Journal articles: 'NV centers, quantum control, quantum sensing'

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Dong, Yang, Haobin Lin, Wei Zhu, and Fangwen Sun. "High-sensitivity double-quantum magnetometry in diamond via quantum control." JUSTC 52, no. 3 (2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.52396/justc-2021-0249.

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High-fidelity quantum operation of qubits plays an important role in magnetometry based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds. However, the nontrivial spin-spin coupling of the NV center decreases signal contrast and sensitivity. Here, we overcome this limitation by exploiting the amplitude modulation of microwaves, which allows us to perfectly detect magnetic signals at low fields. Compared with the traditional double-quantum sensing protocol, the full contrast of the detection signal was recovered, and the sensitivity was enhanced three times in the experiment. Our method is applicable to a wide range of sensing tasks, such as temperature, strain, and electric field.

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Sánchez Toural, J. L., V. Marzoa, R. Bernardo-Gavito, J. L. Pau, and D. Granados. "Hands-On Quantum Sensing with NV− Centers in Diamonds." C 9, no. 1 (January 29, 2023): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c9010016.

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The physical properties of diamond crystals, such as color or electrical conductivity, can be controlled via impurities. In particular, when doped with nitrogen, optically active nitrogen-vacancy centers (NV), can be induced. The center is an outstanding quantum spin system that enables, under ambient conditions, optical initialization, readout, and coherent microwave control with applications in sensing and quantum information. Under optical and radio frequency excitation, the Zeeman splitting of the degenerate states allows the quantitative measurement of external magnetic fields with high sensitivity. This study provides a pedagogical introduction to the properties of the NV centers as well as a step-by-step process to develop and test a simple magnetic quantum sensor based on color centers with significant potential for the development of highly compact multisensor systems.

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Li, Ting-Wei, Xing Rong, and Jiang-Feng Du. "Recent progress of quantum control in solid-state single-spin systems." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 6 (2022): 060304. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211808.

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In the field of quantum physics, quantum control is essential. Precise and efficient quantum control is a prerequisite for the experimental research using quantum systems, and it is also the basis for applications such as in quantum computing and quantum sensing. As a solid-state spin system, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has a long coherence time at room temperature. It can be initialized and read out by optical methods, and can achieve universal quantum control through the microwave field and radio frequency fields. It is an excellent experimental platform for studying quantum physics. In this review, we introduce the recent results of quantum control in NV center and discuss the following parts: 1) the physical properties of the NV center and the realization method of quantum control, 2) the decoherence mechanism of the NV center spin qubit, and 3) the application of single-spin quantum control and relevant research progress.

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Basso, Luca, Mirko Sacco, Nicola Bazzanella, Massimo Cazzanelli, Alessandro Barge, Michele Orlandi, Angelo Bifone, and Antonio Miotello. "Laser-Synthesis of NV-Centers-Enriched Nanodiamonds: Effect of Different Nitrogen Sources." Micromachines 11, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11060579.

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Due to the large number of possible applications in quantum technology fields—especially regarding quantum sensing—of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in nanodiamonds (NDs), research on a cheap, scalable and effective NDs synthesis technique has acquired an increasing interest. Standard production methods, such as detonation and grinding, require multistep post-synthesis processes and do not allow precise control in the size and fluorescence intensity of NDs. For this reason, a different approach consisting of pulsed laser ablation of carbon precursors has recently been proposed. In this work, we demonstrate the synthesis of NV-fluorescent NDs through pulsed laser ablation of an N-doped graphite target. The obtained NDs are fully characterized in the morphological and optical properties, in particular with optically detected magnetic resonance spectroscopy to unequivocally prove the NV origin of the NDs photoluminescence. Moreover, to compare the different fluorescent NDs laser-ablation-based synthesis techniques recently developed, we report an analysis of the effect of the medium in which laser ablation of graphite is performed. Along with it, thermodynamic aspects of the physical processes occurring during laser irradiation are analyzed. Finally, we show that the use of properly N-doped graphite as a target for laser ablation can lead to precise control in the number of NV centers in the produced NDs.

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Savitsky, Anton, Jingfu Zhang, and Dieter Suter. "Variable bandwidth, high efficiency microwave resonator for control of spin-qubits in nitrogen-vacancy centers." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 023101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0125628.

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Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are attractive tools for sensing and quantum information. Realization of this potential requires effective tools for controlling the spin degree of freedom by microwave (mw) magnetic fields. In this work, we present a planar microwave resonator optimized for microwave-optical double resonance experiments on single NV centers in diamond. It consists of a piece of wide microstrip line, which is symmetrically connected to two 50 Ω microstrip feed lines. In the center of the resonator, an Ω-shaped loop focuses the current and the mw magnetic field. It generates a relatively homogeneous magnetic field over a volume of 0.07 × 0.1 mm3. It can be operated at 2.9 GHz in both transmission and reflection modes with bandwidths of 1000 and 400 MHz, respectively. The high power-to-magnetic field conversion efficiency allows us to produce π-pulses with a duration of 50 ns with only about 200 and 50 mW microwave power in transmission and reflection, respectively. The transmission mode also offers capability for efficient radio frequency excitation. The resonance frequency can be tuned between 1.3 and 6 GHz by adjusting the length of the resonator. This will be useful for experiments on NV-centers at higher external magnetic fields and on different types of optically active spin centers.

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Perdriat, Maxime, Clément Pellet-Mary, Paul Huillery, Loïc Rondin, and Gabriel Hétet. "Spin-Mechanics with Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers and Trapped Particles." Micromachines 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12060651.

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Controlling the motion of macroscopic oscillators in the quantum regime has been the subject of intense research in recent decades. In this direction, opto-mechanical systems, where the motion of micro-objects is strongly coupled with laser light radiation pressure, have had tremendous success. In particular, the motion of levitating objects can be manipulated at the quantum level thanks to their very high isolation from the environment under ultra-low vacuum conditions. To enter the quantum regime, schemes using single long-lived atomic spins, such as the electronic spin of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, coupled with levitating mechanical oscillators have been proposed. At the single spin level, they offer the formidable prospect of transferring the spins’ inherent quantum nature to the oscillators, with foreseeable far-reaching implications in quantum sensing and tests of quantum mechanics. Adding the spin degrees of freedom to the experimentalists’ toolbox would enable access to a very rich playground at the crossroads between condensed matter and atomic physics. We review recent experimental work in the field of spin-mechanics that employ the interaction between trapped particles and electronic spins in the solid state and discuss the challenges ahead. Our focus is on the theoretical background close to the current experiments, as well as on the experimental limits, that, once overcome, will enable these systems to unleash their full potential.

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Tabuchi, Hibiki, Yuichiro Matsuzaki, Noboru Furuya, Yuta Nakano, Hideyuki Watanabe, Norio Tokuda, Norikazu Mizuochi, and Junko Ishi-Hayase. "Temperature sensing with RF-dressed states of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 2 (January 14, 2023): 024401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0129706.

