Academic literature on the topic 'Object subcategorization'

This article focuses on the problem of the functioning of the reflexive pronoun in dative modifying the verb. Based on a substantial corpus, the article refers to the delimitation of its functions, values and nuances, as well as the various fundamental structures in which it appears. Three constructions with their afferent structures are described, from which it appears that the reflexive dative works in two ways: 1) the subcategorization of the verb, receiving the thematic role of recipient or beneficiary and syntactic function of indirect object and 2) the double subordination - to the verb and to a noun in the structure. That is, it does not occupy a position of subcategorization of the verb, but acquires a possessive meaning from this noun and fulfills the function of possessive object, a function without a thematic role.

AbstractSyntactic parsing plays a central role in the interpretation of sentences, but it is unclear to what extent non-native speakers can deploy native-like grammatical knowledge during online comprehension. The current eye-tracking study investigated how Chinese–English bilinguals and native English speakers respond to syntactic category and subcategorization information while reading sentences with object-subject ambiguities. We also obtained measures of English language experience, working memory capacity, and executive function to determine how these cognitive variables influence online parsing. During reading, monolinguals and bilinguals showed similar garden-path effects related to syntactic reanalysis, but native English speakers responded more robustly to verb subcategorization cues. Readers with greater language experience and executive function showed increased sensitivity to verb subcategorization cues, but parsing was not influenced by working memory capacity. These results are consistent with exposure-based accounts of bilingual sentence processing, and they support a link between syntactic processing and domain-general cognitive control.

The history of the verb like has attracted a good deal of interest among linguists and students of the history of English, from Van der Gaaf (1904) and Jespersen (1927) up to Elmer (1981), Lightfoot (1981), and Fischer and Van der Leek (1983). The interest in this verb is caused by the fact that it presents a clear case of a verb changing its assignment of semantic to syntactic roles. In Modern English (ModE), this verb subcategorizes for a cause, which takes the grammatical role of object, and an experiencer, which plays the role of subject. But in Old English (OE), the semantic roles were assigned to the opposite grammatical roles:It is generally assumed (with an exception to be discussed below), that this change is an instance of syntactic reanalysis. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that no reanalysis of a structure has taken place; rather, a new subcategorization frame has been introduced and gradually ousted the old one.

When local adpositions, whatever their own sources, are metaphorically extended to the domain of numerical approximation (as in ‘around five bottles’), as they not uncommonly are, and when such expressions are then admitted to grammatical relations otherwise reserved for noun phrases, such as subject and direct object, as is only natural, a conflict is bound to arise: the internal structure of such expressions is that of an adpositional phrase, headed by the ex-local adposition, but their external distribution is that of a noun phrase. German and several other languages demonstrate that repair is inevitable in this dilemma, unless wholly different ways of expressing numerical approximation were to be resorted to. By necessity, such approximative numerical expressions will gradually be reanalysed from being adpositional phrases to being noun phrases for many, most, or indeed all external and internal purposes, such as subcategorization, verb agreement, case assignment, and determination. Instead of new grammar emerging as in grammaticalization, the old grammar of phrase types is reasserting itself in such reanalyses.

AbstractDue to recent developments in the area of computational formalisms for linguistic representation, the task of designing a parser for a specified natural language is now shifted to the problem of designing its grammar in certain formal ways. This paper describes the results of a project whose aim was to design a formal grammar for modern Hebrew. Such a formal grammar has never been developed before. Since most of the work on grammatical formalisms was done without regarding Hebrew (and other Semitic languages as well), we had to choose a formalism that would best fit the specific needs of the language. This part of the project has been described elsewhere. In this paper we describe the details of the grammar we developed. The grammar deals with simple, subordinate and coordinate sentences as well as interrogative sentences. Some structures were thoroughly dealt with, among which are noun phrases, verb phrases, adjectival phrases, relative clauses, object and adjunct clauses; many types of adjuncts; subcategorization of verbs; coordination; numerals, etc. For each phrase the parser produces a description of the structure tree of the phrase as well as a representation of the syntactic relations in it. Many examples of Hebrew phrases are demonstrated, together with the structure the parser assigns them. In cases where more than one parse is produced, the reasons of the ambiguity are discussed.

