Journal articles on the topic 'Oak wood'
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1
Milling, Annett, Rolf Kehr, Alfred Wulf, and Kornelia Smalla. "Survival of bacteria on wood and plastic particles: Dependence on wood species and environmental conditions." Holzforschung 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.012.
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AbstractThe survival of two hygienically relevant bacteria,Escherichia colipIE639 andEnterococcus faecium, was followed on wooden sawdust of seven different European woods (pine, spruce, larch, beech, maple, poplar, and oak) versus polyethylene chips by using cultivation-dependent and molecular-based methods in parallel. The survival of the bacteria on wood was dependent on various factors such as the wood species, the type of the inoculated bacterium, the ambient temperature, and humidity. The bacterial titre decreased fastest on pine followed by oak compared to the other woods and plastic. Cultivation-independent analysis employing DNA extraction, Southern blot hybridisation, and PCR-based detection of marker genes of the test bacteria confirmed this result. The decline in bacterial numbers correlated with the decrease of bacterial DNA in the samples. Amounts of DNA ofE. coliandE. faeciumrecovered from pine and oak-wood sawdust were generally lower compared to the other woods and plastic.The presented study shows that pine and oak exhibit substantially better hygienic performance than plastic and indicates an antibacterial effect caused by a combination of the hygroscopic properties of wood and the effect of wood extractives.
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Kuryanova, Tatyana, Anatoliy Tarasov, Aleksey Platonov, and Svetlana Snegireva. "RATIONAL USE OF FUMED AND NATURAL OAK WOOD." Forestry Engineering Journal 10, no. 2 (July 6, 2020): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.2/17.
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Fumed oak wood is valuable and one of the most environmentally friendly natural materials. As a result of a long stay of wood in flowing river water and in contact with bottom soil without air access, an individual process of staining of each trunk occurs. It consists in changing the chemical composition of the wood. The wood acquires increased strength and a beautiful color scheme. It is established that the degree of coloring of fumed oak wood depends on the amount of iron oxides in it (Fe2O3). There are industrial stocks of this wood in the Russian Federation. Drying process is one of the key technological operations. The most common methods of fumed oak wood drying are convective-atmospheric and convective-thermal ones. They have long duration, and the number of defects in warping and cracking reaches 30-40%. In this work, the drying of fumed oak wood by various methods has been investigated. It has been established that shrinkage of fumed oak wood is 1.5-2.0 times more than of natural oak woo. Preliminary thermochemical treatment enables to reduce the volumetric shrinkage of wood by 25%. An analysis of the color change of fumed oak wood depending on the conditions of wood staining in the river Voronezh has been made. Determination of the shrinkage quality and size is necessary to justify the allowances for obtaining sizes of lumber when cutting round wood. The studies performed will allow the rational and efficient use of valuable and unique oak wood
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Jordão, António Manuel, Jorge Manuel Ricardo-da-Silva, and Olga Laureano. "Ellagitannins from Portuguese oak wood (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) used in cooperage: influence of geographical origin, coarseness of the grain and toasting level." Holzforschung 61, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2007.028.
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Abstract The ellagitannins and ellagic acid from extracts of Portuguese oak wood chips (Quercus pyrenaica) used in cooperage from different origins (Gerês and Guarda forests) were analysed by HPLC. The results were compared with the ellagitannin content of wood chips obtained from American (Q. alba) and French (Q. petraea) oak. The influence of heat treatment and the coarseness of the grain on ellagitannins and ellagic acid were also studied. Five ellagitannins (vescalagin, castalagin, roburin D, roburin E and grandinin) and ellagic acid were quantified. Vescalagin and castalagin were the most abundant individual ellagitannins in all of the oak wood chips studied. Portuguese oak wood had the highest content of ellagitannins and ellagic acid, followed by the French and American oaks. The geographical origin of Portuguese oak and the coarseness of the grain of French oak affected the content of ellagitannins and ellagic acid. In general, the ellagitannin content decreased with the toasting process, while the ellagic acid content increased. The toasting process had the highest impact on ellagitannin composition in comparison to the other variables studied.
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Baar, Jan, Zuzana Paschová, Tamás Hofmann, Tomáš Kolář, Gerald Koch, Bodo Saake, and Peter Rademacher. "Natural durability of subfossil oak: wood chemical composition changes through the ages." Holzforschung 74, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0309.
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AbstractIn recent years, subfossil oak has become increasingly popular, particularly in the manufacture of small wooden products. Due to the long period of its underground preservation, detailed knowledge of its properties is essential to properly use this material. In this study, subfossil oak samples dated to approximately 1000, 2000 and 3000 years BP and recent oak samples were chemically analyzed to determine the contents of extractives, the main wood components, and inorganic elements. The results were then evaluated in light of their natural durability. The mass loss of subfossil oak was 2–3 times lower than that of the recent sample, but the age of the subfossil oak itself had no influence on its durability. The long-term leaching process of water-soluble ellagitannins, together with their hydrolysis and bonding in ferric tannate complexes, were responsible for the decreased durability. The oldest subfossil oak had the lowest amount of phenolic compounds and the highest content of inorganic elements. Optical emission spectrometry proved an increase in inorganic elements 5–7 times higher than recent oak content, with the highest increase found for calcium and iron. Compared to recent oaks, subfossil oaks manifested decreased content of carbohydrates and correspondingly increased lignin content. Our results revealed that subfossil oak cannot be considered a suitable material for exterior use under aerobic conditions.
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De Coninck, G., António Manuel Jordão, Jorge Manuel Ricardo-da-Silva, and Olga Laureano. "Evolution of phenolic composition and sensory properties in red wine aged in contact with Portuguese and French oak wood chips." OENO One 40, no. 1 (March 31, 2006): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2006.40.1.881.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">A red wine was matured in contact with 4 g/L of oak wood chips from Portuguese (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.), French (Quercus petraea L.) and a mixture (50:50) of this two oak wood species, during 13 weeks, in order to evaluate the effects of these different oak wood chip species (specially Portuguese oak wood) on the phenolic composition evolution of the wine and in their sensory properties. In general, for the phenolic compounds studied, it wasn't possible to detect remarkable differences between the control wine (aged without oak wood chips) and the wines aged in contact with the two oak wood chips species used. However, for non-flavonoid phenols, the presence of oak wood chips contributed to an increase of these compounds in red wines. The influence of oak wood chips in anthocyanins evolution were similar for all wines, except for malvidin-3-glucoside, which decrease was more evident for the wine aged in contact with oak wood chips. The oak wood chips species and the chips concentration used in this study, didn't affect the proanthocyanidin contents in the wines during the time considered.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sensory results showed that, the wines aged in contact with Portuguese and French oak wood chips and the mixture of this two oak wood species, differed significantly from the control wine in several sensorial characteristics. The wines aged in contact with wood chips showed a higher punctuation values for intensity, toasted, wood and vanillin aroma, taste intensity and global appreciation. This positive effect was more evident for wines aged with Portuguese oak wood chips. Probably this results, suggest that the Portuguese oak wood samples species (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) used could be considered suitable for barrel production because it has a positively effect in sensorial red wine attributes. Thus with this study we tried to contribute for understand the Portuguese oak wood role in red wine characteristics.</p>
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González-Centeno, María Reyes, Pierre-Louis Teissedre, and Kleopatra Chira. "Impact of oak wood modalities on the (non)-volatile composition and sensory attributes of red wines." OENO One 55, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.2.4673.
