Academic literature on the topic 'Nutritionally induced diseases'
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Journal articles on the topic "Nutritionally induced diseases"
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Li, Xixi, Guodong Ge, Guili Song, Qing Li, and Zongbin Cui. "Effects of Nutritionally Induced Obesity on Metabolic Pathways of Zebrafish." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 1850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031850.
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Human obesity has become a global epidemic that can lead to many metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver. The development of obesity is closely associated with excess food intake and energy imbalance, family history, lifestyle, psychology and other factors, but molecular mechanisms underlying the induction and development of obesity remain to be intensively studied under a variety of internal and external pathogenesis conditions. In this study, we generated two obesity models of zebrafish that were treated with a high-fat diet (HFD) or an overfeeding diet (DIO). Both HFD and DIO zebrafish exhibited higher levels of lipid accumulation, fat distribution, microvascular steatosis and ectopic accumulation of lipid droplets in liver and muscle than normal diet (NOD) fish. The comparison of transcriptome sequencing data for the livers of HFD, DIO and NOD groups identified common and specific genes and signaling pathways that are potentially associated with zebrafish obesity induced by HFD and/or DIO. These findings provide clues for further understanding the mechanisms of obesity development and preventing nutritionally induced obesity through targeting the common signaling pathways and biological processes.
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EZEOGUINE, OLAOYE, S. F. OLAOYE, P. E. Mbah, U. E. NNUBIA, and G. O. Anozie. "IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANTS IN NIGERIA FOR IMPROVING NUTRITION AND HEALTHY LIVING." Nigeria Journal of Home Economics (ISSN: 2782-8131) 9, no. 5 (June 1, 2021): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.61868/njhe.v9i5.17.
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Human life and existence have continued to be under serious threat especially with different kinds of diseases and ailments that keep emerging. Some of these diseases are environmentally induced while others are caused by poor nutrition. These diseases, whether environmentally or nutritionally induced reduce performance and productivity in human. Seeking orthodox medical solutions to these life threatening diseases have not always been easy especially as their medical treatments are very expensive and come with varying side effects. Hence, the need to embrace and appreciate nature in arrays of medicinal plants which the nature has endowed us with. Medicinal plants have been used as traditional treatment for numerous human diseases for thousands of years in many parts of the world. The researchers of this paper thus focus attention on important medicinal plants and their uses in curing and management of diseases such as hypertension, Sickle Cell Anemia and eye diseases. The researchers concluded that since these medicinal plants are environmentally friendly, easily available, and cheap and have curative effect than many substandard orthodox medicines imported into the country, individual and family members should embrace them in nutrition and diseases for healthy living
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de Lisle, Geoffrey W., Theresa Wilson, Desmond M. Collins, and Bryce M. Buddle. "Vaccination of Guinea Pigs with Nutritionally Impaired Avirulent Mutants of Mycobacterium bovis Protects against Tuberculosis." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 2624–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.5.2624-2626.1999.
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ABSTRACT Four nutritionally impaired strains of Mycobacterium bovis produced by illegitimate recombination were tested for their ability to protect guinea pigs against intratracheal challenge with virulent M. bovis. All four strains and M. bovis BCG induced significant levels of protection as measured by the reduced spread of infection to the spleen and liver. In animals vaccinated with BCG or two of the other strains, the bacterial counts from the lungs were significantly lower than those of the nonvaccinated animals.
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Ndlovu, Siqiniseko S., Terisha Ghazi, and Anil A. Chuturgoon. "The Potential of Moringa oleifera to Ameliorate HAART-Induced Pathophysiological Complications." Cells 11, no. 19 (September 24, 2022): 2981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11192981.
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Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) comprises a combination of two or three antiretroviral (ARV) drugs that are administered together in a single tablet. These drugs target different steps within the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) life cycle, providing either a synergistic or additive antiviral effect; this enhances the efficiency in which viral replication is suppressed. HIV cannot be completely eliminated, making HAART a lifetime treatment. With long-term HAART usage, an increasing number of patients experience a broadening array of complications, and this significantly affects their quality of life, despite cautious use. The mechanism through which ARV drugs induce toxicity is associated with metabolic complications such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. To address this, it is necessary to improve ARV drug formulation without compromising its efficacy; alternatively, safe supplementary medicine may be a suitable solution. The medicinal plant Moringa oleifera (MO) is considered one of the most important sources of novel nutritionally and pharmacologically active compounds that have been shown to prevent and treat various diseases. MO leaves are rich in polyphenols, vitamins, minerals, and tannins; studies have confirmed the therapeutic properties of MO. MO leaves provide powerful antioxidants, scavenge free radicals, promote carbohydrate metabolism, and repair DNA. MO also induces anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-proliferative, and anti-mutagenic effects. Therefore, MO can be a source of affordable and safe supplement therapy for HAART-induced toxicity. This review highlights the potential of MO leaves to protect against HAART-induced toxicity in HIV patients.