The spread of the complementation construction o tom, čto in non-standard Russian in recent decades has been attested in previous work. It has been established that the construction has a wide distribution and can replace not only ordinary complement clauses introduced by the complementizer čto (so-called čto-clauses), cf. podtverždat’ o tom, čto + p ‘confirm that p’ instead of podtverždat’, čto + p, but also so-called to, čto-clauses (čto-clauses preceded by a demonstrative), including those embedded in prepositional phrases introduced by a preposi- tion other than o, cf. ostanovit’sja o tom, čto + p ‘settle on the fact that p’ instead of ostanovit’sja na tom, čto + p. The construction can also appear as a clausal complement of nouns, cf. podtverždenie o tom, čto + p ‘confirmation that p’ instead of podtverždenie togo, čto + p. The latter uses have been reported to lead to a milder violation, compared to the uses of the con- struction with verbs. The present study tested the latter hypothesis experimentally by using acceptability judgment data. The experiment tested the effect of the subcategorization of the matrix predicate (in standard Russian), i. e., whether it takes a direct object/čto-clause or a prepositional phrase (embedding a to, čto-clause). The findings suggest that there is a contrast in the status of clausal complements of verbs and nouns, specifically, that the latter are not genuine complements as has been earlier suggested in literature.

Investigamos como falantes moçambicanos de Português usam os pronomes átonos que refletem o complemento direto e indireto, sem terem em conta a subcategorização do verbo. Desenvolvemos um estudo etnográfico de caso múltiplo, com alunos da 12ª classe da Escola Secundária Samora Moisés Machel (zona urbana) e da Escola Secundária do Dondo (zona periurbana), recorrendo aos métodos indutivo e comparativo. Os instrumentos de recolha de dados foram a observação direta (registo de ocorrências nos discursos falados) e o inquérito por questionário. Os resultados obtidos indicam que há influência da estrutura das Línguas Bantu na realização da Língua Portuguesa, em Moçambique. Nossos resultados permitem compreender que, neste caso em particular, a influência das Línguas Bantu se manifesta da seguinte forma: os alunos associam o pronome lhe a sintagmas nominais referentes a pessoas, independentemente de desempenharem a função de objeto direto ou indireto, e o pronome o a objetos com traços [-humanos].PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Língua bantu; Lheísmo; Português de Moçambique; Português Europeu; Pronominalização. We investigate how Mozambican Portuguese speakers use the unstressed pronouns that represents direct and indirect complement, regardless of the subcategorization of the verb. We developed a multiple case ethnographic study with 12th grade students from Samora Moisés Machel Secondary School (urban area) and Dondo Secondary School (periurban area) using inductive and comparative methods. The data collection instruments were direct observation (recording of occurrences of spoken speeches) and a questionnaire survey. Our results indicate that there is influence of the structure of Bantu Languages in the Portuguese Language spoken in Mozambique. Our results allow us to affirm that, in this particular case, the influence of Bantu Languages is manifested as follows: students associate the pronoun lhe with noun phrases referring to humans, regardless of whether they perform the function of direct or indirect object, and the pronoun o with non-human objects [-human].KEYWORDS: Bantu languages; Lheism; Portuguese of Mozambique; European Portuguese; Pronominalization.

Рассматриваются отглагольные имена с показателями номинализации -кӣт, -дяк, -вун. Описывается их значение и употребление. Материалом послужил корпус устных рассказов на эвенкийском языке, а также газетные и переводные тексты. В центре внимания механизм появления у таких имен атрибутивного употребления. Номинализации на -кӣт, -дяк образуют существительные со значением места или действия, а на -вун – со значением результата или инструмента действия. В акциональном значении эти существительные встречаются в основном в газетных текстах, а в локативном/результативном – в устной речи. Атрибутивное употребление данных отглагольных имен возникло недавно, оно зафиксировано только в газетных и переводных текстах XXI века. Его возникновение мы связываем с отсутствием в эвенкийском языке относительных прилагательных с абстрактным значением, таким как ‘медицинский’ или ‘подготовительный’. Данные имена морфологически являются существительными, а в синтаксическом отношении они сохраняют глагольное свойство управления дополнением в аккузативе. На том положении, что номинализации присоединяют аккузативный объект, основано заключение, что эти номинализации фразовые (то есть номинализуется глагольная группа VP, состоящая из глагольной основы и ее дополнения). Показатели -кӣт, -дяк, -вун образуют именную группу (NP), будучи ее вершиной. В атрибутивном употреблении показатель номинализации претерпевает дальнейшее семантическое выветривание и грамматикализацию, превращаясь в показатель атрибутивности, или релятор. Релятор соединяет предикативное/атрибутивное слово (на -кӣт, -дяк, -вун) и субъект предикации (существительное). Из исходной предикативной структуры с релятором получается атрибутивная структура: две таких структуры анализируются как родственные, такие, в структуре которых выделяется субъект и предикат. Для иллюстрации используются схемы предложений в терминах грамматики непосредственных составляющих. The paper considers deverbal nouns with nominalization markers -кӣт, -дяк, -вун. Their meaning and use are considered. The study is based on the corpus of oral stories in Evenki as well as on Evenki newspapers, and on texts translated from Russian. The focus of the study is the mechanism as to how the attributive use appears. The action -кӣт, -дяк, -вун nominalizations occur mostly in recent newspaper texts, whereas in oral stories, locative nominalizations in -кӣт, -дяк and instrumental/resultative nominalizations in -вун can be found. Nominalizations in the attributive position were also found in newspaper texts and texts of the XXI century translated from Russian. We claim that the attributive use of nominalizations under consideration was the consequence of the lack of adjectives with an abstract relational meaning, such as ‘medical’ or ‘preparatory’. The nouns in -кӣт, -дяк, -вун are morphologically nouns, and syntactically they preserve the verbal subcategorization property, and require an Accusative noun. Based on the data of the Accusative object of the verbal stem, we proposed that the -кӣт, -дяк, -вун nominalizations are phrasal (the VP consisting of the verb stem and its object gets nominalized). The nominalization markers -кӣт, -дяк, -вун are NP heads. In the attributive use, the nominalization markers undergoes further grammaticalization and semantic erosion, and becomes the attributivity marker, or relator. The relator links the predicative/attributive word (the -кӣт, -дяк, -вун nominalization) to its subject (the noun). The attributive structure emerges from the predicative structure: these two structures are considered as related and consisting of subject and predicate. To illustrate the derivations, generative grammar structures are used.