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During fermentation or ageing of wines, oak wood is commonly used in form of barrels, casks or derived oak products (chips, winewoods, tankstaves, among others). It is well known that aroma, structure, astringency, bitterness, aromatic persistence and colour may change as a result of wine‒wood contact. A full-scale experimentation was performed under different oak ageing conditions in order to evaluate colour, phenolic, aromatic and sensory differences among final red wines (9‒months ageing). Oenological parameters and wine colour were not impacted by ageing modality. At the end of ageing, no differences were found in total phenolic and tannin contents. Regardless of the ageing modality, total content and profile of fruity volatiles were globally maintained with regard to control (≥ 86 %). In contrast, the higher the surface of wine‒wood contact per unit of wine volume, the greater the extraction of woody aromas. Thus, barrels led to wines with the highest level of woody aromas (515‒864 µg/L), followed by cask modalities (430‒470 µg/L). From a sensory point of view, descriptors highlighting the woody character of wine (vanilla, spicy) were enhanced in all oak‒aged wines when compared to control. However, our results indicate that a masking effect of fruity aroma by oak wood did not occur, since all modalities were perceived as fruity as the control. Thus, each oak ageing modality may lead to wines with a different woody character, without no impact on fruity perception, allowing wineries to achieve the targeted aromatic profile, good structure and just the right balance between fruity and woody aromas.
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Bruhn, Johann N., and Robert L. Heyd. "Biology and Control of Oak Wilt in Michigan Red Oak Stands." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 2 (June 1, 1992): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/9.2.47.
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Abstract This paper explains the components of an integrated approach to oak wilt control which has strong potential for adaptation to red oak forests throughout the Lake States. Oak wilt epicenter containment involves (1) separating grafted root systems with a vibratory plow line or Vapam barrier, followed by (2) removal of all living red oaks inside the barrier, and sanitary treatment of wood capable of producing fungal mats. Use of a reference table developed for proper barrier location is described. Epicenters are established by insect vectors, often as a consequence of human activity. Establishment of epicenters can be prevented by: (1) sanitary treatment of diseased trees which may yet produce mats, (2) discouraging unsupervised movement of diseased wood, (3) minimizing the wounding of oaks during the spring and early summer, and (4) immediately painting all spring and summer wounds on oak trees with a tree wound dressing. Detection of new epicenters is important. Treatment of small epicenters minimizes site disturbance and the number of fungal mats produced, as well as the number of trees lost. Systematic aerial surveillance is useful for effective detection in large acre-ages of oak type. Prevention is the best control measure. Unfortunately, public relations are often inadequate. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):47-51
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Chornobrov, O. "Features of coarse woody debris volume formation in fresh sudibrova conditions in Zmiini islands tract of Kaniv Nature Reserve." Balanced nature using, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.1.2021.231886.
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Dead wood (woody debris) is an important component of forest ecosystems. It performs a number of ecological and environmental functions. The article studies the peculiarities of the formation of coarse wood detritus volume and its qualitative structure in forests in the conditions of fresh sudibrova of the Zmiiini Islands tract of Kaniv Nature Reserve. The study of dead wood was carried out in 140-year-old pine-oak forests of natural origin on a permanent sample plot (0.24 ha) by identifying and measuring of standing and lying deadwood components. It was found that dead wood in the forest ecosystem was formed due to the dying of trees of five species: common oak (Quercus robur L.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) and common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), and has a volume 56.3 m3·ha–1. Dead wood volume is dominated by standing dead trees — 82.1%, and the share of lying dead wood, respectively, is 17.9%. The main part of dead wood volume is formed by two tree species — common oak and Scots pine, the share of which together is 94.3%. Common oak and Scots pine is characterized by a predominance of standing dead wood, while for other tree species — lying dead wood. In general, dead wood is formed by detritus of I–IV classes of destruction, at the same time detritus of class II decomposition has a significant advantage (70.5%), recently dead wood has a much smaller share (I class, 24.8%), and other classes of destruction have insignificant shares, which together do not exceed 5.0%. No woody detritus of the last (V) class of destruction was detected. Volume of standing dead wood is 46.2 m3·ha–1, and is formed by whole and broken dead trees. In terms of species composition, common oak has a significant advantage (74.5%), Scots pine has a much smaller share (25.1%), and the share of Norway maple is insignificant (0.4%). The total standing dead wood volume is dominated by wood of class II destruction (33.0 m3·ha–1, 71.4%) compared with class I (13.2 m3·ha–1, 28.6%). Lying dead wood is represented by four classes of destruction (I–IV), however, no woody debris was found at the late (last) stage of decomposition (class V). In terms of volume, the second class of destruction has an absolute advantage (6.7 m3·ha–1, 66.3%), much less class III detritus (2.3 m3·ha–1, 22.8%). Lying dead wood of common oak is represented by all four classes of destruction, among which III (40.5%) and I (33.3%) classes predominate. Lying dead wood of other tree species is characterized by the predominance of II or III classes of destruction. The main factors in the formation of woody detritus in the pine-oak forest in the Zmiiini Islands tract could be the impact of adverse climatic conditions (long periods without precipitation in summer), which led to the weakening of individual trees and their death, gusts of wind that broke individual tree trunks, low-intensity snow breaks, and the influence of biotic factors (insects, pathogens).
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Guyette, Richard P., and Mike Stambaugh. "THE AGE AND DENSITY OF ANCIENT AND MODERN OAK WOOD IN STREAMS AND SEDIMENTS." IAWA Journal 24, no. 4 (2003): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000340.
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Large wood of oak trees (Quercus spp.) has resided in the streams and sediments of north Missouri, USA for many thousands of years. This wood affords the opportunity to compare a chronosequence of differences in wood density over a very long period. We analyzed the relationship between the age (residence time) and density of heartwood from oak boles using tree-ring and 14C dating methods and discuss their implications. The residence time of large oak wood (> 25 cm diameter) sampled in the streams and sediments ranged from less than 14 years to more than 12,320 years. The oak wood ranged in density from 0.82 g cm-3 for a tree that had recently fallen into the stream to 0.14 g cm-3 for ancient oak wood. Two regression equations relate age (residence time) and density of oak wood and explain 88 percent of the variance in the dependent variables. Equation 1, heartwood density = age, can be used for studies in carbon cycling, wood as invertebrate habitat, or other questions related to the density and ecology of wood in streams such as wood retention and export. Equation 2, age = heartwood density, can be used for estimating when oak wood was formed on a very coarse scale over many thousands of years.
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Spiecker, Heinrich. "Production of valuable oak wood in Europe." Annals of Forest Research 64, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15287/afr.2021.2207.
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Large dimension branch free wood of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) and sessile oak (Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) is highly valued, while small sized and low-quality oak timber generate little income. This paper describes how large dimensions of branch free wood can be produced by applying appropriate silvicultural measures. The results are based on measurements of oak trees in various regions in Germany and Denmark. Two management phases are distinguished: In phase 1 pruning is emphasized and at the beginning of phase 2 future crop trees are selected to promote diameter growth of these oak trees. The resulting guidelines provide a quantitative basis for objective-oriented oak management.
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Živanović, Ivana, Nebojša Todorović, Nenad Šurjanac, Milan Kabiljo, and Filip Jovanović. "Physical and mechanical properties of wood of northern red oak in the vicinity of Belgrade (Serbia)." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 83-84 (2021): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor2183093z.
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The wood of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), considered to be a very high-quality material for processing in the wood industry, has not been tested in Serbia so far. To date, there are only small areas under northern red oak in Serbia, but there are significant stands of this species in the vicinity of Belgrade. In this paper, the basic physical and mechanical wood properties of northern red oak in Serbia were tested. The examined 57 years old tree was located in the forest of Lipovica, near Belgrade. The tree was cut down and two small logs were taken to the laboratory for analysis. The results show that the properties of wood of northern red oak do not differ significantly from the properties of native oak species in Serbia - sessile and pedunculate oak. In addition, the values of basic mechanical properties of wood of northern red oak in Serbia were similar to the relevant values obtained by other researchers in Europe and the USA. Thus, the utilization of wood of northern red oak in the local wood processing industry should be considered.