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Using the electronic spin of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond is a promising approach to realizing high-precision temperature sensors; furthermore, pulsed optically detected magnetic resonance (pulsed-ODMR) is one way to measure the temperature using these NV centers. However, pulsed-ODMR techniques such as D-Ramsey, thermal echo, or thermal Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill sequences require careful calibration and strict time synchronization to control the microwave (MW) pulses, which complicates their applicability. Continuous-wave ODMR (CW-ODMR) is a more advantageous way to measure temperature with NV centers because it can be implemented simply by continuous application of a green laser and MW radiation. However, CW-ODMR has lower sensitivity than pulsed-ODMR. Therefore, it is important to improve the temperature sensitivity of CW-ODMR techniques. Herein, we thus propose and demonstrate a method for measuring temperature using CW-ODMR with a quantum spin state dressed by a radio-frequency (RF) field under a transverse magnetic field. The use of an RF field is expected to suppress the inhomogeneous broadening resulting from strain and/or electric-field variations. The experimental results confirm that the linewidth is decreased in the proposed scheme when compared to the conventional scheme. In addition, we measured the temperature sensitivity to be about [Formula: see text], and this is approximately eight times better than that of the conventional scheme.

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Rovny, Jared, Zhiyang Yuan, Mattias Fitzpatrick, Ahmed I. Abdalla, Laura Futamura, Carter Fox, Matthew Carl Cambria, Shimon Kolkowitz, and Nathalie P. de Leon. "Nanoscale covariance magnetometry with diamond quantum sensors." Science 378, no. 6626 (December 23, 2022): 1301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.ade9858.

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Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are atom-scale defects that can be used to sense magnetic fields with high sensitivity and spatial resolution. Typically, the magnetic field is measured by averaging sequential measurements of single NV centers, or by spatial averaging over ensembles of many NV centers, which provides mean values that contain no nonlocal information about the relationship between two points separated in space or time. Here, we propose and implement a sensing modality whereby two or more NV centers are measured simultaneously, and we extract temporal and spatial correlations in their signals that would otherwise be inaccessible. We demonstrate measurements of correlated applied noise using spin-to-charge readout of two NV centers and implement a spectral reconstruction protocol for disentangling local and nonlocal noise sources.

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Goltaev, A. S., A. M. Mozharov, V. V. Yaroshenko, D. A. Zuev, and I. S. Mukhin. "Investigation of a single-photon hybrid emitting system based on NV-centers in nanodiamonds integrated with GaP NWs." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2086, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2086/1/012142.

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Abstract NV-centers can be used for quantum informatics, quantum communication and quantum sensing. The calculation of optical modes formed in a GaP cylindrical nanocavity covered by nanodiamonds has been performed. GaP nanowires have been synthesized with molecular beam epitaxy and played the role of optical resonators for light-emitting centers on the base of nanodiamonds with NV-centers. The optical characteristics of the GaP-based nanocavity were analyzed. The increase in the rate of spontaneous emission of NV-centers optically coupled to the nanocavity was estimated by the time correlated single photon counting method.

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Sakurai, Ryosuke, Yuta Kainuma, Toshu An, Hidemi Shigekawa, and Muneaki Hase. "Ultrafast opto-magnetic effects induced by nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond crystals." APL Photonics 7, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 066105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0081507.

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The current generation of quantum sensing technologies using color centers in diamond crystals is primarily based on the principle that the resonant microwave frequency of the luminescence between quantum levels of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center varies with temperature and electric and magnetic fields. This principle enables us to measure, for instance, magnetic and electric fields, as well as local temperature with nanometer resolution in conjunction with a scanning probe microscope (SPM). However, the time resolution of conventional quantum sensing technologies has been limited to microseconds due to the limited luminescence lifetime. Here, we investigate ultrafast opto-magnetic effects in diamond crystals containing NV centers to improve the time resolution of quantum sensing to sub-picosecond time scales. The spin ensemble from diamond NV centers induces an inverse Cotton–Mouton effect (ICME) in the form of a sub-picosecond optical response in a femtosecond pump–probe measurement. The helicity and quadratic power dependence of the ICME can be interpreted as a second-order opto-magnetic effect in which ensembles of NV electron spins act as a source for the ICME. The results provide fundamental guidelines for enabling high-resolution spatial-time quantum sensing technologies when combined with SPM techniques.

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Siyushev, Petr, Milos Nesladek, Emilie Bourgeois, Michal Gulka, Jaroslav Hruby, Takashi Yamamoto, Michael Trupke, Tokuyuki Teraji, Junichi Isoya, and Fedor Jelezko. "Photoelectrical imaging and coherent spin-state readout of single nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond." Science 363, no. 6428 (February 14, 2019): 728–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aav2789.

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Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have become an important instrument for quantum sensing and quantum information science. However, the readout of NV spin state requires bulky optical setups, limiting fabrication of miniaturized compact devices for practical use. Here we realized photoelectrical detection of magnetic resonance as well as Rabi oscillations on a single-defect level. Furthermore, photoelectrical imaging of individual NV centers at room temperature was demonstrated, surpassing conventional optical readout methods by providing high imaging contrast and signal-to-noise ratio. These results pave the way toward fully integrated quantum diamond devices.

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Opaluch, Oliver Roman, Nimba Oshnik, Richard Nelz, and Elke Neu. "Optimized Planar Microwave Antenna for Nitrogen Vacancy Center Based Sensing Applications." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 2108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11082108.

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Individual nitrogen vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond are versatile, spin-based quantum sensors. Coherently controlling the spin of NV centers using microwaves in a typical frequency range between 2.5 and 3.5 GHz is necessary for sensing applications. In this work, we present a stripline-based, planar, Ω-shaped microwave antenna that enables one to reliably manipulate NV spins. We found an optimal antenna design using finite integral simulations. We fabricated our antennas on low-cost, transparent glass substrate. We created highly uniform microwave fields in areas of roughly 400 × 400 μm2 while realizing high Rabi frequencies of up to 10 MHz in an ensemble of NV centers.

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Karaveli, Sinan, Ophir Gaathon, Abraham Wolcott, Reyu Sakakibara, Or A. Shemesh, Darcy S. Peterka, Edward S. Boyden, Jonathan S. Owen, Rafael Yuste, and Dirk Englund. "Modulation of nitrogen vacancy charge state and fluorescence in nanodiamonds using electrochemical potential." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 15 (March 24, 2016): 3938–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504451113.

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The negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV−) center in diamond has attracted strong interest for a wide range of sensing and quantum information processing applications. To this end, recent work has focused on controlling the NV charge state, whose stability strongly depends on its electrostatic environment. Here, we demonstrate that the charge state and fluorescence dynamics of single NV centers in nanodiamonds with different surface terminations can be controlled by an externally applied potential difference in an electrochemical cell. The voltage dependence of the NV charge state can be used to stabilize the NV− state for spin-based sensing protocols and provides a method of charge state-dependent fluorescence sensing of electrochemical potentials. We detect clear NV fluorescence modulation for voltage changes down to 100 mV, with a single NV and down to 20 mV with multiple NV centers in a wide-field imaging mode. These results suggest that NV centers in nanodiamonds could enable parallel optical detection of biologically relevant electrochemical potentials.

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Katsumi, Ryota, Takeshi Hizawa, Akihiro Kuwahata, Shun Naruse, Yuji Hatano, Takayuki Iwasaki, Mutsuko Hatano, et al. "Transfer-printing-based integration of silicon nitride grating structure on single-crystal diamond toward sensitive magnetometers." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 16 (October 17, 2022): 161103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0107854.

