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Nguyen Le, Minh, Hoang Nguyen Van, Trang Bach Le Thuy, Man Tran Van, and Phung Le My Loan. "O3-type layered Ni-rich cathode: synthesis and electrochemical characterization." Vietnam Journal of Catalysis and Adsorption 10, no. 1S (October 15, 2021): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51316/jca.2021.123.
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Ni-rich layered oxides are currently the state-of-the-art material of Lithium-ion batteries due to the balance between the cost, power and energy density. In this work, Ni-rich O3-type NaxNi0.76Mn0.14Co0.10O2.04 (NMC) material was synthesized by the conventional solid-state reaction and investigated as a cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. Rietveld refinement shows that the material is high purity O3-type layered oxide of 91%. In the charge/discharge test, the material was provided the reversible capacity of 156 mAh.g-1 initially at 0.1 C with 50% capacity retention after 50 cycles in the voltage range of 2.0 – 4.2 V. In addition, this material also demonstrates great rate-capability with the discharge capacity of 50 mAh.g-1 even at 5 C. Therefore, NMC material could be a promising candidate for high energy sodium-ion batteries.
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Hwang, Jang-Yeon, Seung-Taek Myung, Ji Ung Choi, Chong Seung Yoon, Hitoshi Yashiro, and Yang-Kook Sun. "Correction: Resolving the degradation pathways of the O3-type layered oxide cathode surface through the nano-scale aluminum oxide coating for high-energy density sodium-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 8 (2018): 3754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta90016g.
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Correction for ‘Resolving the degradation pathways of the O3-type layered oxide cathode surface through the nano-scale aluminum oxide coating for high-energy density sodium-ion batteries’ by Jang-Yeon Hwang et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 5, 23671–23680.
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Yu, Tae-Yeon, Seong-Eun Park, and Yang-Kook Sun. "Improving Structural and Chemical Stability of O3-Type Sodium Layered Oxide Cathode Via Fluorination." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 4 (December 22, 2023): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-024762mtgabs.
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A spherical O3-type layered oxide cathode, composed of compactly‐packed nanosized primary particles, is synthesized by the coprecipitation method so that the high tap density of the cathode ensures increased volumetric energy density for energy storage applications. However, drastic volume changes in the deeply charged states contribute to structural degradation, by inducing mechanical stress and the eventual disintegration of the cathode particles by the formation of microcrack. The microcrack traversing the entire secondary particle compromise the mechanical integrity of the cathode and accelerate electrolyte infiltration into the particle interior, causing the subsequent degradation of the exposed internal surfaces. In this study, we suggested a promising fluorination strategy to extend the cycle life of the O3‐type Na[Ni0.5Mn0.5]O2 cathode by improving their mechanical integrity and protecting their surfaces against electrolyte attack. Fluorination not only inhibits the microcracking of cathode secondary particles but also suppresses surface degradation, i.e., the formation of an electrochemically inactive NiO-like rock salt phase and dissolution of transition metals into electrolyte solution.
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Jia, Min, Yu Qiao, Xiang Li, Kezhu Jiang, and Haoshen Zhou. "Unraveling the anionic oxygen loss and related structural evolution within O3-type Na layered oxide cathodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 35 (2019): 20405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta06186j.
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Zhang, Xueping, Kezhu Jiang, Shaohua Guo, Xiaowei Mu, Xiaoyu Zhang, Ping He, Min Han, and Haoshen Zhou. "Exploring a high capacity O3-type cathode for sodium-ion batteries and its structural evolution during an electrochemical process." Chemical Communications 54, no. 86 (2018): 12167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc05888a.
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Omenya, Fredrick, Xiaolin Li, and David Reed. "(Invited) Insights into the Effects of Doping on Structural Phase Evolution of Sodium Nickel Manganese Oxide Cathodes for High-Energy Sodium Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 5 (August 28, 2023): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-015939mtgabs.
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High-performance and low-cost transition metal (TM) layered oxides using earth abundant elements are promising cathodes for Na-ion batteries. However, it is challenging to obtain desired materials because the large Na size, different Na occupations and various layer stacking sequences multiply the complication in determining the structure of a given composition and exacerbate uncertainty to the structure-property correlation. In this work, we use the attainment of desired NaxMnyNizTM1−y-zO2-based cathode materials as model compound to demonstrate a general roadmap for batch development of sodium layered cathodes towards practical applications. Several cost-effective O3 and P2/O3 hybrid cathode materials have been obtained, all of which demonstrate excellent performance. Acknowledgement: This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Electricity under contract No. 57558. PNNL is operated by Battelle Memorial Institute for the DOE under contract DE-AC05-76RL01830
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Ma, Xiaobai, Hao Guo, Jianxiang Gao, Xufeng Hu, Zhengyao Li, Kai Sun, and Dongfeng Chen. "Manipulating of P2/O3 Composite Sodium Layered Oxide Cathode through Ti Substitution and Synthesis Temperature." Nanomaterials 13, no. 8 (April 12, 2023): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13081349.
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P2/O3 composite sodium layered oxide has emerged as a promising cathode for high-performance Na-ion batteries. However, it has been challenging to regulate accurately the phase ratio of P2/O3 composite due to their high compositional diversity, which brings about some difficulty in manipulating the electrochemical performance of P2/O3 composite. Here, we explore the effect of Ti substitution and the synthesis temperature on the crystal structure and Na storage performance of Na0.8Ni0.4Mn0.6O2. The investigation indicates Ti-substitution and altering synthesis temperature can rationally manipulate the phase ratio of P2/O3 composite, thereby purposefully regulating the cycling and rate performance of P2/O3 composite. Typically, O3-rich Na0.8Ni0.4Mn0.4Ti0.2O2-950 shows excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 84% (3C, 700 cycles). By elevating the proportion of P2 phase, Na0.8Ni0.4Mn0.4Ti0.2O2-850 displays concurrently improved rate capability (65% capacity retention at 5 C) and comparable cycling stability. These findings will help guide the rational design of high-performance P2/O3 composite cathodes for sodium-ion batteries.
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Song, Tengfei, Lin Chen, Dominika Gastol, Bo DONG, José F. Marco, Frank J. Berry, Peter R. Slater, Daniel Reed, and Emma Kendrick. "Realization High-Voltage Stabilization of O3-Type Layered Oxide Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries by Sn Simultaneously Dual Modification." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 4 (December 22, 2023): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-024718mtgabs.
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The total global production of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used in electric vehicles and stationary energy storage devices has increased sharply to reach the targeted Net Zero by 2050. This leads to concerns about the future and long-term availability and cost of critical raw materials (cobalt, nickel, lithium and copper) employed in LIBs. Therefore, alternative new-generation batteries with comparable performance but using less critical raw materials are needed. Sodium-ion Batteries (NIBs) offer a wealth of possibilities for inexpensive and sustainable energy storage devices. To maximize their potential, new cathode materials with high energy densities and stable structures are required. Cobalt-free sodium transition metal oxides of O3 type are a predominant cathode for NIBs due to their appreciable specific capacity, reduction in the use of critical elements, and the potential to rival LiFePO4 in terms of energy density. However, rapid capacity fading caused by serious structural and interfacial degradation hamper this process. Herein, we provide a novel Sn-modified O3-type NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode with improved high-voltage stability by bulk Sn doping and surface coating simultaneously. The bulk substitution of Sn4+ stabilizes the crystal structure by alleviating the irreversible high voltage phase transition and lattice structure degradation. In the meantime, the spontaneously formed tin rich surface layer effectively inhibits surface parasitic reactions and improves interfacial stability during cycling. As a result, the Sn-modified NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode exhibited excellent cycling performance by an almost doubled capacity retention increase after 200 cycles within 2.0-4.1V. The influence of Sn modification on the crystal structure and electrochemical properties has been investigated for the first time, and the mechanism was studied through an extensive analysis by in situ XRD, HRTEM, FIB-SEM, XPS and Mössbauer spectroscopy. This work offers an industrially feasible strategy to simultaneously stabilize the bulk structure and interface for O3-type layered cathodes for SIBs and raises the possibility of similar effective strategies to be employed for other energy storage materials Figure 1
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Kumar, Bachu Sravan, Anagha Pradeep, Animesh Dutta, and Amartya Mukhopadhyay. "‘Aqueous Processed’ O3-Type Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes Enabling Long-Term Cyclic Stability for Na-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024502mtgabs.