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Christiaens, Valerie, Ilse Scroyen, and H. Roger Lijnen. "Role of proteolysis in development of murine adipose tissue." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 99, no. 02 (2008): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th07-10-0589.
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SummaryObesity is a common disorder, and related diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cancer are a major cause of mortality and morbidity inWesterntype societies. Development of obesity is associated with extensive modifications in adipose tissue involving adipogenesis, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix proteolysis. The fibrinolytic (plasminogen/plasmin) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) systems cooperate in these processes. A nutritionally induced obesity model in transgenic mice has been used extensively to study the role of the fibrinolytic and MMP systems in the development of obesity. These studies support a role of both systems in adipogenesis and obesity, and suggest that modulation of proteolytic activity may affect development of adipose tissue.
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McMullen, S., J. C. Osgerby, L. M. Thurston, T. S. Gadd, P. J. Wood, D. C. Wathes, and A. E. Michael. "Alterations in placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) activities and fetal cortisol:cortisone ratios induced by nutritional restriction prior to conception and at defined stages of gestation in ewes." Reproduction 127, no. 6 (June 2004): 717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00070.
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In the placenta, cortisol is inactivated by NADP+- and NAD+-dependent isoforms of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD). Decreased placental 11βHSD activities have been implicated in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and fetal programming of adult diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate whether placental 11βHSD activities and fetal plasma cortisol:cortisone ratios could be affected by nutritional restriction of ewes (70% maintenance diet) throughout gestation, for specific stages of gestation, or prior to mating. Chronic nutritional restriction from day 26 of gestation onwards decreased NAD+-dependent 11βHSD activities by 52 ± 4% and 45 ± 6% on days 90 and 135 of gestation respectively. Although the decreases in enzyme activities were associated with fetal IUGR, the cortisol:cortisone ratio in fetal plasma was unaffected by chronic nutritional restriction throughout pregnancy. Nutritional restriction confined to early (days 26–45), mid- (days 46–90) and late gestation (days 91–135), or the 30 days prior to mating, had no significant effect on NAD+-dependent, placental 11βHSD activities, nor was there evidence of IUGR. However, nutritional restriction at each stage of pregnancy and prior to mating was associated with significant decreases in the fetal plasma cortisol:cortisone ratio (3.2 ± 0.7 in control fetuses; 1.0 to 1.6 in fetuses carried by nutritionally restricted ewes). We conclude that nutritional restriction of pregnant ewes for more than 45 consecutive days can significantly decrease NAD+-dependent placental 11βHSD activities in association with IUGR. While the cortisol:cortisone ratio in fetal plasma is sensitive to relatively acute restriction of nutrient intake, even prior to mating, this ratio does not reflect direct ex vivo measurements of placental 11βHSD activities.
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Smith, Allen D., Sebastian Botero, Terez Shea-Donohue, and Joseph F. Urban. "The Pathogenicity of an EntericCitrobacter rodentiumInfection Is Enhanced by Deficiencies in the Antioxidants Selenium and Vitamin E." Infection and Immunity 79, no. 4 (January 18, 2011): 1471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01017-10.
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ABSTRACTThe pathogenesis of aCitrobacter rodentiuminfection was evaluated in mice fed diets with a single deficiency in either selenium or vitamin E or with a double deficiency in both selenium and vitamin E compared to mice on nutritionally adequate diets. Mice fed the selenium- and vitamin E-deficient diet for 6 weeks had increased loads ofC. rodentiumin the colon and spleen, which were not observed in mice fed either of the singly deficient diets or the adequate diet. Infected mice fed the doubly deficient diet had increased colon crypt hyperplasia and an influx of infiltrating cells along with gross changes to crypt architecture, including ulceration and denuding of the epithelial layer. Cytokine and chemokine mRNA levels in the colon were measured by real-time PCR. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines was upregulated on day 12 after infection withC. rodentiumin mice fed the doubly deficient diet compared to mice fed the control diet. Heme oxygenase 1, an enzyme upregulated by oxidative stress, also was more highly induced in infected mice fed the doubly deficient diet. Production ofC. rodentiumantigen-specific IgM and IgG antibodies was not affected by feeding the doubly deficient diet. The results indicated that selenium and vitamin E play an important role in host resistance and in the pathology induced byC. rodentium, an infection that mimics disease caused by common food-borne bacterial pathogens in humans.