Abstract Taking “sluicing” to be derived by movement + deletion, as represented by Merchant (2001), and “pseudo-sluicing” to be a base-generated structure [pro (+be) + wh] (going by Wei 2004; Adams 2004), this paper reviews arguments for and against the presence of a sluicing construction in Mandarin Chinese. We show that all the tests available in the literature do not argue against the presence of such a sluicing construction, except the test building on the distribution of the copula shi. Unfortunately, the shi test is demonstrated to be uncertain and it cannot be used to argue conclusively that only a base-generation pseudo-sluicing analysis should be adopted. We show that a much clear evidence for an exclusive pseudo-sluicing analysis comes from the behavior of the sprouting construction. Investigation of sprouting also sheds light on the properties of null arguments, topic-variable relation, locality, and subcategorization of verbs in the language.

Background:ANCA associated vasculitides (AAV) are a heterogeneous group of rare diseases with unknown etiology and the clinical spectrum ranging from life-threatening systemic disease, through single organ involvement to minor isolated skin changes. Thus there is an unmet need for phenotype identification especially among patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis GPA, patients with microscopic polyangiitis MPA group seems to be more uniform. Recently, based on previous clustering analysis and clinical, histopathological, serological and prognostic aspects three subcategories of AAV have been proposed and named as: non-severe AAV, severe PR3-AAV and severe MPO-AAV [1].Objectives:In line with these attempts to subcategorize AAV we decided to use latent class analysis (LCA) on a large multicenter cohort of polish AAV patients from POLVAS [2] registry to identify potential new subphenotypes or confirm already proposed ones.Methods:Latent Class Analysis (LCA) approach was used as a model based clustering method of objects described by dichotomous (e.g., gender; ANCA status – cANCA, pANCA; organ involvement - skin, eye, ENT, respiratory, heart, GI, renal, urinary, CNS, peripheral nerves) and polytomous (number of relapses) variables supported by quantitative covariates (e.g., age at diagnosis, CRP at diagnosis, maximal serum creatinine concentration ever).Results:Results of LCA on our AAV group returned four class model of AAV subphenotypes, confirming existence of the previously proposed by Mahr at al. [1] and revealed fourth – previously not described clinically relevant subphenotype. To this fourth class - belong patients only with GPA, diagnosed at young age, with multiorgan involvement, high relapse rate and relatively high risk of death.Table 1.AAV subcategorization – summary of clinical characteristics and ANCA specificityLCA Class 1LCA Class 2LCA Class 3LCA Class 4No of patients13019410297AAV typeMainly GPAMainly GPAmainly MPAOnly GPAAge at diagnosisMiddle ageMiddle ageOldYoungMale/female ratio1:22:11:11:1Main organ involvementENT, respiratory, eyeRenal, respiratory, ENTRenal, respiratory, skinMultiorgan involvementRelapse rateintermediateintermediatelowhighModified class description (based on ref. [1])Non severe AAVSevere PR3 AAVSevere MPO AAVSevere non-renalPR3 AAVConclusion:Based on multiple clinical and serological variables LCA methodology identified 4-class subphenotypes model of AAV. Fourth-class is a new clinically important subphenotype including exclusively PR3-positive young AAV patients with multiorgan involvement, high risk of relapse and distinct mortality.References:[1]Mahr A, Specks U, Jayne D. Subclassifying ANCA-associated vasculitis: a unifying view of disease spectrum. Rheumatol Oxf Engl 2019;58:1707–9.https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kez148.[2]Wójcik K, Wawrzycka-Adamczyk K, Włudarczyk A, Sznajd J, Zdrojewski Z, Masiak A, i in. Clinical characteristics of Polish patients with ANCA-associated vasculitides—retrospective analysis of POLVAS registry. Clinical Rheumatology. 1 wrzesień 2019;38(9):2553–63.Disclosure of Interests:Krzysztof Wójcik: None declared, Adam Ćmiel: None declared, Anna Masiak: None declared, Zbigniew Zdrojewski: None declared, Radoslaw Jeleniewicz: None declared, Maria Majdan Consultant of: Roche, Amgen, Speakers bureau: Roche, Amgen, Iwona Brzosko: None declared, Marek Brzosko: None declared, Piotr Głuszko: None declared, Małgorzata Stasiek: None declared, Małgorzata Wisłowska: None declared, Joanna Kur-Zalewska: None declared, Marta Madej: None declared, Anna Hawrot-Kawecka: None declared, Hanna Storoniak: None declared, Barbara Bułło-Piontecka: None declared, Alicja Dębska-Ślizień: None declared, Eugeniusz Kucharz: None declared, Katarzyna Jakuszko: None declared, Jacek Musiał: None declared