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Among the potential cathode material classes for Na-ion batteries, O3-type layered NaxTMO2s (TM => transition metal ion) are of importance due to their high starting Na-content (of ~1 per formula unit; x). However, the O3-type NaxTMO2s suffer from multiple structural phase transformations during electrochemical charge/discharge cycles, TM-dissolution into electrolyte [1-2] and, more importantly, inherent sensitivity to moisture [3]. The moisture sensitivity of these ‘layered’ NaxTMO2s necessitates the usage of toxic/hazardous non-aqueous solvents like N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) during electrode preparation. Against this backdrop, a carefully designed composition has been developed in this work, which addresses the aforementioned problems, in particular, the air/water-instability. Partial/complete substitution of Ti-ion for Mn-ion in Na(Li0.05Mn0.5-xTixNi0.30Cu0.10Mg0.05)O2 eliminated the presence of Mn3+ (which dissolves in electrolyte) at the particle surface, supressed increment in impedance and voltage hysteresis during electrochemical cycling and, thus, significantly improved cyclic stability of Ti-substituted O3-type layered NaxTMO2s. The Mn-containing Na-TM-oxides were found to be extremely unstable in terms of phase/structure retention upon exposure to air and water; progressively evolving O’3 and P3 phases due to spontaneous Na-loss and thereby forming undesired NaOH and Na2CO3 phases on the particle surface (see Fig. 1a), causing increase in electrochemical impedance. By contrast, no phase/structural change occurred upon partial/complete Ti-substitution (for Mn-ion), even after 40 days of air-exposure and 12 h of soaking, as well as stirring, in water (viz., very stringent hydration condition) (see Fig. 1b). Such excellent stability against hydration, which was partly due to reduced Na-ion ‘inter-slab spacing’ in the presence of Ti-ion, was not reported earlier for O3-type Na-TM-oxides. The excellent stability of the optimized O3-type NaTMO2 enables the usage of environment/health-friendly and economical ‘aqueous-binder’ (viz., Na-alginate) and water (as solvent) for electrode preparation. Overall, the ‘aqueous-processed’ cathode exhibits first cycle capacity of ~125 mAh/g (between 2-4 V; vs. Na/Na+), with smooth electrochemical cycling profiles (see Fig. 2a) and excellent long-term cyclic stability, with a capacity retention of ~56% after 750 cycles at C/5 (see Fig. 2b). Overall, the present work, as published in ref. [4], has established important correlations between the composition, structure (viz., reduction in ‘inter-slab spacing’), stability against hydration (viz., in air and water), feasibility for health/environmental-friendly ‘aqueous processing’ of electrodes, electrochemical impedance, stability of average voltages and cyclic stability of O3-type Na-TM-oxide based cathode materials for Na-ion batteries. Keywords: Na-ion battery; layered transition metal oxide cathode; air/water-stability; aqueous processing; electrochemical behaviour Reference s : [1] S. Komaba, N. Yabuuchi, T. Nakayama, A.Ogata and T. Ishikawa, Inorg.chem, 51, 6211–6220 (2012). [2] P. F. Wang, Y. You, Y. X. Yin and Y. G. Guo, J. Mater. Chem. A, 4, 17660–17664 (2016). [3] H. R. Yao, P. F. Wang, Y. Gong, J. Zhang, X. Yu, L. Gu, C. Ouyang, Y. X. Yin, E. Hu, X. Q. Yang, E. Stavitski, Y. G. Guo and L. J. Wan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 139, 8440–8443 (2017). [4] B. S. Kumar, A. Pradeep, A. Dutta, A. Mukhopadhyay., J. Mater. Chem. A, 8, 18064-18078 (2020). Figure 1
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Makhubela, Precious, Raesibe Ledwaba, Kenneth Kgatwane, and Phuti Ngoepe. "Structural properties of P2 and O2-type layered lithium manganese oxides as potential coating materials." MATEC Web of Conferences 388 (2023): 07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338807011.
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Surface coatings have been reported to improve the performance of cathode materials by altering the surface chemistry or providing a physical protective layer. There is currently a challenge of obtaining the most suitable coating materials between the O2 and P2 type structure for coating the O3-type cathode material to mitigate the structural degradation that occurs during cycling. The density functional theory was used to investigate the structural and electronic properties of these materials in a quest to monitor their stability upon their usage as coating materials for O3-Li2MnO3. The partial density of states of the O2 and P2 bulk materials and O2 and P2 materials with vacancies indicated that the electron contribution at the fermi level was due to the p state of oxygen and the d state of manganese. Furthermore, the electronic band structures showed that the materials are metallic, with a band gap of zero. The P2 and O2-type cathode materials have been known to offer high energy density and excellent cycling stability while the P2 has been found to not only enhance the reversibility and air/thermal stability of other cathodes but also improve their electrochemical kinetics and reduce the charge transfer resistance.
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Yang, Julia H., Haegyeom Kim, and Gerbrand Ceder. "Insights into Layered Oxide Cathodes for Rechargeable Batteries." Molecules 26, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 3173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113173.
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Layered intercalation compounds are the dominant cathode materials for rechargeable Li-ion batteries. In this article we summarize in a pedagogical way our work in understanding how the structure’s topology, electronic structure, and chemistry interact to determine its electrochemical performance. We discuss how alkali–alkali interactions within the Li layer influence the voltage profile, the role of the transition metal electronic structure in dictating O3-structural stability, and the mechanism for alkali diffusion. We then briefly delve into emerging, next-generation Li-ion cathodes that move beyond layered intercalation hosts by discussing disordered rocksalt Li-excess structures, a class of materials which may be essential in circumventing impending resource limitations in our era of clean energy technology.
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Morozov, Anatolii V., Aleksandra A. Savina, Anton O. Boev, Evgeny V. Antipov, and Artem M. Abakumov. "Li-based layered nickel–tin oxide obtained through electrochemically-driven cation exchange." RSC Advances 11, no. 46 (2021): 28593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra05246b.
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Layered O3-Li0.35Na0.07Ni0.5Sn0.5O2 cathode material was obtained by electrochemically-driven Li for Na exchange. The exchange process was comprehensively studied via a combination of transmission electron microscopy techniques.
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Kawai, Kosuke, Xiang-Mei Shi, Norio Takenaka, Jeonguk Jang, Mortemard de Boisse Benoit, Akihisa Tsuchimoto, Daisuke Asakura, et al. "Peroxide Formation for Voltage Hysteresis in O2-Type Lithium-Rich Layered Oxides." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 2 (August 28, 2023): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-012490mtgabs.
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Development of energy storage systems with high energy density is of vital importance for realizing a sustainable society. Although lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the state-of-the-art energy storage technology, their energy density is limited in part by the specific capacity of the positive electrode (cathode) materials. For example, conventional cathode materials, i.e., layered transition-metal oxides LiMO2 (M = transition metal), deliver a modest capacity of approximately 160 mAh/g, where the dominant mechanism of charge compensation for lithium-ion (de)intercalation is the valence change of the transition metal. Further increase in the cathode capacity requires an additional redox center. Integrating an anionic-redox (or oxygen-redox) capacity with the conventional cationic-redox capacity is a promising strategy for large-capacity battery cathodes exceeding present technical limits. However, most oxygen-redox cathodes exhibit a large charge/discharge voltage hysteresis (> 0.5 V), resulting in poor energy efficiency and impractical implementation. Considering immediate electron transfer (O2– → O– + e –) against subsequent structural deformation (O–O dimerization), the overall hypothetical mechanism of the oxygen-redox reactions is described as a square scheme (Figure 1) 1: if an oxidized oxide ion (O–) is stable, it directly contributes to a non-polarizing discharge capacity (nonpolarizing O redox).2 Meanwhile, unstable O– dimerize to form stable peroxo-like O2 2–, which may be accelerated by cation migration. The O2 2– dimers provide a polarizing discharge capacity (polarizing O redox) and an unstable reduced dimer (e.g., O2 4–) decomposes to O2–. The O–O dimerization is prone to result in release of O2 gas (O2 evolution) by their excessive oxidation. However, experimental verification of the square scheme is limited in part due to complicated structural changes during the oxygen-redox reactions. For example, O3-type Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 (O3: lithium ions occupy octahedral sites between the MO2 layers, and the packing arrangement of the oxide ions is ABCABC) exhibits irreversible structural degradation such as layered-to-spinel transformation and surface cation densification upon cycling. In this work, we focus on O2-type lithium-rich layered transition-metal oxides that possess structural integrity against the oxygen-redox reactions (O2: lithium ions occupy octahedral sites between the MO2 layers and the packing arrangement of the oxide ions is ABCBA). O2-type Li1.12–y Ni0.17Mn0.71O2 delivers a large reversible capacity greater than 200 mAh/g with minimal voltage decay and capacity fading upon cycling. Combination of X-ray absorption/emission spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and density functional theory calculations indicates bond-forming 2O– → O2 2– and bond-cleaving O2 4– → 2O2– processes. These results emphasize the importance of suppressing the formation of O2 2– and maximizing the contribution of the nonpolarizing O2–/O– redox couple to develop energy-efficient oxygen-redox battery electrodes. Furthermore, based on the electrochemical kinetic analysis, particularly for the 2O2– → O2 2– transformation, technical strategies to quantify non-polarizing and energy-efficient oxygen redox will be discussed. References M. Okubo, et al., Acc. Mater. Res. 2021, 3, 33–41. A. Tsuchimoto, et al., Nat. Commun. 2020, 12, 63. K. Kawai, et al., Energy Environ. Sci. 2022, 15, 2591–2600. Figure 1
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Tripathi, Abhinav, Ashish Rudola, Satyanarayana Reddy Gajjela, Shibo Xi, and Palani Balaya. "Developing an O3 type layered oxide cathode and its application in 18650 commercial type Na-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 45 (2019): 25944–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta08991h.