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Fohr, J.-P., A. Chakir, G. Arnaud, and M. A. du Peuty. "Vacuum Drying of Oak Wood." Drying Technology 13, no. 8-9 (January 1995): 1675–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939508917046.
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Král, Pavel, Petr Klímek, and Pawan Kumar Mishra. "Bonding Strength of Thermally Treated Spruce (Picea abies) and Oak Wood." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 3 (2014): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462030539.
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Thermally modified wood has been widely reported to have improved durability and aesthetic appeal than its natural counterparts in same economic range. Due to this, there has been a constant effort to utilize its durability properties in different commercial products. Utilization of outer layer thermally modified wood on exposed surface is a classical idea, but bonding of thermally modified to natural wood has been a challenging part and needs extensive investigation on different species. In this study, we tried to investigate bonding properties of oak wood with thermally modified wood (spruce) and compared it with natural oak – oak bond strength. We observed a significant decrease of 47% in value of shear strength for thermally treated wood with natural wood when compared with natural oak – oak bonding. Thermally treated wood can be used as outermost layer in those products, where shear strength does not play a crucial role and more research is required to improve its bonding with natural wood to increase its applicability range.
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Kim, Tae Hoon, Seung Hyeon Park, Tin Diep Trung Le, Tae Hyun Kim, and Kyeong Keun Oh. "Effects of Colloid Milling and Hot-Water Pretreatment on Physical Properties and Enzymatic Digestibility of Oak Wood." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062210.
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A two-step process using colloid milling (CM) and hot water (HW) treatment was evaluated for its ability to improve xylose recovery and the enzymatic digestibility of oak wood. In the first step, CM pretreatment was applied at a milling (feeding) speed of 100 mL/min with four different milling times (3, 6, 9, and 12 h), and the enzymatic digestibility and physical properties of each substrate were measured. In the second-step, the HW pretreatment was applied to enhance the enzymatic digestibility and xylan recovery at various reaction severities (Log R0) from 2.07 to 4.43 using 12 h colloid-milled (CM-treated) oak wood. Compared with untreated oak wood, CM not only significantly disrupted the structure of oak wood but also increased its Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (42-fold) and pore volume (28-fold). The crystallinity of two-step-treated oak wood was decreased to 34.8, while the enzymatic digestibility of 12 h CM-treated oak wood was increased to 58.1% at enzyme loading of 30 filter paper units (FPU)/g glucan for 96 h. After HW treatment of CM-treated oak wood at Log R0 = 3.83, 80.7% of xylan recovery yield and 91.1% of enzymatic digestibility (with 15 FPU/g glucan at 96 h) was obtained, which was 84.2% higher than the enzymatic digestibility of untreated oak wood (6.9%).
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Jordão, A. M., F. Costa, L. Fontes, A. C. Correia, U. Miljić, V. Puškaš, F. M. Nunes, and F. Cosme. "Impact of the contact time of different oak wood chips on red wine phenolic composition evolution after bottling." BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191502019.
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The main object of the present work was to evaluate the potential influence of the oak wood chips-wines contact time (30 and 60 days) on the evolution of the red wine phenolic composition during storage in bottle. Thus, global phenolic composition, color parameters, and individual anthocyanins of bottled red wines that had previously been in contact with oak wood chips during different times were analyzed. The results obtained demonstrates that in general, after 6 months of bottle storage, red wines with a previous oak wood chips contact time showed a more evident decrease on anthocyanin content, independently of the oak wood chips species used and toasting level. This tendency was also confirmed by the decrease in the values obtained for color intensity and a∗ (redness) CIELab coordinate value. However, a positive impact of oak wood chips contact time on wine hue color and b∗ (yellowness) CIELab coordinate values, was detected. Thus, after 6 months of bottle storage, red wines that were in a previous contact with oak wood chips (particularly during 60 aging days), exhibited lower color hue and b∗ values compared with control wine (without any oak wood chips contact).
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Lisanti, Maria Tiziana, Rosa Capuano, Luigi Moio, and Angelita Gambuti. "Wood powders of different botanical origin as an alternative to barrel aging for red wine." European Food Research and Technology 247, no. 9 (June 15, 2021): 2309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-021-03791-1.
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AbstractWood powders are produced in large quantity as by-product of barrel, staves and chips industry. Differently from larger particles (chips), the use of wood powders in winemaking is not admitted (Regulation (CE) n. 934/2019); however, it could represent a cheap and sustainable alternative for the accelerated aging of red wine. To evaluate their potential use in winemaking, a comparative study on the use of wood powders from oak, chestnut and acacia wood for the accelerated aging of red wine (cv. Aglianico) was conducted. This alternative aging was compared to the aging in wood barrels from the same botanical species. The wine aged in contact with powders underwent a quicker evolution of polyphenolic fraction. After 15 days of contact, the loss of total anthocyanins was higher than that observed after 6 months of aging in barrels (from 4 to 14% with respect to the corresponding kind of barrel). The amount of polymeric pigments tannins–anthocyanins–tannins in wines aged in contact with powders was higher respect to the wines aged in barrels (from 7 to 21% with respect to the corresponding kind of barrel), while the greatest loss of total tannins was detected in the oak barrels (28% less with respect to the control). There were several differences in wine phenolic acids due to wood botanical origin, with the clearest differences being between oak and the alternative wood species (chestnut and acacia). Also, there was a significant botanical effect on sensory profiles. Indeed, both among barrels and among powders, oak wood was the one that gave the strongest wood odor character. However, all the treatments with wood powders (oak, acacia and chestnut) preserved the fruity character of wine, conferring in the meanwhile non-dominant woody notes.
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Orémusová, Emília, and Eva Výbohová. "CHANGES IN GROSS CALORIFIC VALUE OF THERMALLY TREATED SCOTS PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) AND SESSILE OAK (QUERCUS PETRAEA L.) WOOD AND THEIR EXPLANATION USING FTIR SPECTROSCOPY." WOOD RESEARCH 66(2): 2021 66, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/66.2.243254.
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Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Sessile oak (Quercus petraea L.) wood were thermally treated in an oven at the temperatures of 160°C, and 200°C under atmospheric pressure in the presence of air for 3 and 9 hrs. The mass loss and gross calorific value were determined. Non-treated wood samples achieved a gross calorific value of 22 193 J.g-1 for pine wood and 19 277 J.g-1 for oak wood. Whereas the calorific value of pine wood with increasing severity of treatment decreased, in the case of oak it increased. The mass loss increased with increasing treatment severity by both wood species. Mentioned differences in pine and oak wood behaviour using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy were explained. In the case of pine wood with increasing temperature and time of exposure a decrease of resin acids was observed. This may be contributed to decrease in GCV. In the case of oak wood, mainly at temperature of 200°C the degradation of hemicelluloses was observed that results in relative increasing in the lignin content with followed increase in the GCV.
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Laznik, Žiga, Ivana Majić, Aleksander Horvat, and Stanislav Trdan. "Contact Efficacy of Different Wood Ashes against Spanish Slug, Arion vulgaris (Gastropoda: Arionidae)." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 8564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238564.
