninger: Observations. [Ebeltoft]: Glasmuseets forlag, 2005.

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Seber, G. A. F. Multivariate observations. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience, 2004.

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Robles, Daniel J. Modern observations. Newbury Park, CA: Prosody Publishers, 1985.

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United States. Office of Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. Surface observations. 3rd ed. Rockville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1988.

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Pelletier, Alexis. Observations critiques. [S.l: s.n., 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Observations"

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Morest, D. Kent, and Jeffery A. Winer. "Observations." In Advances in Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology, 5–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70652-3_3.

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Adam, Jan. "Observations." In Planning and Market in Soviet and East European Thought, 1960s–1992, 267–95. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22756-3_11.

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Malchow, H. L. "Observations." In Gentlemen Capitalists, 341–84. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12529-6_6.

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Parahoo, Kader. "Observations." In Nursing Research, 332–51. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-28127-2_19.

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Winer, Jeffery A. "Observations." In Advances in Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology, 4–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69634-3_3.

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Mcilveen, Robin. "Observations." In Fundamentals of Weather and Climate, 15–46. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6892-0_2.

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Wästerfors, David. "Observations." In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection, 314–26. 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781526416070.n20.

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Nelson, Vaughn, and Kenneth Starcher. "Observations." In Introduction to Bioenergy, 231–46. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2016. | Series: Energy and the environment: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21602-13.

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Austin, Dennis. "Observations." In The Commonwealth and Britain, 6–18. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003440284-1.

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Cottrell, Stella. "Observations." In Dissertations and Project Reports, 143–50. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-36427-2_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Observations"

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Pursiainen, Viivi, Stewart Williams, Thaddeus Kenny, Elizabeth Bartlett, Andrew Biggs, Brendan McCollam, Danilo Acosta, Sean Ellis, and Rupert Lung. "SKAO observation execution tool: designing for concurrent, responsive observations." In Software and Cyberinfrastructure for Astronomy VIII, edited by Gianluca Chiozzi and Jorge Ibsen. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3019857.

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Poojary, Pawan, and Randall Berry. "Observational Learning in Mean-Field Games with Imperfect Observations." In 2023 59th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/allerton58177.2023.10313387.

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Bai, Hashi, Greydon Buckley, Mark Howard, and Edward Lank. "Tracking Observations: Using Handhelds and Computers for Classroom Observation Logging." In First International Conference on the Digital Society (ICDS'07). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icds.2007.41.

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Frederiks, D. D., R. L. Aptekar, S. V. Golenetskii, V. N. Il’inskii, E. P. Mazets, and M. M. Terekhov. "Observations of." In GAMMA-RAY BURSTS. ASCE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.55420.

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Wen-Chiao Lin, Humberto E. Garcia, and Tae-Sic Yoo. "Selecting observation platforms for optimized anomaly detectability under unreliable partial observations." In 2011 American Control Conference. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2011.5991124.

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Hamit, Abderamane, Jean-Michel Martinez, Tristan Harmel, Thierry Tormos, Mauricio Cordeiro, Nicolas Gasnier, Alice Andral, et al. "Monitoring Lake Chad Basin Water Quality Using Earth Observation Satellite Observations." In 2023 International Conference on Earth Observation and Geo-Spatial Information (ICEOGI). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceogi57454.2023.10292970.

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Wang, Xinwei, Roel Leus, and Chao Han. "Fixed Interval Scheduling of Multiple Earth Observation Satellites with Multiple Observations." In 2018 9th International Conference on Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (ICMAE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmae.2018.8467667.

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"Observations support for water management — JAXA's satellite observations." In 2011 GEOSS Workshop XLI - Hydrology. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/geoss-xli.2011.6047974.

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Woods, Peter M., C. Bassa, Z. Wang, A. Cumming, and V. M. Kaspi. "Observations of Magnetars." In 40 YEARS OF PULSARS: Millisecond Pulsars, Magnetars and More. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2900149.

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Sato, Bun’ei, Tomonori Usuda, Motohide Tamura, and Miki Ishii. "RV Observations Review." In EXOPLANETS AND DISKS: THEIR FORMATION AND DIVERSITY: Proceedings of the International Conference. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3215838.

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Reports on the topic "Observations"

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Rémy, Elisabeth, Romain Escudier, and Alexandre Mignot. Access impact of observations. EuroSea, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/eurosea_d4.8.