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Effect of Ti4+ and Ni2+ substitutions is studied to develop Na-ion cathode materials. Operando XRD and ex situ EXAFS is done to study structural events during battery operation. Finally NCNFMT vs. HC 18650 batteries using 1 M NaBF4 in tetraglyme as the electrolyte.
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Yang, Tingting, and Zijia Yin. "Probing the Structure Evolution of Na-Cu-Mn-O Based Layered Oxide Cathode Materials in Sodium Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 65 (December 22, 2023): 3108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02653108mtgabs.
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Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as potential energy storage devices for large-scale energy storage system and smart power grids applications because of the low cost and abundant distribution of sodium in the earth's crust and ocean [1]. The development of highly efficient cathode materials for superior sodium storage is crucial for the development of SIBs. Among all the cathode materials, sodium transition-metal layered oxides, especially P2 and O3-typed layered oxides are of more interest due to their high theoretical capacity and easy synthesis [2,3]. From a structural point of view, P2 phase has an open pathway from one prismatic site to adjacent sites for more facile Na ion diffusion than O3 homologue. Therefore, the P2 phase shows not only better kinetic properties but improved cyclic stability thanks to its high structural stability. However, the pristine Na2/3MnO2 in P2 phase usually suffer from poor reversibility and dramatic capacity and voltage decay upon cycling, which origins form below issues: 1) the Na+/vacancy order-disorder transition, 2) the phase transition at high charge voltages due to MnO6 layers gliding 3) the Jahn-Teller distortion derived from Mn4+/Mn3+ redox couple, 4) the migration and dissolution of transition metals.[4] Up to now, a variety of improvement methods (doping and coating) have been utilized to stimulate the application of P2-type Na2/3MnO2 material. In particular, copper, as a low cost and environmental friendliness element, has also been introduced to synthesize multiple layered transition metal materials, like Na0.68Cu0.34Mn0.66O2, Na0.68Cu0.34Mn0.50Ti0.16O2, Na2/3Mn0.72Cu0.22Mg0.06O2 and so on. Furthermore, various redox behavior and structural evolution have also been explored. However, the process of structural transition during calcinating at different temperatures have been ignored, which leads to the unexpected neglect of some unique features of metastable phases in sintering materials. In our current work, Na2/3Cu1/3Mn2/3O2 in various phases have been successfully synthesized by sol-gel method and subsequently calcinated at different temperatures. XRD results show that Na2/3Cu1/3Mn2/3O2 calcinated at 600 °C (NCMO-600) is the triclinic phase, with the increasing calcination temperatures, the Na2/3Cu1/3Mn2/3O2 subsequently transfers to the hexagonal phase at 800 °C (NCMO-800). Subsequent electrochemical measurements show that NCMO-800 exhibit the better cycle stability and almost no voltage decay in the long term cycling, while the NCMO-600 sample exhibited rapid voltage attenuation at about 30 cycles. Besides, in situ XRD patterns and XANES spectra for both cathodes indicate slight different structural transition and electronic structure changes during charge and discharge. In a word, the NCMO-600 material exhibit the larger electron transfer at low current densities while the NCMO-800 material show the better cycle stability and rate performance. References [1] Y. Xiao, N. M. Abbasi, Y.-F. Zhu, S. Li, S.-J. Tan, W. Ling, L. Peng, T.Q. Yang, L.D. Wang, X.-D. Guo, Y.-X. Yin, H. Zhang, Y.-G. Guo, Layered oxide cathodes promoted by structure modulation technology for sodium-ion batteries, Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 2001334 (2020). [2] M. Jia, Y. Qiao, X. Li, F. L. Qiu, X. Cao, P. He, H. S. Zhou, Identifying anionic redox activity within the related O3- and P2-type cathodes for sodium-ion battery, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 851-857 (2020). [3] B. M. Boisse, D. Carlier, M. Guignard, C. Delmas, Structural and electrochemical characterizations of P2 and New O3-NaxMn1-yFeyO2 phases prepared by auto-combustion synthesis for Na-ion batteries, J. Electrochem. Soc. 160, A569-A574 (2013). [4] Q. N. Liu, Z. Hu, M. Z. Chen, C. Zou, H. L. Jin, S. Wang, S. L. Chou, Y. Liu, S. X. Dou, The cathode choice for commercialization of sodium-ion batteries: layered transition metal oxides versus Prussian blue analogs, Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 1909530 (2020).
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Liu, Haodong, Jing Xu, Chuze Ma, and Ying Shirley Meng. "A new O3-type layered oxide cathode with high energy/power density for rechargeable Na batteries." Chemical Communications 51, no. 22 (2015): 4693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc09760b.
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A new O3–Na0.78Li0.18Ni0.25Mn0.583Ow is prepared as the cathode material for Na-ion batteries, delivering exceptionally high energy density and superior rate performance. No phase transformation happens through a wide range of sodium concentrations.
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Yu, Tae-Yeon, Geumjae Han, and Yang-Kook Sun. "Enabling High-Voltage Cycling of O3-Type Sodium Layered Oxide Cathode Via Ca-Substitution." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-01, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-016362mtgabs.
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Yu, Tae-Yeon, and Yang-Kook Sun. "The Capacity Fading Mechanism of O3-Type Layered Oxide Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-01, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-016361mtgabs.
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Xiao, Yao, Tao Wang, Yan-Fang Zhu, Hai-Yan Hu, Shuang-Jie Tan, Shi Li, Peng-Fei Wang, et al. "Large-Scale Synthesis of the Stable Co-Free Layered Oxide Cathode by the Synergetic Contribution of Multielement Chemical Substitution for Practical Sodium-Ion Battery." Research 2020 (October 19, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/1469301.
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The O3-type layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as one of the most promising systems to fully meet the requirement for future practical application. However, fatal issues in several respects such as poor air stability, irreversible complex multiphase evolution, inferior cycling lifespan, and poor industrial feasibility are restricting their commercialization development. Here, a stable Co-free O3-type NaNi0.4Cu0.05Mg0.05Mn0.4Ti0.1O2 cathode material with large-scale production could solve these problems for practical SIBs. Owing to the synergetic contribution of the multielement chemical substitution strategy, this novel cathode not only shows excellent air stability and thermal stability as well as a simple phase-transition process but also delivers outstanding battery performance in half-cell and full-cell systems. Meanwhile, various advanced characterization techniques are utilized to accurately decipher the crystalline formation process, atomic arrangement, structural evolution, and inherent effect mechanisms. Surprisingly, apart from restraining the unfavorable multiphase transformation and enhancing air stability, the accurate multielement chemical substitution engineering also shows a pinning effect to alleviate the lattice strains for the high structural reversibility and enlarges the interlayer spacing reasonably to enhance Na+ diffusion, resulting in excellent comprehensive performance. Overall, this study explores the fundamental scientific understandings of multielement chemical substitution strategy and opens up a new field for increasing the practicality to commercialization.
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Fang, Liang, Mingzhe Chen, Kyung-Wan Nam, and Yong-Mook Kang. "Redox Evolution of Li-Rich Layered Cathode Materials." Batteries 8, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100132.
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Li-rich layered oxides utilizing reversible oxygen redox are promising cathodes for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. However, they exhibit different electrochemical profiles before and after oxygen redox activation. Therefore, advanced characterization techniques have been developed to explore the fundamental understanding underlying their unusual phenomenon, such as the redox evolution of these materials. In this review, we present the general redox evolution of Li-rich layered cathodes upon activation of reversible oxygen redox. Various synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy methods which can identify charge compensation by cations and anions are summarized. The case-by-case redox evolution processes of Li-rich 3d/4d/5d transition metal O3 type layered cathodes are discussed. We highlight that not only the type of transition metals but also the composition of transition metals strongly affects redox behavior. We propose further studies on the fundamental understanding of cationic and anionic redox mixing and the effect of transition metals on redox behavior to excite the full energy potential of Li-rich layered cathodes.
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Yu, Yang, De Ning, Qingyuan Li, Alexandra Franz, Lirong Zheng, Nian Zhang, Guoxi Ren, Gerhard Schumacher, and Xiangfeng Liu. "Revealing the anionic redox chemistry in O3-type layered oxide cathode for sodium-ion batteries." Energy Storage Materials 38 (June 2021): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.03.004.
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Pohle, Björn, Mikhail V. Gorbunov, Qiongqiong Lu, Amin Bahrami, Kornelius Nielsch, and Daria Mikhailova. "Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Layered P2-Na0.8Co0.8Ti0.2O2 Cathode in Sodium-Ion Batteries." Energies 15, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 3371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093371.