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The wood ash from seven plant species (sessile oak, European beech, European hornbeam, silver fir, European spruce, common alder, and Spanish chestnut) was tested against Spanish slug (Arion vulgaris) as an environmentally acceptable alternative to chemical bait pellets. We carried out laboratory and semi-field experiments to assess the contact and barrier efficacy of selected wood ash. To demonstrate the contact efficacy, slugs were rolled in the wood ash. Geochemical analysis of wood ash was carried out as well. The highest concentrations of chemical compounds SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO and MnO and elements Ba, Co, Cs, Ga, Cu, Pb and Zn were identified in the most effective ashes (beech, oak, fir, and spruce) compared to the ineffective ashes (hornbeam, chestnut, black ader). The concentration of cobalt was comparably higher, while the concentration of molybdenum was comparably lower in the four most effective wood ashes. The results of our studies revealed that the wood ash of oak and spruce have great contact efficacy. The oak and beech wood ash showed the strongest barrier efficacy against slugs. In the semi-field trials, only 10% of the plants treated with oak wood ash were damaged by slugs. The oak wood ash is an efficient alternative for slug control, however, further studies and biotechnical enhancement are needed.
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Franc, Niklas. "Standing or downed dead trees — does it matter for saproxylic beetles in temperate oak-rich forest?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 12 (December 2007): 2494–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-096.
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For conservation of forest biodiversity, dead wood in the form of logs, snags, or cut high stumps is sometimes left or created when forests are harvested. In Scandinavia, such dead wood usually comes from conifers. For forests in temperate regions, few studies have analysed composition and species richness of beetles using dead wood of oaks ( Quercus spp). In this study in southern Sweden, I examined the occurrence of saproxylic beetles trapped at lying (logs) and standing (snags) dead wood of European oaks ( Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl.) in 13 oak-rich mixed forests of relatively high conservation value. The assemblage of beetles differed strikingly between the lying and standing dead wood. Traps on lying dead wood, compared to traps on standing dead wood, had more fungivores and fewer primary and secondary wood boring species. Of 94 species tested for individual substrate preferences, 48 showed prevalence for different trap/substrate types. Absolute species richness was significantly higher on logs than snags, but a smaller proportion of the snag substrate or snag beetles may have been sampled. For red-listed beetles, no differences in their species richness were detected among substrates. These results suggest that logs of dead oaks are valuable and that both snags and logs of oak should be retained and, if needed, created in forestry, such that they are continuously available in stands.
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Щетинкин, Sergey Shchetinkin, Щетинкина, and Natalya Shchetinkina. "Features of radial growth dynamics of english oak in the conditions of radioactive contamination of forests of Central forest steppe." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 3 (December 8, 2014): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6277.
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It is shown that the overall thrusts of processes of xylogeneses of oak in conditions of radioac-tive contamination are consistent with pre-viously established researchers for oak forests of Central forest steppe. Irradiation, mostly with short-lived isotopes of iodine, caused changes in the activity of the lateral meristem of woody plants - cambium. The impact had relatively short time interval and affected mainly xylogeneses of early wood regardless of the age of forming layer of wood.
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Kim, Min Ji, Yoon Seong Chang, Jin Teak Kang, Joo won Lee, and Chang Deuk Eom. "Presence of tyloses in 6 Korean oak species for production of liquor barrels and correlation of retention of large vessel lumen." BioResources 17, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 1364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.1.1364-1372.
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This study was conducted to devise ways of promoting the use of deciduous trees that have increased in number with climate change. For six oak species commonly utilized to produce liquor barrels, normal wood and tension wood were classified by part. Then, both large vessel lumen area and tyloses were quantitatively assessed. The findings showed that in both normal and tension woods, large vessel lumen area was largest in sapwood, followed by heartwood and juvenile wood. Tyloses were found in both normal and tension woods of all the six species, but the number of tyloses varied according to species. It was heart wood that contained the highest amount in both normal and tension woods. It was also revealed that the number of tyloses decreased with the growing area of large vessel lumen. This study will provide fundamental data to decide oak tree species for the production of liquor barrels.
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Chornobrov, O., I. Tymochko, and O. Bezrodnova. "Volume of woody detritus in fresh maple-linden dibrova in Slobozhanskyi National Nature Park." Balanced nature using, no. 2 (May 20, 2021): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.2.2021.237995.
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The article examines the volume of coarse woody detritus in fresh maple-linden-dibrova in Slobozhanskyi National Nature Park. The study was carried out in 115-year-old forest with a predominance of common oak (Quercus robur L.) of natural origin on a sample plot (0.24 ha) by identifying and measuring of standing and lying dead wood components. The volume of dead wood in the forest ecosystem is 32.4 m3·ha–1 and consists of fallen (84.3%) and standing (15.7%). The main part of the dead wood volume is formed by one tree species — common oak (91.3%). In general, woody detritus is characterized by I–IV stages of decomposition, at the same time detritus of III (52.5%) and II (41.7%) stages prevails, detritus of other decomposition stages has insignificant shares (not exceeding 5.0%). No detritus of the last (V) stage of decomposition was detected. The volume of standing dead wood was 5.1 m3·ha–1 and is formed by whole and broken dead trees. In terms of species composition, common oak predominates (80.4%), other species have much smaller shares: small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) (13.7%) and Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) (5.9%). The volume of standing dead wood is dominated by detritus of decomposition stage II (4.8 m3·ha–1, 94.1%), compared with stage I (0.3 m3·ha–1, 5.9%). The volume of lying dead wood is 27.3 m3·ha–1 and is formed by whole fallen trees, fragments of fallen trees (trunks) and thick branches. In terms of species composition dead wood volume is dominated by common oak detritus (25.6 m3·ha–1, 93.7%), and the shares of other species are insignificant. Fallen dead wood is represented by four stages of decomposition (I–IV). In terms of volume, decomposition stage III has an absolute advantage (16.9 m3·ha–1, 61.9%), much less detritus of stage II (8.7 m3·ha–1, 31.9%). Relatively low volume of woody detritus and the absence of dead wood of decomposition stage V may be associated with forestry activities, including selective sanitary cutting and fallen woody debris removal, in the past in modern NNP areas.
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Rede, Vera, Sara Essert, Martina Kocijan, and Tomislav Dubravac. "Influence of Ageing on Abrasion Volume Loss, Density, and Structural Components of Subfossil Oak." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 1814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12041814.
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Subfossil oak wood has spent centuries or millennia in the aquatic medium (rivers, lakes, bogs, etc.) and, due to water anoxic conditions, its decomposition is very slow. As a result of its long residing in specific conditions, its chemical composition, appearance, as well as mechanical and tribological properties have changed. Because of its aesthetic and mechanical properties, subfossil wood is very attractive and often used to produce valuable objects. The main objective of this study was to test how abrasion wear resistance of subfossil oak is affected by ageing. The effects of ageing on wood density and on the structure of lignin and cellulose were tested, as well as the loss of volume during abrasion in correlation with these changes. A study was conducted on samples of recent (regular) pedunculate oak wood and on six subfossil pedunculate oak samples in the age range of 890 and nearly 6000 years. Abrasion wear resistance was expressed through the loss of volume recorded using the Taber abraser. The smallest abrasion volume loss was measured for the recent oak specimens. Linear regression analyses showed that there was a very strong negative linear relationship between the age of subfossil oak and its abrasion volume loss. There was also a strong, but positive and significant linear correlation between subfossil oak age and density. Ageing also affected the structural composition of wood. Results obtained by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy indicated a reduction of the relative crystalline fraction of subfossil wood in recent oak. The degradation of lignin in subfossil oak samples progressed more slowly over time than cellulose degradation. There was a negative correlation between age and the ratio of cellulose and lignin degradation; however, that relationship was found statistically insignificant. Similar results were obtained for the relationship between abrasion wear resistance and changes in the structural composition of the studied samples of subfossil oak wood.
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Ghavidel, Amir, Tamás Hofmann, Miklós Bak, Ion Sandu, and Viorica Vasilache. "Comparative archaeometric characterization of recent and historical oak (Quercus spp.) wood." Wood Science and Technology 54, no. 5 (July 9, 2020): 1121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00226-020-01202-4.
