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Du, Yuzhe, and Jian Chen. "The Odorant Binding Protein, SiOBP5, Mediates Alarm Pheromone Olfactory Recognition in the Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta." Biomolecules 11, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 1595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11111595.
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Olfaction is crucial in mediating various behaviors of social insects such as red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren. Olfactory receptor (OR) complexes consist of odor-specific ORs and OR co-receptors (Orco). Orcos are highly conserved across insect taxa and are widely co-expressed with ORs. Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) can transport semiochemicals to ORs as protein carriers and thus constitute the first molecular recognition step in insect olfaction. In this study, three OBP genes highly expressed in S. invicta antenna, OBP1, OBP5, OBP6, and Orco were partially silenced using RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi SiOBP5- and Orco-injected ants showed significantly lower EAG (electroantennography) responses to fire ant alarm pheromones and the alkaloid, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine than water- or GFP-injected ants 72 h post injection. Subsequent qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the transcript level of the OBP1, OBP5, OBP6, and Orco significantly decreased 72 h after ants were injected with dsRNAs; however, there were no transcript level or EAG changes in ants fed dsRNAs. Our results suggest that S. invicta Orco and SiOBP5 are crucial to fire ants for their responses to alarm pheromones. RNAi knocking down SiOBP5 can significantly disrupt alarm pheromone communication, suggesting that disrupting SiOBP5 and Orcos could be potentially useful in the management of red imported fire ants.
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Burkard, Thilo, Michael Mayr, Clemens Winterhalder, Licia Leonardi, Jens Eckstein, and Annina Salome Vischer. "Reliability of single office blood pressure measurements." Heart 104, no. 14 (March 12, 2018): 1173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312523.
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ObjectivesStandard operating procedures for office blood pressure measurement (OBPM) vary greatly between guidelines and studies. We aimed to compare the difference between a single OBPM and the mean of the three following measurements. Further, we studied how many patients with possible hypertension may be missed due to short-term masked hypertension (STMH) and how many might be overdiagnosed due to short-term white coat hypertension (STWCH).Design and settingIn this cross-sectional, single-centre trial, 1000 adult subjects were enrolled. After 5 min of rest, four sequential standard OBPMs were performed at 2 min intervals in a quiet room in sitting position. We compared the first (fBPM) to the mean of the second to fourth measurement (mBPM). STMH was defined as fBPM <140 mm Hg systolic and <90 mm Hg diastolic and mBPM systolic ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic ≥90 mm Hg. STWCH was defined as fBPM systolic ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic ≥90 mm Hg and mBPM <140 mm Hg systolic and <90 mm Hg diastolic.ResultsComplete measurements were available in 802 subjects. Between fBPM and mBPM, 662 (82.5%), 441 (55%) and 208 (25.9%) subjects showed a difference in systolic and 531 (66.2%), 247 (30.8%) and 51 (6.4%) in diastolic blood pressure (BP) values of >2 mm Hg, >5 mm Hg and >10 mm Hg, respectively. In 3.4% of initially normotensives STMH and in 34.3% of initially hypertensives, STWCH was apparent.ConclusionsThere are significant differences between a single OBPM and the mean of consecutive BP measurements. Our study provides evidence that a single OBPM should not be the preferred method and should be discouraged in future guidelines.Trial registration numberNCT02552030;Results.
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Holm, Louise, Tone Stucke-Brander, Stefan Wagner, Puk Sandager, Jacob Schlütter, Camilla Lindahl, and Niels Uldbjerg. "Automated blood pressure self-measurement station compared to office blood pressure measurement for first trimester screening of pre-eclampsia." Health Informatics Journal 25, no. 4 (September 25, 2018): 1815–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1460458218799505.
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Background: Preeclampsia is a serious medical disorder affecting pregnancy. Screening in early pregnancy can identify women at risk and enable effective prophylactic treatment. Accurate blood pressure (BP) measurement is an important element of the screening algorithm. Automated self-screening, while attending the first trimester ultra sound scan, using a BP self-measurement (BPSM) station, could be a low-cost alternative to office BP measurements (OBPM) on both arms performed by clinical staff, if the measurement quality can be ensured. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare automated BPSM using a self-measurement station on one arm, with OBPM performed by clinical staff on both arms. Primary outcome was the difference in mean arterial pressure (MAP) between the two methods and secondary outcomes were safety and practicality issues. Methods: Pregnant women attending ultrasound-examination at 12 weeks gestational age were recruited and randomized to start with having two OBPMs taken on both arms by staff, using two standard validated automatic upper arm BP devices, or self-measuring using an automated BPSM station following a crossover study design. The BPSM station consists of a validated blood pressure device, and an add-on sensor system capable of registering blood pressure values, rest-time, back-supported, legs-crossed, and ambient noise-levels respectively, and providing interactive guidance during the measurement process, for supporting the self-measurement process. Results: A total of 80 complete BP measurement sets were obtained, for a total of 240 BPSM measurements and 320 OBPM measurements. We found no significant difference between the OBPM and BPSM methods (p=0.86) for mean arterial pressure (MAP). However, erroneous measurements were observed frequently during the experiment, mainly during the first of the 3 BPSM measurements (6%), secondary during the second BPSM measurement (3%). Only one data set (1%) was excluded due to OBPM errors. Conclusion: No significant difference in MAP between the two methods was found. Means for detecting and repeating erroneous BP measurements should be implemented. Measurement errors was found in 9 % of the measurement sets which is not acceptable for clinical use. Thus, several measures have been identified in order to properly identify and recover from such measurement errors in the future.
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Vischer, Annina S., and Thilo Burkard. "How Should We Measure and Deal with Office Blood Pressure in 2021?" Diagnostics 11, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11020235.
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Arterial hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease worldwide. Office blood pressure measurements (OBPMs) are still recommended for diagnosis and follow-up by all major guidelines; however, the recommended procedures differ significantly. In analogy, major outcome studies usually apply OBPMs, again, with a variety of procedures. This variety of OBPM procedures complicates the comparability between studies and challenges daily clinical practice. In this narrative review, we compile the most recent recommendations for office blood pressure measurement together with the major limitations and strategies and how these could be overcome.
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RAMONI, Roberto, Florence VINCENT, Alison E. ASHCROFT, Paolo ACCORNERO, Stefano GROLLI, Christel VALENCIA, Mariella TEGONI, and Christian CAMBILLAU. "Control of domain swapping in bovine odorant-binding protein." Biochemical Journal 365, no. 3 (August 1, 2002): 739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20011631.
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As revealed by the X-ray structure, bovine odorant-binding protein (OBPb) is a domain swapped dimer [Tegoni, Ramoni, Bignetti, Spinelli and Cambillau (1996) Nat. Struct. Biol. 3, 863–867; Bianchet, Bains, Petosi, Pevsner, Snyder, Monaco and Amzel (1996) Nat. Struct. Biol. 3, 934–939]. This contrasts with all known mammalian OBPs, which are monomers, and in particular with porcine OBP (OBPp), sharing 42.3% identity with OBPb. By the mechanism of domain swapping, monomers are proposed to evolve into dimers and oligomers, as observed in human prion. Comparison of bovine and porcine OBP sequences pointed at OBPp glycine 121, in the hinge linking the β-barrel to the α-helix. The absence of this residue in OBPb might explain why the normal lipocalin β-turn is not formed. In order to decipher the domain swapping determinants we have produced a mutant of OBPb in which a glycine residue was inserted after position 121, and a mutant of OBPp in which glycine 121 was deleted. The latter mutation did not result in dimerization, while OBPb-121Gly+ became monomeric, suggesting that domain swapping was reversed. Careful structural analysis revealed that besides the presence of a glycine in the hinge, the dimer interface formed by the C-termini and by the presence of the lipocalins conserved disulphide bridge may also control domain swapping.
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Hajian, Sepideh, Nafiseh Rastgoo, and Sanaz Jamshidi. "Assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of home blood pressure monitoring by patients." Journal of Renal Injury Prevention 10, no. 4 (October 29, 2020): e31-e31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jrip.2021.31.
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Introduction: According to available guidelines, home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) can be used to diagnose hypertension and monitor its treatment; however, its effectiveness has rarely been studied in developing countries, including Iran. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of HBPM, as compared with that of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and office blood pressure measurement (OBPM). Patients and Methods: This study was conducted on 28 patients suspected of having primary hypertension. The blood pressure of the patients was measured by four methods. Initially, blood pressure was measured by a non-physician using a digital sphygmomanometer in a clinic (OBPM-Digital). After about 1 hour, blood pressure was measured by a physician at the clinic using a mercury sphygmomanometer (OBPM-Mercury). In the third stage, the patient’s blood pressure was monitored for 24 hours by the ABPM method. In the fourth stage, each subject used a digital sphygmomanometer to measure HBPM for seven consecutive days. Results: The blood pressure values measured through the ABPM method were significantly lower than those measured by other methods (P<0.05). The prevalence of hypertension diagnosed by OBPM-Mercury, OBPM-Digital, HBPM, and ABPM method was 82%, 54%, 50%, and 21%, respectively. As compared with ABPM as the gold standard, the diagnostic accuracy of HBPM, OBPM-Digital, and OBPM-Mercury was 64%, 61%, and 32%, respectively. The frequency of white coat hypertension (WCH) diagnosed by HBPM and ABPM methods was 39% and 64%, respectively, and the frequency of masked hypertension (MH) diagnosed was 7% and 4%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of HBPM, as compared with ABPM, in detecting MH were 100%, 96%, and 97%, respectively; in addition, as compared with WCH, they were 56%, 90%, and 68%, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that HBPM had higher diagnostic accuracy than OBPM in diagnosing hypertension. Also, HBPM was able to detect MH with a high level of diagnostic accuracy, and in more than two-thirds of cases, it was also able to detect WCH and diagnose patients with sustained hypertension.