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Layered Na0.8Co0.8Ti0.2O2 oxide crystallizes in the β-RbScO2 structure type (P2 modification) with Co(III) and Ti(IV) cations sharing the same crystallographic site in the metal-oxygen layers. It was synthesized as a single-phase material and characterized as a cathode in Na- and Na-ion batteries. A reversible capacity of about 110 mA h g−1 was obtained during cycling between 4.2 and 1.8 V vs. Na+/Na with a 0.1 C current density. This potential window corresponds to minor structural changes during (de)sodiation, evaluated from operando XRD analysis. This finding is in contrast to Ti-free NaxCoO2 materials showing a multi-step reaction mechanism, thus identifying Ti as a structure stabilizer, similar to other layered O3- and P2-NaxCo1−yTiyO2 oxides. However, charging the battery with the Na0.8Co0.8Ti0.2O2 cathode above 4.2 V results in the reversible formation of a O2-phase, while discharging below 1.5 V leads to the appearance of a second P2-layered phase with a larger unit cell, which disappears completely during subsequent battery charge. Extension of the potential window to higher or lower potentials beyond the 4.2–1.8 V range leads to a faster deterioration of the electrochemical performance. After 100 charging-discharging cycles between 4.2 and 1.8 V, the battery showed a capacity loss of about 20% in a conventional carbonate-based electrolyte. In order to improve the cycling stability, different approaches including protective coatings or layers of the cathodic and anodic surface were applied and compared with each other.
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Malovanyy, Sergiy. "CATHODE MATERIALS OF ROCK SALT DERIVATIVE STRUCTURES FOR SODIUM-ION SECONDARY POWER SOURCES." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 85, no. 9 (October 16, 2019): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/0041-6045.85.9.2019.44-57.
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The rechargeable lithium-ion batteries have been dominating the portable electronic market for the past two decades with high energy density and long cycle-life. However, applications of lithium-ion batteries in large-scale stationary energy storage are likely to be limited by the high cost and availability of lithium resources. The room temperature Na-ion secondary battery have received extensive investigations for large-scale energy storage systems (EESs) and smart grids lately due to similar chemistry of “rocking-chair” sodium storage mechanism, lower price and huge abundance. They are considered as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries for large-scale applications, bringing an increasing research interests in materials for sodium-ion batteries. Although there are many obstacles to overcome before the Na-ion battery becomes commercially available, recent research discoveries corroborate that some of the cathode materials for the Na-ion battery have indeed advantages over its Li-ion competitors. Layered oxides are promising cathode materials for sodium ion batteries because of their high theoretical capacities. In this publication, a review of layered oxides (NaxMO2, M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and a mixture of 2 or 3 elements) as a Na-ion battery cathode is presented. O3 and P2 layered sodium transition metal oxides NaxMO2 are a promising class of cathode materials for Na secondary battery applications. These materials, however, all suffer from capacity decline when the extraction of Na exceeds certain capacity limits. Understanding the causes of this capacity decay is critical to unlocking the potential of these materials for battery applications. Single layered oxide systems are well characterized not only for their electrochemical performance, but also for their structural transitions during the cycle. Binary oxides systems are investigated in order to address issues regarding low reversible capacity, capacity retention, operating voltage, and structural stability. Some materials already have reached high energy density, which is comparable to that of LiFePO4. On the other hand, the carefully chosen elements in the electrodes also largely determine the cost of SIBs. Therefore, earth abundant-based compounds are ideal candidates for reducing the cost of electrodes. Among all low-cost metal elements, cathodes containing iron, chromium and manganese are the most representative ones. The aim of the article is to present the development of Na layered oxide materials in the past as well as the state of the art today.
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Gayara, R. A. Harindi, Buzaina Moossa, R. A. Shakoor, Rana Faisal Shahzad, Muhammad Sajjad, Nirpendra Singh, Shahid Rasul, and Talal Mohammed Al tahtamouni. "Cost-effective microwave-assisted O3- type sodium-based layered oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries." Energy Reports 10 (November 2023): 837–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.07.038.
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Yadav, Jaya, Sai Pranav Vanam, Baskar Senthilkumar, Penphitcha Amonpattaratkit, and Prabeer Barpanda. "Manganese-Based Tunnel and Layered Oxide Cathodes for Secondary Alkali-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 4 (December 22, 2023): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-024723mtgabs.
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Designing new cathode materials remains crucial in developing (post) Li-ion batteries. Mn-based oxide cathodes have received wide attention due to their sustainable nature, low cost, elemental abundance, structural diversity/polymorphism, and rich oxidation states (2+ to 7+), offering tunable redox potential [1]. Here, we have investigated different oxide-based cathode insertion compounds for secondary metal-ion batteries. i) We have demonstrated tunnel-type sodium insertion material Na44MnO2(NMO) as an intercalation host for Li-ion and K-ion batteries. The solution combustion synthesized Na0.44MnO2 assuming an orthorhombic structure (space group Pbam), exhibited rod-like morphology. After electrochemical ion exchange from NMO, we obtained Na0.11K0.27MnO2 (NKMO) and Na0.18Li0.51MnO2 (NLMO) cathodes for K-ion batteries and Li-ion batteries, respectively [2]. These new compositions, NKMO and NLMO, showed excellent cycling stability with capacities of ∼74 and 141 mAh g–1 (first cycle, C/20 current rate). The underlying mechanistic features concerning charge storage and structural modifications in these cathode compositions were probed by combining ex-situ structural, spectroscopy, and electrochemical tools [3]. ii) Using composite formation, we have tried to improve the P2-type layered material. Here, the stable Na7(Li1/18Mn1/18Ni3/18Fe2/18χ1/18)O2–xNa2MoO4 biphasic composite was synthesized using Mo doping. Overall, the redox chemistry was investigated using various spectroscopy techniques to prove the net capacity resulted from both cationic and anionic redox reactions [4]. Keywords: energy storage; batteries; cathode; manganese oxides; intercalation; doping References: [1] N. O. Vitoriano et al., T. Rojo, Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 10 (5), 1051−1074. [2] K. Sada, B. Senthilkumar, P. Barpanda, Chem. Commun. 2017, 53 (61), 8588−8591. [3] S.P. Vanam et al., P. Barpanda, Inorg. Chem. 2022, 61 (9), 3959−3969. [4] S.P. Vanam, P. Barpanda, Electrochim. Acta. 2022, 431, 141122.
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Peng, Jiali, and Sylvio Indris. "Insights into P-Type Iron- and Manganese-Based Layered Sodium Cathodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 4 (December 22, 2023): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-024816mtgabs.
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Sodium-ion batteries are a low-cost alternative to lithium-ion batteries in large-scale electric energy storage applications due to the natural-abundant sodium resources and similar working principle to LIBs during cycling [1]. Until now, many different cathodes for SIBs have been studied, including layered transition metal oxides (NaxTMO2, x<1), Prussian blue-type compounds, polyanionic and organic compounds [2]. Among them, NaxTMO2 has been extensively reported, due to its layered structure, easy synthesis, promising electrochemical properties, and feasibility for commercial production [3]. According to the occupation of Na ions and oxygen stacking, NaxTMO2 can be classified into P2 and O3 types, where P2 structure contasins trigonal prismatic sites of sodium ions and ABBA oxygen stacking sequence and O3 structure represents octahedral sites of sodium ions and ABCABC oxygen stacking sequence [4]. At low potentials (<2.0V), there is a phase transition P2-P2’ connected with the manganese redox activity and the Jahn-Teller distortion [5]. Compared with O3-type structure, P2-type NaxTMO2 provides higher specific capacity and better structural stability due to the lower diffusion barriers through Na-ion prismatic sites [6]. Iron- and manganese-based layered oxides for sodium-ion batteries have attracted renewed interest due to their low cost and environmental friendliness. However, the phase change at high voltage and the Jahn-Teller effect lead to shortening cycle life and poor rate capability. We design a structure optimization of the Na2/3Mn1/2Fe1/2O2 cathode through a partial substitution of Fe3+ to explore the mechanism of redox activity of P2-type Mn/Fe-based layered cathodes. We present the investigation of the effect of simultaneous cationic substitution on the electrochemical performance and structural stability of P2-Na2/3Mn1/2Fe1/2O2. The obtained material exhibits a solid solution mechanism during desodiation/resodiation process and delivers an initial discharge capacity of 168 mA h g-1 at 0.1C and a capacity retention of 80% after 50 cycles. The modified P2 composition has stable cycle performance in the potential window from 1.5V to 4.5V. The main focus here is to understand the fundamental electrochemical mechanism of this layered cathode material by exploring the redox processes of transition metal cations and oxygen anions upon cycling. In situ X-ray synchrotron radiation diffraction is used to explore the structural changes during cycling. In situ X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy is used to elucidate the local electronic structure of Fe and Mn atoms as it evolves throughout this electrochemical process. 23Na solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is used to investigate Na coordination environments during desodiation/resodiation. Ex situ soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy results reveal the participation of oxygen anions in the electrochemical reactions. Thus, we explore the redox reactions of transition metals and oxygen to explain the mechanism and the electrochemical performance for the P2-type Mn/Fe-based layered cathodes. References [1] J.-M. Tarascon, Joule, 2020, 4, 1613. [2] Q. Liu, Z. Hu, M. Chen, C. Zou, H. Jin, S. Wang, S. L. Chou, Y. Liu, S. X. Dou, Advanced Functional Materials, 2020, 30. [3] D. Kundu, E. Talaie, V. Duffort, L. F. Nazar, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 2015, 54, 3431. [4] C. Delmas, C. Fouassier, P. Hagenmuller, Physica B+C,1980, 99, 81. [5] S. Kumakura, Y. Tahara, K. Kubota, K. Chihara, S. Komaba, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 2016, 55, 12760. [6] Y. Mo, S. P. Ong, G. Ceder, Chemistry of Materials, 2014, 26, 5208.
