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1

DeLue, Steven M. Political obligation in a liberal state. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

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2

Stilz, Anna. Liberal loyalty: Freedom, obligation, and the state. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009.

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3

Auditor, Missouri State. Audit of general obligation bond sales practices: Performance audit. Jefferson City, Missouri (224 State Capitol, Jefferson City 65101): The Office, 2001.

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4

Commission, California Debt Advisory, ed. The Use of general obligation bonds by the State of California. Sacramento, Calif: California Debt Advisory Commission, 1987.

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5

Division, Georgia Department of Audits and Accounts Performance Audit Operations. Georgia State Financing and Investment Commission: Requested information on general obligation bonds. Atlanta, Georgia]: Georgia Department of Audits and Accounts, Performance Audit Operations Division, 2012.

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6

1954-, Comstock Gary, ed. Is there a moral obligation to save the family farm? Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1987.

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7

Wolfe, Alan. Whose keeper?: Social science and moral obligation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.

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8

Dart, Norma. A sacred obligation: A history of the Idaho State Veterans' Homes in Idaho. [Idaho: Norma Dart, 2007.

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9

Skoble, Aeon J. Deleting the state: An argument about government. Chicago: Open Court, 2008.

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10

Skoble, Aeon J. Deleting the state: An argument about government. Chicago: Open Court, 2008.

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11

American Bar Association. General Obligation Bond Committee., ed. Summary of state legislation and recent court decisions applicable to general obligation bonds, 1957-1961. New York: Security-Columbian Banknote Co., 1994.

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12

Finkelstein, Claire. On the obligation of the state to extend a right of self-defense to its citizens. [Toronto]: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 1998.

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13

Rotenstreich, Nathan. Order and might. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988.

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14

Marshall, Dominique. Aux origines sociales de l'État-providence: Familles québécoises, obligation scolaire et allocations familiales, 1940-1955. Montréal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1998.

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15

North Carolina. Governor (1985-1993 : Martin). Martin Administration initiatives: Outlined in the 1991 state of the state message : uplift day care, environmental indicators, mountain area planning stragegy [sic], general obligation bonds, air cargo facility. [Raleigh, N.C: State of North Carolina, 1990.

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16

United States. President (1993-2001 : Clinton). NAFTA transportation provisions: Message from the President of the United States transmitting his intention to further modify the moratorium to allow Mexican small package delivery services to operate in the United States provided that Mexico implements its NAFTA obligation to provide national treatment to U.S. small package delivery companies, pursuant to 49 U.S.C. 10922(1)(2)(A). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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17

Resources, United States Congress Senate Committee on Energy and Natural. To transfer certain lands in the state of Montana and to relieve the town of Neihart, Montana, of any obligation to pay consideration for lands conveyed to it under authority of the Small Tracts Act: Report (to accompany S. 2457). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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18

New Jersey. Legislature. General Assembly. Solid Waste Management Committee. Public hearing before Assembly Solid Waste Management Committee: Assembly bill no. 3107 (2R) (authorizes $135 million in general obligation bonds for construction of resource recovery facilities and environmentally sound sanitary landfill facilities) : November 28, 1988, Room 373, State House Annex, Trenton, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1988.

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19

Stilz, Anna. Liberal Loyalty: Freedom, Obligation, and the State. Princeton University Press, 2009.

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20

Stilz, Anna. Liberal Loyalty: Freedom, Obligation, and the State. Princeton University Press, 2011.

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21

Stilz, Anna. Liberal Loyalty: Freedom, Obligation, and the State. Princeton University Press, 2009.

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22

Your maritime service obligation: Service obligation of federal and state maritime academy graduates. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Maritime Administration, 1993.

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23

Philosophical Anarchism And Political Obligation. Continuum Publishing Corporation, 2014.

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24

Philosophical Anarchism And Political Obligation. Continuum Publishing Corporation, 2014.

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25

Egoumenides, Magda. Philosophical Anarchism and Political Obligation. Bloomsbury Academic & Professional, 2014.