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Häckel, Stefanie, Friederike Stein, Gunter Wolf, Günter Stein, and Martin Busch. "Qualität der Blutdruckeinstellung in der hausärztlichen Praxis unter Verwendung der 24-Stunden-Langzeitblutdruckmessung – eine retrospektive monozentrische Querschnittsstudie." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 113, no. 13 (July 2018): e108-e116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0589-7580.
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Zusammenfassung Einleitung Die Diagnostik und Therapie der arteriellen Hypertonie ist eine kontinuierliche Herausforderung in Hausarztpraxen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Art und Effektivität der Blutdruckeinstellung bei Patienten mit bekannter arterieller Hypertonie in einer hausärztlichen Praxis unter strikter Verwendung der Office- (OBPM) und ambulanten Langzeit- (ABPM) Blutdruckmessung zu analysieren. Methoden Retrospektiv wurden 283 Patienten (90 % aller regelmäßig betreuten Hypertoniker) hinsichtlich des Erreichens der Zielblutdruckwerte in ABPM und OBPM der zurückliegenden 1 bis 2 Jahre untersucht. Die Zielwerte entsprachen den geltenden ESH-Empfehlungen (Office-Blutdruck < 140/90 mmHg, 24-h-Mittelwert der ABPM < 130/80 mmHg). Ergebnisse Der OBPM aller Patienten (Alter: 68 ± 12,7, 48 % Frauen) lag bei 132 ± 11,8/80 ± 4,2 mmHg, der 24-h-ABPM betrug 128 ± 10,7/74 ± 7,9 mmHg. Eine isolierte Praxishypertonie hatten 11,3 %, eine maskierte Hypertonie 21,9 %. Nur 33,9 % wiesen ein physiologisches Dippingverhalten auf (49,1 % Non-Dipper, 13,8 % Reverse-Dipper und 3,2 % Extrem-Dipper). Die Blutdruck-Kontrollrate (Erreichen des Zielblutdruckes) betrug 67,8 % in der OBPM und 57,2 % in der 24-h-ABPM. 23,0 % wurden mit einer Monotherapie, 37,5 % mit Zweifach-Kombination, 19,8 % mittels Dreifach-Kombination und 14,5 % mit > 3 Antihypertensiva behandelt, 83,9 % erhielten RAS-Blocker. Der OBPM-Zielwert wurde bei 75,0 % unter einer Dreifach- und 71,7 % unter einer Zweifach-Kombination erzielt, der 24-h-ABPM-Zielwert zumeist bei Patienten, die nur einer Monotherapie bedurften (66,2 %) oder mittels Zweifachtherapie behandelt wurden (60,4 %), ansonsten < 60 % Zielwerterreichung. Schlussfolgerung In der untersuchten Hausarztpraxis war die Therapiekontrolle von Patienten mit therapierter arterieller Hypertonie mehrheitlich leitliniengerecht und besser als in der Literatur beschrieben. Die parallele und konsequente Durchführung von OBPM und ABPM sowie die hohe Verschreibungsrate von RAS-Blockern und empfohlenen Kombinationstherapien könnte hierfür der Schlüssel sein.
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Parati, Gianfranco, Enrico Agabiti-Rosei, George L. Bakris, Grzegorz Bilo, Giovanna Branzi, Franco Cecchi, Marzena Chrostowska, et al. "MASked-unconTrolled hypERtension management based on office BP or on ambulatory blood pressure measurement (MASTER) Study: a randomised controlled trial protocol." BMJ Open 8, no. 12 (December 2018): e021038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021038.
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IntroductionMasked uncontrolled hypertension (MUCH) carries an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) complications and can be identified through combined use of office (O) and ambulatory (A) blood pressure (BP) monitoring (M) in treated patients. However, it is still debated whether the information carried by ABPM should be considered for MUCH management. Aim of the MASked-unconTrolled hypERtension management based on OBP or on ambulatory blood pressure measurement (MASTER) Study is to assess the impact on outcome of MUCH management based on OBPM or ABPM.Methods and analysisMASTER is a 4-year prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint investigation. A total of 1240 treated hypertensive patients from about 40 secondary care clinical centres worldwide will be included -upon confirming presence of MUCH (repeated on treatment OBP <140/90 mm Hg, and at least one of the following: daytime ABP ≥135/85 mm Hg; night-time ABP ≥120/70 mm Hg; 24 hour ABP ≥130/80 mm Hg), and will be randomised to a management strategy based on OBPM (group 1) or on ABPM (group 2). Patients in group 1 will have OBP measured at 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42 and 48 months and taken as a guide for treatment; ABPM will be performed at randomisation and at 12, 24, 36 and 48 months but will not be used to take treatment decisions. Patients randomised to group 2 will have ABPM performed at randomisation and all scheduled visits as a guide to antihypertensive treatment. The effects of MUCH management strategy based on ABPM or on OBPM on CV and renal intermediate outcomes (changing left ventricular mass and microalbuminuria, coprimary outcomes) at 1 year and on CV events at 4 years and on changes in BP-related variables will be assessed.Ethics and disseminationMASTER study protocol has received approval by the ethical review board of Istituto Auxologico Italiano. The procedures set out in this protocol are in accordance with principles of Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines. Results will be published in accordance with the CONSORT statement in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.Trial registration numberNCT02804074; Pre-results.
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Ju, Qian, Ming-jing Qu, Ying Wang, Xiao-jing Jiang, Xiao Li, Shuang-lin Dong, and Zhao-jun Han. "Molecular and biochemical characterization of two odorant-binding proteins from dark black chafer, Holotrichia parallela." Genome 55, no. 7 (July 2012): 537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g2012-042.
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The dark black chafer, Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky, is an economically important pest worldwide. Odorant-based lures and traps are being developed as a key kind of alternative control measures for this pest, and studies to reveal the mechanisms for chemotaxis in this pest are necessary. Two full-length cDNAs encoding different odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) were cloned. The predicted proteins were found to have the functional domains characteristic of typical OBPs and share a high degree of sequence similarity with OBP1 and OBP2 from other insects and were therefore designated as H. parallela OBP-1 and H. parallela OBP-2 (HparOBP-1 and HparOBP-2, respectively). These two OBPs were specifically expressed in antennae. The binding affinity of two purified proteins indicated that HparOBP-1 and HparOBP-2 could selectively interact with various volatiles emitted from host plants and pheromone components. Among the 10 chemicals tested, HparOBP-1 could bind to six of the tested compounds with a dissociation concentration (Ki) less than 20, and HparOBP-2 could bind to three of the compounds. The two OBPs are probably involved in chemotaxis of the dark black chafer. This discovery should accelerate research on chemical communications of this pest, which could potentially lead to the improvement of control measures based on lures and traps.
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Li, Li, Dewer, Qu, Yang, Tian, and Luo. "Discrimination of Oviposition Deterrent Volatile β-Ionone by Odorant-Binding Proteins 1 and 4 in the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci." Biomolecules 9, no. 10 (October 3, 2019): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9100563.
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: The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is an important invasive economic pest of agricultural crops worldwide. β-ionone has a significant oviposition repellent effect against B. tabaci, but the olfactory molecular mechanism of this insect for recognizing β-ionone is unclear. To clarify the binding properties of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) with β-ionone, we performed gene cloning, evolution analysis, bacterial expression, fluorescence competitive binding assay, and molecular docking to study the binding function of OBP1 and OBP4 on β-ionone. The results showed that after the OBP1 and OBP4 proteins were recombined, the compound β-ionone exhibited a reduction in the fluorescence binding affinity to <50%, with a dissociation constant of 5.15 and 3.62 μM for OBP1 and OBP4, respectively. Our data indicate that β-ionone has high affinity for OBP1 and OBP4, which play a crucial role in the identification of oviposition sites in B. tabaci. The findings of this study suggest that whiteflies employ β-ionone compound in the selection of the suitable egg-laying sites on host plants during the oviposition behavior.
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Vischer, Annina S., Jana Rosania, Thenral Socrates, Christina Blaschke, Jens Eckstein, Yara-Maria Proust, Guillaume Bonnier, Martin Proença, Mathieu Lemay, and Thilo Burkard. "Comparability of a Blood-Pressure-Monitoring Smartphone Application with Conventional Measurements—A Pilot Study." Diagnostics 12, no. 3 (March 19, 2022): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12030749.
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(1) Background: New cuffless technologies attempting blood-pressure measurements (BPM) offer possibilities to improve hypertension awareness and control. The aim of this study was to compare a smartphone application (app)-based algorithm with office BPM (OBPM). (2) Methods: We included consecutive patients with an indication for ambulatory BPM. The smartphone app (RIVA digital) acquired the pulse wave in the fingers’ arterial bed using the phone’s camera and estimated BP based on photoplethysmographic (PPG) waveforms. Measurements were alternatingly taken with an oscillometric cuff-based device and smartphone BPM (AppBP) on two consecutive days. AppBP were calibrated to the first OBPM. Each AppBP was compared to its CuffBP (mean of the previous/following OBPM). (3) Results: 50 participants were included, resulting in 50 AppBP values on Day 1 and 33 on Day 2 after exclusion of 225 AppBP due to insufficient quality. The mean ± SD of the differences between AppBP and CuffBP was 0.7 ± 9.4/1.0 ± 4.5 mmHg (p-value 0.739/0.201) on Day 1 and 2.6 ± 8.2/1.3 ± 4.1 mmHg (p-value 0.106/0.091) on Day 2 for systolic/diastolic values, respectively. There were no significant differences between the deviations on Day 1 and Day 2 (p-value 0.297/0.533 for systolic/diastolic values). Overall, there were 10 (12%) systolic measurement pairs differing by >15 mmHg. (4) Conclusions: In this pilot evaluation, the RIVA Digital app shows promising results when compared to oscillometric cuff-based measurements, especially regarding diastolic values. Its differences between AppBP–CuffBP have a good stability one day after calibration. Before clinical use, signal acquisition needs improvement and the algorithm needs to undergo formal validation against a gold-standard BPM method.
