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Journal articles on the topic 'Obligatory and externally imposed'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Miyazawa, S., T. Osumi, T. Hashimoto, K. Ohno, S. Miura, and Y. Fujiki. "Peroxisome targeting signal of rat liver acyl-coenzyme A oxidase resides at the carboxy terminus." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 1 (January 1989): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.1.83.

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To identify the topogenic signal of peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase (AOX) of rat liver, we carried out in vitro import experiments with mutant polypeptides of the enzyme. Full-length AOX and polypeptides that were truncated at the N-terminal region were efficiently imported into peroxisomes, as determined by resistance to externally added proteinase K. Polypeptides carrying internal deletions in the C-terminal region exhibited much lower import activities. Polypeptides that were truncated or mutated at the extreme C terminus were totally import negative. When the five amino acid residues at the extreme C terminus were attached to some of the import-negative polypeptides, the import activities were rescued. Moreover, the C-terminal 199 and 70 amino acid residues of AOX directed fusion proteins with two bacterial enzymes to peroxisomes. These results are interpreted to mean that the peroxisome targeting signal of AOX residues at the C terminus and the five or fewer residues at the extreme terminus have an obligatory function in targeting. The C-terminal internal region also has an important role for efficient import, possibly through a conformational effect.

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2

Miyazawa, S., T. Osumi, T. Hashimoto, K. Ohno, S. Miura, and Y. Fujiki. "Peroxisome targeting signal of rat liver acyl-coenzyme A oxidase resides at the carboxy terminus." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 1 (January 1989): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.1.83-91.1989.

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To identify the topogenic signal of peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase (AOX) of rat liver, we carried out in vitro import experiments with mutant polypeptides of the enzyme. Full-length AOX and polypeptides that were truncated at the N-terminal region were efficiently imported into peroxisomes, as determined by resistance to externally added proteinase K. Polypeptides carrying internal deletions in the C-terminal region exhibited much lower import activities. Polypeptides that were truncated or mutated at the extreme C terminus were totally import negative. When the five amino acid residues at the extreme C terminus were attached to some of the import-negative polypeptides, the import activities were rescued. Moreover, the C-terminal 199 and 70 amino acid residues of AOX directed fusion proteins with two bacterial enzymes to peroxisomes. These results are interpreted to mean that the peroxisome targeting signal of AOX residues at the C terminus and the five or fewer residues at the extreme terminus have an obligatory function in targeting. The C-terminal internal region also has an important role for efficient import, possibly through a conformational effect.

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3

Stewart, Kial D., Graham O. Hughes, and Ross W. Griffiths. "The Role of Turbulent Mixing in an Overturning Circulation Maintained by Surface Buoyancy Forcing." Journal of Physical Oceanography 42, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): 1907–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-0242.1.

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Abstract The role of externally imposed rates of small-scale mixing in an overturning circulation forced by differential surface buoyancy fluxes is examined in a laboratory experiment. The circulation occupies the full volume and involves a dense turbulent plume against the endwall and a broad upwelling throughout the interior. For strong externally imposed stirring, turbulent diffusion is the primary means of vertical density transport in the flow, and the dependence of the equilibrated circulation on the mixing rate accords with a theoretical model; the overturning rate increases as the ¼ power of the turbulent diffusivity. For weak externally imposed stirring, advection is the dominant mechanism of vertical density transport, and the circulation is independent of the rate of external stirring. The rate of vertical density transport is parameterized as a bulk diffusivity obtained from different methods, including one from a Munk-like advection–diffusion balance and another from the transport of buoyancy across the surface. For strong stirring, the bulk diffusivities returned by the various methods agree with the externally imposed mixing rate. However, the parameterizations implicitly include a nondiffusive component of vertical transport associated with advection of the density field and it is shown that, for weak stirring, the bulk diffusivities exceed the externally imposed mixing rate. For the oceans, results suggest that the primary effect of mixing (with energy sourced from winds, tides, and convection) is to deepen the thermocline, thereby influencing the entrainment and consequent vertical transport of density in the dense sinking regions. It is concluded that this advective transport of density, and not vertical mixing, is crucial for coupling the surface to the abyss.