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Abstract The present paper studied the chemical composition of recent and historical oak wood comparing the extractive, holocellulose, α-cellulose, lignin, and ash contents. Comprehensive knowledge of the chemical components in recent and historical oak wood will facilitate the use of conservation agent in the restoration and conservation process of the investigated artifacts. The cyclohexane–ethanol extract of historical oak wood was significantly lower compared to recent wood, which can be explained by the leaching of extractives into the soil. No significant differences in the holocellulose and α-cellulose content of recent and historical oak wood were found. The lignin and the ash contents were significantly higher in the historical samples. The EDX analysis of the ash of historical oak wood showed remarkably higher iron content compared to the recent material. The result indicated the degradation of hemicelluloses in the historical sample. The significant difference in the amount of ash between the samples was explained by sediment materials that have been introduced into the wood from the soil. SEM imaging made these materials clearly visible as depositions in the cell lumens.
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Klumpers, Johannes, Augustin Scalbert, and Gerard Janin. "Ellagitannins in European oak wood: Polymerization during wood ageing." Phytochemistry 36, no. 5 (August 1994): 1249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)89646-6.
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Khodyn, O., and O. Chornobrov. "Ecological assessment of dead woodvolume in hornbeam-oak forest in «Medobory» Nature Reserve." Agroecological journal, no. 4 (October 28, 2021): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.4.2021.252954.
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The volume of coarse woody detritus in the 139year-old hornbeam-oak forest stand of natural origin on the territory of the «Medobory» Nature Reserve have been studied. The study of dead wood was carried out on a sample plot (0.24 ha) by the method of continuous accounting. It was found that the volume of woody detritus in the forest ecosystem is 108.8 m3∙ha–1 and consists of fallen (32.1%) and standing (67.9%) deadwood. The main part of the dead wood volume is formed by two tree species — common oak (Quercus robur L.) (49.1%) and wychelm (Ulmus glabra Huds.) (48.4%). In general, woody detritus is characterized by I–V classes of decomposition, while detritus of decomposition stage II prevails (40.9%), shares of other stages are slightly smaller: I (27.8%), III (18.6%) and IV (11. 1%). The share of detritus of the last (V) decomposition stage is insignificant (1.6%). The volume of standing dead wood is 73.9 m3∙ha–1 and is formed by whole and broken dead trees. In terms of tree species composition, common oak has a significant advantage (65.4%), wychelm has a much smaller share (33.7%), and the share of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and small-leaved linden is insignificant (Tilia cordata Mill) (less than 1.0%). In the total standing dead wood volume, wood of decomposition stage IIsignificantly predominates (43.6 m3∙ha–1, 59.0%), compared with stage I (30.3 m3∙ha–1, 41.0%). Volume of fallen dead wood is 35.0 m3∙ha–1 and is formed by whole fallen trees, fragments of felled trees (trunks) and rough branches. In terms of species composition, woody detritus of which elm predominates (27.8 m3∙ha–1, 79.7%), much less common oak wood (5.1 m3∙ha–1, 14.6%) and common hornbeam (2.0 m∙ha–1, 5.7%). Fallen dead wood is represented by four stages of decomposition (II–V). In terms of volume, decomposition stage III has an absolute advantage (20.2 m3∙ha–1, 57.9%), detritus of stage II is much less (12.1 m3∙ha–1, 34.7%), and the shares of other stages are insignificant. The predominance of standing dead wood in the total dead wood volume, as well as the dominance of detritus of I and II decomposition stages due to the relatively short period of strict regime of nature conservation, during which the forest ecosystem developed without human intervention, and the impact of forestry activities (selective sanitary cuttings and fallen dead wood removal) in the past.
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Svihra, Pavel, and Maggi Kelly. "Importance Of Oak Ambrosia Beetles In Predisposing Coast Live Oak Trees To Wood Decay." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 30, no. 6 (November 1, 2004): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2004.045.
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Attacks by the oak ambrosia beetle (Monothrum scutellare) accelerated and increased the amount of wood decay in stems of downed coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) trees. When permethrin insecticide was sprayed on oak bark surface, the ambrosia beetles produced only one-fourth as many galleries in the sapwood as compared to sapwood beneath the unsprayed bark surface. Although decay fungi initiated infection in oak in the absence of beetles, the amount of wood decay was much greater in trees with beetle activity. The ambrosia beetles deeply penetrated the sapwood and constructed extensive galleries that hastened wood decay by decay pathogens. The insecticide inhibited beetle attack and formation of egg galleries and greatly decreased the amount of wood decay.
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Iršėnaitė, Reda, and Ernestas Kutorga. "Wood-inhabiting fungi on pedunculate oak coarse woody debris in relation to substratum quantity and forest age." Acta Mycologica 42, no. 2 (December 23, 2013): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2007.018.
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Wood-inhabiting fungi on pedunculate oak (<em>Quercus robur</em>) coarse woody debris (CWD) was investigated in 50 plots of 0.1 ha in oak stands of different ages in Lithuania. In maturing stands (50-120 years) the average volume of oak CWD was 4.7 m<sup>3</sup>/ha, and in mature stands (over 120 years) – 13.9 m3/ha. Both in maturing and mature stands, the greatest fraction of CWD consisted of fallen oak branches (81 % and 84 % respectively), whereas fallen trunks comprised about 10 % of the total units of CWD. In total 1350 records of 203 species (49 ascomycetes and 154 basidiomycetes) were collected during 2 years of investigation. Species richness and abundance increased significantly with the increase of volume and abundance of CWD. Higher species richness was detected in mature stands than in maturing ones. Wood-inhabiting species composition varied greatly at stand scale, and one third of all detected species occurred only in one plot. Red-listed fungi were found only in mature stands. We conclude that, even in managed oak stands, oak CWD maintains a rather diverse species composition of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. However, the current practice of forestry in Lithuania of removing dying or dead wood of large volume, e.g. standing and fallen trunks, reduce the distribution of highly specialized, usually rare, and endangered fungi.
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Скрипников, Viktor Skripnikov, Щетинкин, and Sergey Shchetinkin. "Radiation monitoring in forest ecosystems Central forest-steppe Russia." Forestry Engineering Journal 5, no. 3 (November 15, 2015): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14157.
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It was found that during the period of observation at hospitals forestry radiation monitoring in fresh upland oak forests and wet Pinetum compositum main drive radiocaesium is oak, which is connected, apparently, with its biological and ecological features. It is also clear that, along with the biological specificity of a particular tree species, an important role in the accumulation of woody plants play a cesium type of forest growth conditions (trophicity, humidity). In woody plants most contaminated surface tissues that make up the crust. Further, the degree of contamination, followed by leaves (needles), small branches, wood with bark and wood peeled, where radiocaesium virtually identified.
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Reznichenko, Kristina, and Galina Aleynikova. "Effect of enzyme preparations used for oak wood biocatalysis on the set of highly volatile components of aged brandy distillates." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128505002.
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The individual peculiarities of aged alcohol beverages are formed at the cost of technological factors, which is why it is so important to develop approaches aimed at improvement of the product quality and reduction of production costs. This can be achieved by more efficient and rational use of the natural potential of oak wood with the help of activation techniques based on biocatalysis. As far as the process of biochemical activation of oak wood used for brandy production has been understudied, investigations of the effect of enzyme preparations used for enzymatic catalysis of oak wood upon the quality of brandy distillates is of high interest at this time. We have studied the effects of the place of origin of oak wood, enzyme preparations, and treatment time upon the composition and accumulation dynamics of highly volatile components in brandy distillates. Every oak stave sample was separately treated by complex enzyme preparations with subsequent thermal exposure. Then the treated oak staves were poured up with young brandy distillate and stored for six months in tightly closed containers. As a result, data proving the effect of the place of origin of oak wood, enzyme preparations, and treatment time upon the qualitative and quantitative composition of highly volatile components of aged distillates were obtained.