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González-de Paz, Luis, Belchin Kostov, Maria del Carme Alvira-Balada, Cristina Colungo, Noemí García, Silvia Roura, Esther Blat, et al. "Effectiveness of a new one-hour blood pressure monitoring method to diagnose hypertension: a diagnostic accuracy clinical trial protocol." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e029268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029268.
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Introduction24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is the gold standard diagnostic method for hypertension, but has some shortcomings in clinical practice while clinical settings often lack sufficient devices to accommodate all patients with suspected hypertension. Home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) and office blood pressure monitoring (OBPM) also have shortcomings, such as the white coat effect or a lack of accuracy. This study aims to study the validity of a new method of diagnosing hypertension consisting of monitoring blood pressure (BP) for 1 hour and comparing it with OBPM and HBPM and examining the sensitivity and specificity of this method compared with 24-hour ABPM. The patient experience will be examined in each method.Methods and analysisA minimum sample of 214 patients requiring a diagnostic test for hypertension from three urban primary healthcare centres will be included. Participants will undergo 24-hour ABPM, 1-hour BP measurement (1-BPM), OBPM for three consecutive weeks and HBPM. Patients will follow a random sequence to first receive 24-hour ABPM or 1-hour ABPM. Daytime 24-hour ABPM records will be compared with the other monitoring methods using the correlation coefficient and Bland Altman plots. The kappa concordance index and the sensitivity and specificity of the methods will be calculated. The patient’s experience will be studied, with selected indicators of efficiency and satisfaction calculated using parametric tests.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol has been authorised by the research ethics committee of the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona (Ref. HCB/2014/0615): protocol details and amendments will be recorded and reported to ClinicalTrials.com. The results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed literature, and to policy makers and healthcare partners.Trial registrationNCT03147573; Pre-results.
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Silva, Diego, Ricardo Ceballos, Nolberto Arismendi, Anne Dalmon, and Marisol Vargas. "Variant A of the Deformed Wings Virus Alters the Olfactory Sensitivity and the Expression of Odorant Binding Proteins on Antennas of Apis mellifera." Insects 12, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12100895.
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Insects have a highly sensitive sense of smell, allowing them to perform complex behaviors, such as foraging and peer recognition. Their sense of smell is based on the recognition of ligands and is mainly coordinated by odorant-binding proteins (OBPs). In Apis mellifera, behavior can be affected by different pathogens, including deformed wing virus (DWV) and its variants. In particular, it has been shown that variant A of DWV (DWV-A) is capable of altering the ultra-cellular structure associated with olfactory activity. In this study was evaluated olfactory sensitivity and the expression of OBP genes in honey bees inoculated with DWV-A. Electroantennographic analyses (EAG) were carried out to determine the olfactory sensitivity to the essential oils Eucalyptus globulus and Mentha piperita. The expression of nine antenna-specific OBP genes and DWV-A load in inoculated bees was also quantified by qPCR. We observed an inverse relationship between viral load and olfactory sensitivity and the expression of some OBP proteins. Thus, high viral loads reduced olfactory sensitivity to essential oils and the gene expression of the OBP2, OBP5, OBP11, and OBP12 proteins on the antennas of middle- and forager-age bees. These results suggest that DWV-A could have negative effects on the processes of aroma perception by worker bees, affecting their performance in tasks carried out in and outside the colony.
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Sola, Josep, Mattia Bertschi, and Jens Krauss. "Measuring Pressure: Introducing oBPM, the Optical Revolution for Blood Pressure Monitoring." IEEE Pulse 9, no. 5 (September 2018): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpul.2018.2856960.
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Magnini, Luigi, and Cinzia Bettineschi. "Object-Based Predictive Modeling (OBPM) for Archaeology: Finding Control Places in Mountainous Environments." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6 (March 21, 2021): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061197.
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This contribution examines the potential of object-based image analysis (OBIA) for archaeological predictive modeling starting from elevation data, by testing a ruleset for the location of “control places” on two test areas in the Alpine environment (northern Italy). The ruleset was developed on the western Asiago Plateau (Vicenza Province, Veneto) and subsequently re-applied (semi)automatically in the Isarco Valley (South Tirol). Firstly, we considered the physiographic, climatic, and morphological characteristics of the selected areas and we applied 3 DTM processing techniques: Slope, local dominance, and solar radiation. Subsequently, we employed an object-based approach to classification. Solar radiation, local dominance, and slope were visualized as a three-layer RGB image that was segmented with the multiresolution algorithm. The classification was implemented with a ruleset that selected only image–objects with high local dominance and solar radiation, but low slope, which were considered more suitable parameters for human occupation. The classification returned five areas on the Asiago Plateau that were remotely and ground controlled, confirming anthropic exploitation covering a time span from protohistory (2nd-1st millennium BC) to the First World War. Subsequently, the same model was applied to the Isarco Valley to verify the replicability of the method. The procedure resulted in 36 potential control places which find good correspondence with the archaeological sites discovered in the area. Previously unknown contexts were further controlled using very high-resolution (VHR) aerial images and digital terrain model (DTM) data, which often suggested a possible (pre-proto)historic human frequentation. The outcomes of the analysis proved the feasibility of the approach, which can be exported and applied to similar mountainous landscapes for site predictivity analysis.
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Sharma, Munish, and Anupam Pandit. "Comparison of the manual blood pressure record with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in young patients found to be hypertensive during routine medical examination before induction to high altitude areas." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 7, no. 10 (September 22, 2020): 1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20204072.
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Background: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) measurements has been found to be superior to Outpatient Department (OPD) blood pressure measurements (OBPM) for predicting clinical outcomes. There have been various indications of ABPM like to exclude white coat hypertension, evaluation of symptomatic hypotension and hypertension, pregnancy induced hypertension etc. We studied use of ABPM in evaluation of young subjects who were found to be hypertensive in OBPM.Methods: This prospective study was performed at Command Hospital, Kolkata, India from December 2017 to November 2019.This study had a total of 100 subjects. All patients were young healthy individuals and found to have high blood pressure (BP) readings during routine examination done before induction to high altitude areas (>9000 feet). All subjects who were found to be hypertensive in OBPM were evaluated with 24 hours ABPM at least one week after cessation of all medications. Data expressed as the mean±SD. Comparisons of (a) the peripheral hospital mean systolic and diastolic BP over 01 week and (b) 24 hours mean ABPM. Results: In the study, the Mean Systolic BP was 143.33±11.82 with corresponding ABPM 123.92±13.17 which is statistically significant. The mean diastolic BP was 87.30±7.20 mm with corresponding ABPM as 71.55±4.11 MAP in manual blood pressure is 125.55 mm and 103.6 mm in ABPM. The results are highly significant.Conclusions: The study concludes that automated BP recordings may provide a more accurate estimate of a patient's BP status and may prevent unnecessary labelling of young patients as hypertensive.
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Okoli, Bamidele Joseph, Zakari Ladan, Fanyana Mtunzi, and Yayock Chigari Hosea. "Vitex negundo L. Essential Oil: Odorant Binding Protein Efficiency Using Molecular Docking Approach and Studies of the Mosquito Repellent." Insects 12, no. 12 (November 26, 2021): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12121061.
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(1) Background: Malaria fever affects millions of people yearly in Africa and Asia’s tropical and subtropical areas. Because there is no effective vaccine, malaria prevention is solely dependent on avoiding human-vector interaction. (2) Aim: This study examines the interaction between the constituents of Vitex negundo essential oil and Anopheles gambiae Odorant Binding Proteins (OBP) as well as the compositional variation, repellent efficacy, and toxicity profile. (3) Methods: The oils were subjected to GC-MS and mosquito behavioral analysis. OBP–ligand interactions, Anopheles species authentication, and the toxicity profile were determined by molecular docking, PCR assay and in silico ADME/tox tool. Docking protocol validation was achieved by redocking the co-crystallized ligands into the protein binding pocket and root mean square deviation (RMSD) calculation. (4) Results: The oil yields and compositions are climate–soil dependent with ≈71.39% monoterpenes and ≈16.32% sesquiterpene. Optimal repellency is achieved at 15 min at ED50 0.08–0.48% v/v while the RMSD was estimated to be within 0.24–1.35 Å. Strong affinities were demonstrated by α-pinene (−6.4 kcal/mol), citronellal (−5.5 kcal/mol), linalool (−5.4 kcal/mol), and myrcene (−5.8 kcal/mol) for OBP1, OBP7, OBP4, and OBP; respectively. The hydrophobic interactions involve Leu17 (α-helix 1), Cys35 (α-helix 2), ALA52 (α-helix 3), Leu73, Leu76 (α-helix 4), Ala88, Met91, Lys93, Trp114 (α-helix 5), Phe123 (α-helix 6), and Leu124 (α-helix 7) receptors within the binding cavities, and may cause blocking of the olfactory receptors resulting in disorientation. (5) Conclusion: The ligand efficiency metrics, ADME/tox and repellency screening are within the threshold values; hence, α-pinene, linalool, and myrcene are safe and fit-to-use in the development of a green and novel repellent.
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Shi, Xiao-Bin, Xue-Zhong Wang, De-Yong Zhang, Zhan-Hong Zhang, Zhuo Zhang, Ju’E Cheng, Li-Min Zheng, Xu-Guo Zhou, Xin-Qiu Tan, and Yong Liu. "Silencing of Odorant-Binding Protein Gene OBP3 Using RNA Interference Reduced Virus Transmission of Tomato Chlorosis Virus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20 (October 9, 2019): 4969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20204969.