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26

Eileen, Denza. Exemption from Giving Evidence. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703969.003.0033.

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This chapter considers Article 31.2 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations which states that a diplomatic agent is not obliged to give evidence as a witness during trial. Under customary international law a diplomat was immune from compulsion in regard to appearing or giving evidence as a witness but was probably not exempt from the legal obligation to do so if requested in proper terms. It should be noted that the exemption from the duty to give evidence is not limited by the exceptions to immunity from jurisdiction set out in Article 31.1(a), (b), and (c). It was emphasized that a diplomatic agent involved for whatever reason as plaintiff or as defendant in legal proceedings would always have a strong incentive to give evidence in order to win his case, but that the decision whether to permit him to do so should remain with the sending State.
27

Klosko, George. Political Obligation. Edited by George Klosko. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0044.

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By political obligation, theorists generally mean a moral requirement to obey the law of one's state or one's country. In the liberal tradition, liberty is a central value, and so the fact that some individuals should obey others must be explained. The liberal—or “modern”—view of political obligation is classically expressed in John Locke's Second Treatise of Government. According to Locke, political obligation must stem from an individual's own consent, and so must be self-assumed, based on a specific action or performance by each individual himself. Thomas Hobbes presented a fully modern theory of political obligation. With Hobbes, the burden of argument shifts. Whereas, in the late medieval period, the default position favored obedience, Hobbes's starting point is individual freedom. Locke's view of tacit consent was classically criticized by David Hume, who believes that his account has the considerable advantage of doing without the fictions of an original state of nature, individual consent, and social contract. Contemporary debates about political obligation have been heavily influenced by the popularity of so-called philosophical anarchism.
28

Anjaria, Ulka, J. J. Anjaria, and Shailendra Anjaria. Nature and Grounds of Political Obligation in the Hindu State. Academic Foundation, 2012.

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29

Skoble, Aeon J. Deleting the State: An Argument About Government. Open Court, 2007.

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30

Sir Michael, Wood. Part III Observance and Application of Treaties, 15 The Law of Treaties and the UN Security Council: Some Reflections. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588916.003.0015.

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The UN Security Council impacts on the law of treaties in many different ways — ways that are both foreseen and unforeseen in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. This has led to harsh criticism by writers, less so by states. There is an important distinction to be made between obligations that are binding on the parties to a treaty by virtue of their participation therein, and obligations that are binding on states for some reason outside the treaty, for example because they are made so by mandatory Council action. Article 103 of the UN Charter has assumed increasing importance and should not be interpreted narrowly. The Council has shown self-restraint in its approach to treaties, interfering only to the extent necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security.
31

Kriangsak, Kittichaisaree. The Obligation to Extradite or Prosecute. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198823292.001.0001.

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Prosecution of perpetrators of serious crimes of international concern before the permanent International Criminal Court, set up in 2002, has been few and far between. Hope thus rests with the implementation of the international legal obligation for States to either extradite such perpetrators to another State able and willing to prosecute them or prosecute the perpetrators themselves or surrender them to be prosecuted by a competent international court. This book is written by the Chairman of the UN International Law Commission's Working Group on the Obligation to Extradite or Prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare). The Commission submitted its Final Report on that topic to the UN General Assembly in 2014, leaving unanswered numerous important issues such as the customary international law status of the said obligation, immunities of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, the exercise of universal jurisdiction, and competing rules of international law regarding the surrender of persons to a competent international court. This book is an authoritative guide to, as well as the unique drafting history of, the International Law Commission's Final Report. In addition, it provides a comprehensive analysis of the subject, including issues not settled by the Commission and proposing practical solutions to the daunting challenges facing international efforts to bring to account perpetrators of serious atrocities that shock humankind. It will be useful to States, law enforcement officers, prosecutors, judges, international lawyers, students of international law, and the civil society entrusted with human rights protection.
32

Barnard, Frederick A. P. The Obligation of the State to Provide for the Education of Its Citizens; The Extent of the Obligation; And the Grounds on Which It Rests: Education ... University of the State of New York at Their. Forgotten Books, 2019.