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Dauncey, M. J., and R. J. Bicknell. "Nutrition and neurodevelopment: mechanisms of developmental dysfunction and disease in later life." Nutrition Research Reviews 12, no. 2 (December 1999): 231–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/095442299108728947.
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AbstractNutrition plays a central role in linking the fields of developmental neurobiology and cognitive neuroscience. It has a profound impact on the development of brain structure and function and malnutrition can result in developmental dysfunction and disease in later life. A number of diseases, including schizophrenia, may be related to neurodevelopmental insults such as malnutrition, hypoxia, viruses or in utero drug exposure. Some of the most significant findings on nutrition and neurodevelopment during the last three decades, and especially during the last few years, are discussed in this review. Attention is focused on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms by which diet exerts its effects. Randomized intervention studies have revealed important effects of early nutrition on later cognitive development, and recent epidemiological findings show that both genetics and environment are risk factors for schizophrenia. Particularly important is the effect of early nutrition on development of the hippocampus, a brain structure important in establishing learning and memory, and hence for cognitive performance. A major aim of future research should be to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying nutritionally-induced impairment of neurodevelopment and specifically to determine the mechanisms by which early nutritional experience affects later cognitive performance. Key research objectives should include: (1) increased understanding of mechanisms underlying the normal processes of ageing and neurodegenerative disorders; (2) assessment of the role of susceptibility genes in modulating the effects of early nutrition on neurodevelopment; and (3) development of nutritional and pharmaceutical strategies for preventing and/or ameliorating the adverse effects of early malnutrition on long-term programming.
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Gutte, Rajashri, and Vijaya Deshmukh. "A comprehensive review of the preventive action of Natural Nutraceutical Ingredients in reducing Chemotherapy – Induced Side effects." Functional Food Science 3, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffs.v3i2.1051.
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Cancer is an umbrella term for more than 100 diseases, having the ability to access every part of the body. Chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancer can harm cells in the body including the nervous system and main functioning parts like the heart, lungs, and kidney, according to the American Cancer Society(2020).This re-evaluation aims to give a detailed synopsis of the evidence supporting the effectiveness of natural nutraceutical ingredients and their role in minimizing chemotherapy-related side effects by reviewing several published studies.Research Gap gives ideas for searching for an ingredient with greater efficacy and fewer or no side effects.This study focuses on natural nutraceutical ingredients as opposed to synthetic ingredients because the latter are poorly absorbed by the body and have more negative side effects. This study recommends using natural nutraceutical ingredients as supportive care supplements to treat chemo-related side effects and strengthen patients’ immune systems to fight the disease by regenerating their tissues.The main purpose of the study is to combine conventional medical practices with nutritionally enhanced autonomous human body recovery using natural ingredients in cancer patients.This review will provide an overview based on the fact that natural ingredients, including bioactive components, enriched fractions, and extracts in both raw and pristine form, are shown as preventive measures for the treatment of cancer.Keywords: Cancer, Chemotherapy-induced side effects, therapeutic benefits, Natural Nutraceutical ingredients, Supportive care, etc.
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Kumar, Sachin, and Puneet Kumar. "The Beneficial Effect of Rice Bran Extract Against Rotenone-Induced Experimental Parkinson’s Disease in Rats." Current Molecular Pharmacology 14, no. 3 (August 16, 2021): 428–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874467214666210126113324.