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Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is widespread, seriously impacting tomato production throughout the world. ToCV is semi-persistently transmitted by Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Currently, insect olfaction is being studied to develop novel pest control technologies to effectively control B. tabaci and whitefly-borne virus diseases. Despite current research efforts, no report has been published on the role of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) in insect preference under the influence of plant virus. Our previous research showed that viruliferous B. tabaci preferred healthy plants at 48 h after virus acquisition. In this study, we determined the effect of OBPs on the host preference interactions of ToCV and whiteflies. Our results show that with the increase in acquisition time, the OBP gene expressions changed differently, and the OBP3 gene expression showed a trend of first rising and then falling, and reached the maximum at 48 h. These results indicate that OBP3 may participate in the host preference of viruliferous whiteflies to healthy plants. When the expression of the OBP3 gene was knocked down by an RNA interference (RNAi) technique, viruliferous Mediterranean (MED) showed no preference and the ToCV transmission rate was reduced by 83.3%. We conclude that OBP3 is involved in the detection of plant volatiles by viruliferous MED. Our results provide a theoretical basis and technical support for clarifying the transmission mechanism of ToCV by B. tabaci and could provide new avenues for controlling this plant virus and its vectors.
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Pérez Jiménez, Miguel Ángel. "La ontología tras bastidores. Un problema metafísico para el naturalismo genético." Universitas Philosophica 33, no. 66 (March 30, 2016): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.uph33-66.obpm.
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Este trabajo es una crítica de ciertas concepciones de lo que llamamos una perspectiva genética de la naturalización: la tarea de investigar cómo la razón emerge del mundo natural. Para desarrollar nuestra crítica tomamos como marco de referencia dos importantes propuestas de Donald Davidson: el monismo anómalo y la analogía de la triangulación. Nuestro problema es el carácter metafísico del monismo y sus implicaciones para la empresa genética de naturalización de la razón. Defendemos que la concepción metafísica de la naturaleza del monismo anómalo, subyacente en la analogía de la triangulación, impide que la pregunta genética pueda plantearse de un modo inteligible y que, en esa medida, pueda aspirar a una respuesta razonable.
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Zhao, Ning, Xiangzhong Mao, Naiyong Liu, Ling Liu, Zhixiao Zhang, Sangzi Ze, and Bin Yang. "Transcriptomic Characterization of Odorant Binding Proteins in Cacia cretifera thibetana and Their Association with Different Host Emitted Volatiles." Insects 12, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12090787.
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This study characterized the transcriptome of Cacia cretifera thibetana and explored odorant binding proteins (OBPs) and their interaction with host-specific compounds. A total of 36 samples from six different organs including antennae, head, thorax, abdomen, wings, and legs (12 groups with 3 replicates per group) from both male and female insects were collected for RNA extraction. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a total of 89,897 transcripts as unigenes, with an average length of 1036 bp. Between male and female groups, 31,095 transcripts were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The KEGG pathway analysis revealed 26 DEGs associated with cutin, suberine, and wax biosynthesis and 70, 48, and 62 were linked to glycerophospholipid metabolism, choline metabolism in cancer, and chemokine signaling pathways, respectively. A total of 31 OBP genes were identified. Among them, the relative expression of 11 OBP genes (OBP6, 10, 12, 14, 17, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, and 31) was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR in different tissues. Seven OBP genes including CcreOBP6 and CcreOBP10 revealed antennae-specific expression. Further, we selected two OBPs (CcreOBP6 and CcreOBP10) for functional analysis to evaluate their binding affinity with 20 host odorant compounds. The CcreOBP6 and CcreOBP10 exhibited strong binding affinities with terpineol and trans-2-hexenal revealing their potential as an attractant or repellent for controlling C. cretifera thibetana.
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Link, Malen A., and Priscilla A. Schaffer. "Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 C-Terminal Variants of the Origin Binding Protein (OBP), OBPC-1 and OBPC-2, Cooperatively Regulate Viral DNA Levels In Vitro, and OBPC-2 Affects Mortality in Mice." Journal of Virology 81, no. 19 (July 18, 2007): 10699–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01213-07.
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ABSTRACT Two in-frame, C-terminal isoforms of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) origin binding protein (OBP), OBPC-1 and OBPC-2, and a unique C-terminal transcript, UL8.5, are specified by HSV-1 DNA. As the first isoform identified, OBPC-1 was initially assumed to be the product of the UL8.5 transcript. Recent evidence has demonstrated, however, that OBPC-1 is a cathepsin B-mediated cleavage product of OBP, suggesting that OBPC-2 is the product of the UL8.5 transcript. Because both OBPC-1 and -2 contain the majority of the OBP DNA binding domain, we hypothesized that both may be involved in regulating origin-dependent, OBP-mediated viral DNA replication. In this paper, we demonstrate that OBPC-2 is, indeed, the product of the UL8.5 transcript. The translational start site of OBPC-2 was mapped, and a virus (M571A) that does not express this protein efficiently was constructed. Using M571A, we have shown that OBPC-2 is able to bind origin DNA, even though it lacks seven N-terminal amino acid residues of the previously mapped OBP DNA binding domain, resulting in a revision of the limits of the OBP DNA binding domain. Consistent with their proposed roles in regulating viral DNA replication, OBPC-1 and -2 act together to down-regulate viral DNA replication in vitro. During functional studies in vivo, OBPC-2 was identified as a factor that increases mortality in the mouse ocular model of HSV-1 infection.
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Link, Malen A., Laurie A. Silva, and Priscilla A. Schaffer. "Cathepsin B Mediates Cleavage of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Origin Binding Protein (OBP) To Yield OBPC-1, and Cleavage Is Dependent upon Viral DNA Replication." Journal of Virology 81, no. 17 (June 6, 2007): 9175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00676-07.
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ABSTRACT Although the seven viral proteins required for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA replication have been identified, the mechanism by which viral DNA synthesis is regulated is unclear. HSV-1 DNA replication is thought to occur in two stages: origin-dependent DNA replication (stage I) mediated by the origin binding protein (OBP), followed by origin- and OBP-independent DNA replication (stage II). The mechanism that facilitates the switch from stage I to stage II is unknown; however, it must involve the loss of OBP function or OBP itself from the replication initiation complex. Previous studies from this laboratory identified a transcript (UL8.5) and protein (OBPC) that are in frame with and comprise the C terminus of the gene specifying OBP. Because of its DNA binding ability, OBPC has been hypothesized to mediate the switch from stage I to stage II. Here, we identify a second protein (OBPC-2) that is also in frame with the C terminus of OBP but comprises a smaller portion of the protein. We demonstrate that the protein originally identified (OBPC-1) is a cathepsin B-mediated cleavage product of OBP, while OBPC-2 may be the product of the UL8.5 transcript. We further demonstrate that the cleavage of OBP to yield OBPC-1 is dependent upon viral DNA replication. These results suggest that cleavage may be a mechanism by which OBP levels and/or activity are regulated during infection.
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Salice, P., G. B. Danzi, F. Magrini, F. De Luca, S. Ghiglia, A. M. Colli, M. A. Galli, et al. "OFFICE BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING (OBPM): A POSSIBLE NEW TOOL FOR EVALUATING BLOOD PRESSURE IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS." Journal of Hypertension 29 (June 2011): e181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-201106001-00477.
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Agyemang, Kwame J. A., and Antonio S. Williams. "Creating revenue via Organisational 'Brandpression' Management (OBpM): a marriage of brand management and impression management in professional sport." International Journal of Revenue Management 7, no. 2 (2013): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijrm.2013.055687.
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Chang, Xuefei, Yaluan Bi, Haipeng Chi, Qi Fang, Zhaozhi Lu, Fang Wang, and Gongyin Ye. "Identification and Expression Analysis of Odorant-Binding and Chemosensory Protein Genes in Virus Vector Nephotettix cincticeps." Insects 13, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13111024.
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The insect odorant binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are involved in the perception and discrimination of insects to host odor cues. Nephotettix cincticeps, one of the destructive pests of rice plants, not only directly damages hosts by sucking, but also indirectly transmits plant viruses in the field. Previous study found that two rice volatiles ((E)-β-caryophyllene and 2-heptanol) induced by rice dwarf virus (RDV) mediated the olfactory behavior of N. cincticeps, which may promote virus dispersal. However, the OBPs and CSPs in N. cincticeps are still unknown. In this study, to identify the OBP and CSP genes in N. cincticeps, transcriptomic analyses were performed. In total, 46,623 unigenes were obtained. Twenty putative OBP and 13 CSP genes were discovered and identified. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that five putative OBPs belonged to the plus-C OBP family, and the other classic OBPs and CSPs were distributed among other orthologous groups. A total of 12 OBP and 10 CSP genes were detected, and nine OBP and three CSP genes were highly expressed in N. cincticeps antennae compared with other tissues. This study, for the first time, provides a valuable resource to well understand the molecular mechanism of N. cincticeps in the perception and discrimination of the two volatiles induced by RDV infection.
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Isler, Jennifer A., and Priscilla A. Schaffer. "Origin Binding Protein-Containing Protein-DNA Complex Formation at Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 oriS: Role in oriS-Dependent DNA Replication." Journal of Virology 75, no. 15 (August 1, 2001): 6808–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.15.6808-6816.2001.