Many breakthroughs have been witnessed in the computer vision community in recent years, largely due to deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and largescale datasets. This thesis aims to investigate dynamic scene understanding from images. The problem of dynamic scene understanding involves simultaneously solving several sub-tasks including object detection, object recognition, and segmentation. Successfully completing these tasks will enable us to interpret the objects of interest within a scene. Vision-based traffic monitoring is one of many fast-emerging areas in the intelligent transportation system (ITS). In the thesis, we focus on the following problems in traffic scene understanding. They are 1) How to detect and recognize all the objects of interest in street view images? 2) How to employ CNN features and semantic pixel labelling to boost the performance of pedestrian detection? 3) How to enhance the discriminative power of CNN representations for improving the performance of fine-grained car recognition? 4) How to learn an adaptive color space to represent vehicle images for vehicle color recognition? For the first task, we propose a single learning based detection framework to detect three important classes of objects (traffic signs, cars, and cyclists). The proposed framework consists of a dense feature extractor and detectors of these three classes. The advantage of using one common framework is that the detection speed is much faster, since all dense features need only to be evaluated once and then are shared with all detectors. The proposed framework introduces spatially pooled features as a part of aggregated channel features to enhance the robustness to noises and image deformations. We also propose an object subcategorization scheme as a means of capturing the intra-class variation of objects. To address the second problem, we show that by re-using the convolutional feature maps (CFMs) of a deep CNN model as visual features to train an ensemble of boosted decision forests, we are able to remarkably improve the performance of pedestrian detection without using specially designed learning algorithms. We also show that semantic pixel labelling can be simply combined with a pedestrian detector to further boost the detection performance. Fine-grained details of objects usually contain very discriminative information which are crucial for fine-grained object recognition. Conventional pooling strategies (e.g. max-pooling, average-pooling) may discard these fine-grained details and hurt the iii iv recognition performance. To remedy this problem, we propose a spatially weighted pooling (swp) strategy which considerably improves the discriminative power of CNN representations. The swp pools the CNN features with the guidance of its learnt masks, which measures the importance of the spatial units in terms of discriminative power. In image color recognition, visual features are extracted from image pixels represented in one color space. The choice of the color space may influence the quality of extracted features and impact the recognition performance. We propose a color transformation method that converts image pixels from the RGB space to a learnt space for improving the recognition performance. Moreover, we propose a ColorNet which optimizes the architecture of AlexNet and embeds a mini-CNN of color transformation for vehicle color recognition.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science, 2017

Functional structure is the abstract functional syntactic organization of the sentence, familiar from traditional grammatical descriptions, representing syntactic predicate-argument structure and functional relations like subject and object. Section 2.1 presents motivation for the categories and information appearing in functional structure and outlines some common characteristics of functional structure categories. Section 2.2 demonstrates that grammatical functions are best treated as primitive concepts, as they are in LFG, rather than defined in terms of morphological or phrase structure concepts. Section 2.3 shows that syntactic subcategorization requirements, the array of syntactic arguments required by a predicate, are best stated in functional terms. The formal representation of functional structure (f-structure) and constraints on f-structure representations are discussed in Section 2.4. Finally, Section 2.5 provides an overview of the content and representation of f-structure features.