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Negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have emerged as promising candidates for a wide range of quantum applications, especially quantum sensing of magnetic field. Implementation of nanostructure into diamond is powerful for efficient photon collection of NV centers and chip-scale miniaturization of the device, which is crucial for sensitive and practical diamond magnetometers. However, fabrication of the diamond nanostructure involves technical limitations and can degrade the spin coherence of the NV centers. In this study, we demonstrate the hybrid integration of a silicon nitride grating structure on a single-crystal diamond by utilizing transfer printing. This approach allows the implementation of the nanostructure in diamond using a simple pick-and-place assembly, facilitating diamond-based quantum applications without any complicated diamond nanofabrication. We observed the intensity enhancement in the collected NV emissions both theoretically and experimentally using the integrated grating structure. By applying the increased photon intensity, we demonstrate the improved magnetic sensitivity of the fabricated device. The proposed hybrid integration approach will offer a promising route toward a compact and sensitive diamond NV-based magnetometer.

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Zhang, Ning, Qiang Guo, Wen Ye, Rui Feng, and Heng Yuan. "Temperature Fluctuations Compensation with Multi-Frequency Synchronous Manipulation for a NV Magnetometer in Fiber-Optic Scheme." Sensors 22, no. 14 (July 12, 2022): 5218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145218.

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Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds play a large role in advanced quantum sensing with solid-state spins for potential miniaturized and portable application scenarios. With the temperature sensitivity of NV centers, the temperature fluctuations caused by the unknown environment and the system itself will mix with the magnetic field measurement. In this research, the temperature-sensitive characteristics of different diamonds, alongside the temperature noise generated by a measurement system, were tested and analyzed with a homemade NV magnetometer in a fiber-optic scheme. In this work, a multi-frequency synchronous manipulation method for resonating with the NV centers in all axial directions was proposed to compensate for the temperature fluctuations in a fibered NV magnetic field sensing scheme. The symmetrical features of the resonance lines of the NV centers, the common-mode fluctuations including temperature fluctuations, underwent effective compensation and elimination. The fluorescence change was reduced to 1.0% by multi-frequency synchronous manipulation from 5.5% of the single-frequency manipulation within a ±2 °C temperature range. Additionally, the multi-frequency synchronous manipulation improved the fluorescence contrast and the magnetic field measurement SNR through an omnidirectional manipulation scheme. It was very important to compensate for the temperature fluctuations, caused by both internal and external factors, to make use of the NV magnetometer in fiber-optic schemes’ practicality. This work will promote the rapid development and widespread applications of quantum sensing based on various systems and principles.

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Hughes, Lillian B., Zhiran Zhang, Chang Jin, Simon A. Meynell, Bingtian Ye, Weijie Wu, Zilin Wang, et al. "Two-dimensional spin systems in PECVD-grown diamond with tunable density and long coherence for enhanced quantum sensing and simulation." APL Materials 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 021101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0133501.

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Systems of spins engineered with tunable density and reduced dimensionality enable a number of advancements in quantum sensing and simulation. Defects in diamond, such as nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers and substitutional nitrogen (P1 centers), are particularly promising solid-state platforms to explore. However, the ability to controllably create coherent, two-dimensional spin systems and characterize their properties, such as density, depth confinement, and coherence, is an outstanding materials challenge. We present a refined approach to engineer dense (≳1 ppm ⋅ nm), 2D nitrogen, and NV layers in diamond using delta-doping during plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition epitaxial growth. We employ both traditional materials techniques, e.g., secondary ion mass spectrometry, alongside NV spin decoherence-based measurements to characterize the density and dimensionality of the P1 and NV layers. We find P1 densities of 5–10 ppm ⋅ nm, NV densities between 1 and 3.5 ppm ⋅ nm tuned via electron irradiation dosage, and depth confinement of the spin layer down to 1.6 nm. We also observe high (up to 0.74) ratios of NV to P1 centers and reproducibly long NV coherence times, dominated by dipolar interactions with the engineered P1 and NV spin baths.

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Wu, Jian-Dong, Zhi Cheng, Xiang-Yu Ye, Zhao-Kai Li, Peng-Fei Wang, Chang-Lin Tian, and Hong-Wei Cheng. "Coherent electrical control of a single electron spin in diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 11 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.70.20220410.

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The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center quantum system in diamond has shown great application potential in the fields of solid-state quantum computing and quantum precision measurement because of its unique advantages such as single-spin addressing and manipulation and long quantum coherence time at room temperature. The precise manipulation technology of single spin is particularly important for the development of the application of NV center. The common spin manipulation methods used in NV center quantum system are to drive and manipulate the electron spin by resonant alternating magnetic field. In recent years, the electrical control of quantum spin has attracted extensive attention. In this paper, the use of alternating electric field to control the electron spin of NV center has been studied. The alternating electric field generated by the electrode successfully drives the Rabi oscillation of the NV center spin between the <inline-formula><tex-math id="M4">\begin{document}$\Delta m_s=\pm2$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="11-20220410_M4.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="11-20220410_M4.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> magnetic-dipole forbidden energy levels of <inline-formula><tex-math id="M5">\begin{document}$|m_s=-1\rangle$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="11-20220410_M5.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="11-20220410_M5.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math id="M6">\begin{document}$|m_s=+1\rangle$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="11-20220410_M6.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="11-20220410_M6.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>. Further studies show that the frequency of the electrically driven Rabi oscillation is controlled by the power of the driven electric field and independent of the resonant frequency of the electric field. The combination of spin electric control and magnetic control technology can realize the full manipulation of the direct transition between the three spin energy levels of NV center, thus promoting the development of the research and applications of NV quantum system in the fields of quantum simulation, quantum computing, precision measurement of electromagnetic field and so on.

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Masuyama, Yuta, Katsumi Suzuki, Akira Hekizono, Mitsuyasu Iwanami, Mutsuko Hatano, Takayuki Iwasaki, and Takeshi Ohshima. "Gradiometer Using Separated Diamond Quantum Magnetometers." Sensors 21, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030977.

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The negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamonds is known as the spin defect and using its electron spin, magnetometry can be realized even at room temperature with extremely high sensitivity as well as a high dynamic range. However, a magnetically shielded enclosure is usually required to sense weak magnetic fields because environmental magnetic field noises can disturb high sensitivity measurements. Here, we fabricated a gradiometer with variable sensor length that works at room temperature using a pair of diamond samples containing negatively charged NV centers. Each diamond is attached to an optical fiber to enable free sensor placement. Without any magnetically shielding, our gradiometer realizes a magnetic noise spectrum comparable to that of a three-layer magnetically shielded enclosure, reducing the noises at the low-frequency range below 1 Hz as well as at the frequency of 50 Hz (power line frequency) and its harmonics. These results indicate the potential of highly sensitive magnetic sensing by the gradiometer using the NV center for applications in noisy environments such as outdoor and in vehicles.

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Nizovtsev, Alexander P., Aliaksandr L. Pushkarchuk, Sergei Ya Kilin, Nikolai I. Kargin, Alexander S. Gusev, Marina O. Smirnova, and Fedor Jelezko. "Hyperfine Interactions in the NV-13C Quantum Registers in Diamond Grown from the Azaadamantane Seed." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051303.