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ABSTRACT Initiation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA replication during productive infection of fibroblasts and epithelial cells requires attachment of the origin binding protein (OBP), one of seven essential virus-encoded DNA replication proteins, to specific sequences within the two viral origins, oriL and oriS. Whether initiation of DNA replication during reactivation of HSV-1 from neuronal latency also requires OBP is not known. A truncated protein, consisting of the C-terminal 487 amino acids of OBP, termed OBPC, is the product of the HSV UL8.5 gene and binds to origin sequences, although OBPC's role in HSV DNA replication is not yet clear. To characterize protein-DNA complex formation at oriS in cells of neural and nonneural lineage, we used nuclear extracts of HSV-infected nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 and Vero cells, respectively, as the source of protein in gel shift assays. In both cell types, three complexes (complexes A, B, and C) which contain either OBP or OBPC were shown to bind specifically to a probe which contains the highest-affinity OBP binding site in oriS, site 1. Complex A was shown to contain OBPC exclusively, whereas complexes B and C contained OBP and likely other cellular proteins. By fine-mapping the binding sites of these three complexes, we identified single nucleotides which, when mutated, eliminated formation of all three complexes, or complexes B and C, but not A. In transient DNA replication assays, both mutations significantly impaired oriS-dependent DNA replication, demonstrating that formation of OBP-containing complexes B and C is required for efficient initiation of oriS-dependent DNA replication, whereas formation of the OBPC-containing complex A is insufficient for efficient initiation.
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Vogt, Richard G., Matthew E. Rogers, Marie-dominique Franco, and Ming Sun. "A comparative study of odorant binding protein genes: differential expression of the PBP1-GOBP2 gene cluster inManduca sexta(Lepidoptera) and the organization of OBP genes inDrosophila melanogaster(Diptera)." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 6 (March 15, 2002): 719–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.6.719.
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SUMMARYInsects discriminate odors using sensory organs called olfactory sensilla, which display a wide range of phenotypes. Sensilla express ensembles of proteins, including odorant binding proteins (OBPs), olfactory receptors (ORs) and odor degrading enzymes (ODEs); odors are thought to be transported to ORs by OBPs and subsequently degraded by ODEs. These proteins belong to multigene families. The unique combinatorial expression of specific members of each of these gene families determines, in part, the phenotype of a sensillum and what odors it can detect. Furthermore, OBPs, ORs and ODEs are expressed in different cell types, suggesting the need for cell–cell communication to coordinate their expression. This report examines the OBP gene family. In Manduca sexta, the genes encoding PBP1Msex and GOBP2Msex are sequenced, shown to be adjacent to one another, and characterized together with OBP gene structures of other lepidoptera and Drosophila melanogaster. Expression of PBP1Msex, GOBP1Msex and GOBP2Msex is characterized in adult male and female antenna and in larval antenna and maxilla. The genomic organization of 25 D. melanogaster OBPs are characterized with respect to gene locus, gene cluster, amino acid sequence similarity, exon conservation and proximity to OR loci, and their sequences are compared with 14 M. sexta OBPs. Sensilla serve as portals of important behavioral information, and genes supporting sensilla function are presumably under significant evolutionary selective pressures. This study provides a basis for studying the evolution of the OBP gene family, the regulatory mechanisms governing the coordinated expression of OBPs, ORs and ODEs, and the processes that determine specific sensillum phenotypes.
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Galindo, Kathleen, and Dean P. Smith. "A Large Family of Divergent Drosophila Odorant-Binding Proteins Expressed in Gustatory and Olfactory Sensilla." Genetics 159, no. 3 (November 1, 2001): 1059–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/159.3.1059.
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Abstract We identified a large family of putative odorant-binding protein (OBP) genes in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster. Some of these genes are present in large clusters in the genome. Most members are expressed in various taste organs, including gustatory sensilla in the labellum, the pharyngeal labral sense organ, dorsal and ventral cibarial organs, as well as taste bristles located on the wings and tarsi. Some of the gustatory OBPs are expressed exclusively in taste organs, but most are expressed in both olfactory and gustatory sensilla. Multiple binding proteins can be coexpressed in the same gustatory sensillum. Cells in the tarsi that express OBPs are required for normal chemosensation mediated through the leg, as ablation of these cells dramatically reduces the sensitivity of the proboscis extension reflex to sucrose. Finally, we show that OBP genes expressed in the pharyngeal taste sensilla are still expressed in the poxneuro genetic background while OBPs expressed in the labellum are not. These findings support a broad role for members of the OBP family in gustation and olfaction and suggest that poxneuro is required for cell fate determination of labellar but not pharyngeal taste organs.
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Diallo, Souleymane, Mohd Shahbaaz, JohnMark O. Makwatta, Jackson M. Muema, Daniel Masiga, Alan Christofells, and Merid N. Getahun. "Antennal Enriched Odorant Binding Proteins Are Required for Odor Communication in Glossina f. fuscipes." Biomolecules 11, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11040541.
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Olfaction is orchestrated at different stages and involves various proteins at each step. For example, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are soluble proteins found in sensillum lymph that might encounter odorants before reaching the odorant receptors. In tsetse flies, the function of OBPs in olfaction is less understood. Here, we investigated the role of OBPs in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes olfaction, the main vector of sleeping sickness, using multidisciplinary approaches. Our tissue expression study demonstrated that GffLush was conserved in legs and antenna in both sexes, whereas GffObp44 and GffObp69 were expressed in the legs but absent in the antenna. GffObp99 was absent in the female antenna but expressed in the male antenna. Short odorant exposure induced a fast alteration in the transcription of OBP genes. Furthermore, we successfully silenced a specific OBP expressed in the antenna via dsRNAi feeding to decipher its function. We found that silencing OBPs that interact with 1-octen-3-ol significantly abolished flies’ attraction to 1-octen-3-ol, a known attractant for tsetse fly. However, OBPs that demonstrated a weak interaction with 1-octen-3-ol did not affect the behavioral response, even though it was successfully silenced. Thus, OBPs’ selective interaction with ligands, their expression in the antenna and their significant impact on behavior when silenced demonstrated their direct involvement in olfaction.
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Lagarde, Amandine, Silvia Spinelli, Huili Qiao, Mariella Tegoni, Paolo Pelosi, and Christian Cambillau. "Crystal structure of a novel type of odorant-binding protein from Anopheles gambiae, belonging to the C-plus class." Biochemical Journal 437, no. 3 (July 13, 2011): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20110522.
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Agam (Anopheles gambiae) relies on its olfactory system to target human prey, leading eventually to the injection of Plasmodium falciparum, the malaria vector. OBPs (odorant-binding proteins) are the first line of proteins involved in odorant recognition. They interact with olfactory receptors and thus constitute an interesting target for insect control. In the present study, we undertook a large-scale analysis of proteins belonging to the olfactory system of Agam with the aim of preventing insect bites by designing strong olfactory repellents. We determined the three-dimensional structures of several Agam OBPs, either alone or in complex with model compounds. In the present paper, we report the first three-dimensional structure of a member of the C-plus class of OBPs, AgamOBP47, which has a longer sequence than classical OBPs and contains six disulfide bridges. AgamOBP47 possesses a core of six α-helices and three disulfide bridges, similar to the classical OBP fold. Two extra loops and the N- and C-terminal extra segments contain two additional α-helices and are held in conformation by three disulfide bridges. They are located either side of the classical OBP core domain. The binding site of OBP47 is located between the core and the additional domains. Two crevices are observed on opposite sides of OBP47, which are joined together by a shallow channel of sufficient size to accommodate a model of the best-tested ligand. The binding sites of C-plus class OBPs therefore exhibit different characteristics, as compared with classical OBPs, which should lead to markedly diverse functional implications.
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Zhu, Jiao, Giovanni Renzone, Simona Arena, Francesca Romana Dani, Harald Paulsen, Wolfgang Knoll, Christian Cambillau, Andrea Scaloni, and Paolo Pelosi. "The Odorant-Binding Proteins of the Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 6828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136828.
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Spider mites are one of the major agricultural pests, feeding on a large variety of plants. As a contribution to understanding chemical communication in these arthropods, we have characterized a recently discovered class of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) in Tetranychus urticae. As in other species of Chelicerata, the four OBPs of T. urticae contain six conserved cysteines paired in a pattern (C1–C6, C2–C3, C4–C5) differing from that of insect counterparts (C1–C3, C2–C5, C4–C6). Proteomic analysis uncovered a second family of OBPs, including twelve members that are likely to be unique to T. urticae. A three-dimensional model of TurtOBP1, built on the recent X-ray structure of Varroa destructor OBP1, shows protein folding different from that of insect OBPs, although with some common features. Ligand-binding experiments indicated some affinity to coniferyl aldehyde, but specific ligands may still need to be found among very large molecules, as suggested by the size of the binding pocket.
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Zhang, Hao, Jin-Yan Wang, Nian-Feng Wan, Yi-Juan Chen, Xiang-Yun Ji, and Jie-Xian Jiang. "Identification and expression profile of odorant-binding proteins in the parasitic wasp Microplitis pallidipes using PacBio long-read sequencing." Parasite 29 (2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2022053.
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Microplitis pallidipes Szépligeti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an important parasitic wasp of second and third-instar noctuid larvae such as the insect pests Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera litura, and Spodoptera frugiperda. As in other insects, M. pallidipes has a chemosensory recognition system that is critical to foraging, mating, oviposition, and other behaviors. Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are important to the system, but those of M. pallidipes have not been determined. This study used PacBio long-read sequencing to identify 170,980 M. pallidipes unigenes and predicted 129,381 proteins. Following retrieval of possible OBP sequences, we removed those that were redundant or non-full-length and eventually cloned five OBP sequences: MpOBP2, MpOBP3, MpOBP8, MpOBP10, and MpPBP 429, 429, 459, 420, and 429 bp in size, respectively. Each M. pallidipes OBP had six conserved cysteine residues. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the five OBPs were located at different branches of the phylogenetic tree. Additionally, tissue expression profiles indicated that MpOBP2 and MpPBP were mainly expressed in the antennae of male wasps, while MpOBP3, MpOBP8, and MpOBP10 were mainly expressed in the antennae of female wasps. MpOBP3 was also highly expressed in the legs of female wasps. Temporal profiles revealed that the expression of each M. pallidipes OBP peaked at different days after emergence to adulthood. In conclusion, we identified five novel odorant-binding proteins of M. pallidipes and demonstrated biologically relevant differences in expression patterns.