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Yu, Lianzheng, Zhiwei Cheng, Kang Xu, Yu-Xin Chang, Yi-Hu Feng, Duo Si, Mengting Liu, Peng-Fei Wang, and Sailong Xu. "Interlocking biphasic chemistry for high-voltage P2/O3 sodium layered oxide cathode." Energy Storage Materials 50 (September 2022): 730–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2022.06.012.
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Kendrick, Emma. "(Invited) Designing Sustainable Battery Technologies." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 1 (December 22, 2023): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02176mtgabs.
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Sustainability in battery technologies needs to be considered from the outset, however sustainability means many things, and needs to be considered holistically from materials, manufacturing, life-time and recyclability. Three different aspects of sustainable considerations within lithium-ion and sodium-ion technology development are discussed; materials developments, cell lifetime and optimisations, and design for recycling. The cell is comprised of a nickel based layered oxide material cathode with hard carbon anode. To maximise energy density and life-time degradation of the bulk and surface of the O3-type oxides require stabilisation.1 We discuss the optimisation of a facile method for manufacturing a stabilised O3- type layered oxide via simultaneous doping and surface coating. A higher average voltage is obtained, which stabilised the high voltage phase transition to higher voltages, and results in longer-cycle life.2 To understand the sodium-ion cell in more detail, we have performed a detailed electrochemical analysis of a hard-carbon and layered oxide cathode and extracted parameters for multi-physics models. The kinetics and thermodynamics have been studied at different temperatures, and the limitations of the cell elucidated. Finally design for remanufacture is also discussed, utilising water-based binder systems we show differences in delamination and material recovery. Utilising different recycling schemes through shredding and physical processing through to disassembly processes improvements in recovery rates are required. Particularly for low value materials, where the techno-economics of the processes do not currently work. Direct recycling of materials reclaimed from the batteries, wherever possible allows value within the material design to be maintained, rather than relying directly upon elemental value. Aspects of direct loop recycling and short loop recycling are discussed with respect to current lithium-ion technologies, and the ability to directly translate this to sodium-ion.3 In conclusion three aspects for sustainability considerations are discussed with respect to the materials life-cycle; active material optimisation, longevity and life-time when in use and electrode developments for recycling.4 1 T. Song and E. Kendrick, J. Phys. Mater., 2021, 4, 32004. 2 T. Song, L. Chen, D. Gastol, B. Dong, J. F. Marco, F. Berry, P. Slater, D. Reed and E. Kendrick, Chem. Mater., 2022, 34, 4153–4165. 3 G. D. J. Harper, E. Kendrick, et al. J. Phys. Energy, 2023, 5, 021501. 4 Picture created by DALL-E 2 algorithm with Nightcafe Figure 1
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Deng, Jianqiu, Wen-Bin Luo, Xiao Lu, Qingrong Yao, Zhongmin Wang, Hua-Kun Liu, Huaiying Zhou, and Shi-Xue Dou. "High Energy Density Sodium-Ion Battery with Industrially Feasible and Air-Stable O3-Type Layered Oxide Cathode." Advanced Energy Materials 8, no. 5 (October 9, 2017): 1701610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201701610.
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Yang, Jun, Manjing Tang, Hao Liu, Xueying Chen, Zhanwei Xu, Jianfeng Huang, Qingmei Su, and Yongyao Xia. "O3‐Type Layered Ni‐Rich Oxide: A High‐Capacity and Superior‐Rate Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries." Small 15, no. 52 (December 2019): 1905311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201905311.
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Sengupta, Abhinanda, Ajit Kumar, Aakash Ahuja, Harshita Lohani, Pratima Kumari, and Abhinanda Sengupta. "Co-Free Heteroatom-Doped P2-Type Layered Oxide Cathodes: Advancing High Power Sodium-Ion Battery Technology." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 65 (December 22, 2023): 3095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02653095mtgabs.
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Sodium-ion battery technology has been blooming as an indigenous solution to stationary storage applications, triggering the cultivation of a cutting-edge alternative to the archaic lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries due to high abundance, inexpensiveness, sustainability, safety and similar redox chemistry as of Li-ion technology 1. Although Na-ion batteries are propitious however, challenges such as long-term stability, high energy density, high specific capacity have impeded the practical application 2. The stepping stone for a successful Na-ion battery lies in the cathode, thus researchers have focused on development of layered oxide cathode. These are classified into P2, P3, O3 phases, depending on the environment of Na (prismatic or octahedral) and the stacking sequence of the anionic layers 3. P2-type Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.65O2 (NMNO) cathodes offer high theoretical capacity, environmental friendliness, air-moisture stability, facile synthesis, and direct sodium-ion diffusion. However, there are still some setbacks, such as limited reversible capacity, rapid capacity decay, sluggish Na-ion kinetics, cracking and exfoliation in the crystallites 4. In order to overcome the challenges faced by sodium-ion batteries, researchers have employed several strategies such as inert or active cation substitution, limiting the cut-off voltage, surface modification, preparation of mixed-phase materials, sodium compensation additives, selection of binder, and choice of electrolyte 5. One of the most effective strategies is the doping of electrochemically inactive transition metals in layered transition metal oxide cathodes. However, a better understanding of the parameters that govern the stability of these cathodes are still necessary. By exploring the various factors that impact the stability of layered transition metal oxide cathodes, we propose a novel approach to synthesize a durable P2-type Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.65Nb0.02O2 (NMNNbO) electrode with robust hexagonal crystallites through a quick, energy-efficient and cost-effective microwave-irradiated synthesis technique. Previous studies have utilized modified Pechini or conventional solid-state routes for inactive transition metal doping, which can be expensive, time-consuming and energy-intensive 6. This leads to an efficient cathode material with higher capacity and improved rate capability, which could be produced on a commercial scale at a lower cost due to the reduced synthesis time. A comprehensive investigation of the cathode material through X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS), reveals its superior electrochemical performance, stability, and durability. Through the use of advanced in-situ and ex-situ characterization techniques, the mechanism of Na-ion insertion and extraction, phase transition, and crack formation have been elucidated. Additionally, first-principle calculations using density functional theory (DFT) have been employed to gain a deeper understanding on the role of Nb in the cathode material. Electrochemical characterization was done against Na-metal in a half-cell format utilizing the electrolyte, 1 M NaPF6 in ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate (1:1). The practicality of the material has also been validated through the evaluation of a full-cell performance against pre-sodiated hard carbon anode. A deeper understanding of the parameters affecting the electrochemical performance, can accelerate the development of high power and durable sodium-ion batteries, making them a more viable option for energy storage applications. References: H. Han, E. Gonzalo, G. Singh, and T. Rojo, Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 81–102. J. Clément, P. G. Bruce and C. P. Grey, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2015, 162, A2589-A2604. Lu and J. R. Dahn, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2001, 189, A1225-A1229. Zhang, W. Wang, W. Wang, S. Wang, and B. Li, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2019, 11, 22051-22066 Wu, B. Su, K. Ni, F. Pan, C. Wang, K. Zhang, D. Y. W. Yu, Y. Zhu and W. Zhang, Adv. Energy Mater., 2020, 11, 2170034. Tang, Y. Huang, X. Xie, S. Cao, L. Liu, H. Liu, Z. Luo, Y. Wang, B. Chang, H. Shu and X. Wang, Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 399, 125725.
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Hwang, Jang-Yeon, Seung-Taek Myung, Ji Ung Choi, Chong Seung Yoon, Hitoshi Yashiro, and Yang-Kook Sun. "Resolving the degradation pathways of the O3-type layered oxide cathode surface through the nano-scale aluminum oxide coating for high-energy density sodium-ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 45 (2017): 23671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta08443a.
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Xie, Zhi-Yu, Xuanxuan Xing, Lianzheng Yu, Yu-Xin Chang, Ya-Xia Yin, Li Xu, Mengmeng Yan, and Sailong Xu. "Mg/Ti doping co-promoted high-performance P2-Na0.67Ni0.28Mg0.05Mn0.62Ti0.05O2 for sodium-ion batteries." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 20 (November 14, 2022): 203903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0121824.