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Opydo, Jadwiga. "Estimation of oak stand pollution with heavy metals on the Krotoszyn Plateau." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 63, no. 1 (2014): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1994.013.
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The content of heavy metals - Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu - in oak wood of <i>Quercus robur</i> L. and in the soil was investigated. The studies were carried out in five areas: on the Krotoszyn Plateau, in two areas of the Copper Basin, in the area of Zawiercie and in the control area in Kórnik. The results showed an elevated content of copper in the wood of oaks from the Krotoszyn Plateau as compared with oaks from the other investigated areas. The copper content in the examined oaks was 0.6 µg/g in Kórnik, 1.1 µg/g in Zawiercie, 3.9-15.8 µg/g in the Copper Basin, whereas in the oaks of the Krotoszyn Plateau it amounted to 7.0-26.5 µg/g. It was also noticed that there is a correlation between the copper content in the wood and sanitary condition of the trees. The content of other toxic metals in the oak stands of the Krotoszyn Plateau was on the level of non-polluted areas ranging between 0.08-0.21 µg/g for Cd, 0.12-0.45 µg/g for Pb and 9.1-14.7 µg/g for Zn.
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Puech, Jean-Louis, and Michel Moutounet. "Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Scopoletin in Hydroalcoholic Extract of Oak Wood and in Matured Distilled Alcoholic Beverages." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 71, no. 3 (May 1, 1988): 512–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/71.3.512.
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Abstract A liquid chromatographic (LC) method is described for determination of the coumarins esculin, umbelliferone, scopoletin, and 4-methyl umbelliferone in hydroalcoholic extracts of oak wood and in matured distilled alcoholic beverages. Samples were injected directly into the LC column (30 m, 5μm C18) and detected by fluorescence detector. Under these experimental conditions, only scopoletin (detection limit, 200 pg) was found in hydroalcoholic oak wood extracts and in spirits matured in oak wood. Applications of this method to spirits distilled from wine, grain, and sugar cane aged in oak barrels showed that amounts varied from 0.026 to 1.57 ppm
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Esen, Raşit, and Caner Türüdü. "Variable climate’s effect on wood material’s equilibrium moisture content in Turkey." BioResources 15, no. 4 (August 7, 2020): 7420–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.7420-7432.
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Some negative attributes of wood material have numerous practical consequences. The most important of these attributes is that wood, as a hygroscopic material, is dependent on the relative humidity of its environment. The hygroscopic nature of wood material can lead to serious problems when used in doors, windows, and interior or exterior decoration materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on wood materials equilibrium moisture due to different climates in selected provinces in Turkey. This study examined pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Quercus rubra L.) woods, both of which are commonly used in industry. Over 12 months, the equilibrium moisture value of these wood was determined in the Bursa, Antalya, İzmir, Malatya, Trabzon, Karabük, Van, and Kars provinces of Turkey. Pine and oak samples, prepared per standards TS 2471 (1976) and TS 2472 (1976), were taken from these provinces each month, and the equilibrium moisture values were determined. It was observed that the use of Scotch pine wood samples for both indoor and outdoor use was more appropriate over the 12-month period. Malatya was the province in which the Scotch pine samples were the least affected. It was also determined that Van was the most suitable province for the interior use of oak wood material. It was not found that indoor use gave better results than outdoor use.
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Nonier, M. F., N. Vivas, N. Vivas de Gaulejac, C. Mouche, C. Rossy Huguet, and N. Daugey. "Purification and Partial Characterization of Melanoidins Fractions from Toasted Oak Heartwood, Comparison with Melanoidins from Roasted Coffee." Journal of Food Research 7, no. 6 (September 28, 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v7n6p37.
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During the cooking, processing, and storage of food products, a whole range of browning reactions occurs, initiated by the reaction of a carbohydrate with a compound possessing a free amino group. Melanoidins formed, influence food quality, mainly their colour, their flavour, and their antioxidant activities. Melanoidins are complex Maillard reaction products. We developed a method to isolate coffee melanoidins and melanoidins from toasted oak wood. We noted that coffee is richer in melanoidin compounds than oak wood. We presented a partial characterization of melanoidins fractions from toasted oak heartwood, and a comparison with melanoidins from roasted coffee. Mass spectra of the fractions isolated from toasted oak wood indicate the presence of pentose and hexose-based oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerisation. The presence of the oligosaccharide moieties, as well as their degradation products found in the oak wood melanoidins, supports the postulated carbohydrate-based origin of melanoidins.
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Thaler, Nejc, and Miha Humar. "Mechanical and Fungicidal Properties of approximately 100 Years Old Oak, Beech and Spruce Wood Beams." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.159.
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The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate differences in mechanical and fungicidal properties of three different wood species (English oak (Quercus sp.), common beach (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies)) specimens that were in indoor use for several decades, compared to control specimens of freshly cut timber. The collected material was cut to smaller specimen and conditioned in standard climate prior to further analysis. Mechanical, fungicidal, and sorption properties were determined according to the standard procedures. Our results show that mechanical properties of oak wood do not deteriorate in the investigated time frame. On the other hand, resistance of the wood against fungi decreases over time. The reason for this is yet to be confirmed, it could be due to the degradation of secondary metabolites. Similar results were observed for spruce wood as well. There were no statistically significant differences in mechanical properties of old and new spruce wood. In contrary to oak wood, there were also no significant differences in fungicidal properties, considering that spruce wood has lower durability than oak wood. Same as with oak wood, G. trabeum was found to be the most aggressive fungus. Ageing of beech wood resulted in a big drop in all of the tested mechanical properties, but showed no significant differences in fungicidal properties. Here is where the low durability of beech wood really shows. The old beech wood specimens were moderately deteriorated by insects and fungi, which was the reason for loss of bending and compressive strength.
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Chira, Kleopatra, Laura Anguellu, Gregory Da Costa, Tristan Richard, Eric Pedrot, Michael Jourdes, and Pierre-Louis Teissedre. "New C-Glycosidic Ellagitannins Formed upon Oak Wood Toasting, Identification and Sensory Evaluation." Foods 9, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9101477.
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In the courses of studies on ellagitannin changes during oak wood toasting, two C-glycosidic ellagitannins were isolated from the french oak wood for the first time. These two compounds exhibited [M−H]− ion peak at m/z 1055.0631 (compound A) and at m/z 1011.0756 (compound B). A compound is named Castacrenin E and is produced by Castacrenin D oxidation. Castacrenin D is a vescalagin with an additional aromating ring to the C-1 through a C-C bond. These compounds are not only found under laboratory conditions but also in commercial oak wood representing different toasting methods and sizes. Their levels are conditioned by oak wood dimensions and toasting degree. The wood pieces with the smallest size present almost two times more compounds A and B. Moreover, the compound B is the only compound to be present in medium toasting temperatures of the smallest wood pieces. Both of them can influence either astringency sensation or bitterness taste.
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Giannakourou, Maria, Irini F. Stratati, Efthimia Maria Manika, Victoria Resiti, Panagiotis Tataridis, Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis, and Vassilia J. Sinanoglou. "Assessment of Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, Colour and Sensory Attributes of Wood Aged “Tsipouro”." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 6, no. 2 (August 25, 2018): 318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.6.2.07.