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Hekmat-Scafe, Daria S., Robert L. Dorit, and John R. Carlson. "Molecular Evolution of Odorant-Binding Protein Genes OS-E and OS-F in Drosophila." Genetics 155, no. 1 (May 1, 2000): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.1.117.
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Abstract The Drosophila olfactory genes OS-E and OS-F are members of a family of genes that encode insect odorant-binding proteins (OBPs). OBPs are believed to transport hydrophobic odorants through the aqueous fluid within olfactory sensilla to the underlying receptor proteins. The recent discovery of a large family of olfactory receptor genes in Drosophila raises new questions about the function, diversity, regulation, and evolution of the OBP family. We have investigated the OS-E and OS-F genes in a variety of Drosophila species. These studies highlight potential regions of functional significance in the OS-E and OS-F proteins, which may include a region required for interaction with receptor proteins. Our results suggest that the two genes arose by an ancient gene duplication, and that in some lineages, one or the other gene has been lost. In D. virilis, the OS-F gene shows a different spatial pattern of expression than in D. melanogaster. One of the OS-F introns shows a striking degree of conservation between the two species, and we identify a putative regulatory sequence within this intron. Finally, a phylogenetic analysis places both OS-E and OS-F within a large family of insect OBPs and OBP-like proteins.
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Zafar, Zeeshan, Sidra Fatima, Muhammad Faraz Bhatti, Farooq A. Shah, Zack Saud, and Tariq M. Butt. "Odorant Binding Proteins (OBPs) and Odorant Receptors (ORs) of Anopheles stephensi: Identification and comparative insights." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 22, 2022): e0265896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265896.
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Anopheles stephensi is an important vector of malaria in the South Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Africa. The olfactory system of An. stephensi plays an important role in host-seeking, oviposition, and feeding. Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) are globular proteins that play a pivotal role in insect olfaction by transporting semiochemicals through the sensillum lymph to odorant receptors (ORs). Custom motifs designed from annotated OBPs of Aedes aegypti, Drosophila melanogaster, and Anopheles gambiae were used for the identification of putative OBPs from protein sequences of the An. stephensi Indian strain. Further, BLASTp was also performed to identify missing OBPs and ORs. Subsequently, the presence of domains common to OBPs was confirmed. Identified OBPs were further classified into three sub-classes. Phylogenetic and syntenic analyses were carried out to find homology, and thus the evolutionary relationship between An. stephensi OBPs and ORs with those of An. gambiae, Ae. aegypti and D. melanogaster. Gene structure and physicochemical properties of the OBPs and ORs were also predicted. A total of 44 OBPs and 45 ORs were predicted from the protein sequences of An. stephensi. OBPs were further classified into the classic (27), atypical (10) and plus-C (7) OBP subclasses. The phylogeny revealed close relationship of An. stephensi OBPs and ORs with An. gambiae homologs whereas only five OBPs and two ORs of An. stephensi were related to Ae. aegypti OBPs and ORs, respectively. However, D. melanogaster OBPs and ORs were distantly rooted. Synteny analyses showed the presence of collinear block between the OBPs and ORs of An. stephensi and An. gambiae as well as Ae. aegypti’s. No homology was found with D. melanogaster OBPs and ORs. As an important component of the olfactory system, correctly identifying a species’ OBPs and ORs provide a valuable resource for downstream translational research that will ultimately aim to better control the malaria vector An. stephensi.
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Wulff, Juan P., Diego F. Segura, Francisco Devescovi, Irina Muntaabski, Fabian H. Milla, Alejandra C. Scannapieco, Jorge L. Cladera, and Silvia B. Lanzavecchia. "Identification and characterization of soluble binding proteins associated with host foraging in the parasitoid wasp Diachasmimorpha longicaudata." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): e0252765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252765.
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The communication and reproduction of insects are driven by chemical sensing. During this process, chemical compounds are transported across the sensillum lymph to the sensory neurons assisted by different types of soluble binding proteins: odorant-binding proteins (OBPs); chemosensory proteins (CSPs); some members of ML-family proteins (MD-2 (myeloid differentiation factor-2)-related Lipid-recognition), also known as NPC2-like proteins. Potential transcripts involved in chemosensing were identified by an in silico analysis of whole-body female and male transcriptomes of the parasitic wasp Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. This analysis facilitated the characterization of fourteen OBPs (all belonging to the Classic type), seven CSPs (and two possible isoforms), and four NPC2-like proteins. A differential expression analysis by qPCR showed that eleven of these proteins (CSPs 2 and 8, OBPs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11, and NPC2b) were over-expressed in female antenna and two (CSP 1 and OBP 12) in the body without antennae. Foraging behavior trials (linked to RNA interference) suggest that OBPs 9, 10, and 11 are potentially involved in the female orientation to chemical cues associated with the host. OBP 12 seems to be related to physiological processes of female longevity regulation. In addition, transcriptional silencing of CSP 3 showed that this protein is potentially associated with the regulation of foraging behavior. This study supports the hypothesis that soluble binding proteins are potentially linked to fundamental physiological processes and behaviors in D. longicaudata. The results obtained here contribute useful information to increase the parasitoid performance as a biological control agent of fruit fly pest species.
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Montino, Alice, Karthi Balakrishnan, Stefan Dippel, Björn Trebels, Piotr Neumann, and Ernst A. Wimmer. "Mutually Exclusive Expression of Closely Related Odorant-Binding Proteins 9A and 9B in the Antenna of the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum." Biomolecules 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11101502.
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Olfaction is crucial for insects to find food sources, mates, and oviposition sites. One of the initial steps in olfaction is facilitated by odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) that translocate hydrophobic odorants through the aqueous olfactory sensilla lymph to the odorant receptor complexes embedded in the dendritic membrane of olfactory sensory neurons. The Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) OBPs encoded by the gene pair TcasOBP9A and TcasOBP9B represent the closest homologs to the well-studied Drosophila melanogaster OBP Lush (DmelOBP76a), which mediates pheromone reception. By an electroantennographic analysis, we can show that these two OBPs are not pheromone-specific but rather enhance the detection of a broad spectrum of organic volatiles. Both OBPs are expressed in the antenna but in a mutually exclusive pattern, despite their homology and gene pair character by chromosomal location. A phylogenetic analysis indicates that this gene pair arose at the base of the Cucujiformia, which dates the gene duplication event to about 200 Mio years ago. Therefore, this gene pair is not the result of a recent gene duplication event and the high sequence conservation in spite of their expression in different sensilla is potentially the result of a common function as co-OBPs.
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RIVIÈRE, Stéphane, Audrey LARTIGUE, Brigitte QUENNEDEY, Valérie CAMPANACCI, Jean-Pierre FARINE, Mariella TEGONI, Christian CAMBILLAU, and Rémy BROSSUT. "A pheromone-binding protein from the cockroach Leucophaea maderae: cloning, expression and pheromone binding." Biochemical Journal 371, no. 2 (April 15, 2003): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20021877.
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Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are thought to transport volatile compounds from air to their receptors through the sensillary lymph. In this protein family, the subgroup of pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) is specifically tuned to the perception of the sexual pheromone. To date, the description of OBPs has been restricted to Endopterygota and Paraneoptera. Their expression in Orthopteroid has been hypothesized, but no evidence of OBP has been produced in this assemblage to date. In the present study, we describe the first OBP from a Dictyopteran insect that belongs to the cockroach Leucophaea maderae. The PBP of L. maderae (PBPLma) shares all the hallmarks of the OBP family and is expressed specifically in the female adult antennae, the sex that perceives the sexual pheromone. The affinity of the recombinant PBPLma produced in the Escherichia coli periplasm for the pheromonal compounds has been tested by displacement of a fluorophore, 8-anilino-1-naphtalenesulphonic acid (ANS). Our results suggest that two chemically close compounds of the pheromonal blend (3-hydroxy-butan-2-one and butane-2,3-diol) are capable of displacing ANS, whereas two other pheromone components (E-2-octenoic acid and senecioic acid) and other alkyl volatile compounds are not capable of displacing ANS, indicating a certain filtering of binding, which can be correlated with the putative function.
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Dong, Yonghao, Tong Li, Jin Liu, Meixue Sun, Xingyu Chen, Yongjie Liu, and Pengjun Xu. "Sex- and stage-dependent expression patterns of odorant-binding and chemosensory protein genes in Spodoptera exempta." PeerJ 9 (September 13, 2021): e12132. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12132.
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As potential molecular targets for developing novel pest management strategies, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs) have been considered to initiate odor recognition in insects. Herein, we investigated the OBPs and CSPs in a major global crop pest (Spodoptera exempta). Using transcriptome analysis, we identified 40 OBPs and 33 CSPs in S. exempta, among which 35 OBPs and 29 CSPs had intact open reading frames. Sequence alignment indicated that 30 OBPs and 23 CSPs completely contained the conserved cysteines. OBPs of lepidopteran insects usually belonged to classical, minus-C, and plus-C groups. However, phylogenetic analyses indicated that we only identified 28 classical and seven minus-C OBPs in S. exempta, suggesting that we might have missed some typical OBPs in lepidopteran insects, probably due to their low expression levels. All of the CSPs from S. exempta clustered with the orthologs of other moths. The identification and expression of the OBPs and CSPs were well studied in insect adults by transcriptional analyses, and herein we used samples at different stages to determine the expression of OBPs and CSPs in S. exempta. Interestingly, our data indicated that several OBPs and CSPs were especially or more highly expressed in larvae or pupae than other stages, including three exclusively (SexeOBP13, SexeOBP16 and SexeCSP23) and six more highly (SexeOBP15, SexeOBP37, SexeCSP4, SexeCSP8, SexeCSP19, and SexeCSP33) expressed in larvae, two exclusively (SexeCSP6 and SexeCSP20) and three more highly (SexeOBP18, SexeCSP17, and SexeCSP26) expressed in pupae. Usually, OBPs and CSPs had both male- and female-biased expression patterns in adult antennae. However, our whole-body data indicated that all highly expressed OBPs and CSPs in adults were male-biased or did not differ, suggesting diverse OBP and CSP functions in insect adults. Besides identifying OBPs and CSPs as well as their expression patterns, these results provide a molecular basis to facilitate functional studies of OBPs and CSPs for exploring novel management strategies to control S. exempta.