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Nanostructured diamonds hosting optically active paramagnetic color centers (NV, SiV, GeV, etc.) and hyperfine-coupled with them quantum memory 13C nuclear spins situated in diamond lattice are currently of great interest to implement emerging quantum technologies (quantum information processing, quantum sensing and metrology). Current methods of creation such as electronic-nuclear spin systems are inherently probabilistic with respect to mutual location of color center electronic spin and 13C nuclear spins. A new bottom-up approach to fabricate such systems is to synthesize first chemically appropriate diamond-like organic molecules containing desired isotopic constituents in definite positions and then use them as a seed for diamond growth to produce macroscopic diamonds, subsequently creating vacancy-related color centers in them. In particular, diamonds incorporating coupled NV-13C spin systems (quantum registers) with specific mutual arrangements of NV and 13C can be obtained from anisotopic azaadamantane molecule. Here we predict the characteristics of hyperfine interactions (hfi) for the NV-13C systems in diamonds grown from various isotopically substituted azaadamantane molecules differing in 13C position in the seed, as well as the orientation of the NV center in the post-obtained diamond. We used the spatial and hfi data simulated earlier for the H-terminated cluster C510[NV]-H252. The data obtained can be used to identify (and correlate with the seed used) the specific NV-13C spin system by measuring, e.g., the hfi-induced splitting of the mS = ±1 sublevels of the NV center in optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectra being characteristic for various NV-13C systems.

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Basso, L., F. Gorrini, M. Cazzanelli, N. Bazzanella, A. Bifone, and A. Miotello. "An all-optical single-step process for production of nanometric-sized fluorescent diamonds." Nanoscale 10, no. 12 (2018): 5738–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr08791h.

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Nanodiamonds (NDs) containing negatively charged Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers are promising materials for applications in photonics, quantum computing, and sensing of environmental parameters like temperature, strain and magnetic fields.

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Oberg, Lachlan M., Eric Huang, Prithvi M. Reddy, Audrius Alkauskas, Andrew D. Greentree, Jared H. Cole, Neil B. Manson, Carlos A. Meriles, and Marcus W. Doherty. "Spin coherent quantum transport of electrons between defects in diamond." Nanophotonics 8, no. 11 (August 30, 2019): 1975–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0144.

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AbstractThe nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center in diamond has rapidly emerged as an important solid-state system for quantum information processing. Whereas individual spin registers have been used to implement small-scale diamond quantum computing, the realization of a large-scale device requires the development of an on-chip quantum bus for transporting information between distant qubits. Here, we propose a method for coherent quantum transport of an electron and its spin state between distant NV centers. Transport is achieved by the implementation of spatial stimulated adiabatic Raman passage through the optical control of the NV center charge states and the confined conduction states of a diamond nanostructure. Our models show that, for two NV centers in a diamond nanowire, high-fidelity transport can be achieved over distances of order hundreds of nanometers in timescales of order hundreds of nanoseconds. Spatial adiabatic passage is therefore a promising option for realizing an on-chip spin quantum bus.

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Scholten, S. C., I. O. Robertson, G. J. Abrahams, Priya Singh, A. J. Healey, and J. P. Tetienne. "Aberration control in quantitative widefield quantum microscopy." AVS Quantum Science 4, no. 3 (September 2022): 034404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/5.0114436.

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Widefield quantum microscopy based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond has emerged as a powerful technique for quantitative mapping of magnetic fields with a sub-micrometer resolution. However, the accuracy of the technique has not been characterized in detail so far. Here, we show that optical aberrations in the imaging system may cause large systematic errors in the measured quantity beyond trivial blurring. We introduce a simple theoretical framework to model these effects, which extends the concept of a point spread function to the domain of spectral imaging. Using this model, the magnetic field imaging of test magnetic samples is simulated under various scenarios, and the resulting errors are quantified. We then apply the model to previously published data, show that apparent magnetic anomalies can be explained by the presence of optical aberrations, and demonstrate a post-processing technique to retrieve the source quantity with improved accuracy. This work presents a guide to predict and mitigate aberration induced artifacts in quantitative NV-based widefield imaging and in spectral imaging more generally.

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Luo, T., L. Lindner, J. Langer, V. Cimalla, X. Vidal, F. Hahl, C. Schreyvogel, et al. "Creation of nitrogen-vacancy centers in chemical vapor deposition diamond for sensing applications." New Journal of Physics 24, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 033030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac58b6.

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Abstract The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is a promising quantum system for magnetometry applications exhibiting optical readout of minute energy shifts in its spin sub-levels. Key material requirements for NV ensembles are a high NV− concentration, a long spin coherence time and a stable charge state. However, these are interdependent and can be difficult to optimize during diamond growth and subsequent NV creation. In this work, we systematically investigate the NV center formation and properties in bulk chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond. The nitrogen flow during growth is varied by over four orders of magnitude, resulting in a broad range of single substitutional nitrogen concentrations of 0.2–20 parts per million. For a fixed nitrogen concentration, we optimize electron-irradiation fluences with two different accelerated electron energies, and we study defect formation via optical characterizations. We discuss a general approach to determine the optimal irradiation conditions, for which an enhanced NV concentration and an optimum of NV charge states can both be satisfied. We achieve spin–spin coherence times T 2 ranging from 45.5 to 549 μs for CVD diamonds containing 168 to 1 parts per billion NV− centers, respectively. This study shows a pathway to engineer properties of NV-doped CVD diamonds for improved sensitivity.

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Hsieh, S., P. Bhattacharyya, C. Zu, T. Mittiga, T. J. Smart, F. Machado, B. Kobrin, et al. "Imaging stress and magnetism at high pressures using a nanoscale quantum sensor." Science 366, no. 6471 (December 12, 2019): 1349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw4352.

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Pressure alters the physical, chemical, and electronic properties of matter. The diamond anvil cell enables tabletop experiments to investigate a diverse landscape of high-pressure phenomena. Here, we introduce and use a nanoscale sensing platform that integrates nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers directly into the culet of diamond anvils. We demonstrate the versatility of this platform by performing diffraction-limited imaging of both stress fields and magnetism as a function of pressure and temperature. We quantify all normal and shear stress components and demonstrate vector magnetic field imaging, enabling measurement of the pressure-driven α↔ϵ phase transition in iron and the complex pressure-temperature phase diagram of gadolinium. A complementary NV-sensing modality using noise spectroscopy enables the characterization of phase transitions even in the absence of static magnetic signatures.

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Chen, Ming, Chao Meng, Qi Zhang, Changkui Duan, Fazhan Shi, and Jiangfeng Du. "Quantum metrology with single spins in diamond under ambient conditions." National Science Review 5, no. 3 (October 11, 2017): 346–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwx121.

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Abstract The detection of single quantum systems can reveal information that would be averaged out in traditional techniques based on ensemble measurements. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have shown brilliant prospects of performance as quantum bits and atomic sensors under ambient conditions, such as ultra-long coherence time, high fidelity control and readout of the spin state. In particular, the sensitivity of the NV center spin levels to external environmental changes makes it a versatile detector capable of measuring various physical quantities, such as temperature, strain, electric fields and magnetic fields. In this paper, we review recent progress in NV-based quantum metrology, and speculate on its future.

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Sewani, Vikas K., Hyma H. Vallabhapurapu, Yang Yang, Hannes R. Firgau, Chris Adambukulam, Brett C. Johnson, Jarryd J. Pla, and Arne Laucht. "Coherent control of NV− centers in diamond in a quantum teaching lab." American Journal of Physics 88, no. 12 (December 2020): 1156–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/10.0001905.