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Background: Neurodegenerative diseases have become an increasing cause of various disabilities worldwide, followed by aging, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative brain disorder distinguished by growing motor & non-motor failure due to the degeneration of medium-sized spiked neurons in the striatum region. Rotenone is often employed to originate the animal model of PD. It is a powerful blocker of mitochondrial complex-I, mitochondrial electron transport chain that reliably produces Parkinsonism-like symptoms in rats. Rice bran (RB) is very rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and nutritionally beneficial compounds, such as γ-oryzanol, tocopherols, and tocotrienols and sterols are believed to have favorable outcomes on oxidative stress & mitochondrial function. Objective: The present study has been designed to explore RB extract’s effect against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Methods: In the present study, Rotenone (2 mg/kg, s.c) was administered systemically for 28 days. The hexane extract of RB was prepared using Soxhlation. Hexane extract (250 & 500 mg/kg) was administered per oral for 28 days in rotenone-treated groups. Behavioral parameters (grip strength, motor coordination, locomotion, and catalepsy) were conducted on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day. Animals were sacrificed on the 29th day for biochemical estimation in the striatum and cortex. Result: This study demonstrates significant alteration in behavioral parameters, oxidative burden (increased lipid peroxidation, nitrite concentration, and decreased glutathione, catalase, SOD) in rotenone-treated animals. Administration of hexane extract of RB prevented the behavioral, biochemical alterations induced by rotenone. The current research has been sketched to inspect RB extract’s effect against rotenone-developed neurotoxicity in rats. Conclusion: The findings support that PD is associated with impairments in motor activity. The results also suggest that the nutraceutical rice bran that contains γ-oryzanol, Vitamin-E, ferulic acid etc., may underlie the adjuvant susceptibility towards rotenone-induced PD in experimental rats.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nutritionally induced diseases"
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Van, Staden Wehlia. "Die rol van etikettering van nutriëntsamestelling op die voorkoming van vetverwante siekte : 'n sistematiese literatuuroorsig /." Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1271.
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Francisco, Ngiambudulu Mbandu. "Modulation of postprandial oxidative stress by rooibos (aspalathus linearis) in normolipidaemic individuals." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1469.
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Thesis (MTech (Biomedical Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010Consumption of sucrose with a meal containing oxidised and oxidisable lipids cause an increase in oxidative stress which is referred to as postprandial oxidative stress. The modulating effect on postprandial oxidative stress by an antioxidant-rich beverage, fermented rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) was compared to that of a commercial soft drink (soda). Both study beverages contained sucrose and were consumed with a standardised fat meal. The study consisted of two parts, a pilot study (Phase One) where participants consumed either a standardised fat meal with water (control group n = 5) or a standardised fat meal with a sucrose-containing commercial soda (treatment group n = 8) using a parallel design, and the experimental study (Phase Two) where participants (n = 14) consumed the standardised fat meal with the commercial soda (control group) or the rooibos beverage (treatment group) using a crossover design. Specific analytical techniques and methods for determination of plasma glucose, serum insulin, lipid profile, an inflammatory indicator (high sensitive C-reactive protein), plasma antioxidant capacity, whole blood redox status and plasma lipid oxidation biomarkers were used. Results from the pilot study indicated significantly (P<0.05) higher postprandial levels of glucose in the control group at 4 hr and 6hr postprandially. The inflammatory biomarker and triglyceride levels were significantly (P<0.05) elevated in both groups when compared to their respective baselines. Results also showed the total antioxidant capacity and total glutathione levels in the plasma of both groups to be significantly (P<0.05) lowered when compared to the baseline values. The level of lipid oxidation biomarkers in the plasma was significantly (P<0.05) higher at 2 hr, 4 hr and 6 hr post time intervals for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and 4 hr post time interval for conjugated dienes in the participants consuming the standardised fat meal with soda when compared to the baseline value, while this was reflected only at 2 hr post time interval for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, with the conjugated dienes levels being significantly (P<0.05) lowered at 6 hr post time interval in the control group. No differences were shown on inter group level for the pilot study. On inter group level, results from Phase Two showed significant (P<0.05) lower levels of plasma glucose at 6 hr post time interval in the treatment group when compared to the control group, with insulin levels being significantly (P<0.05) higher in the control group at 4 hr post time interval.
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Shin, Andrew Changhun. "Unveiling diet-induced obesity leptin insensitivity and dysregulation of the HPA axis /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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雷志鵬 and Chi-pang Lui. "Nutritional zinc-deficiency and nitrosamine-induced carcinogenesis in the rat." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1986. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31207820.
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Lui, Chi-pang. "Nutritional zinc-deficiency and nitrosamine-induced carcinogenesis in the rat /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1986. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12326550.
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Kucich, Daniela Amalia. "Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of a selection of South African indigenous fruits." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2322.