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Santana, Isis Bugia, Franco Henrique Andrade Leite, and Manoelito Coelho Santos Junior. "Identification of Lutzomyia longipalpis Odorant Binding Protein Modulators by Comparative Modeling, Hierarchical Virtual Screening, and Molecular Dynamics." Journal of Chemistry 2018 (September 24, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4173479.
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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the second most important vector-borne disease in the world. It is transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis in America; therefore, controlling the vector is essential to prevent the disease, especially using traps with chemical attractants. It is known that odorant binding proteins (OBPs) act at the first odor selection level, so in silico methodology was used to identify putative vector chemical modulators based on OBPs on known ligand structures. Therefore, 3D structures of L. longipalpis OBP were predicted through different comparative modeling methods. The best model was subjected to molecular dynamics studies. Then, a hierarchical virtual screening approach filtered OBP modulator-like compounds from ZINC12 biogenic database based in global chemical space, using principal components from ChemGPS-NP server. Such compounds then were evaluated and ranked according to their affinity with the OBP orthosteric site by molecular docking in DOCK 6.7. The compounds were scored by Grid Score function and top five ranked poses had their intermolecular complex interactions analyzed in PLIP server. Most ligands in the top of the rank were lysophospholipids, which could potentially interact with the OBP hydrophobic pocket through Phe72, Tyr76, Ile79, Ala87, Lys88, Asp92, Phe61, Leu75, Trp113, His120, and Phe122 residues and H-bonding with His120 and Phe122. Next, compounds in the top of the rank were evaluated by 50 ns MD and the results showed that the phosphate group of these compounds could set a salt bridge with His110. Additionally, Tyr76, Ala87, Met91, Trp113, and Phe122 were important to hydrophobic interactions with the ligand. These results highlight the importance of accurate assessments such as MD studies in order to analyze the docking results in the identification of new odorant modulators.
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Stopkova, Romana, Petr Klempt, Barbora Kuntova, and Pavel Stopka. "On the tear proteome of the house mouse (Mus musculus musculus) in relation to chemical signalling." PeerJ 5 (July 7, 2017): e3541. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3541.
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Mammalian tears are produced by lacrimal glands to protect eyes and may function in chemical communication and immunity. Recent studies on the house mouse chemical signalling revealed that major urinary proteins (MUPs) are not individually unique inMus musculus musculus. This fact stimulated us to look for other sexually dimorphic proteins that may—in combination with MUPs—contribute to a pool of chemical signals in tears. MUPs and other lipocalins including odorant binding proteins (OBPs) have the capacity to selectively transport volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in their eight-stranded beta barrel, thus we have generated the tear proteome of the house mouse to detect a wider pool of proteins that may be involved in chemical signalling. We have detected significant male-biased (7.8%) and female-biased (7%) proteins in tears. Those proteins that showed the most elevated sexual dimorphisms were highly expressed and belong to MUP, OBP, ESP (i.e., exocrine gland-secreted peptides), and SCGB/ABP (i.e., secretoglobin) families. Thus, tears may have the potential to elicit sex-specific signals in combination by different proteins. Some tear lipocalins are not sexually dimorphic—with MUP20/darcin and OBP6 being good examples—and because all proteins may flow with tears through nasolacrimal ducts to nasal and oral cavities we suggest that their roles are wider than originally thought. Also, we have also detected several sexually dimorphic bactericidal proteins, thus further supporting an idea that males and females may have adopted alternative strategies in controlling microbiota thus yielding different VOC profiles.
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Sims, Cassie, Michael A. Birkett, and David M. Withall. "Enantiomeric Discrimination in Insects: The Role of OBPs and ORs." Insects 13, no. 4 (April 8, 2022): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13040368.
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Olfaction is a complex recognition process that is critical for chemical communication in insects. Though some insect species are capable of discrimination between compounds that are structurally similar, little is understood about how this high level of discrimination arises. Some insects rely on discriminating between enantiomers of a compound, demonstrating an ability for highly selective recognition. The role of two major peripheral olfactory proteins in insect olfaction, i.e., odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and odorant receptors (ORs) has been extensively studied. OBPs and ORs have variable discrimination capabilities, with some found to display highly specialized binding capability, whilst others exhibit promiscuous binding activity. A deeper understanding of how odorant-protein interactions induce a response in an insect relies on further analysis such as structural studies. In this review, we explore the potential role of OBPs and ORs in highly specific recognition, specifically enantiomeric discrimination. We summarize the state of research into OBP and OR function and focus on reported examples in the literature of clear enantiomeric discrimination by these proteins.
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Rodríguez, Alexander J., Martin T. Ernst, Mads Nybo, Daniel Prieto-Alhambra, Peter R. Ebeling, Anne Pernille Hermann, and Bo Abrahamsen. "Oral Bisphosphonate use Reduces Cardiovascular Events in a Cohort of Danish Patients Referred for Bone Mineral Density." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 10 (July 27, 2020): 3215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa481.
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Abstract Context The cardiovascular (CV) safety of oral bisphosphonates (oBPs) is uncertain. Objective Determine the risk of CV events in oBP users referred for bone mineral density (BMD) testing compared with matched controls. Design Cohort study. Setting Danish national prescription registry enriched with local hospital data from Odense. Participants Individuals aged ≥45 years referred for BMD testing. Exposure oBP. Outcomes Hospitalization for any CV event. Secondary study outcomes were specific CV events. Negative (inguinal hernia surgery and ingrown toenail) and positive (fragility fracture) control outcomes assessed systemic bias. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals. Results There were 2565 oBP users (82.6% women) and 4568 (82.3% women) propensity score–matched controls. Alendronate accounted for 96% of oBP prescription. A total of 406 (15.8%) CV events occurred in oBP users (rate = 73.48 [66.67-80.98]); rate = events divided by person-time; and 837 (18.3%) events in controls (rate = 104.73 [97.87-112.07]) with an adjusted HR of 0.68 (95% CI 0.60-0.77). Additional adjustment for BMD did not attenuate estimates (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.58-0.78]. Similar results were seen for secondary outcomes where risk reductions were seen regarding atrial fibrillation, stroke, heart failure, and aneurysms. Positive and negative control outcome analyses identified minimal residual confounding. Conclusion Oral BP users experienced a 33% reduced risk of CV events. This observational real-world study adds to a growing body of evidence for cardioprotection by oBP that warrants testing in a randomized setting.
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Alvarenga, Patricia H., and John F. Andersen. "An Overview of D7 Protein Structure and Physiological Roles in Blood-Feeding Nematocera." Biology 12, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12010039.
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Each time an insect bites a vertebrate host, skin and vascular injury caused by piercing triggers a series of responses including hemostasis, inflammation and immunity. In place, this set of redundant and interconnected responses would ultimately cause blood coagulation, itching and pain leading to host awareness, resulting in feeding interruption in the best-case scenario. Nevertheless, hematophagous arthropod saliva contains a complex cocktail of molecules that are crucial to the success of blood-feeding. Among important protein families described so far in the saliva of blood sucking arthropods, is the D7, abundantly expressed in blood feeding Nematocera. D7 proteins are distantly related to insect Odorant-Binding Proteins (OBP), and despite low sequence identity, observation of structural similarity led to the suggestion that like OBPs, they should bind/sequester small hydrophobic compounds. Members belonging to this family are divided in short forms and long forms, containing one or two OBP-like domains, respectively. Here, we provide a review of D7 proteins structure and function, discussing how gene duplication and some modifications in their OBP-like domains during the course of evolution lead to gain and loss of function among different hematophagous Diptera species.
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Chen, Jian, Ling Yang, Xiao-Li Tian, Lian-You Gui, Fu-Lian Wang, and Guo-Hui Zhang. "Functional Characterization of Two Antenna-Enriched Odorant-Binding Proteins From Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 6 (October 20, 2021): 2361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab199.
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Abstract Olfaction is of great significance for insect mate-seeking and host-locating behaviors. Insect odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), especially those antenna-enriched OBPs, are thought to discriminate, capture and transport odorant molecules to olfactory receptors, but this has not been fully clarified in Bactrocera minax (Enderlein), an economically important pest of citrus crops. Our previous studies showed that seven OBP genes (BminOBP1-7) were identified from B. minax adults via a head transcriptome analysis, of which only BminOBP3 and 6 were highly expressed in antennae, suggesting an olfactory role. To confirm their functions, here, BminOBP3 and 6 were cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli cells. Binding properties of the recombinant BminOBPs with 13 volatiles, most of which can elicit a significant behavioral response from B. minax adults, were determined by fluorescent competitive binding assays. The results showed that Both BminOBP3 and 6 exhibited a remarkable selectivity towards the 13 ligands tested. BminOBP3 displayed strong binding affinity only with undecanol. BminOBP6 demonstrated strong binding affinity with undecanol and limonene among 13 ligands tested. Undecanol is believed to be main sex pheromone component of B. minax. Limonene is an important volatile compound enriched in citrus fruits. Taken together, we concluded that BminOBP3 and 6 may play a prominent role in the process of B. minax mate-seeking and host-locating behaviors through recognizing and transporting these volatiles. It is conceivable that this study will increase our molecular understanding of B. minax olfaction, facilitating the development of OBP-based behavioral interference that is potentially useful for the integrated management of B. minax.