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33

Decoeur, Henri. State Responsibility for State Organized Crime. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823933.003.0003.

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Chapter 2 discusses whether the involvement of senior public officials in organized crime may amount to an internationally wrongful act of the state. It shows that the conduct of state officials using the resources of the state to commit of facilitate the commission of organized criminal activities may in most cases be considered attributable to the state, discusses the situations in which the participation of the organs or agents of a state in organized crime may constitute a breach of an international obligation of the state, and outlines the conditions under which other states may be entitled to invoke the responsibility of a state involved in state organized crime where that state may be considered to have committed an internationally wrongful act.
34

Boucher, David. Hobbes among the Legal Positivists. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817215.003.0006.

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This chapter contends that Hobbes was a prominent interlocutor in debates on the source of obligation in the common law, and while customary international law was not capable of attracting sovereign authority, it did not mean that there could be no moral constraints in the relations among states. While justice and injustice are the creation of the sovereign, he narrowly confined those terms to the honouring of contracts. The content of the law does not determine our obligation to obey it, nor our judgement about justice and injustice; it is whether we have broken faith with a covenant that determines injustices. Natural law has intrinsic to it moral concepts which differ from those of justice and injustice, namely equity and reason. Whereas the definition of law is that it is applicable to those formerly obliged, the justification of particular laws has to be with reference to the common good.
35

Umirdinov, Alisher. Tax Law and Investment Arbitration: Conflict Between Domestic Policies and International Obligation of the State on Taxation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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36

Chalabi, Azadeh. Compliance with the Obligation to Adopt a NHRAP. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822844.003.0005.

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Part II, ‘Doctrinal Perspectives’, is structured in two chapters: Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. Chapter 4, which is concerned with the state’s compliance with the obligation to adopt a National Human Rights Action Plan (NHRAP), addresses two sets of questions. The first section of Chapter 4 examines the question as to whether states are expected to adopt separate rights-specific action plans or just one global action plan covering all the rights (and rights-related topics) at once. By adopting a mixed methods approach, including a qualitative textual analysis, a quantitative content analysis, and a fuzzy-set method, the second section of this chapter attempts to clarify the ‘obligation to take all appropriate measures’ (OTAAM) from which the obligation to adopt a national human rights action plan is derived. It seeks to address the questions as to what ‘measure’ and ‘appropriateness’ mean in international human rights law? How to determine the degree of appropriateness of each measure taken by the state?
37

Decoeur, Henri. A Convention for the Suppression of State Organized Crime. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823933.003.0007.

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Chapter 6 proposes the adoption and discusses the contents of a universal treaty by which states parties would undertake to criminalize state organized crime specifically, to adopt provisions in their domestic law to allow for more effective law enforcement, and to refrain from participating in or supporting organized criminal activities. The proposed treaty is designed to remedy certain of the limits of the existing law. First, it would provide an appropriate legal basis for prosecuting and punishing individuals involved in state organized crime. Secondly, it creates a broad obligation for states parties to establish both territorial and extraterritorial jurisdiction over the proposed crime, and widens the scope of the obligation aut dedere aut judicare, with a view to pressuring states parties genuinely to initiate proceedings against suspected offenders present in their territory. Thirdly, it opens the door for the international responsibility of a state party involved in organized crime.
38

Lægreid, Per, and Tom Christensen. Routledge Handbook to Accountability and Welfare State Reforms in Europe. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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39

Lægreid, Per, and Tom Christensen. Routledge Handbook to Accountability and Welfare State Reforms in Europe. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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40

Lægreid, Per, and Tom Christensen. Routledge Handbook to Accountability and Welfare State Reforms in Europe. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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41

Lægreid, Per, and Tom Christensen. Routledge Handbook to Accountability and Welfare State Reforms in Europe. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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42

Chang, Jason Oliver. Introduction Finding Mexico’s Chinese, Encountering the Mestizo State. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040863.003.0001.