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Thesis (MTech (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015.It has recently been confirmed that people consuming 7+ portions of fruit and vegetables daily have a lower risk of mortality from any cause. With a fifth of the population of South Africa falling below the poverty line, it has been found that rural adults have a very low daily intake of fruit and vegetables; at the same time rural children are consuming a primarily maize-based diet. This low dietary diversity translates into a higher level of infectious diseases in children younger than five years. Interventions at national level included promoting the growing of underexploited traditional indigenous vegetables and fruits in home gardens, in the hope that rural households would help themselves in diversifying their cereal-based diet, while using crops they are accustomed to in their environment. Ten indigenous South African fruits found in the Western Cape were evaluated for their potential to make a positive contribution to the diet of rural communities and were compared with Blueberry and Cranberry, the North American ‘gold standards’. The following determinations were carried out on 12 samples: Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavanols and Total Monomeric Anthocyanins were analysed using the Folin-Ciocalteu, Mazza and pH Differential methods. Total Antioxidant Capacity was assessed using the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), DPPH and Molybdenum Reduction assays. The Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORACFL) was also determined. Iron Chelating Activity, one of the methods recommended to reflect other antioxidant mechanisms, was also investigated. The fruits possessing the highest concentration of Total Phenolic Content (Mazza) were Christmas berry, Bietou, Wild Olive and Wild Plum, at levels significantly higher than those of the two control berries, Blueberry and Cranberry. The fruits yielding the highest results for the TEAC assay were Wild Plum, Wild Olive, Tortoise berry, Christmas berry and Colpoon. The fruits giving the highest results for the DPPH assay were Wild Plum, Colpoon, Wild Olive, and Christmas berry. The fruits showing the highest results for the Molybdenum Reduction assay were Wild Olive, Wild Plum, Christmas berry, and Tortoise berry. The fruits yielding the highest results for the ORAC Total Antioxidant Capacity assay were Colpoon, Christmas berry, Wild Olive, Crossberry, Wild Plum, Waterberry followed by Blueberry and Cranberry. The results from the Iron Chelating Activity assay revealed a ranking of Christmas berry, Blueberry, followed by Num-num. On combining the results of eight assays, namely TPC (Mazza), TF, TA, TEAC, DPPH, TAC, TPC (FCR), ICA to give an Antioxidant Potency Composite Index, the fruits with the highest iv rankings were (1) Wild Plum, (2) Wild Olive, (3) Colpoon, and (4) Christmas berry. By comparison the northern hemisphere control berries ranked (5) Blueberry and (9) Cranberry. These findings show that by introducing even small servings of indigenous fruits into the diet, an important and inexpensive source of natural antioxidants could be accessed and the mean daily ORAC intake could thereby be boosted significantly by about 4,000 µmol Trolox Equivalents to bring the Total ORAC consumed to within optimum levels (6,000 µmol Trolox Equivalents and above). These bioactive plant compounds have the potential to deliver immense benefits to health to impoverished South African adults, as well as rural children, well beyond basic nutrition.
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Ambrosini, Gina L. "Dietary risk factors for prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0135.
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[Truncated abstract] This thesis examines the potential role of dietary intake in the development of two common conditions affecting the prostate gland; prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Diet is of interest as a potential risk factor for prostate cancer because of geographical variations in prostate cancer incidence and increased prostate cancer risks associated with migration from Asian to western countries. Some geographical variation has been suggested for BPH, but this is less certain. However, both prostate cancer and BPH have potential links with diet through their positive associations with sex hormone levels, metabolic syndrome, increased insulin levels and chronic inflammation. In addition, zinc is an essential dietary micronutrient required for semen production in the prostate gland. The original work for this thesis is presented in six manuscripts of which, four have been published in peer-reviewed journals (at the time of thesis completion). BPH investigated in this thesis is defined as surgically-treated BPH. The following hypotheses were investigated. Regarding foods, nutrients and the risk of prostate cancer and BPH: 1. Increasing intakes of fruits, vegetables and zinc are inversely associated with the risk of prostate cancer and BPH 2. Increasing intakes of total fat and calcium are positively associated with the risk of prostate cancer and BPH. 3. Dietary patterns characterised by high meat, processed meat, calcium and fat content are positively associated with the risk of prostate cancer and BPH. 4. Dietary patterns characterised by high fruit and vegetable and low meat content are inversely associated with the risk of prostate cancer and BPH. v Regarding methodological issues related to the study of diet-disease relationships: 5. Dietary patterns (overall diet) elicited from principal components analysis yield stronger diet-disease associations than when studying isolated nutrients. 6. Remotely recalled dietary intake is reliable enough to be used in studies of chronic disease with long latency periods, such as prostate cancer and BPH. Methods: Data from two studies was used to address the hypotheses above. ... Based on the literature reviewed and the original work for this thesis, the most important dietary risk factors for prostate cancer and BPH appear to be those common to western style diets, i.e. diets high in red meat, processed meat, refined grains, dairy products, and low in fruit and vegetables. This type of diet is likely to result in marginal intakes of antioxidants and fibre, excess intakes of fat and possibly, moderate intakes of carcinogens associated with processed meat and meat cooked at high temperatures. These dietary factors have been linked with biomarkers of inflammation, and they support the hypotheses that chronic inflammation is involved in the development of both prostate cancer and BPH. In addition, this work builds on evidence that zinc is an important factor in prostate health. There is scope for more investigation into the reliability of dietary patterns and the use of nutrient patterns as an alternative to focussing on single food components. Further studies on the reliability of remote dietary intake would also be useful. Because of the latency of chronic disease, it can be theorised that remote dietary recall may uncover more robust diet-disease relationships.