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4

Ahmed, N. A., and R. D. Archer. "Poststall Behavior of a Wing Under Externally Imposed Sound." Journal of Aircraft 38, no. 5 (September 2001): 961–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.2861.

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5

Brown, James R., J. Anthony Cookson, and Rawley Z. Heimer. "Law and Finance Matter: Lessons from Externally Imposed Courts." Review of Financial Studies 30, no. 3 (May 13, 2016): 1019–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhw030.

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6

Kral, Nicolas, Alexandra Hanna Ougolnikova, and Giovanni Sena. "Externally imposed electric field enhances plant root tip regeneration." Regeneration 3, no. 3 (June 2016): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/reg2.59.

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7

Łuba-Arnista, Weronika, and Michał Biegajło. "Observational Learning with Externally Imposed and Self-Controlled Frequency of Model Demonstration." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2020-0013.

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Abstract Introduction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of learning a complex gymnastic routine with different frequencies of externally imposed and self-controlled model demonstration. Material and Methods. Thirty undergraduate physical education (PE) students were randomly assigned to 3 groups: G100 (100% frequency), GS (self-controlled frequency) and GC (control group). Each participant from groups G100 and GS performed 150 trials of a complex gymnastic routine during 10 practice sessions. The learning effect was evaluated on the basis of the mean absolute error value and measured during pre-acquisition (baseline), acquisition (practice sessions) and post-acquisition (retention and transfer tests) phases. Results. It was revealed that observational learning with self-controlled and high externally imposed frequency of model demonstration proved to be equally effective. The differences were found during the acquisition phase only. The self-controlled group achieved higher outcomes than the externally imposed group. Conclusions. This study indicates that performance during practice sessions does not always reflect the permanency and adaptability of the motor skill learning process.

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8

Spanjaards, Michelle, Nick Jaensson, Martien Hulsen, and Patrick Anderson. "A Numerical Study of Particle Migration and Sedimentation in Viscoelastic Couette Flow." Fluids 4, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids4010025.

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In this work, a systematic investigation of the migration of sedimenting particles in a viscoelastic Couette flow is presented, using finite element 3D simulations. To this end, a novel computational approach is presented, which allows us to simulate a periodic configuration of rigid spherical particles accurately and efficiently. To study the different contributions to the particle migration, we first investigate the migration of particles sedimenting near the inner wall, without an externally-imposed Couette flow, followed by the migration of non-sedimenting particles in an externally-imposed Couette flow. Then, both flows are combined, i.e., sedimenting particles with an externally-imposed Couette flow, which was found to increase the migration velocity significantly, yielding migration velocities that are higher than the sum of the combined flows. It was also found that the trace of the conformation tensor becomes asymmetric with respect to the particle center when the particle is initially placed close to the inner cylinder. We conclude by investigating the sedimentation velocity with an imposed orthogonal shear flow. It is found that the sedimentation velocity can be both higher or lower then the Newtonian case, depending on the rheology of the suspending fluid. Specifically, a shear-thinning viscosity is shown to play an important role, which is in-line with previously-published results.

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9

RICCARDI, C., C. BEVILACQUA, G. CHIODINI, E. SINDONI, and M. FONTANESI. "Modification of electrostatic fluctuations by externally imposed radial electric fields." Journal of Plasma Physics 64, no. 3 (September 2000): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800008539.

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This paper concerns experiments on the turbulence of a toroidal magnetoplasma in the presence of a radial electric field. The possibility of reduction of turbulence through the application of an external biasing potential has been evaluated by measuring the electrostatic fluctuations and main plasma parameters.

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10

Kremnyov, Stanislav V., Tatyana G. Troshina, and Lev V. Beloussov. "Active reinforcement of externally imposed folding in amphibians embryonic tissues." Mechanisms of Development 129, no. 1-4 (March 2012): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mod.2012.02.001.

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11

Guleryuz, Ece. "Externally imposed institutions and regional growth differences: Evidence from France and Germany." Panoeconomicus 64, no. 4 (2017): 461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan141224013g.