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This study aimed at investigating the benefits of immersing oak sticks in the Greek pomace brandy named tsipouro, regarding its total phenolic content, antiradical-antioxidant activity, colour parameters and sensory profile. In order to induce rapid aging of tsipouro, alternative experimental conditions were applied. Results revealed that the phenolic migration from the wood to the tsipouro significantly increased both with temperature increase during aging as well as with the oak sticks /tsipouro ratio (w/v). The impact of oak wood diversity was also tested, by selecting different types of French oak (Quercus robur) and French and American oak mix (Quercus robur- Quercus alba) sticks. Results exhibited a significant effect of wood stick type on total phenolic content, antioxidant and antiradical activity, colour values and sensory attributes, especially on overall acceptance. High positive correlation among total phenolic content, antiradical and antioxidant activity and overall acceptance was found for all the extracts studied. Wood aging promoted the migration of phenolic compounds from the wood into the tsipouro, which, apart from the organoleptic characteristics, could possess health beneficial effects.
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Sass-Klaassen, U., and E. Hanraets. "Woodlands of the past — The excavation of wetland woods at Zwolle-Stadshagen (the Netherlands): Growth pattern and population dynamics of oak and ash." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 85, no. 1 (March 2006): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600021429.
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AbstractDendrochronology has been used to date sub-fossil wood excavated from former wetland woods located in Zwolle-Stadshagen, the Netherlands. Tree-ring analysis was performed on oak and ash to gain insight into changes in the growth dynamics of the trees resulting from changes in external site conditions, particularly hydrology. In addition population dynamics of oak and ash were studied by observing the temporal distribution and mean age of the oak and ash trees in the period when the woodland existed. The results showed that woodlands with oak and ash at Zwolle-Stadshagen existed at least for a period of about 700 years, from ca. 150 BC to AD 580 (ca. 2200 - 1400 cal. BP). The oak and ash were slowly growing and showed alternating phases of normal and depressed growth. Growth depressions occurred with a frequency of about 20 to 40 years. Almost all of these depressions were synchronous with those in oaks from other - mainly wetland areas - in NW Europe. Consequently, a regional (climate) factor must be considered responsible for this phenomenon. By taking into account the specific growth conditions in wetland woods it is very likely that this factor is linked to site hydrology. Around AD 300 (ca. 1650 cal. BP) a remarkable shift in population dynamics occurred in both oak and ash with many new trees establishing. This indicates a period of striking changes in site hydrology preceding the collapse of the woodland starting around AD 530 (ca. 1420 cal. BP).
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Jordão, António M., and Fernanda Cosme. "The Application of Wood Species in Enology: Chemical Wood Composition and Effect on Wine Quality." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (March 21, 2022): 3179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12063179.
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Aging wine is a usual practice in winemaking, as the wine quality improves due to the compounds extracted from wood barrels or chips, cubes, blocks, or staves used. The wood species used are traditionally oak, namely from Quercus petraea, Q. alba, or Q. robur species. In the last years, the increasing request for oak wood has caused a significant increase in environmental and production costs. Therefore, heartwood from several alternative species has been considered a potential wood source for winemaking and aging. Thus, the main purpose of this review is the application of these alternative wood species on wine production and to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of its use compared with the traditional wood species, namely oak wood. In addition, a brief chemical characterization of several wood species with possible application in enology is also discussed in this review.
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Misztal, Barbara, and Anna Mielińska. "SELECTION CRITERIA OF THERMO-INSULATING MATERIALS TO INSULATE WOODEN BUILDING FACILITIES." Space&FORM 2020, no. 46 (June 24, 2021): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2021.46.b-05.
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The article presents the structure of wood as a fibrous composite made up of cells susceptible to moisture absorption. Attention was paid to the impact of insulation materials on the durability of wood. The flow of moisture in materials such as wood and glass wool representing a group of porous and non-absorbing materials is shown. Microscopic pictures of pine and oak wood, wood fibre mats and glass wool are shown. The full construction of fibers of glass wool and other e. g. mineral wool, makes them extremely non-beneficial for warming partitions in buildings involving wood. Materials with a stable heat conductivity in terms of natural humidity changes in construction works were recommended.
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García-Moreno, M. Valme, Manuel M. Sánchez-Guillén, María Ruiz de Mier, Manuel J. Delgado-González, M. Carmen Rodríguez-Dodero, Carmelo García-Barroso, and Dominico A. Guillén-Sánchez. "Use of Alternative Wood for the Ageing of Brandy de Jerez." Foods 9, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9030250.
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The use of alternative types of wood has arisen for the aging of the Brandy de Jerez, on a pilot plant level. In particular, besides the use of American oak, two more types of oak have been studied, French oak and Spanish oak, allowed by the Technical File for the ID Brandy de Jerez, and chestnut, which, though it is not officially allowed, is a type of wood which had been traditionally used in the area for the aging of wines and distillates. All of them have been studied with different toasting levels: Intense toasting and medium toasting. The study of the total phenolic composition (TPI), chromatic characteristics, organic acids, and sensory analysis have proven that chestnut leads to distillates with a higher amount of phenolic compounds and coloring intensity than oak. This behavior is the opposite as regards the toasting of the wood. Among the different types of oak, Spanish oak produces aged distillates with a higher phenolic composition and a higher color intensity. Regarding tasting, the best-assessed samples were those aged with chestnut, French oak, and American oak, and the assessors preferred those who had used a medium toasting level to those with an intense level.
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Kwaśna, Hanna, Andrzej Mazur, Andrzej Łabędzki, Robert Kuźmiński, and Piotr Łakomy. "Communities of fungi in decomposed wood of oak and pine." Forest Research Papers 77, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2016-0028.
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Abstract The abundance and diversity of wood decomposing fungi were investigated by isolating and cultivating filamentous fungi from wood and by detection of fruit bodies of ascomycetous and basidiomycetous fungi. The objective was to study the impact of forest management on fungi in 100-year-old oak and 87-year-old Scots pine forests in Northern Poland. Fungi were found on coarse woody debris of decayed stumps and fallen logs, boughs and branches in each of the three (managed and unmanaged) examined stands. In total, 226 species of Oomycota and fungi were recorded. Oak wood was colonized by one species of Oomycota and 141 species of fungi including Zygomycota (19 species), Ascomycota (103 species) and Basidiomycota (19 species). Scots pine wood was also colonized by one species of Oomycota and 138 species of fungi including Zygomycota (19 species), Ascomycota (90 species) and Basidiomycota (29 species). In the first, second and third stages of decomposition, the oak wood was colonized by 101, 89 and 56 species of fungi respectively and pine wood was colonized by 82, 103 and 47 species respectively. Eighty three of the observed species (37%) occurred on both types of wood, while the other species displayed nutritional preferences. A decrease in the number of species with advancing decay indicates the necessity for a continuous supply of dead wood to the forest ecosystem. This supply would secure the continuity of fauna and flora and guarantee a stable forest development. The nutritional and ecological preferences of many fungal species furthermore indicate the necessity of supplying the forests with wood of different species. In commercially managed forests the results obtained here will aid in: (i) the development of strategies for effective dead wood management in the context of forest productivity and future wood stock growth, as well as (ii) finding a compromise between forest management requirements and environmental protection.
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Canas, Sara, M. Conceição Leandro, M. Isabel Spranger, and A. Pedro Belchior. "Influence of Botanical Species and Geographical Origin on the Content of Low Molecular Weight Phenolic Compounds of Woods Used in Portuguese Cooperage." Holzforschung 54, no. 3 (April 13, 2000): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2000.043.