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Alhindi, Yosra. "Effects of low citrate synthase activity on physiological responses of mice to high fat diet and palmitate induced lipotoxicity." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=231391.
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The main aim of this thesis was to examine the hypothesis that the A/J strain variant of H55N substitution affects citrate synthase (CS) enzyme activity and metabolic health in mice fed a high fat diet (HFD). C57BL/6J (B6) mice and congenic B6.A-(rs3676616-D10Utsw1)/KjnB6 (B6.A) mice, a strain which carries the A/J allele of Cs on the B6 strain background, were fed a HFD (45% kcal from fat) for 12 weeks. CS activity, but not that of ß-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme dehydrogenase was lower in the gastrocnemius muscle of B6.A mice compared to B6 mice (P< 0.001). During HFD feeding the glucose tolerance of mice decreased progressively and to a greater extent in B6.A females compared to B6 females, with males showing a similar trend. Interestingly, after 12 weeks of HFD feeding only B6.A males showed increases (P< 0.05) in their resting metabolic rate; moreover; core body temperature were also increased (P< 0.05) for congenic B6.A of both sexes by the end of the study. However, body weight and fat gain did not differ between B6.A and B6 mice. The second aim of the thesis was to test the hypothesis that low CS activity promotes palmitate-induced lipotoxicity in muscle cells. After 18 hours of incubation in 0.8 mM palmitate, C2C12 muscle cells with a ~50% reduction in CS activity showed low (P< 0.001) viability, increased (P< 0.001) levels of cleaved Caspase-3, high levels of AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation (P< 0.05), low levels of protein kinase B phosphorylation, high mitogen-activated protein kinases activation (P< 0.001) compared to the control shRNA cells. This was coupled with higher levels of mitochondrial proteins (P< 0.05), which are involved in oxidative phosphorylation. C2C12 cells with reduced CS activity also showed high reactive oxygen species production (P< 0.05), low intracellular ATP levels (P< 0.05), and lower basal mitochondrial respiration (P< 0.001). In summary, the A/J strain variant of H55N is associated with low CS enzyme activity and impaired metabolic health when fed HFD. Palmitate has a lipotoxic effect on Cs shRNA transfected cells and can lead to cell death.
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Van, Staden Wehlia. "Die rol van etikettering van nutrientsamestelling op die voorkoming van vetverwante siekte : 'n sistematiese literatuuroorsig." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3070.