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This chapter introduces the subject of the Chinese presence in Mexico through their distorted representation in a state museum. The history of Chinese Mexicans provides new ways to analyze the formation of mestizo national identity in Revolutionary Mexico. This chapter introduces the significance of the 1917 constitution by linking its legal definition of the government’s obligation to protect the population with the historical development of racial domination. The methodological approach of an Asian Americanist critique is explored to show why attention to the discursive and ideological construction of racialized Asian difference is important to conceptions of the Mexican national state. In showing the centrality of race in the Mexican governance, the chapter lays out a comparative racial formation approach that examines the role of anti-Chinese politics in the reformulation of citizenship, state power, and national identity after the 1910 revolution.
43

Andrea K, Bjorklund. Part IV Guide to Key Substantive Issues, 21 The National Treatment Obligation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0021.

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Most investment agreements contain a national treatment obligation, which requires that a host State treat foreign-owned investments at least as well as similarly situated national investments, or foreign investors as well as domestic investors. This chapter first explores the historical development of the national treatment obligation. It then addresses national treatment in practice, with particular reference to the investment treaty practice of the last decade and a half. As part of that examination, it sets forth the difficult and unresolved issues in the national treatment jurisprudence, including the hurdles that claimants face in establishing a national treatment claim. Finally, it addresses some of the reservations to national treatment that States have included in their investment treaties.
44

Hill, Jonathan. 3. Foreign judgments. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198732297.003.0003.

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This chapter deals with the recognition of enforcement of foreign judgments by English courts. The crucial question is not whether foreign judgments should be recognised and enforced in England but which judgments should be recognised and enforced. There are, broadly speaking, two theories. The first is the theory of obligation, which is premised on the notion that if the original court assumed jurisdiction on a proper basis the court's judgment should prima facie be regarded as creating an obligation between the parties to the foreign proceedings which the English court ought to recognise and, where appropriate, enforce. The alternative theory is based on the idea of reciprocity: the courts of country X should recognise and enforce the judgments of country Y if, mutatis mutandis, the courts of country Y recognise and enforce the judgments of country X. Whichever theory is adopted, the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments is limited by a range of defences which may be invoked by the party wishing to resist the judgment in question. It would be unrealistic to expect the English court to give effect to a foreign judgment which conflicts with fundamental notions of justice and fairness. So, the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments is a two-stage process: Are the basic conditions for recognition or enforcement satisfied? If so, is there a defence by reason of which the foreign judgment should nevertheless not be recognised or enforced? The remainder of the chapter discusses the recognition and enforcement at common law; statutory regimes based on the common law; recognition and enforcement under the Brussels I Recast; and United Kingdom judgments.
45

Spicker, Paul. How to Fix the Welfare State. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447364597.001.0001.

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The British welfare state is traditionally understood to be comprised of five main services: health, housing, social security, education and the ‘personal social services’, such as social care and child protection. This book offers an original take on the role of the state in relation to these services, along with three other areas where institutional services have been developed: employment services, equalities and public services, such as roads, parks, libraries and rescue services. Dismissing false and misleading narratives, the book profiles the real problems that need to be addressed and offers inspiration for a better path forward. The book begins with an introduction of the welfare state. Delivering welfare is treated as fulfilling a moral obligation to protect people, and across the world, systems of health and social security are typically delivered by a combination of state, voluntary, and mutualist arrangements. The book then looks into social security, which primarily covers pensions, provision for disability, meeting housing costs, and low-income earners. It then reviews the operation of the National Health Service which has fronted continual criticisms, and preventative healthcare had not been one of the NHS's major focuses. Medical care had been heavily individualised, thus, the concept of public health is not based on arguments by conventional medical care and individualisation. The book moves onto looking at social care, education, child protection, housing, employment services, equalities and human rights, and public services. Finally, the book focuses on the condition of the welfare state. It concludes that the welfare state has a major impact on disadvantages and securing the conditions of civilisation, wellbeing, and security, while the welfare state provisions protect people's rights.
46

Kriangsak, Kittichaisaree. Part II Substantive Law, 6 Scope of the Obligation to Extradite or Prosecute. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198823292.003.0006.