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Transition-metal layered oxides (such as P2-Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2) are suggested as one type of the most potential cathode candidates for sodium ion batteries (SIBs) owing to their high capacity and low cost; however, they suffer from the structural damage and sluggish Na+ kinetics resulting from the undesirable phase transformation of P2−O2 and the Na+/vacancy ordering, respectively. Herein, a Mg/Ti co-doped P2-Na0.67Ni0.28Mg0.05Mn0.62Ti0.05O2 layered oxide is demonstrated as a high-efficiency cathode material for SIBs. The cathode delivers a high reversible capacity of 135.5 mAh g−1, good cycling stability (82.7 mAh g−1 upon 100 cycles at 0.1C), and an attractive energy density of 479.4 Wh Kg−1. Furthermore, the phase transition from the undesirable P2−O2 to the reversible P2−OP4 demonstrated by in situ XRD and the partially suppressed Na+/vacancy ordering as well as the improved electronic and ionic conductivities all give rise to the enhancement. These results show the important role of cationic co-doping in designing and preparing high-efficiency layered oxide cathode materials for SIBs.
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Zuo, Wenhua, Guiliang Xu, and Khalil Amine. "The Air Stability of Sodium Layered Oxide Cathodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 7 (October 9, 2022): 2594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0272594mtgabs.
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Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) are listed as one of the ideal alternatives for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to the abundant sodium resources, cost-effective electrode materials of NIBs, and same architecture of NIBs to LIBs. To enable the practical implementation of NIBs, advanced cathodes with higher energy/power densities, better safety and cycle life, as well as lower cost are required. Layered lithium transition metal oxides (LiTMO2) are one of the most successful cathode materials for commercial LIBs. Similarly, layered sodium transition metal oxides (NaxTMO2, also termed as sodium layered oxides) are of particular interest for commercial NIBs owing to their high specific capacity, a wide variety of redox-active elements, and the possibility for the manufacturers to employ established synthesis processes as their lithium counterparts. Sodium layered oxides are built up by ordered stacking of alternate alkali-metal (Na+) layers and transition metal layers (TmO2). The two-dimensional structure makes them the natural hosts for alkali-metal ions and other ions or small molecules, such as H2O. Therefore, when exposed to moist atmospheres, layered oxide materials tend to react with H2O which adsorbed on their surface and thus deteriorate their structure and electrochemical performances. Accordingly, the air-sensitive sodium layered oxides should be well protected from the moist atmospheres, rendering a higher manufacturing and preservation cost. Here, based on the reaction mechanisms, critical influencing factors, and modification methods of layered oxides in moisture, we try to reach a comprehensive understanding of the air-stability of sodium layered oxides. Moreover, future efforts to resolve the air-stability of sodium layered oxides from Argonne National Laboratory will be also presented. References 1. Han, M. H.; Gonzalo, E.; Singh, G.; Rojo, T. A comprehensive review of sodium layered oxides: powerful cathodes for Na-ion batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 81-102. 2. Zuo, W.; Qiu, J.; Liu, X.; Ren, F.; Liu, H.; He, H.; Luo, C.; Li, J.; Ortiz, G. F.; Duan, H.; Liu, J.; Wang, M. S.; Li, Y.; Fu, R.; Yang, Y. The stability of P2-layered sodium transition metal oxides in ambient atmospheres. Commun. 2020, 11, 3544. 3. Xu, G. L.; Liu, X.; Zhou, X.; Zhao, C.; Hwang, I.; Daali, A.; Yang, Z.; Ren, Y.; Sun, C. J.; Chen, Z.; Liu, Y.; Amine, K. Native lattice strain induced structural earthquake in sodium layered oxide cathodes. Commun. 2022, 13, 436. 4. Zuo, W.; Xiao, Z.; Zarrabeitia, M.; Xue, X.; Yang, Y.; Passerini, S. Guidelines for Air-Stable Lithium/Sodium Layered Oxide Cathodes. ACS Materials Letters 2022, 4, 1074-1086. 5. Fu, F.; Liu, X.; Fu, X.; Chen, H.; Huang, L.; Fan, J.; Le, J.; Wang, Q.; Yang, W.; Ren, Y.; Amine, K.; Sun, S. G.; Xu, G. L. Entropy and crystal-facet modulation of P2-type layered cathodes for long-lasting sodium-based batteries. Commun. 2022, 13, 2826.
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Yue, Ji-Li, Yong-Ning Zhou, Xiqian Yu, Seong-Min Bak, Xiao-Qing Yang, and Zheng-Wen Fu. "O3-type layered transition metal oxide Na(NiCoFeTi)1/4O2 as a high rate and long cycle life cathode material for sodium ion batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 46 (2015): 23261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta05769h.
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A new single phase quaternary O3-type layer-structured transition metal oxide Na(NiCoFeTi)1/4O2 was successfully synthesized. It can deliver a reversible capacity of 90.6 mA h g−1 at a rate as high as 20C. At 5C, 75.0% of the initial specific capacity can be retained after 400 cycles with a capacity-decay rate of 0.07% per cycle.
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Du, Leilei, Xu Hou, Debbie Berghus, Richard Schmuch, Martin Winter, Jie Li, and Tobias Placke. "Failure Mechanism of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 Cathodes in Aqueous/Non-Aqueous Hybrid Electrolytes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 55 (July 7, 2022): 2276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01552276mtgabs.
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The urgent need for higher energy density of aqueous Li-ion batteries (ALBs) cannot only be satisfied by electrolyte modifications, the utilization of layered oxide cathodes is another efficient strategy, and particularly Li[NixCoyMn1-x-y]O2 (NCM) materials are of high interest due to their high specific capacities. Concerning the H+-Li+ exchange side reaction of layered cathode in water solution, however, whether proton contamination degrades NCM-type cathodes in highly-concentrated aqueous electrolyte is an unclear but meaningful point. In this work, the underlying mechanisms responsible for degradation of NCM622 | aqueous/non-aqueous hybrid electrolyte |TiO2/LiTi2(PO4)3 (P/N=1.2:1) full-cells are explored by comprehensive studies involving in the evolution of electrochemical impendence and lattice structure changes after cycling within different operating voltage ranges. It is found that proton co-intercalation into the layered structure still takes place in high concentration aqueous/non-aqueous hybrid electrolytes, and the NCM622 cathode quickly shows degradation after being charged to higher cut-off voltage owing to severe protonation. The introduced proton can increase the diffusion barrier for Li+ ions, which in turn hinders lithiation of the de-lithiated cathode.
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Kang, Jin-Wei, and Han-Yi Chen. "Cation-Modified Anionic Redox Mechanism for High-Performance Layered Oxide As Sodium-Ion Batteries Cathode Material." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 3 (July 7, 2022): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-013490mtgabs.
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Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) have been selected as a promising candidate for large-scale energy storage systems due to their abundance. Among several NIB cathode materials, P2-type transition metal layered oxides (NaxTMO2, TM = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) featuring high theoretical capacity and better rate performance have attracted much attention. However, the practical applications have to endure the low energy density of NIB cathode materials compared to lithium-ion batteries. In tradition, the capacity is constrained by transition metal ions and is closed to their limits. Hence,in order to obtain extraordinarily high capacity in cathode materials, both anionic and cationic redox chemistry are utilized. Nevertheless, their performance is impeded by irreversible structure evolution and lattice oxygen emission. Therefore, it is highly urgent to develop stable anionic redox chemistry for high energy density and long-cycle-life layered oxide cathode materials. In this study, cation-doped NaxMgyCuzMn(1−y−z)O2 cathode material featuring synergistic effects of cationic and anionic redox was reported. By cations doping, the inhibited structure evolution and lattice oxygen stabilization were achieved. Moreover, the effects of cation-doped NaxMgyCuzMn(1−y−z)O2 were also studied by electrochemical measurements. Also, the mechanism of cation-doped NaxMgyCuzMn(1−y−z)O2 was confirmed by operando synchrotron X-ray absorption spectrum, operando X-ray diffraction, and density functional theory computations. Cation-doped NaxMgyCuzMn(1−y−z)O2 was synthesized through a facile sol-gel method followed by heat treatment. The cation-doped NaxMgyCuzMn(1−y−z)O2 showed high specific capacity (203 mAh g− 1 cycled at 0.1C) as well as better cycling stability, providing sodium layered oxides a new developing stage toward high-performance cathode materials in NIBs for large scale energy storage systems. Keywords: Na-ion batteries, layered oxides, anionic redox, cathode
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Shipitsyn, Vadim, Rishivandhiga Jayakumar, Wenhua Zuo, Bing Sun, and Lin Ma. "Understanding High-Voltage Behavior of Sodium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials Using Synchrotron X-ray and Neutron Techniques: A Review." Batteries 9, no. 9 (September 11, 2023): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9090461.