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Thesis (MNutr (Human Nutrition))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.A diet high in fat results in dietary-related diseases, which have reached epidemic proportions in South Africa. Nutritional labelling has the potential to alter consumers’ knowledge of attitude and behaviour towards their fat intake. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of nutritional labelling on the population’s fat-intake through a systematic literature review. Electronic databases, reference lists of relevant studies and the Internet were searched, to identify studies that could help to answer the problem statement. Relevant citations were independently identified by two investigators based on the established inclusion-criteria. After this the full text of the selected citations were obtained and filtered independently by each investigator based on the inclusion- and exclusion criteria. The characteristics of each study was recorded in specially developed data extraction forms by the investigator herself and was checked by a second investigator. The primary objective of the study was to investigate nutritional labelling on food packaging. Two other forms of labelling were included to gain a more concise perception of consumers’ knowledge and practices regarding information on fat. These other forms were point-of-sale labelling (in supermarkets, in restaurants, by vending machines) and experimental labelling (labels spesifically designed to indicate the fat-content of a food item). A total of 59 relevant studies were included based on the inclusion-criteria. Although only a few studies assessed the effect of labelling on diet, there was evidence that the use of labels resulted in lower fat intake. Women older than 35 years with higher education levels, who used nutritional supplements, and who were in the maintenance stage of change to a lower fat diet, and who believed in the importance of nutrition, were between 50% to 80% higher users of information about fat than their counterparts. Fat is the food component which was most looked at on the food label (50% to 80%). Small changes in fat intake occured due to point-of-sale labelling, but labelling programmes which combined labelling with additional information on fat (e.g. pamphlets), increased visibility and nutrition education programmes, were more successful. People generally perceived products lower in fat as less pleasant, but sensory judgement of the products labelled with a low fat content were related to a person’s beliefs and concerns towards fat. Nutritional labelling can be an effective measure, which can be used to reduce the population’s fat intake; however, more research is needed to assess the effect of labelling on fat content of their diet. Regulations and education is needed to enhance the consumer’s trust in and capability in the use of labelling to make better food choices and to alter their diet. The success of labelling is dependant on a well-educated and motivated population, as well as the necessary information in a format which is understandable to the consumer.
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Alfonso, Durruty Marta Pilar. "Biosignificance of Harris lines as stress markers in relation to moderate undernutrition and bone growth velocity a New Zealand white rabbit model for the study of bone growth /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.
Find full textBooks on the topic "Nutritionally induced diseases"
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1927-, Ottoboni Fred, ed. The modern nutritional diseases: Heart disease, stroke, type-2 diabetes, obesity, cancer and how to prevent them. 2nd ed. Fernley, NV: Vincente Books, 2013.
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Juettner, Bonnie. Diet and disease. Detroit: Lucent Books, 2011.
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Barnard, Neal D. The power of your plate: A plan for better living. Summertown, Tenn: Book Pub. Co., 1990.
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Vanchiere, Cori. American diets are far from ideal. [Bethesda, Md.?]: National Cancer Institute, Office of Cancer Communications, 1988.
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Vanchieri, Cori. American diets are far from ideal. [Bethesda, Md.?]: National Cancer Institute, Office of Cancer Communications, 1988.
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Ashwell, Margaret. Diet and Heart Disease: A round table of factors. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996.
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James, W. P. T. 1938- and World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe., eds. Healthy nutrition: Preventing nutrition-related diseases in Europe. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, 1988.
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Pritikin, Nathan. A review of medical literature on relationships of various degenerative diseases to diet and activity. Santa Barbara, Calif: Nathan and Ilene Pritikin Family Trust, 1988.
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Meeting, American Institute of Nutrition. 1993 AIN Symposium proceedings: American Institute of Nutrition Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 28-April 1, 1993. Bethesda, MD: American Institute of Nutrition, 1994.
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Baroody, Theodore A. Alkalize or die: Superior health through proper alkaline-acid balance. Waynesville, NC: Eclectic, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Nutritionally induced diseases"
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Swash, Michael, and Martin S. Schwartz. "Drug-Induced Toxic and Nutritional Myopathies." In Neuromuscular Diseases, 425–32. London: Springer London, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3834-1_19.
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Mir, Ulfat Syed, Arjamand Mushtaq, Najumu Saqib, Wajahat Waseem Tantry, and Mohammad Altaf. "Diet-Induced Histone Modifications: Implications for Human Health and Diseases." In Molecular Mechanisms in Nutritional Epigenetics, 7–29. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54215-2_2.
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Houston, Mark C. "Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements in the Management of Dyslipidemia and Dyslipidemia-Induced Cardiovascular Disease." In Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 97–130. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003137849-5.
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Le, Thao Duc, and Chung Thi Bao Pham. "Soybean breeding through induced mutation in Vietnam." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 40–46. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0004.