The introduction to this book reviews detail the major claims put forth in RoN in 1970, and in particular, the claim that complex words, with deverbal nominals being the case at point, represent a formation that is neither predictable nor productive, and are hence lexically listed. This claim goes hand in hand, in RoN, with the claim that whatever similarities do hold between the deverbal nominal such as destruction and the verb destroy emerge from the existence of a category neutral listed form, DESTROY, which has a consistent subcategorization frame (an object in this case), which is realized identically in the syntax, in accordance with the X’-theory, and where the form DESTROY itself inherits its category from its categorial insertion context (N, V etc.). Since 1970, a rich body of studies has emerged which investigated the properties of lexical formations such as destruction and their relationship with the verb destroy, giving rise to multiple accounts of the emergence of complex words, as well as to the emergence of distinct argument structure combination in the context of nominalizations in particular, and word formation in general. Particularly influential was Grimshaw’s (1990) work, which introduced a typologically sound distinction between nominalizations with event structure (Complex Event Nominals, or Argument Structure Nominals) and nominals which lack event structure, and which may be result nominals or referential nominals or Simple Event Nominals, i.e. nouns which denote an event, but which do not have an event structure in the verbal sense (e.g. trip). More recently there has been the questioning of the partition between word formation and syntactic constituent building altogether, starting with Marantz (1997), and continuing with influential work by many of the contributors to this volume. This volume brings together a sample of contemporary approaches to nominalization, based on the historical record, but also branching into new grounds, both in terms of their syntactic approaches, and in terms of the range of languages considered.<320>

At this stage, a semantic-syntactic dictionary is activated, in order to supply the letter tokens with the information concerning their contextual realization and meaning proper. The list of features assigned to a word form is thus augmented by semantic and syntactic ones. Contextual realization is specified by means of subcategorization frames. Meaning is described in terms of semantic features which may or may not be hierarchically arranged. Among them, basic features are identified, e.g. ‘living being’, ‘action’, ‘space’, ‘time’, ‘quantity’, that have no direct bearing on the parts of speech. Thus, the feature ‘action’ can be assigned both to verbs and nouns. Additional semantic features make it possible to account for manifold aspects of word meaning. Thus, horse is marked both as ‘domestic animal’ and ‘vehicle’, which would be impossible in case of a strict hierarchy of features. The algorithm of syntactic analysis draws on the same basic idea as that of graphematical analysis, viz. iterative assembling of individual tokens into syntactic constructions, from local groups to larger ones until a resulting syntactic structure of a whole sentence emerges consisting of Subject-Predicate-Objects-Adverbials. Syntactic rules are ranked accordingly. The chapter illustrates the work of algorithm in a variety of cases and discusses multiple difficulties resulting from the syntactic ambiguity.

Declarative sentential complements in Russian can be realized either directly as čto-clauses or as čto-clauses embedded in the nominal construction headed by the “correlative” pronoun to. In previous studies, several factors that influence the choice of one of these two strategies have been identified, including the discourse status of the complement, the agentivity of the verb, the choice of the verb, register, etc. This study investigates the effect of syntactic complexity of the sententce in which the complement clause is embedded. The effect of complexity has been demonstrated before on the basis of several corpus studies of various constructions in English, which suggested that higher complexity is associated with the preference for the more explicit construction in the case of alternations. The goal of this study was to test whether complexity leads to a higher preference for the construction with the correlative (being the more explicit of the two alternants). Complexity was operationalized as additional embedding of the complement-taking predicate in a relative clause, either with a finite or a participial head (the latter presumably leading to still higher complexity). The hypothesis regarding the effect of complexity was tested in two experiments, an acceptability judgment study and a (100-scale) graded forced choice study. The experiments also tested the effect of the association between a verb and one of the two complementation strategies in the corpus (using the Attraction measure) as well as the effect of the subcategorization frame of the verb, i. e. whether it can take a direct object (by hypothesis, leading to the higher preference for čto-clauses) or only an oblique. The results of the experiments did not show an effect of complexity, which might be due to a small size of the effect and/or the nature of the task. However, the experiments revealed the effect of the Attraction class and of the subcategorization frame, namely, in oblique positions sentential complements show a higher preference for the correlative as opposed to direct positions. At the same time, verbs that have a higher association with čto-clauses in the corpus, show an approximately equal preference for both strategies. An explantion of this effect is proposed. Refs 16.