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Despite substantial research efforts in developing high-voltage sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) as high-energy-density alternatives to complement lithium-ion-based energy storage technologies, the lifetime of high-voltage SIBs is still associated with many fundamental scientific questions. In particular, the structure phase transition, oxygen loss, and cathode–electrolyte interphase (CEI) decay are intensely discussed in the field. Synchrotron X-ray and neutron scattering characterization techniques offer unique capabilities for investigating the complex structure and dynamics of high-voltage cathode behavior. In this review, to accelerate the development of stable high-voltage SIBs, we provide a comprehensive and thorough overview of the use of synchrotron X-ray and neutron scattering in studying SIB cathode materials with an emphasis on high-voltage layered transition metal oxide cathodes. We then discuss these characterizations in relation to polyanion-type cathodes, Prussian blue analogues, and organic cathode materials. Finally, future directions of these techniques in high-voltage SIB research are proposed, including CEI studies for polyanion-type cathodes and the extension of neutron scattering techniques, as well as the integration of morphology and phase characterizations.
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Hwang, Jang-Yeon, Seung-Taek Myung, and Yang-Kook Sun. "Quaternary Transition Metal Oxide Layered Framework: O3-Type Na[Ni0.32Fe0.13Co0.15Mn0.40]O2 Cathode Material for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, no. 25 (March 10, 2018): 13500–13507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b12140.
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Zhang, Qi, Qin-Fen Gu, Yang Li, Hai-Ning Fan, Wen-Bin Luo, Hua Kun Liu, and Shi-Xue Dou. "Surface Stabilization of O3-type Layered Oxide Cathode to Protect the Anode of Sodium Ion Batteries for Superior Lifespan." iScience 19 (September 2019): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2019.07.029.
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Tripathi, Abhinav, Shibo Xi, Satyanarayana Reddy Gajjela, and Palani Balaya. "Introducing Na-sufficient P3-Na0.9Fe0.5Mn0.5O2 as a cathode material for Na-ion batteries." Chemical Communications 56, no. 73 (2020): 10686–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc03701j.
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Wang, Zhaoshun, Yong Wang, Dechao Meng, Qinfeng Zheng, Yixiao Zhang, Feipeng Cai, Di Zhu, et al. "High-Capacity O2-Type Layered Oxide Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Ion-Exchange Synthesis and Electrochemistry." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 020508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac4cd5.
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The O2-type layered oxide cathode materials have attracted strong research interest recently because of their high specific capacity and their unique lattice structure that may help suppress the detrimental layer-to-spinel phase transition. These materials are metastable and commonly prepared through Li-Na exchange methods from the Na-containing P2-type oxides. Here we investigated the structural, chemical, and morphological changes during the ion-exchange processes in both the LiBr/hexanol solution and the LiNO3/LiCl molten salts. The solution method was more favorable in preparing high-capacity O2-type cathode materials, even though the structural reorganization was slower compared with the molten-salt method. The as-made O2-type cathode materials, contrary to the previous belief, were actually Li-deficient at their pristine states, but could accept more Li ions than that it was extracted during the first charge/discharge cycle. The O2-type cathode materials exhibited high capacities (up to 266 mAh g−1) but the cycle performance requires further improvements. XRD and Raman spectroscopy studies indicated that the structural changes in the bulk were quite reversible. Using a fluorinated electrolyte to address the interface instability improved the cycle performance. Our results provide a more complete understanding of the O2-type cathode materials and useful guidance in the design of low-cost, high-energy cathode materials for LIBs.
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Mukhopadhyay, Amartya. "Designing High-Performance and Water-Stable ‘Layered’ Na- Transition Metal Oxide Cathode Materials for Na-Ion Batteries By Invoking Fundamental Materials-Electrochemical Principles." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 4 (December 22, 2023): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-024590mtgabs.
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To facilitate widespread development of Na-ion battery systems for a variety of applications, not only does the electrochemical behaviour/performances of ‘layered’ Na-TM-oxide based cathode materials need substantial improvements, but also does their (in)stability upon exposure to moisture. The latter renders handling/storage of Na-TM-oxides challenging and also negatively affects their electrochemical performance. More importantly, the water-instability mandates the usage of toxic-hazardous-expensive chemicals likeNMP for electrode preparation, as opposed to the possible usage of water-based slurries. On another note, detrimental structural changes of the Na-TM-oxides upon deep de-sodiation, i.e., charging to high voltages, cause electrochemical instability. From a broader perspective, the above problems are inherent to the ‘layered’ Na-TM-oxides as a class of material, addressing which necessitate tuning the very compositional/structural aspects, invoking fundamental materials science -cum- electrochemical principles; as has been the focus of some of the recent/ongoing research in our group. These have evolved a universal design criterion, paving the way towards successful design and widespread development of environmentally stable and high-performance cathodes for the Na-ion battery system and beyond, as also demonstrated in our works (as in refs. [1-4] here). In a nut-shell, a ‘layered’ Na-TM-oxide structure is built of alternate ‘slabs’ composed of NaO2 and TMO2, with the O-ions (which bear a net negative charge) shared by the TM-ions and the Na-ions in their respective layers (i.e., O-ion is common to both cation-types). Here, while the TM-O bond is iono-covalent in nature, the Na-O is predominantly ionic. In such a structure, tuning the degree of covalency of the TM-O bond by designing a suitable combination of cations in the TM-layer can tune the net/effective negative charge on the O-ion, which, in turn, can affect the electrostatic attraction between the Na- and O-ions and also the repulsions between the O-ions across the Na-layer. For example, a higher net/effective negative charge on the O-ion due to reduced TM-O covalency will cause accrued electrostatic attraction between the Na-ions and O-ions, rendering the predominantly ionic Na-O bond stronger and shorter. The above should lead to a reduced ‘inter-slab’ spacing (or Na-layer thickness) and can improve the air/water-stability, as well as suppress the occurrence of deleterious structural/phase transition(s) during desodiation/charge in the O3-structured Na-TM-oxide based cathode materials; as demonstrated by us in ref. [1]. This has also allowed the development of high-performance cathodes for Na-ion batteries, which can be prepared via health/environment-friendly and cost-effective ‘aqueous’ processing route; as in refs. [1,4]. By contrast, a lower effective negative charge on the O-ion, as induced by greater TM-O bond covalency, would decrease the electrostatic attraction between the Na- and O-ions, resulting in a weaker-cum-longer Na-O bond and, thus, an enlarged ‘inter-slab’ spacing (i.e., Na-layer thickness). This facilitates faster Na-transport and, thus, enhanced rate-capability of the cathode; as demonstrated in ref. [2], where a highly rate-capable O3-structured Na-TM-oxide based cathode material has been reported. An allied logic, i.e., increase in the TM-O bond covalency to lessen the effective negative charge on O-ions, as is needed to stabilize the prismatic O-coordination around Na-ions, has been invoked to stabilize the inherently higher rate-capable and electrochemically more stable P2 structure for Na-TM-oxide cathode materials at a considerably higher starting Na-content of ~0.84 p.f.u. (compared to the typically obtained < 0.7 p.f.u.). As demonstrated by us in ref. [3], this newly developed P2-structured Na-TM-oxide cathode material exhibits a very high desodiation capacity of ~178 mAh/g (@ C/5; within 2-4 V vs. Na/Na+), exceptional cyclic stability pertaining to ~98% capacity retention after 500 galvanostatic desodiation/sodiation cycles at a high current density (i.e., 2.5C) and also stability upon exposure to air/water. The cathodes have also exhibited excellent performances in laboratory scale prototype Na-ion ‘full’ cells. The student contributors, B. S. Kumar, A. Pradeep, I. Biswas, R. Kumar, A. Amardeep, A. Dutta (IIT Bombay), and the collaborators, Prof. A. Chatterjee (IIT Bombay), Dr. V. Srihari, Dr. H. K. Poswal (BARC) (see publications below), are duly acknowledged; and so are SERB and DST, Government of India, for the funding support. The associated publications (references) B. S. Kumar, A. Pradeep, V. Srihari, H. K. Poswal, R. Kumar, A. Amardeep, A. Chatterjee and A. Mukhopadhyay; Adv. Energy Mater. (2023) 2204407: 1-15 (https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202204407) I. Biswas, B. S. Kumar, A. Pradeep, A. Das, V. Srihari, H. K. Poswal and A. Mukhopadhyay; Chem. Commun. 59 (2023) 4332-4335 B. S. Kumar, R. Kumar, A. Pradeep, A. Amardeep, V. Srihari, H. K. Poswal, A. Chatterjee and A. Mukhopadhyay; Chem. Mater. 34[23] (2022) 10470–10483 B. S. Kumar, A. Pradeep, A. Dutta and A. Mukhopadhyay; J. Mater. Chem. A 8 (2020) 18064-18078
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Guo, Hao, Maxim Avdeev, Kai Sun, Xiaobai Ma, Hongliang Wang, Yongsheng Hu, and Dongfeng Chen. "Pentanary transition-metals Na-ion layered oxide cathode with highly reversible O3-P3 phase transition." Chemical Engineering Journal 412 (May 2021): 128704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.128704.