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Wang, Zhenyu, Jorge Casanova, and Martin B. Plenio. "Enhancing the Robustness of Dynamical Decoupling Sequences with Correlated Random Phases." Symmetry 12, no. 5 (May 5, 2020): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12050730.

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We show that the addition of correlated phases to the recently developed method of randomized dynamical decoupling pulse sequences can improve its performance in quantum sensing. In particular, by correlating the relative phases of basic pulse units in dynamical decoupling sequences, we are able to improve the suppression of the signal distortion due to π pulse imperfections and spurious responses due to finite-width π pulses. This enhances the selectivity of quantum sensors such as those based on NV centers in diamond.

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Mahdia, Marjana, James Allred, Zhiyang Yuan, Jared Rovny, and Nathalie P. de Leon. "Probing itinerant carrier dynamics at the diamond surface using single nitrogen vacancy centers." Applied Physics Letters 122, no. 6 (February 6, 2023): 064002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0130761.

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Color centers in diamond are widely explored for applications in quantum sensing, computing, and networking. Their optical, spin, and charge properties have extensively been studied, while their interactions with itinerant carriers are relatively unexplored. Here, we show that NV centers situated 10 ± 5 nm of the diamond surface can be converted to the neutral charge state via hole capture. By measuring the hole capture rate, we extract the capture cross section, which is suppressed by proximity to the diamond surface. The distance dependence is consistent with a carrier diffusion model, indicating that the itinerant carrier lifetime can be long, even at the diamond surface. Measuring dynamics of near-surface NV centers offers a tool for characterizing the diamond surface and investigating charge transport in diamond devices.

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Haruyama, M., H. Kato, M. Ogura, Y. Kato, D. Takeuchi, S. Yamasaki, T. Iwasaki, et al. "Electroluminescence of negatively charged single NV centers in diamond." Applied Physics Letters 122, no. 7 (February 13, 2023): 072101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0138050.

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The realization of electroluminescence (EL) of negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV−) centers is important toward all-electrical control of diamond quantum devices. In this study, we demonstrated electrical excitation and detection of EL of single NV− centers by using lateral diamond p+–i(n−)–n+ diodes. It had been grown by homoepitaxy using the plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique. We introduced a lightly phosphorus doped i(n−) layer to stabilize the negative state of NV centers. It was estimated that the efficiency of the electrical excitation rate of the NV center was more than 30 times enhanced by introducing lateral diamond p+–i(n−)–n+ diodes structure compared with the previous vertical diode. Furthermore, the EL of a single NV− center embedded in the i(n−) layer region was characterized. The results show that the charge state of the single NV centers can be manipulated by the voltage applied to the p+–i(n−)–n+ diode, where the emission of EL is increasingly dominated by NV− in the range of 30 to 50 V.

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Rembold, Phila, Nimba Oshnik, Matthias M. Müller, Simone Montangero, Tommaso Calarco, and Elke Neu. "Introduction to quantum optimal control for quantum sensing with nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond." AVS Quantum Science 2, no. 2 (June 2020): 024701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/5.0006785.

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Bhattacharyya, Shaman, and Somnath Bhattacharyya. "Demonstration of the Holonomically Controlled Non-Abelian Geometric Phase in a Three-Qubit System of a Nitrogen Vacancy Center." Entropy 24, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): 1593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24111593.

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The holonomic approach to controlling (nitrogen-vacancy) NV-center qubits provides an elegant way of theoretically devising universal quantum gates that operate on qubits via calculable microwave pulses. There is, however, a lack of simulated results from the theory of holonomic control of quantum registers with more than two qubits describing the transition between the dark states. Considering this, we have been experimenting with the IBM Quantum Experience technology to determine the capabilities of simulating holonomic control of NV-centers for three qubits describing an eight-level system that produces a non-Abelian geometric phase. The tunability of the geometric phase via the detuning frequency is demonstrated through the high fidelity (~85%) of three-qubit off-resonant holonomic gates over the on-resonant ones. The transition between the dark states shows the alignment of the gate’s dark state with the qubit’s initial state hence decoherence of the multi-qubit system is well-controlled through a π/3 rotation.

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Yang, Yang, Hyma H. Vallabhapurapu, Vikas K. Sewani, Maya Isarov, Hannes R. Firgau, Chris Adambukulam, Brett C. Johnson, Jarryd J. Pla, and Arne Laucht. "Observing hyperfine interactions of NV⁻ centers in diamond in an advanced quantum teaching lab." American Journal of Physics 90, no. 7 (July 2022): 550–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/5.0075519.

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The negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV−) center in diamond is a model quantum system for university teaching labs due to its room-temperature compatibility and cost-effective operation. Based on the low-cost experimental setup that we have developed and described for the coherent control of the electronic spin [Sewani et al., Am. J. Phys. 88, 1156–1169 (2020)], we introduce and explain here a number of more advanced experiments that probe the electron–nuclear interaction between the NV− electronic and the 14N and 13C nuclear spins. Optically detected magnetic resonance, Rabi oscillations, Ramsey fringe experiments, and Hahn echo sequences are implemented to demonstrate how the nuclear spins interact with the electron spins. Most experiments only require 15 min of measurement time and, therefore, can be completed within one teaching lab.

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Pant, Anupum, Chaman Gupta, Katharina Senkalla, Greg Felsted, Xiaojing Xia, Tobias Spohn, Scott T. Dunham, Fedor Jelezko, and Peter J. Pauzauskie. "Reduced photothermal heating in diamonds enriched with H3 point defects." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 23 (June 21, 2022): 234401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0090661.

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Solid-state laser refrigeration of semiconductors remains an outstanding experimental challenge. In this work, we show that, following excitation with a laser wavelength of 532 nm, bulk diamond crystals doped with H3 centers both emit efficient up-conversion (anti-Stokes) photoluminescence and also show significantly reduced photothermal heating relative to crystals doped with nitrogen–vacancy (NV) centers. The H3 center in diamond is a highly photostable defect that avoids bleaching at high laser irradiances of 10–70 MW/cm[Formula: see text] and has been shown to exhibit laser action, tunable over the visible band of 500–600 nm. The observed reduction of photothermal heating arises due to a decrease in the concentration of absorbing point defects, including NV-centers. These results encourage future exploration of techniques for H3 enrichment in diamonds under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions for the simultaneous anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling and radiation balanced lasing in semiconductor materials. Reducing photothermal heating in diamond through the formation of H3 centers also opens up new possibilities in quantum sensing via optically detected magnetic resonance spectroscopy at ambient conditions.

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Khokhar, Megha, Nitesh Singh, and Rajesh V. Nair. "Stacked metasurfaces for enhancing the emission and extraction rate of single nitrogen-vacancy centers in nanodiamond." Journal of Optics 24, no. 2 (January 12, 2022): 024008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/ac3f95.

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Abstract Dielectric metasurfaces with unique possibilities of manipulating light–matter interaction lead to new insights in exploring spontaneous emission control using single quantum emitters. Here, we study the stacked metasurfaces in one- (1D) and two-dimensions (2D) to enhance the emission rate of a single quantum emitter using the associated optical resonances. The 1D structures with stacked bilayers are investigated to exhibit Tamm plasmon resonance optimized at the zero phonon line (ZPL) of the negative nitrogen-vacancy (NV−) center. The 2D stacked metasurface comprising of two-slots silicon nano-disks is studied for the Kerker condition at ZPL wavelength. The far-field radiation plots for the 1D and 2D stacked metasurfaces show an increased extraction efficiency rate for the NV− center at ZPL wavelength that reciprocates the localized electric field intensity. The modified local density of optical states results in large Purcell enhancement of 3.8 times and 25 times for the single NV− center integrated with 1D and 2D stacked metasurface, respectively. These results have implications in exploring stacked metasurfaces for applications such as single photon generation and CMOS compatible light sources for on-demand chip integration.