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This paper provides a critical examination of effect of French Revolution institutions on regional economic development variations in 19th century by focusing on the experience of France. The argument in Daron Acemoglu et al. (2011) that differences in long-run economic performance of German states stem from differences in externally imposed French and domestic German institutions needs to be investigated further. A difference-in-difference estimation is used to identify a treatment effect causing growth differences between border and interior departments. The proposed treatment effect is the faster industrialization due to intensified minerals mining and railway construction in northern and northeastern France after 1850. It is shown that border departments experienced higher economic growth primarily after 1850 even though Revolution institutions and reforms were imposed in all of French departments. Therefore, externally imposed French Revolution institutions and reforms shouldn?t be counted as primary factors of causing variation in economic development across German polities.

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12

Hawes, Colin, and Angus Young. "The Dao of CSR." European Journal of East Asian Studies 18, no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 165–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01802003.

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AbstractWidespread corporate scandals involving corruption, environmental pollution, IP theft and food/product safety demonstrate that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has not yet taken root among Chinese business firms. One major reason is that Chinese managers view CSR as a foreign concept, an externally imposed set of rules, that fails to resonate with their internal worldview. This paper proposes a new approach to CSR based on ‘vital energy’ (qi) circulating within an organically integrated moral cosmos (dao)—a traditional Chinese ecological worldview that overcomes cultural barriers to acceptance, while simultaneously drawing on insights from contemporary behavioural economics and materials science. The paper provides Chinese conceptual tools to transform an externally imposed burden on business firms into an internally generated, ecologically situated, creative and productive corporate evolution.

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13

Siti-Nabiha, A. K., Sangita Jeyaram, and Dayana Jalaludin. "Performance management of an externally imposed programme: a Malaysian case study." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 69, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 612–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-04-2019-0204.

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PurposeThis paper investigates how an externally imposed programme with the objective of improving the income of the poor is measured and managed by a public agency in Malaysia.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative case study approach is used in this research. The data were collected over a three-year period with interviews conducted with key officers at various levels ranging from the Ministry to the agency responsible for implementing the programme.FindingsThe introduction of the programme into the organisation's activity was loosely coupled, reflected by the way in which the programme was being implemented. There was some inter-dependency between the three hierarchical levels in terms of their performance measures and targets, responsibilities and reporting. There were no significant changes to the organisation's practices and weak linkages between the programme's objective, the formulation of indicators and the way the information was used in performance assessment. The lack of integration of the programme resulted in high importance being attached to measurement and reporting, rather than focusing on the achievement of the programme objective.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to understanding the performance management issue regarding the vertical and horizontal coupling of a system in relation to an externally derived programme.

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14

Keeling, M. J. "Correlation equations for endemic diseases: externally imposed and internally generated heterogeneity." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 266, no. 1422 (May 7, 1999): 953–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0729.

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15

Leonard, Lawrence J. "From Indignation to Indifference: Teacher Concerns About Externally Imposed Classroom Interruptions." Journal of Educational Research 95, no. 2 (November 2001): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220670109596578.

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16

VARSHNEY, GAURAV, V. K. KATIYAR, and SUSHIL KUMAR. "NUMERICAL MODELING OF PULSATILE FLOW OF BLOOD THROUGH A STENOSED TAPERED ARTERY UNDER PERIODIC BODY ACCELERATION." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 10, no. 02 (June 2010): 251–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519410003393.

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A mathematical model is developed for the pulsatile flow of blood through a stenosed tapered artery under the influence of externally imposed body acceleration. The artery is assumed as a cylindrical tube with time-dependent radius having mild stenosis and the non-Newtonian behavior of blood is characterized by generalized Power-law model. The governing equations are transformed by using a radial transformation and solved numerically by a suitable finite difference scheme in order to obtain the velocity, fluid acceleration, wall shear stress, and flow rate. The effect of stenosis severity, tapering, and externally imposed body acceleration on the blood flow in artery is discussed with the help of graph. It is found that all flow characteristics are affected by the stenosis severity, tapering, and periodic acceleration applied on the body.

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17

Phan, Trung V., Gao Wang, Liyu Liu, and Robert H. Austin. "Bootstrapped Motion of an Agent on an Adaptive Resource Landscape." Symmetry 13, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13020225.