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Koch, Daniel, and Sergei Manzhos. "First-Principles Study of the Calcium Insertion in Layered and Non-Layered Phases of Vanadia." MRS Advances 3, no. 60 (2018): 3507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.468.
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ABSTRACTWe investigate the insertion energetics of Ca at low concentrations in four promising vanadium oxide phases (α and δ vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) polymorphs as well as rutile- (R) and bronze-type (B) vanadium dioxide (VO2)) using density functional theory (DFT). We find α-V2O5 to be the most suitable material for an application as cathode, driven by a stable coordinative environment, while VO2(R) does not exhibit a stable low-concentration CaxVO2 phase due to severe distortions of the host lattice due to the large calcium ion. The results provide insight into the possibility of employing these phases as active cathode materials of Ca-ion batteries.
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Voronina, Natalia, and Seung-Taek Myung. "Engineering Transition Metal Layers for Long Lasting Anionic Redox in Layered Sodium Manganese Oxide." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 4 (December 22, 2023): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-024799mtgabs.
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Oxygen-redox-based layered cathode materials are of great importance in realizing high-energy-density sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) that can satisfy the demands of next-generation energy storage technologies. However, Mn-based layered materials (P2-type Na-poor Nay[AxMn1−x]O2, where A=alkali ions) still suffer from poor reversibility during oxygen-redox reactions and low conductivity. Herein, we introduce P2-Na0.75[Li0.15Ni0.15Mn0.7]O2 and P2-Na0.6[Li0.15Co0.15Mn0.7]O2, an oxygen-redox-based layered oxide cathode materials for SIBs. The effect of Ni and Co doping on the electrochemical performance was investigated by comparison with Ni-free and Co-free P2-Na0.67[Li0.22Mn0.78]O2 material. Combined experiments (galvanostatic cycling, neutron powder diffraction (NPD), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (7Li NMR)) and theoretical studies (density functional theory, DFT calculations) confirmed that Ni substitution not only increases the operating voltage and decreases voltage hysteresis but also improves the cycling stability by reducing Li migration from transition metal (TM) to Na layers. It is also anticipated that having Na–O–Li configuration in a Mn4+-based layered material is important to active oxygen redox and that Co doping is crucial for improving the electrical conductivity. This research demonstrates the effect of Ni and Co doping in P2-type layered materials and suggests a new strategy of using Mn-rich cathode materials via oxygen redox with optimization of doping elements for SIBs.
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Li, Mengya. "Engineering Routes Towards Practical Sodium-Ion Batteries: Case Studies from Oxides to Polyanion Compounds." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 5 (August 28, 2023): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-015913mtgabs.
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Benefiting from the substantial knowledge accumulated on lithium-ion batteries, tremendous progress rapidly occurred with focus on solving the fundamental issues encountered at the component, system and cost levels in sodium-ion batteries. Of particular interest, P2-type layered oxide, Na2/3Fe1/2Mn1/2O2, has been researched as a potential cathode in SIBs based on its high theoretical capacity of 260 mA h/g and use of noncritical materials. Firstly, we reported a novel synthesis route using low-temperature eutectic reaction to produce highly homogeneous, crystalline, and impurity-free P2-type Na2/3Fe1/2Mn1/2O2 materials. We further synthesized Na x NiyMn1-yO2 cathodes with the same eutectic method and investigated the gassing properties of pouch cells when being charged to higher voltages. Even with gained knowledge of how to engineer layered oxide cathodes, the compromised electrochemical performances and associated safety risks at high voltage still hinder their high-energy applications. In contrast, polyanion cathode stands out as a great candidate due to its high nominal voltage and stability in ambient environment. However, pristine Na3V2(PO4)3 often exhibits reversible capacities of around 100 mAh/g for long term cycling, which is still 20% below the theoretical values. To tackle this issue, transition metal (Fe, Mn, Ni) and fluorine ion were introduced as doping elements to improve the specific capacity and cycling stability of polyanion cathodes. Advanced characterization results provided insights in the charge compensation mechanism of these cathodes. Stable electrochemical performances were demonstrated in multiple cell configurations. It is thus believed that these polyanion cathodes are promising for the next generation practical sodium-ion batteries.
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Yang, Xiaoxia, Suning Wang, Hang Li, Jochi Tseng, Zhonghua Wu, Sylvio Indris, Helmut Ehrenberg, Xiaodong Guo, and Weibo Hua. "Unveiling the correlation between structural alterations and enhanced high‐voltage cyclability in Na‐deficient P3‐type layered cathode materials via Li incorporation." Electron, January 12, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elt2.18.
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AbstractWith exceptional capacity during high‐voltage cycling, P3‐type Na‐deficient layered oxide cathodes have captured substantial attention. Nevertheless, they are plagued by severe capacity degradation over cycling. In this study, tuning and optimizing the phase composition in layered oxides through Li incorporation are proposed to enhance the high‐voltage stability. The structural dependence of layered Na2/3LixNi0.25Mn0.75O2+δ oxides on the lithium content (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) offered during synthesis is investigated systematically on an atomic scale. Surprisingly, increasing the Li content triggers the formation of mixed P2/O3‐type or P3/P2/O3‐type layered phases. As the voltage window is 1.5–4.5 V, P3‐type Na2/3Ni0.25Mn0.75O2 (NL0.0NMO, Rm) material exhibits a sequence of phase transformations throughout the process of (de)sodiation, that is, O3⇌P3⇌O3′⇌O3″. Such complicated phase transitions can be effectively suppressed in the Na2/3Li0.7Ni0.25Mn0.75O2.4 (NL0.7NMO) oxide with P2/P3/O3‐type mixed phases. Consequently, cathodes made of NL0.7NMO exhibit a substantially enhanced cyclic performance at high voltages compared to that of the P3‐type layered NL0.0NMO cathode. Specifically, NL0.7NMO demonstrates an outstanding capacity retention of 98% after 10 cycles at 1 C within 1.5–4.5 V, much higher than that of NL0.0NMO (83%). This work delves into the intricate realm of bolstering the high‐voltage durability of layered oxide cathodes, paving the way for advanced sodium‐ion battery technologies.
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Ding, Yuejun, Feixiang Ding, Xiaohui Rong, Yaxiang Lu, and Yong-Sheng Hu. "Mg-Doped Layered Oxide Cathode for Na-Ion Batteries." Chinese Physics B, February 7, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/ac523b.
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Abstract Na-ion batteries (NIBs) are regarding as the optimum complement for Li-ion batteries along with the rapid development of stationary energy storage systems. In order to meet the commercial demands of cathodes for NIBs, O3-type Cu containing layered oxide Na0.90Cu0.22Fe0.30Mn0.48O2 with good comprehensive performance and low-cost element components is very promising for the practical use. However, only part of the Cu3+/Cu2+ redox couple participated in the redox reaction, thus impairing the specific capacity of the cathode materials. Herein, Mg2+-doped O3-Na0.90Mg0.08Cu0.22Fe0.30Mn0.40O2 layered oxide without Mn3+ was synthesized successfully, which exhibit improved reversible specific capacity of 118 mAh/g in the voltage range of 2.4~4.0 V at 0.2C, corresponding to the intercalation/deintercalation of 0.47 Na+ (0.1 more than that of Na0.90Cu0.22Fe0.30Mn0.48O2). This work demonstrates an important strategy to obtain advanced layered oxide cathodes for NIBs.
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Li, Xinghan, Yameng Fan, Bernt Johannessen, Xun Xu, Khay Wai See, and Wei Kong Pang. "O3‐Type Cathodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Recent Advancements and Future Perspectives." Batteries & Supercaps, February 22, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/batt.202300618.
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Over recent decades, rapid advancements in energy technology have transformed human life. Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have played a pivotal role nevertheless concerns about limited lithium resources and price fluctuations underscore the need for sustainability. Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), operating on principles akin to LIBs, have emerged as promising candidates for rechargeable batteries in the next generation of energy storage systems, primarily due to their cost‐effectiveness and sustainable attributes. Analogous to LIBs, the cathode in SIBs assumes a critical role in dictating the electrochemical performance of the battery. Therefore, the research and development of cathode materials for SIBs take on paramount significance. O3‐type SIB cathodes, inspired by the successful O3‐type LIB cathodes (e.g., LiCoO2 and NMC variants), hold promise for commercial applications. This comprehensive overview offers an in‐depth exploration of various unary‐metal oxide cathode materials characterized by an O3‐layered structure. Subsequently, nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and Ni/Mn‐based O3 cathode materials are conducted a comprehensive study, assessing the effects of element substitution and doping on capacity, phase transitions, and cycle life. In light of the current challenges, advancing SIB cathode materials of future directions will propose, addressing key considerations in the pursuit of enhanced performance and sustainable energy storage solutions.