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This chapter explains whether the obligation to extradite or prosecute is a single obligation or two separate obligations in the alternative, and whether it is a general principle of international law recognized by nations. Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction which can impede the implementation of the obligation to extradite or prosecute is then analysed, duly taking into account the most recent developments.
47

Kriangsak, Kittichaisaree. Part II Substantive Law, 5 Universal Jurisdiction and the Obligation to Extradite or Prosecute. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198823292.003.0005.

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Universal jurisdiction exercised over the offenders where there is no connection between their crimes and the State wishing to extradite or prosecute them is a useful tool to prevent them from finding a safe haven anywhere. However, universal jurisdiction has been accused of being abused for political and other unjustifiable objectives. This chapter describes how the international community endeavours to solve this dilemma and charters the course of the future direction for universal jurisdiction in the context of the obligation to extradite or prosecute.
48

Yudkivska, Ganna. Territorial Jurisdiction and Positive Obligations of an Occupied State. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830009.003.0008.

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The international law of occupation—as it has developed since the nineteenth century—traditionally regulates the conduct and obligations of occupying forces. Very little is said about the obligations of an occupied State, or a ‘victim’ State. This chapter focuses on a limited practice of the European Court of Human Rights in developing some principles in this respect. The main emphasis is put on the landmark judgment Ilascu v Moldova and Russia, in which, for the first time, the Court has found that a State, which lost effective control over a part of its territory and was unable to exercise its jurisdiction there, still had some positive obligations deriving from its de jure jurisdiction. It is argued that the Court’s approach represented a new development in international law, which traditionally considered human rights obligations to be primarily triggered by an effective territorial control. It is further discussed that it might be quite difficult to reconcile positive obligations towards people remaining in occupied territories with a State’s obligation to refrain from supporting separatist regimes. Substitution of effective control for the concept of ‘positive obligations’ necessitates a very delicate assessment of different political, diplomatic, judicial, and other measures, which requires a high degree of sensitivity on the part of the international court. The scope of the positive obligations of an injured State vis-à-vis the positive obligations of an occupying State needs to be elucidated further.
49

Chignecto Ship Railway case: Mr. Provand addresses a meeting of senators : he explains the position of British investors in the Chignecto Ship Railway project and claims the moral obligation of the government. [Ottawa?: s.n., 1995.

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50

Michelman, Frank I. Constitutional Essentials. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197655832.001.0001.

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Abstract This work examines closely the constitution-centered proposition on political legitimacy, offered by John Rawls in Political Liberalism in response to the problem posed for government by consent by facts of deep-lying disagreement among citizens. An answer, Rawls thought, could lie in the possibility of a framework law for a society’s politics—a “constitution,” including a bill of rights—that all, despite other disagreements, could find reason to accept. The work offers explication of the thought behind Rawls’s proposal, while also placing it in relation to a duality of functions—–“regulatory” and “justificatory”—for which lawyers in constitutional-democratic societies typically look to their countries’ bodies of constitutional law. Conflicts in practical implications from these functional attributions, the work suggests, can help explain the persistence of debates in constitutional-democratic venues over topics ranging from choices between “legal” and “political”—or between “written” and “unwritten”—constitutions, to thinness versus thickness in formulations of constitutional principles and guarantees, the place of constitutional fidelity among liberal political virtues, activism versus restraint in the conduct of judicial constitutional review, original-meaning versus moral-reading approaches to constitutional interpretation, and extension of constitutional substantive guarantees beyond negative restraints on the government to take in affirmative state obligations for satisfaction of the basic material needs of citizens, and for protection of them against oppression from nongovernmental social powers. The book also looks into whether some later-arriving work from Rawls signifies modification of the procedurally dependent basis for political justification than it finds in the first edition of Political Liberalism.

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