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We theoretically show that isolated agents that locally and symmetrically consume resources and sense positive resource gradients can generate constant motion via bootstrapped resource gradients in the absence of any externally imposed gradients, and we show a realization of this motion using robots. This self-generated agent motion can be coupled with neighboring agents to act as a spontaneously broken symmetry seed for emergent collective dynamics. We also show that in a sufficiently weak externally imposed gradient, it is possible for an agent to move against an external resource gradient due to the local resource depression on the landscape created by an agent. This counter-intuitive boot-strapped motion against an external gradient is demonstrated with a simple robot system on an light-emitting diode (LED) light-board.

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18

H., Arjun, and Pinaki Chaudhuri. "Glass forming liquids in a quenched random potential." Soft Matter 16, no. 14 (2020): 3574–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm01729a.

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A study of the emergence of glassy dynamics in a model two-dimensional colloidal binary mixture, via the interplay of the intrinsic density correlations with a quenched disorder in the form an externally imposed spatially random potential.

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19

Shelef, Nadav. "Testing the Logic of Unilateral Withdrawal: Lessons from the History of the Labor Zionist Movement." Middle East Journal 61, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 460–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/61.3.14.

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The combination of pessimism regarding the possibility of a negotiated settlement and a recognition that maintaining the status quo in the Occupied Territories is impossible has led leading Israeli policymakers to advocate a policy of unilateral withdrawal. This policy is at least partially based on the assumption that nationalist movements inevitably adapt to externally imposed realities. However, as this article demonstrates, even the famously pragmatic Labor Zionist movement did not shift its vision of the appropriate borders of their state in response to externally imposed territorial limits. Rather, when such ideological transformations took place, they were more closely linked to the contingencies of domestic and intra-movement politics. Unilateral withdrawals are thus unlikely to contribute to a resolution of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians, in part, because they are animated by a faulty assumption about the mechanism of ideological transformation.

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20

McNeil, Nicole M., and Martha W. Alibali. "Learning mathematics from procedural instruction: Externally imposed goals influence what is learned." Journal of Educational Psychology 92, no. 4 (2000): 734–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.92.4.734.

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21

Gitterman, Moshe, and George H. Weiss. "An Overall View of Stochastic Resonance." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 07, no. 04 (April 1997): 911–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127497000716.

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We describe some universal features of dynamical systems that exhibit stochastic resonance. Examples of such systems show that stochastic resonance appears as the result of the interaction between an externally imposed rate and stochastic characteristics of the dynamic systems which are not restricted to be nonlinear.

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22

Laughter, Judson. "Race in Educational Researcher: A Technical Comment on Li and Koedel (2017)." Educational Researcher 47, no. 4 (April 12, 2018): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x18769647.

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Li and Koedel’s (2017) use of “appearance measures” disregards a long history of research on race and ethnicity and sets research with diverse participants back several decades. Race is not biological and is not synonymous with ethnicity. Such externally imposed, problematic labels must not be allowed in education research.

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23

Franz, M., T. Meyer, A. Spitznagel, H. Schmidt, K. Wening, and B. Gallhofer. "Responsiveness of subjective quality of life assessment in schizophrenic patients: a quasi-experimental pilot study." European Psychiatry 16, no. 2 (March 2001): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(01)00546-6.

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Responsiveness of quality of life (QOL) assessments in chronic schizophrenic patients was investigated by a quasi-experimental pilot study. Satisfaction ratings were assessed over five time points with an externally imposed disturbing stimulus at the second time point. Despite a markedly high stability, the disturbance provoked a temporally limited decrease in QOL.

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24

Horner, R. D., and E. N. Moudrianakis. "Millisecond kinetics of ATP synthesis driven by externally imposed electrochemical potentials in chloroplasts." Journal of Biological Chemistry 260, no. 10 (May 1985): 6153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)88950-5.

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25

Cornelis, J., R. Sporken, G. van Oost, and R. R. Weynants. "Predicting the radial electric field imposed by externally driven radial currents in tokamaks." Nuclear Fusion 34, no. 2 (February 1994): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/34/2/i01.

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26

Aliverti, Andrea, Iacopo Iandelli, Roberto Duranti, Stephen J. Cala, Bengt Kayser, Susan Kelly, Gianni Misuri, et al. "Respiratory muscle dynamics and control during exercise with externally imposed expiratory flow limitation." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 1953–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01222.2000.