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Yoshinari, Orie, Jay Udani, Hiroyoshi Moriyama, Yoshiaki Shiojima, and Xiaoming Chien. "The efficacy and safety of a proprietary onion-pumpkin extract (OPtain120) on blood pressure: an open-label study." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 5, no. 6 (June 29, 2015): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v5i6.193.
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Background: Nutraceuticals and functional foods are increasingly being used to help manage hypertension. Treatment with either pumpkin or onion can significantly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in animal studies. Traditionally, pumpkin has been used to support healthy blood pressure, glucose tolerance and lipid levels. Onion contains high levels of flavonoids, including quercetin, which decreases blood pressure and promotes restoration of healthy endothelial function. However, human trials on these food sources are limited, and the combined effects of pumpkin and onion have not been examined yet.Objective: We performed an open-label clinical study to evaluate the effects of a proprietary onion-pumpkin extract (OPtain120) on systolic and diastolic blood pressure.Methods: Healthy adults with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the elevated range of 140-159 and 80-90 mmHg, respectively, were enrolled in this study. Subjects consumed one capsule of onion-pumpkin extract twice daily for 12 weeks. Daily Home Blood Pressure Measurement (HBPM) was taken upon waking and before bed. Office Blood Pressure Measurement (OBPM) was taken in-clinic at Week 0, 6, and 12.Results: 52 subjects were screened and 12 were enrolled in the study, with a total of 10 subjects completing the study. Systolic HBPM taken before bed demonstrated a statistically significant reduction from baseline (147.23 mmHg) to Week 12 (138.14 mmHg), representing a reduction of 9.09 mmHg (6.17%, p=0.021). Diastolic HBPM taken before bed demonstrated a decrease of 4.06 mmHg (4.46%, p=0.085), a significant reduction from baseline (91.07 mmHg) at Week 12 (87.02 mmHg). Non-statistically significant reductions were seen in the early morning Systolic (3.14%) and Diastolic (2.57%) HBPM and in the Systolic (1.36%) OBPM.Conclusion: OPtain120 was safely consumed over a 12-week period. OPtain120 appears to be effective in lowering Systolic Blood Pressure at bedtime in healthy individuals with slightly elevated blood pressure. This study suggests that onion-pumpkin extract may aid individuals who manage their cardiovascular risk factors with diet and lifestyle.Key Words: pumpkin, onion, extract, blood pressure
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Lin, X., Y. Jiang, L. Zhang, and Y. Cai. "Effects of insecticides chlorpyrifos, emamectin benzoate and fipronil on Spodoptera litura might be mediated by OBPs and CSPs." Bulletin of Entomological Research 108, no. 5 (December 4, 2017): 658–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485317001195.
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AbstractSpodoptera litura is a widespread polyphagous insect pest that can develop resistance and cross-resistance to insecticides, making it difficult to control. Insecticide exposure has previously been linked with induction of specific olfactory-related proteins, including some chemosensory proteins (CSPs) and odorant-binding proteins (OPBs), which may disrupt detection of environmental factors and reduce fitness. However, functional evidence supporting insecticide and OBPs/CSPs mediation remains unknown. Here we fed male S. litura moths with sucrose water containing one of three insecticides, chlorpyrifos, emamectin benzoate or fipronil, and used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and RNAi to investigate OBPs and CSPs expression and their correlations with survival. Chlorpyrifos and emamectin benzoate increased expression of 78% of OBPs, plus 63 and 56% of CSP genes, respectively, indicating a major impact on these gene families. RNAi knockdown of SlituCSP18, followed by feeding with chlorpyrifos or fipronil, decreased survival rates of male moths significantly compared with controls. Survival rate also decreased significantly with the downregulation of SlituOBP9 followed by feeding with chlorpyrifos. Thus, although these three insecticides had different effects on OBP and CSP gene expression, we hypothesize that SlituOBPs and SlituCSPs might mediate their effects by increasing their expression levels to improve survival. Moreover, the differential response of S. litura male moths to the three insecticides indicated the potential specificity of chlorpyrifos affect SlituCSP18 and SlituOBP9 expression.
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Li, L., Y. T. Zhou, Y. Tan, X. R. Zhou, and B. P. Pang. "Identification of odorant-binding protein genes inGaleruca daurica(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and analysis of their expression profiles." Bulletin of Entomological Research 107, no. 4 (April 20, 2017): 550–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485317000402.
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AbstractOdorant-binding proteins (OBPs) play a fundamental role in insect olfaction. In recent years,Galeruca daurica(Joannis) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) has become one of the most important insect pests in the Inner Mongolian grasslands of China. This pest only feeds on the species ofAlliumplants, implying the central role of olfaction in its search for specific host plants. However, the olfaction-related proteins have not been investigated in this beetle. In this study, we identified 29 putative OBP genes, namely GdauOBP1–29, from the transcriptome database ofG. dauricaassembled in our laboratory by using RNA-Seq. All 29 genes had the full-length open reading frames except GdauOBP29, encoding proteins in length from 119 to 202 amino acids with their predicted molecular weights from 12 to 22 kDa with isoelectric points from 3.88 to 8.84. Predicted signal peptides consisting of 15–22 amino acid residues were found in all except GdauOBP6, GdauOBP13 and GdauOBP29. The amino acid sequence identity between the 29 OBPs ranged 8.33–71.83%. GdauOBP1–12 belongs to the Classic OBPs, while the others belong with the Minus-C OBPs. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that GdauOBPs are the closest to CbowOBPs fromColaphellus bowringi. RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analyses showed that all GdauOBPs were expressed in adult antennae, 11 of which with significant differences in their expression levels between males and females. Most GdauOBPs were also expressed in adult heads (without antennae), thoraxes, abdomens, legs and wings. Moreover, the expression levels of the GdauOBPs varied during the different development stages ofG. dauricawith most GdauOBPs expressed highly in the adult antennae but scarcely in eggs and pupae. These results provide insights for further research on the molecular mechanisms of chemical communications inG. daurica.
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Tang, Liangde, Jimin Liu, Lihui Liu, Yonghao Yu, Haiyan Zhao, and Wen Lu. "De Novo Transcriptome Identifies Olfactory Genes in Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead)." Genes 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2020): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11020144.
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Diachasmimoorpha longicaudata (Ashmead, D. longicaudata) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a solitary species of parasitoid wasp and widely used in integrated pest management (IPM) programs as a biological control agent in order to suppress tephritid fruit flies of economic importance. Although many studies have investigated the behaviors in the detection of their hosts, little is known of the molecular information of their chemosensory system. We assembled the first transcriptome of D. longgicaudata using transcriptome sequencing and identified 162,621 unigenes for the Ashmead insects in response to fruit flies fed with different fruits (guava, mango, and carambola). We annotated these transcripts on both the gene and protein levels by aligning them to databases (e.g., NR, NT, KEGG, GO, PFAM, UniProt/SwissProt) and prediction software (e.g., SignalP, RNAMMER, TMHMM Sever). CPC2 and MIREAP were used to predict the potential noncoding RNAs and microRNAs, respectively. Based on these annotations, we found 43, 69, 60, 689, 26 and 14 transcripts encoding odorant-binding protein (OBP), chemosensory proteins (CSPs), gustatory receptor (GR), odorant receptor (OR), odorant ionotropic receptor (IR), and sensory neuron membrane protein (SNMP), respectively. Sequence analysis identified the conserved six Cys in OBP sequences and phylogenetic analysis further supported the identification of OBPs and CSPs. Furthermore, 9 OBPs, 13 CSPs, 3 GRs, 4IRs, 25 ORs, and 4 SNMPs were differentially expressed in the insects in response to fruit flies with different scents. These results support that the olfactory genes of the parasitoid wasps were specifically expressed in response to their hosts with different scents. Our findings improve our understanding of the behaviors of insects in the detection of their hosts on the molecular level. More importantly, it provides a valuable resource for D. longicaudata research and will benefit the IPM programs and other researchers in this filed.
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Dimitratos, Spiros D., Allison S. Hommel, Kenneth D. Konrad, Lauren M. Simpson, Jessica J. Wu-Woods, and Daniel F. Woods. "Biosensors to Monitor Water Quality Utilizing Insect Odorant-Binding Proteins as Detector Elements." Biosensors 9, no. 2 (May 14, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios9020062.
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In the developing world, the identification of clean, potable water continues to pose a pervasive challenge, and waterborne diseases due to fecal contamination of water supplies significantly threaten public health. The ability to efficiently monitor local water supplies is key to water safety, yet no low-cost, reliable method exists to detect contamination quickly. We developed an in vitro assay utilizing an odorant-binding protein (OBP), AgamOBP1, from the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, to test for the presence of a characteristic metabolite, indole, from harmful coliform bacteria. We demonstrated that recombinantly expressed AgamOBP1 binds indole with high sensitivity. Our proof-of-concept assay is fluorescence-based and demonstrates the usefulness of insect OBPs as detector elements in novel biosensors that rapidly detect the presence of bacterial metabolic markers, and thus of coliform bacteria. We further demonstrated that rAgamOBP1 is suitable for use in portable, inexpensive “dipstick” biosensors that improve upon lateral flow technology since insect OBPs are robust, easily obtainable via recombinant expression, and resist detector “fouling.” Moreover, due to their wide diversity and ligand selectivity, insect chemosensory proteins have other biosensor applications for various analytes. The techniques presented here therefore represent platform technologies applicable to various future devices.
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O'BRIEN, MAEVE. "Girls and Transition to Second-level Schooling in Ireland: 'Moving on' and 'moving out' Correspondence : Maeve O'Brien, Department of Human Development, St Patrick's College of Education, Drumcondra, Dublin, 9. E-mail: Obpm@eircom.net." Gender and Education 15, no. 3 (September 2003): 249–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540250303862.
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