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Henshaw, Jacob, Pauli Kehayias, Maziar Saleh Ziabari, Michael Titze, Erin Morissette, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, et al. "Nanoscale solid-state nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy using depth-optimized nitrogen-vacancy ensembles in diamond." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 17 (April 25, 2022): 174002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0083774.

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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy of bulk quantum materials have provided insight into phenomena, such as quantum phase criticality, magnetism, and superconductivity. With the emergence of nanoscale 2D materials with magnetic phenomena, inductively detected NMR and NQR spectroscopy are not sensitive enough to detect the smaller number of spins in nanomaterials. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has shown promise in bringing the analytic power of NMR and NQR spectroscopy to the nanoscale. However, due to depth-dependent formation efficiency of the defect centers, noise from surface spins, band bending effects, and the depth dependence of the nuclear magnetic field, there is ambiguity regarding the ideal NV depth for surface NMR of statistically polarized spins. In this work, we prepared a range of shallow NV ensemble layer depths and determined the ideal NV depth by performing NMR spectroscopy on statistically polarized 19F in Fomblin oil on the diamond surface. We found that the measurement time needed to achieve a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 using XY8-N noise spectroscopy has a minimum at an NV ensemble depth of 5.5 ± 1.5 nm for ensembles activated from 100 ppm nitrogen concentration. To demonstrate the sensing capabilities of NV ensembles, we perform NQR spectroscopy on the 11B of hexagonal boron nitride flakes. We compare our best diamond to previous work with a single NV and find that this ensemble provides a shorter measurement time with excitation diameters as small as 4 μm. This analysis provides ideal conditions for further experiments involving NMR/NQR spectroscopy of 2D materials with magnetic properties.

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Basso, Luca, Massimo Cazzanelli, Michele Orlandi, and Antonio Miotello. "Nanodiamonds: Synthesis and Application in Sensing, Catalysis, and the Possible Connection with Some Processes Occurring in Space." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 14, 2020): 4094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124094.

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The relationship between the unique characteristics of nanodiamonds (NDs) and the fluorescence properties of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers has lead to a tool with quantum sensing capabilities and nanometric spatial resolution; this tool is able to operate in a wide range of temperatures and pressures and in harsh chemical conditions. For the development of devices based on NDs, a great effort has been invested in researching cheap and easily scalable synthesis techniques for NDs and NV-NDs. In this review, we discuss the common fluorescent NDs synthesis techniques as well as the laser-assisted production methods. Then, we report recent results regarding the applications of fluorescent NDs, focusing in particular on sensing of the environmental parameters as well as in catalysis. Finally, we underline that the highly non-equilibrium processes occurring in the interactions of laser-materials in controlled laboratory conditions for NDs synthesis present unique opportunities for investigation of the phenomena occurring under extreme thermodynamic conditions in planetary cores or under warm dense matter conditions.

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Zhou, Ji-Yang, Qiang Li, Jin-Shi Xu, Chuan-Feng Li, and Guang-Can Guo. "Theoretical calculation of fiber cavity coupling silicon carbide membrance." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 6 (2022): 060303. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211797.

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Single spin color centers in solid materials are one of the promising candidates for quantum information processing, and attract a great deal of interest. Nowadays, single spin color centers in silicon carbide, such as divacancies and silicon vacancies have been developed rapidly, because they not only have similar properties of the NV centers in diamond, but also possess infrared fluorescence that is more favorable for transmission in optical fiber. However, these centers possess week fluorescence with broad spectrum, which prevents some key technologies from being put into practical application, such as quantum key distribution, photon-spin entanglement, spin-spin entanglement and quantum sensing. Therefore, optical resonator is very suitable for coupling centers to filter their spectrum and enhance the fluorescence by Purcell effect. It is very advantageous to use the fiber end face as cavity mirrors, thereby the fiber can provide small cavity volume corresponding to a large enhancement in spin color centers, and collect the fluorescence in cavity simultaneously, which has no extra loss in comparison with other collection methods. In this work, the properties and performance of fiber Fabry-Perot cavity coupling silicon carbide membrane are mainly studied through theoretical calculation. Firstly, some parameters are optimized such as membrane roughness and mirror reflection by calculating the mode of the fiber cavity and enhancing the color centers coupling into the cavity, then analyzing the properties of different modes in cavity, the enhancement effect on cavity coupling color centers, and other relevant factors affecting the cavity coupling color centers. Next, the influences of dominated factor and vibration on the properties of the cavity, the enhancement and outcoupling of centers coupled into the cavity are investigated, and finally the optimal outcoupling efficiency corresponding to different vibration intensities is obtained. These results give direct guidance for the further experimental design and direction for optimization of the fiber cavity coupling color centers.

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Pushkarchuk, A. L., S. A. Kuten, V. A. Pushkarchuk, A. P. Nizovtsev, and S. Ya Kilin. "Neutral Silicon-Vacancy Color Center in Diamond: Cluster Simulation of Spatial and Hyperfine Characteristics." International Journal of Nanoscience 18, no. 03n04 (March 26, 2019): 1940010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x19400106.

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One of the most promising platforms to implement quantum technologies are coupled electron-nuclear spins in solids in which electrons can play a role of “fast” qubits, while nuclear spins can store quantum information for a very long time due to their exceptionally high isolation from the environment. The well-known representative of such systems is the “nitrogen-vacancy” (NV) center in diamond coupled by a hyperfine interaction to its intrinsic [Formula: see text]N/[Formula: see text]N nuclear spin or to [Formula: see text]C nuclear spins presenting in the diamond lattice. More recently, other paramagnetic color centers in diamond have been identified exhibiting even better characteristics in comparison to the NV center. Essential prerequisite for a high-fidelity spin manipulation in these systems with tailored control pulse sequences is a complete knowledge of hyperfine interactions. Development of this understanding for one of the new color centers in diamond, viz., neutral “silicon-vacancy” (SiV0) color center, is a primary goal of this paper, in which we are presenting preliminary results of computer simulation of spatial and hyperfine characteristics of SiV0 center in H-terminated clusters C[Formula: see text][SiV0]H[Formula: see text] and C[Formula: see text][SiV0]H[Formula: see text].

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Gottscholl, Andreas, Matthias Diez, Victor Soltamov, Christian Kasper, Andreas Sperlich, Mehran Kianinia, Carlo Bradac, Igor Aharonovich, and Vladimir Dyakonov. "Room temperature coherent control of spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride." Science Advances 7, no. 14 (April 2021): eabf3630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf3630.

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Optically active spin defects are promising candidates for solid-state quantum information and sensing applications. To use these defects in quantum applications coherent manipulation of their spin state is required. Here, we realize coherent control of ensembles of boron vacancy centers in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Specifically, by applying pulsed spin resonance protocols, we measure a spin-lattice relaxation time of 18 microseconds and a spin coherence time of 2 microseconds at room temperature. The spin-lattice relaxation time increases by three orders of magnitude at cryogenic temperature. By applying a method to decouple the spin state from its inhomogeneous nuclear environment the optically detected magnetic resonance linewidth is substantially reduced to several tens of kilohertz. Our results are important for the employment of van der Waals materials for quantum technologies, specifically in the context of high resolution quantum sensing of two-dimensional heterostructures, nanoscale devices, and emerging atomically thin magnets.