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To determine how decreasing velocity of shortening (U) of expiratory muscles affects breathing during exercise, six normal men performed incremental exercise with externally imposed expiratory flow limitation (EFLe) at ∼1 l/s. We measured volumes of chest wall, lung- and diaphragm-apposed rib cage (Vrc,p and Vrc,a, respectively), and abdomen (Vab) by optoelectronic plethysmography; esophageal, gastric, and transdiaphragmatic pressures (Pdi); and end-tidal CO2concentration. From these, we calculated velocity of shortening and power (W˙) of diaphragm, rib cage, and abdominal muscles (di, rcm, ab, respectively). EFLe forced a decrease in Uab, which increased Pab and which lasted well into inspiration. This imposed a load, overcome by preinspiratory diaphragm contraction. Udi and inspiratory Urcm increased, reducing their ability to generate pressure. Pdi, Prcm, andW˙ab increased, indicating an increased central drive to all muscle groups secondary to hypercapnia, which developed in all subjects. These results suggest a vicious cycle in which EFLe decreases Uab, increasing Pab and exacerbating the hypercapnia, which increases central drive increasing Pab even more, leading to further CO2 retention, and so forth.

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27

Burgess, Mark, Michael E. Enzle, and Rodney Schmaltz. "Defeating the Potentially Deleterious Effects of Externally Imposed Deadlines: Practitioners’ Rules-of-Thumb." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30, no. 7 (July 2004): 868–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264089.

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28

Hurst, N. C., J. R. Danielson, D. H. E. Dubin, and C. M. Surko. "Instability of an electron-plasma shear layer in an externally imposed strain flow." Physics of Plasmas 27, no. 4 (April 2020): 042101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5138924.

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29

Hughes, Martin. "The National Curriculum in England and Wales: A Lesson in Externally Imposed Reform?" Educational Administration Quarterly 33, no. 2 (April 1997): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013161x97033002006.

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30

Masson, V., and P. M. Carrica. "Effects of an externally imposed electric field on subcooled boiling critical heat flux." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 22, no. 4 (July 1995): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1933(95)00033-u.

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31

Iandelli, Iacopo, Andrea Aliverti, Bengt Kayser, Raffaele Dellacà, Stephen J. Cala, Roberto Duranti, Susan Kelly, et al. "Determinants of exercise performance in normal men with externally imposed expiratory flow limitation." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 1943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00393.2000.

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To understand how externally applied expiratory flow limitation (EFL) leads to impaired exercise performance and dyspnea, we studied six healthy males during control incremental exercise to exhaustion (C) and with EFL at ∼1. We measured volume at the mouth (Vm), esophageal, gastric and transdiaphragmatic (Pdi) pressures, maximal exercise power (W˙max) and the difference (Δ) in Borg scale ratings of breathlessness between C and EFL exercise. Optoelectronic plethysmography measured chest wall and lung volume (Vl). From Campbell diagrams, we measured alveolar (Pa) and expiratory muscle (Pmus) pressures, and from Pdi and abdominal motion, an index of diaphragmatic power (W˙di). Four subjects hyperinflated and two did not. EFL limited performance equally to 65%W˙max with Borg = 9–10 in both. At EFLW˙max, inspiratory time (Ti) was 0.66s ± 0.08, expiratory time (Te) 2.12 ± 0.26 s, Pmus ∼40 cmH2O and ΔVl-ΔVm = 488.7 ± 74.1 ml. From Pa and Vl, we calculated compressed gas volume (Vc) = 163.0 ± 4.6 ml. The difference, ΔVl-ΔVm-Vc (estimated blood volume shift) was 326 ml ± 66 or 7.2 ml/cmH2O Pa. The high Pmus and long Te mimicked a Valsalva maneuver from which the short Ti did not allow recovery. Multiple stepwise linear regression revealed that the difference between C and EFL Pmus accounted for 70.3% of the variance in ΔBorg. ΔW˙di added 12.5%. We conclude that high expiratory pressures cause severe dyspnea and the possibility of adverse circulatory events, both of which would impair exercise performance.

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32

Fernandez-Ruiz, A., and E. W. Schomburg. "The Rules of Entrainment: Are CA1 Gamma Oscillations Externally Imposed or Locally Governed?" Journal of Neuroscience 33, no. 49 (December 4, 2013): 19045–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4151-13.2013.