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Summary The influence of botanical species (Quercus and Castanea sativa) and geographical origin (Portugal—three different sites, France and North America) on the qualitative and quantitative content of some extractable low molecular weight phenolic compounds was assessed by HPLC. Chestnut wood had the highest total content of low molecular weight phenolic compounds, followed by the Portuguese oaks and the French oaks, whereas the American oak had the lowest content of these compounds. The contents of phenolic acids, phenolic aldehydes, scopoletin and umbelliferone were significantly different among the studied woods. Both the botanical species and the geographical origin affect the content of low molecular weight organic compounds of woods used in Portuguese cooperage. The results also show that the botanical species seem to be more important than the geographical origin to explain the difference in the wood phenolic composition. So, the separation of trees according to their origin is of considerable interest for coopers and winemakers to choose wisely the woods for the ageing of brandies.
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Chand, Deepak B., Kanta Poudyal, and P. K. Jha. "SHIFTS IN LEAF PHENOLOGY OF THREE HIMALAYAN OAK SPECIES: ROLE OF WOOD WATER PROPERTIES." Ecoprint: An International Journal of Ecology 24 (December 5, 2017): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v24i0.20644.
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An investigation has been done with the three Himalayan oak species at Phulchowki Hill Lalitpur Nepal to relate leaf phenology responses of trees to wood water properties. We recorded the wood water content, wood density, water in wood and leaf phenological patterns of three evergreen oak species (Quercus semecarpifolia, Quercus lamellosa and Quercus glauca) for 2 years. Our results revealed significant changes in leaf phenology within oak species between years, with shifts in leaf emergence, leaf damage and leaf senescence. Shifts in tree leaf phenology found in studied years suggest that the inter-annual and monthly variation in wood water properties could attribute to shift in tree leaf phenology.ECOPRINT 24: 29-36, 2017
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Rubino, Darrin L., and Brian C. McCarthy. "Composition and ecology of macrofungal and myxomycete communities on oak woody debris in a mixed-oak forest of Ohio." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 2151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-137.
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Woody debris is recognized as an important structural component in forests, but little is known about the epixylic communities that it supports in many forest types. The goal of this study was to identify the macrofungal (asco mycetes and basidiomycetes) and myxomycete communities found on woody debris in the topographically dissected mixed-oak forests of southern Ohio and identify environmental parameters that influence species richness and species distributions. Fifty oak (Quercus spp. L.) logs were selected across slope aspects and slope positions throughout the landscape to maximize microsite variability. Over a 2-year period, 130 epixylic species were collected (28 ascomy cetes, 72 basidiomycetes, and 30 myxomycetes). Log surface area explained a significant amount of variation in species richness (R2 = 0.51, P < 0.001). Richness was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with volume of woody debris in the plot (+) and with study log volume (+), lichen cover (), and surface structural characteristics (amount of bark (+), solid wood (), and fragmented wood (+)). Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that slope aspect, bark cover, percent slope, and woody stem density influenced individual epixylic species distributions. Because of their influence on epixylic communities, various environmental parameters must be accounted for in regional epixylic studies.
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Veizovic, Marko, Zdravko Popovic, Nebojsa Todorovic, and Goran Milic. "Drying quality and colour of subfossil oak from central Serbia." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 117 (2018): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1817157v.
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The subject of this paper is the analysis of the quality of natural and conventional drying of subfossil oak wood. In addition to the drying quality, the colour of this material, as well as the effect of the drying process on colour change have been tested. The subfossil oak logs that were used in this experiment originate from the Morava River in Central Serbia. After sawing, timber was air-dried to about 20% moisture content (MC) followed by kiln-drying to 9.5% MC. By examining the quality of air-drying of the subfossil oak wood, a high presence of cracks was found, as well as the inaccuracy of humidity measurement using electric moisture meters. The stack for kiln-drying consisted of 24 boards, of which 4 were used for the monitoring of MC and MC distribution across the thickness of plank during drying. Drying quality was evaluated after the kiln-drying process. Although mild drying conditions during kiln-drying were applied, the gap as a measure of case-hardening had a value greater than usual for oak of same thickness. It was found that the drying process has no significant effect on the change in the colour of subfossil wood. The colour of the subfossil oak wood was significantly darker than the usual oak wood, and the colour difference between the central and the outer parts of the trunk of the subfossil oak was determined.
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Siwiński, Jarosław, Katarzyna Kubiak, Miłosz Tkaczyk, Anna Mazur, and Ryszard Rekucki. "The impact of the health condition of oaks from the Krotoszyn Plateau on the mechanical properties of timber structures." Folia Forestalia Polonica 57, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ffp-2015-0023.
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Abstract The study was conducted to perform a comparative analysis of the mechanical properties of wood samples derived from oaks in the Krotoszyn Plateau, which depend on the health state of the trees. Strength parameters of oak wood were calculated for selected diseased and healthy trees (according to the Roloff classification). The study was conducted by a modified method described in the standard Polish Norm PN EN 408+ A1: 2012. For testing, prior selection of wood samples showed that more wood samples of diseased trees compared with those of healthy oaks did not fulfil the Polish standard requirements. According to the method used, the average results of strength tests of timber structures from healthy oaks exhibited higher strength parameters than those of the diseased trees.
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Pinchevska, Olena, Andriy Spirochkin, Denys Zavialov, and Rostislav Oliynyk. "Influence of Temperature Fields on the Quality of Dried Wood Products." Materials Science Forum 1038 (July 13, 2021): 336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1038.336.
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The reasons of white spots appearance in the middle of oak timber are determined. These white spots reduce the cost of the lamina made of oak timbers - the front covering of floorboards. It is proposed to intensify the drying process by using oscillating drying schedules to avoid this defect. A method for calculating the duration of such drying is proposed. This method includes the peculiarities of heating and cooling periods kinetics of oak timbers with 25 mm and 30 mm thickness. The inexpediency of using the oscillation of the drying agent parameters in the range of wood moisture content below 20% has been established. An adequate model for calculating wood temperature and air humidity during wood heating and cooling periods has been developed using heat and mass transfer criteria and experimentally determined oak wood moisture conductivity coefficient. Based on the results of theoretical and experimental studies oscillating drying schedules of different thickness oak timbers are offered. Tests of the proposed schedules in industrial conditions showed no discoloration of the central layers of European oak (Quercus robur) timbers. The drying process duration was reduced by 1.5–2.4 times and energy consumption were reduced by 1.53 times.
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Pakhomov, Olexandr, Oleg Didur, and Iryna Loza. "Influence of mammal fossorial activity on bearing-out some chemical elements on up of soil cover." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 38 (November 3, 2010): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/38/2770.
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Fossorial activity of mammals is conductive to trace of microelements from more deep soil horizons into zone of its active involving to biological cycle. As a result of researches have established the mostly intensive migration of micro- and macroelements that is goes at the expense of mammals fossorial activity it is typical for humid gully lime-and-ash with oak wood. A middle position in speed of entering chemical elements is belonging to artificial oak wood in the watershed and humid lime-and-ash with oak wood in floodplain. Mostly slow migration in speed of entering elements is typical for middle-dry pine wood on sandy terrace.
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Policardi, Franco, and Marion Thebault. "The Buffer Effect of Different Wood Species and the Influence of Oak on Panel Composites Binders." Polymers 12, no. 7 (July 12, 2020): 1540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071540.
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The buffer action of certain wood species can intensely affect the curing and hardening of some thermosetting wood adhesives. The present article presents a quantification of such buffering effects, determined under controlled conditions, in various wood species. The buffer capacity of oak has been found to be rather extreme and is likely to affect quite heavily the ability of urea-formaldehyde (UF) and melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) wood panel adhesives in industrial operations. A variation of the buffer capacity of furnishes containing between 0% and 30% oak chips has been investigated. This was correlated with the internal bond (IB) strength of MUF bonded laboratory particleboards. The wood mixture buffering capacity increases with the oak content, while the panel IB strength decreases.