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Homrighausen, Jonas, Ludwig Horsthemke, Jens Pogorzelski, Sarah Trinschek, Peter Glösekötter, and Markus Gregor. "Edge-Machine-Learning-Assisted Robust Magnetometer Based on Randomly Oriented NV-Ensembles in Diamond." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031119.

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Quantum magnetometry based on optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of nitrogen vacancy centers in nano- or micro-diamonds is a promising technology for precise magnetic-field sensors. Here, we propose a new, low-cost and stand-alone sensor setup that employs machine learning on an embedded device, so-called edge machine learning. We train an artificial neural network with data acquired from a continuous-wave ODMR setup and subsequently use this pre-trained network on the sensor device to deduce the magnitude of the magnetic field from recorded ODMR spectra. In our proposed sensor setup, a low-cost and low-power ESP32 microcontroller development board is employed to control data recording and perform inference of the network. In a proof-of-concept study, we show that the setup is capable of measuring magnetic fields with high precision and has the potential to enable robust and accessible sensor applications with a wide measuring range.

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Rani, Dipti, Oliver Roman Opaluch, and Elke Neu. "Recent Advances in Single Crystal Diamond Device Fabrication for Photonics, Sensing and Nanomechanics." Micromachines 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12010036.

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In the last two decades, the use of diamond as a material for applications in nanophotonics, optomechanics, quantum information, and sensors tremendously increased due to its outstanding mechanical properties, wide optical transparency, and biocompatibility. This has been possible owing to advances in methods for growth of high-quality single crystal diamond (SCD), nanofabrication methods and controlled incorporation of optically active point defects (e.g., nitrogen vacancy centers) in SCD. This paper reviews the recent advances in SCD nano-structuring methods for realization of micro- and nano-structures. Novel fabrication methods are discussed and the different nano-structures realized for a wide range of applications are summarized. Moreover, the methods for color center incorporation in SCD and surface treatment methods to enhance their properties are described. Challenges in the upscaling of SCD nano-structure fabrication, their commercial applications and future prospects are discussed.

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Orzechowska, Zuzanna, Mariusz Mrózek, Wojciech Gawlik, and Adam Wojciechowski. "Preparation and characterization of AFM tips with nitrogen-vacancy and nitrogen-vacancy-nitrogen color centers." Photonics Letters of Poland 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v13i2.1095.

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We demonstrate a simple dip-coating method of covering standard AFM tips with nanodiamonds containing color centers. Such coating enables convenient visualization of AFM tips above transparent samples as well as using the tip for performing spatially resolved magnetometry. Full Text: PDF ReferencesG. Binnig, C. F. Quate, C. Gerber, "Atomic Force Microscope", Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 930 (1986). CrossRef F .J. Giessibl, "Advances in atomic force microscopy", Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 949 (2003). CrossRef S. Kasas, G. Dietler, "Probing nanomechanical properties from biomolecules to living cells", Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 456, 13 (2008). CrossRef C. Roduit et al., "Stiffness Tomography by Atomic Force Microscopy", Biophys. J. 97, 674 (2009). CrossRef L. A. Kolodny et al., "Spatially Correlated Fluorescence/AFM of Individual Nanosized Particles and Biomolecules", Anal. Chem. 73, 1959 (2001). CrossRef L. Rondin et al., "Magnetometry with nitrogen-vacancy defects in diamond", Rep. Prog. Phys. 77, 056503 (2014). CrossRef C. L. Degen, "Scanning magnetic field microscope with a diamond single-spin sensor", Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 243111 (2008). CrossRef J. M. Taylor et al., "High-sensitivity diamond magnetometer with nanoscale resolution", Nat. Phys. 4, 810 (2008). CrossRef J. R. Maze et al., "Nanoscale magnetic sensing with an individual electronic spin in diamond", Nature 455, 644 (2008). CrossRef L. Rondin et al., "Nanoscale magnetic field mapping with a single spin scanning probe magnetometer", Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 153118 (2012). CrossRef J. P. Tetienne et al., "Nanoscale imaging and control of domain-wall hopping with a nitrogen-vacancy center microscope", Science 344, 1366 (2014). CrossRef R. Nelz et al., "Color center fluorescence and spin manipulation in single crystal, pyramidal diamond tips", Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 193105 (2016). CrossRef G. Balasubramanian et al., "Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions", Nature 455, 648 (2008). CrossRef P. Maletinsky et al., "A robust scanning diamond sensor for nanoscale imaging with single nitrogen-vacancy centres", Nat. nanotechnol. 7, 320 (2012). CrossRef L. Thiel et al., "Quantitative nanoscale vortex imaging using a cryogenic quantum magnetometer", Nat. nanotechnol. 11, 677 (2016). CrossRef F. Jelezko et al., "Single spin states in a defect center resolved by optical spectroscopy", Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 2160 (2002). CrossRef M. W. Doherty et al., "The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre in diamond", Phys. Rep. 528, 1 (2013). CrossRef C. Kurtsiefer, S. Mayer, P. Zarda, H. Weinfurter, "Stable Solid-State Source of Single Photons", Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 290 (2000). CrossRef A. Gruber, A. Dräbenstedt, C. Tietz, L. Fleury, J. Wrachtrup, C. Von Borczyskowski, "Scanning Confocal Optical Microscopy and Magnetic Resonance on Single Defect Centers", Science 276, 2012 (1997). CrossRef F. Dolde et al., "Electric-field sensing using single diamond spins", Nat. Phys. 7, 459 (2011). CrossRef K. Sasaki et al., "Broadband, large-area microwave antenna for optically detected magnetic resonance of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond", Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 053904 (2016). CrossRef A. M. Wojciechowski et al., "Optical Magnetometry Based on Nanodiamonds with Nitrogen-Vacancy Color Centers", Materials 12, 2951 (2019). CrossRef I. V. Fedotov et al., "Fiber-optic magnetometry with randomly oriented spins", Opt. Lett. 39, 6755 (2014). CrossRef

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Hernández-Gómez, Santiago, and Nicole Fabbri. "Quantum Control for Nanoscale Spectroscopy With Diamond Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers: A Short Review." Frontiers in Physics 8 (February 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2020.610868.

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Diamond quantum technologies based on color centers have rapidly emerged in the most recent years. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center has attracted a particular interest, thanks to its outstanding spin properties and optical addressability. The NV center has been used to realize innovative multimode quantum-enhanced sensors that offer an unprecedented combination of high sensitivity and spatial resolution at room temperature. The technological progress and the widening of potential sensing applications have induced an increasing demand for performance advances of NV quantum sensors. Quantum control plays a key role in responding to this demand. This short review affords an overview on recent advances in quantum control-assisted quantum sensing and spectroscopy of magnetic fields.

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Wang, Xiaoche, Yuxuan Xiao, Chuanpu Liu, Eric Lee-Wong, Nathan J. McLaughlin, Hanfeng Wang, Mingzhong Wu, Hailong Wang, Eric E. Fullerton, and Chunhui Rita Du. "Electrical control of coherent spin rotation of a single-spin qubit." npj Quantum Information 6, no. 1 (September 8, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41534-020-00308-8.