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33

Laitin, David D., and Rob Reich. "Trust, Transparency, and Replication in Political Science." PS: Political Science & Politics 50, no. 01 (January 2017): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096516002365.

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ABSTRACT Striving better to uncover causal effects, political science is amid a revolution in micro-empirical research designs and experimental methods. This methodological development—although quite promising in delivering new findings and discovering the mechanisms that underlie previously known associations—raises new and unnerving ethical issues that have yet to be confronted by our profession. We believe that addressing these issues proactively by generating strong, internal norms of disciplinary regulation is preferable to reactive measures, which often come in the wake of public exposés and can lead to externally imposed regulations or centrally imposed internal policing.

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34

Wang, Chao, and Shenhao Chen. "A study of the effect of magnetic fields on the diffusion layer at the Fe/H2SO4 interface by holographic microphotography." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 66, no. 7 (2001): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0107477w.

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The effect of externally imposed magnetic fields on the relaxation of the concentration diffusion layer at the Fe/0.5 mol dm-3 H2SO4 interface after passivation of the iron electrode during potentiodynamic polarization was studied by holographic microphotography. The presence of a magnetic field was found to retard the relaxation process while the microturbulence was impeded.

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35

Chang, Li-cheng. "Managerial Responses to Externally Imposed Performance Measurement in the NHS: An Institutional Theory Perspective." Financial Accountability and Management 22, no. 1 (February 2006): 63–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0267-4424.2006.00393.x.

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36

TAGAWA, Masato, Takaya KATSURAGAWA, and Yasuhiko OHTA. "Combustion control of a non-premixed turbulent flame by an externally-imposed pressure gradient." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2002.7 (2002): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2002.7.0_77.

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37

Singh, R., J. H. Kim, Hogun Jhang, and S. Das. "Excitation of high wavenumber fluctuations by externally-imposed helical fields in edge pedestal plasmas." Physics of Plasmas 25, no. 3 (March 2018): 032502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5015945.

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38

Hall, Valerie, and Mike Wallace. "Collaboration as a Subversive Activity: a professional response to externally imposed competition between schools?" School Organisation 13, no. 2 (January 1993): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0260136930130201.

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39

Chen, Xiao-Bo, Li-Sha Niu, and Hui-Ji Shi. "Modeling the phase separation in binary lipid membrane under externally imposed oscillatory shear flow." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 65, no. 2 (September 2008): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.04.002.

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40

Tomaszewicz, Barbara Maria. "Relative readings of superlatives: Scope or focus?" Semantics and Linguistic Theory 25 (January 23, 2016): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v25i0.3126.

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I provide an analysis of the relative readings of superlatives on which the superlative morpheme -est is more constrained at LF than previously argued, yet the range of superlative readings available cross-linguistically is still accounted for. I argue that -est scopes outside the superlative DP only when necessary. I also provide empirical arguments that the focus structure of the sentence must be included in the LF representation of relative readings. In English, where -est only scopes DP-internally, we correctly predict the optionality of focus for relative readings. In Polish, where -est can also scope DP-externally, focus can be obligatory to disambiguate between the different LFs.

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41

GELPERN, Anna. "Sovereignty, Accountability, and the Wealth Fund Governance Conundrum." Asian Journal of International Law 1, no. 2 (May 12, 2011): 289–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2044251310000391.

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Sovereign wealth funds—state-controlled transnational portfolio investment vehicles—began as an externally imposed category in search of a definition. SWFs from different countries had little in common and no desire to collaborate. This article elaborates the implications of diverse public, private, domestic, and external demands on SWFs, and describes how their apparently artificial grouping became a site for innovation in international law-making.

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Fernández Soriano, Víctor. "‘Travail et progrès’: Obligatory ‘Educational’ Labour in the Belgian Congo, 1933–60." Journal of Contemporary History 53, no. 2 (July 13, 2017): 292–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009417697807.

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The authorities of the Belgian Congo imposed a series of compulsory workloads to the local communities under the argument that these tasks contributed to the ‘education' of the native populations, which they called ‘Travaux d'ordre éducatif' (TOE). Such workloads represented the main legal form of forced labour which existed in the Belgian Congo from their creation in 1933 until independence in 1960. Unlike what happened in most colonial empires, these workloads were not abolished after the Second World War. This article shows, through the case study of the province of Equateur, how these workloads were conceived and organized by the Belgian colonial administration. It seeks an answer to the question of why this form of forced labour remained legal in Congo until its independence.