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The accuracy of the Copernicus Marine Environment and Monitoring Service (CMEMS) ocean analysis and forecasts highly depend on the availability and quality of observations to be assimilated. In situ observations are complementary to satellite observations that are restricted to the ocean surface. Higher resolution model forecasts are required by users of the CMEMS global and regional ocean analysis and forecasts. To support this with an efficient observational constrain of the model forecast via data assimilation, an increase observation coverage is needed, associated with an improved usage of the available ocean observations. This work exploits the capabilities of operational systems to provide comprehensive information for the evolution of the GOOS. In this report, we analyse the use and the efficiency of the in-situ observations to constrain regional and global Mercator Ocean systems. Physical and biogeochemical variables are considered. The in-situ observations are used either to estimate physical ocean state at global and regional scale via data assimilation or to estimate BGC model parameters. The impact of the physical in situ observations assimilated in open ocean and coastal areas is assessed with numerical data assimilation experiments. The experiments are conducted with the regional 1/36° resolution and global 1/12° resolution systems operated by Mercator Ocean for the Copernicus Marine Service. For the global physical ocean, the focus is on the tropical ocean to better understand how the tropical mooring observations constrain the intraseasonal to daily variability and the complementarity with satellite observations and the deep ocean. The tropical moorings provide unique high frequency observations at different depth, but they are far away from each other, so part of the signal in the observation are decorrelated from one mooring to the others. It is only via an integrated approach, as data assimilation into a dynamical model and complementarity with other observing networks that those observations can efficiently constrain the different scales of variability of the tropical ocean circulation. As the satellite observations brings higher spatial resolution between the tropical moorings but for the ocean surface, we show that the tropical mooring and Argo profile data assimilation constrain the larger scale ocean thermohaline vertical structure (EuroSea D2.2; Gasparin et al., 2023). The representation of the high frequency signals observed at mooring location is also significantly improved in the model analysis compared to a non-assimilative simulation. The ocean below 2000 m depth is still largely under constrained as very few observations exist. Some deep ocean basins, as the Antarctic deep ocean, shows significant trend over the past decade but they are still not accurately monitored. Based on the spread of four deep ocean reanalysis estimates, large uncertainties were estimated in representing local heat and freshwater content in the deep ocean. Additionally, temperature and salinity field comparison with deep Argo observations demonstrates that reanalysis errors in the deep ocean are of the same size as or even stronger than the observed deep ocean signal. OSSE already suggested that the deployment of a global deep Argo array will significantly constrain the deep ocean in reanalysis to be closer to the observations (Gasparin et al., 2020). At regional and coastal scales, the physical ocean circulation is dominated by higher frequency, smaller scale processes than the open ocean which requires different observation strategy to be well monitor. The impact of assimilating high frequency and high-resolution observations provided by gliders on European shelves is analysed with the regional Iberic Biscay and Irish (IBI) system. It was found that repetitive glider sections can efficiently help to constrain the transport of water masses flowing across those sections. BGC ocean models are less mature than physical ocean models and some variable dependencies are still based on empirical functions. In this task, Argo BGC profile observations were used to optimize the parameters of the global CMEMS biogeochemical model, PISCES. A particle filter algorithm was chosen to optimize a 1D configuration of PISCES in the North Atlantic. The optimization of the PISCES 1D model significantly improves the model's ability to reproduce the North Atlantic bloom Recommendations on the in-situ network extensions for real time ocean monitoring are given based on those results, and the one also obtained in the WP2, Task 2.2 where data assimilation experiments but with simulated observations where conducted. Argo extension and the complementarity with satellite altimetry was also extensively studied. (EuroSea Deliverable ; D4.8)
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Yoo, J., and G. Kim. Atmospheric observations. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/295973.

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Jin, K. H. Atmospheric observations. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/297877.

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Carr, Alan Brady. Trinity Observations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1633547.

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Park, J., Y. Kim, C. K. Lim, L. Peng, and Y. Li. Atmospheric observations. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/308408.

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Winans, J. Timing system observations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/205140.

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Elgar, Steve, and Britt Raubenheimer. Observations of Megaripples. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada610017.

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Elgar, Steve, and Britt Raubenheimer. Observations of Megaripples. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada627778.

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Green, Dale. Autonomous Undersea Observations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada631410.

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Green, Dale. Autonomous Undersea Observations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada573250.

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