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Abstract Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers, optically active atomic defects in diamond, have attracted tremendous interest for quantum sensing, network, and computing applications due to their excellent quantum coherence and remarkable versatility in a real, ambient environment. One of the critical challenges to develop NV-based quantum operation platforms results from the difficulty in locally addressing the quantum spin states of individual NV spins in a scalable, energy-efficient manner. Here, we report electrical control of the coherent spin rotation rate of a single-spin qubit in NV-magnet based hybrid quantum systems. By utilizing electrically generated spin currents, we are able to achieve efficient tuning of magnetic damping and the amplitude of the dipole fields generated by a micrometer-sized resonant magnet, enabling electrical control of the Rabi oscillation frequency of NV spins. Our results highlight the potential of NV centers in designing functional hybrid solid-state systems for next-generation quantum-information technologies. The demonstrated coupling between the NV centers and the propagating spin waves harbored by a magnetic insulator further points to the possibility to establish macroscale entanglement between distant spin qubits.

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Dai, Jian-Hong, Yan-Xing Shang, Yong-Hong Yu, Yue Xu, Hui Yu, Fang Hong, Xiao-Hui Yu, Xin-Yu Pan, and Gang-Qin Liu. "Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance of Diamond NV Centers under Megabar Pressures." Chinese Physics Letters, October 11, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/39/11/117601.

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Abstract Megabar pressures are of crucial importance for cutting-edge studies of condensed matter physics and geophysics. With the development of diamond anvil cell (DAC), laboratory studies of high pressure have entered the megabar era for decades. However, it is still challenging to implement in-situ magnetic sensing under ultrahigh pressures. In this letter, we demonstrate optically detected magnetic resonance and coherent quantum control of diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, a promising quantum sensor inside the DAC, up to 1.4 Mbar. The pressure dependence of optical and spin properties of NV centers in diamond are quantified, and the evolution of an external magnetic field has been successfully tracked at about 80 GPa. These results shed new light on our understanding of diamond NV centers and pave the way for quantum sensing under extreme conditions.

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Sadzak, Nikola, Alexander Carmele, Claudia Widmann, Christoph Nebel, Andreas Knorr, and Oliver Benson. "A Hahn-Ramsey scheme for dynamical decoupling of single solid-state qubits." Frontiers in Photonics 3 (November 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphot.2022.932944.

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Spin systems in solid state materials are promising qubit candidates for quantum information in particular as quantum memories or for quantum sensing. A major prerequisite here is the coherence of spin phase oscillations. In this work, we show a control sequence which, by applying RF pulses of variable detuning, allows to increase the visibility of spin phase oscillations. We experimentally demonstrate the scheme on single NV centers in diamond and analytically describe how the NV electron spin phase oscillations behave in the presence of classical noise models. We hereby introduce detuning as the enabling factor that modulates the filter function of the sequence, in order to achieve a visibility of the Ramsey fringes comparable to or longer than the Hahn-echo T2 time and an improved sensitivity to DC magnetic fields in various experimental settings.

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Wang, Yu-Xin, and Aashish A. Clerk. "Intrinsic and induced quantum quenches for enhancing qubit-based quantum noise spectroscopy." Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (November 11, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26868-7.

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AbstractQuantum sensing protocols that exploit the dephasing of a probe qubit are powerful and ubiquitous methods for interrogating an unknown environment. They have a variety of applications, ranging from noise mitigation in quantum processors, to the study of correlated electron states. Here, we discuss a simple strategy for enhancing these methods, based on the fact that they often give rise to an inadvertent quench of the probed system: there is an effective sudden change in the environmental Hamiltonian at the start of the sensing protocol. These quenches are extremely sensitive to the initial environmental state, and lead to observable changes in the sensor qubit evolution. We show how these new features give access to environmental response properties. This enables methods for direct measurement of bath temperature, and for detecting non-thermal equilibrium states. We also discuss how to deliberately control and modulate this quench physics, which enables reconstruction of the bath spectral function. Extensions to non-Gaussian quantum baths are also discussed, as is the application of our ideas to a range of sensing platforms (e.g., nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, semiconductor quantum dots, and superconducting circuits).

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Costa, Nelson Filipe, Yasser Omar, Aidar Sultanov, and Gheorghe Sorin Paraoanu. "Benchmarking machine learning algorithms for adaptive quantum phase estimation with noisy intermediate-scale quantum sensors." EPJ Quantum Technology 8, no. 1 (June 3, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-021-00105-y.

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AbstractQuantum phase estimation is a paradigmatic problem in quantum sensing and metrology. Here we show that adaptive methods based on classical machine learning algorithms can be used to enhance the precision of quantum phase estimation when noisy non-entangled qubits are used as sensors. We employ the Differential Evolution (DE) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms to this task and we identify the optimal feedback policies which minimize the Holevo variance. We benchmark these schemes with respect to scenarios that include Gaussian and Random Telegraph fluctuations as well as reduced Ramsey-fringe visibility due to decoherence. We discuss their robustness against noise in connection with real experimental setups such as Mach–Zehnder interferometry with optical photons and Ramsey interferometry in trapped ions, superconducting qubits and nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond.

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49

Lühmann, Tobias, Roger John, Ralf Wunderlich, Jan Meijer, and Sébastien Pezzagna. "Coulomb-driven single defect engineering for scalable qubits and spin sensors in diamond." Nature Communications 10, no. 1 (October 31, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12556-0.

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Abstract Qubits based on colour centres in diamond became a prominent system for solid-state quantum information processing and sensing. But the deterministic creation of qubits and the control of their environment are still critical issues, preventing the development of a room-temperature quantum computer. We report on the high creation yield of NV centres of 75% (a tenfold enhancement) by charge-assisted defect engineering, together with an improvement of their spin coherence. The method strongly favours the formation and negative charge state of the NV centres with respect to intrinsic diamond, while it hinders the formation of competing and perturbing defects such as di-vacancies or NVH complexes. We evidence spectrally the charge state tuning of the implantation-induced vacancies from V0 to V−, key element of this Coulomb-driven engineering. The generality of the method is demonstrated using several donors (phosphorous, oxygen and sulphur) and applying it to other centres (SnV and MgV) in diamond.

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50

Oh, Hyunseok, Jiwon Yun, M. H. Abobeih, Kyung-Hoon Jung, Kiho Kim, T. H. Taminiau, and Dohun Kim. "Algorithmic decomposition for efficient multiple nuclear spin detection in diamond." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (September 10, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71339-6.

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Abstract Efficiently detecting and characterizing individual spins in solid-state hosts is an essential step to expand the fields of quantum sensing and quantum information processing. While selective detection and control of a few 13C nuclear spins in diamond have been demonstrated using the electron spin of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers, a reliable, efficient, and automatic characterization method is desired. Here, we develop an automated algorithmic method for decomposing spectral data to identify and characterize multiple nuclear spins in diamond. We demonstrate efficient nuclear spin identification and accurate reproduction of hyperfine interaction components for both virtual and experimental nuclear spectroscopy data. We conduct a systematic analysis of this methodology and discuss the range of hyperfine interaction components of each nuclear spin that the method can efficiently detect. The result demonstrates a systematic approach that automatically detects nuclear spins with the aid of computational methods, facilitating the future scalability of devices.

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Journal articles on the topic 'NV centers, quantum control, quantum sensing'

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