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Larson, Richard K. "AP-de (地) Adverbs in Mandarin." Studies in Chinese Linguistics 39, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scl-2018-0001.

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Abstract Mandarin manner adverbs like dasheng ‘loudly’ (lit. ‘big voice’) occur both sentence-medially and sentence-finally, whereas adverbs formed with the adverbializer de (地) like kuaikuaide ‘quickly’ occur only sentence-medially. The behavior of AP-地 adverbs is puzzling under a classical adjunction analysis and under Cinque’s (1999) hierarchy of functional projections. Here, I argue that Mandarin manner adverbs have a uniform low attachment in V complement position and that preverbal/medial position reflects obligatory movement imposed by the status of 地 as a “concordializing element”.

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44

Sagiv, Lilach, Sharon Arieli, Jacob Goldenberg, and Ayalla Goldschmidt. "Structure and freedom in creativity: The interplay between externally imposed structure and personal cognitive style." Journal of Organizational Behavior 31, no. 8 (November 2010): 1086–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.664.

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Hurricane, O. A., T. H. Jensen, and A. B. Hassam. "Two‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulation of a flowing plasma interacting with an externally imposed magnetic field." Physics of Plasmas 2, no. 6 (June 1995): 1976–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871283.

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46

Chen, Yi-der. "Free energy transduction in membrane transport systems induced by externally imposed fluctuations in ligand concentrations." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 902, no. 3 (September 1987): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(87)90199-4.

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Lopez, JM, and JO Murphy. "Dynamic Time Dependent Hexagonal Magnetoconvection." Australian Journal of Physics 38, no. 6 (1985): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph850885.

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The time dependence of the single mode hexagonal magnetoconvective system has been investigated numerically at high Rayleigh number. It is established that, in certain parameter ranges, the system has oscillatory solutions which not only have a periodic nature, but also develop into chaotic and intermittent solutions. Further, the system generates nonzero mean kinetic and magnetic helicity together with substantial magnetic field amplification. These features are shown to be maintained in time without any externally imposed rotation of the system.

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León, Marcela Vásquez. "Avoidance Strategies and Governmental Rigidity: The Case of the Small-Scale Shrimp Fishery in two Mexican Communities." Journal of Political Ecology 1, no. 1 (December 1, 1994): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v1i1.21157.

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This paper presents an analysis of avoidance strategies developed by small-scale shrimp fishermen in response to externally imposed regulations that limit their access to marine resources. The main issue that will be explored is whether fishermen act as individuals who calculate costs and benefits associated with noncompliance; or as community members who break the rules in order to serve collective interests within the communities.Key words: marine resources / enforcement avoidance strategies/ small-scale fishermen / shrimp / methodological individualism / collective behavior / fishery management.

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Borue, Vadim, Steven A. Orszag, and Ilya Staroselsky. "Interaction of surface waves with turbulence: direct numerical simulations of turbulent open-channel flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 286 (March 10, 1995): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112095000620.

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We report direct numerical simulations of incompressible unsteady open-channel flow. Two mechanisms of turbulence production are considered: shear at the bottom and externally imposed stress at the free surface. We concentrate upon the effects of mutual interaction of small-amplitude gravity waves with in-depth turbulence and statistical properties of the near-free-surface region. Extensions of our approach can be used to study turbulent mixing in the upper ocean and wind–sea interaction, and to provide diagnostics of bulk turbulence.

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Fox, C. H. J. "The Dynamics of a Vibrating Cylinder Gyro with Imperfection." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 210, no. 5 (September 1996): 453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_219_02.

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This paper presents an analysis of the mechanics of a vibrating cylinder rate gyroscope including the effects of structural imperfection which is inevitably present in a real device. Imperfection has important consequences for the vibration properties of the cylinder which affect gyro performance. Interaction between imperfection and externally imposed motion of the cylinder gives rise to a number of potential error mechanisms which are identified and analysed. Analytical expressions are developed by means of which the error mechanisms are quantified in a practically useful way.

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