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Abstract In Vietnam, soybean is one of the traditional crops and plays an important role in crop rotation, soil improvement and meeting the nutritional needs of humans and livestock. With the aim of generating genetic variability in soybean and creating new soybean varieties to meet the needs of production, induced mutation research has been carried out since the 1980s and has gained outstanding achievements. Induction of modified traits and their incorporation into an ideal genotype was achieved by judicious use of the induced mutation technique. So far, outstanding soybean varieties such as DT84, DT90, DT99, DT2008 and several promising lines have been developed in Vietnam by incorporating desirable traits like high and stable yield (2.0-3.5 t/ha), good quality, drought tolerance, disease resistance (rust, powdery mildew, downy mildew), short growth duration (70-100 days), wide adaptability and suitability for cropping systems and ecological regions in the whole country. The most outstanding variety, DT84, occupies over 50% of the total production area and 80% in Central and North Vietnam (about 70,000-80,000 ha/year). These varieties have also been used as materials for developing several additional improved soybean varieties. Thus, induced mutation research has played an important role in improving soybean varieties in Vietnam.
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Gat-Yablonski, Galia, and Moshe Phillip. "Nutritional-Induced Longitudinal Catch-Up Growth: A Focus on the Growth Plate, Growth-Related Genes, Autophagy, mTOR, and microRNAs." In Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease, 1029–43. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1795-9_61.
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Herrero, Mario, Marta Hugas, Uma Lele, Aman Wirakartakusumah, and Maximo Torero. "A Shift to Healthy and Sustainable Consumption Patterns." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 59–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_5.
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AbstractThis chapter recognises that current food consumption patterns, often characterised by higher levels of food waste and a transition in diets towards higher energy, more resource-intensive foods, need to be transformed. Food systems in both developed and developing countries are changing rapidly. Increasingly characterised by a high degree of vertical integration, evolutions in food systems are being driven by new technologies that are changing production processes, distribution systems, marketing strategies, and the food products that people eat. These changes offer the opportunity for system-wide change in the way in which production interacts with the environment, giving greater attention to the ecosystem services offered by the food sector. However, developments in food systems also pose new challenges and controversies. Food system changes have responded to shifts in consumer preferences towards larger shares of more animal-sourced and processed foods in diets, raising concerns regarding the calorific and nutritional content of many food items. By increasing food availability, lowering prices and increasing quality standards, they have also induced greater food waste at the consumer end. In addition, the potential fast transmission of food-borne disease, antimicrobial resistance and food-related health risks throughout the food chain has increased, and the ecological footprint of the global food system continues to grow in terms of energy, resource use, and impact on climate change. The negative consequences of food systems from a nutritional, environmental and livelihood perspective are increasingly being recognised by consumers in some regions. With growing consumer awareness, driven by concerns about the environmental and health impacts of investments and current supply chain technologies and practices, as well as by a desire among new generations of city dwellers to reconnect with their rural heritage and use their own behaviour to drive positive change, opportunities exist to define and establish added-value products that are capable of internalising social or environmental delivery within their price. These forces can be used to fundamentally reshape food systems by stimulating coordinated government action in changing the regulatory environment that, in turn, incentivises improved private sector investment decisions. Achieving healthy diets from sustainable food systems is complex and requires a multi-pronged approach. Actions necessary include awareness-raising, behaviour change interventions in food environments, food education, strengthened urban-rural linkages, improved product design, investments in food system innovations, public-private partnerships, public procurement, and separate collection that enables alternative uses of food waste, all of which can contribute to this transition. Local and national policy-makers and small- and large-scale private sector actors have a key role in both responding to and shaping the market opportunities created by changing consumer demands.
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Mbarek, Sihem, Oumeima Hammami, Oumeima Achour, and Rafika Ben Chaoucha-Chekir. "Gerbil, Psammomys obesus, a human-like rodent model of eye research." In Rodents and Their Role in Ecology, Medicine and Agriculture. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1002183.
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The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the use of rodents other than mice and rats as relevant models of nutritionally human eye diseases. The sand rat or Psammomys obesus (P. obesus), is a desert rodent from the subfamily Gerbillinae, which has been widely used as an excellent animal model of diet-induced diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In previous studies, we showed that P. obesus develops type II diabetes when exposed to a high-calorie diet under laboratory conditions, resulting in diabetic retinopathy with similar visual disorders to that observed in humans. In this chapter, we will explore the notable similarities and differences between the human and rodent visual systems and the pertinence of using P. obesus as animal model of eye research. Retinal function, particularly that mediated by cone, will also be illustrated.
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Evans, Hugh L. "Cognitive Complications of Mercury Exposure." In Cognitive and Behavioral Abnormalities of Pediatric Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195342680.003.0072.
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Mercury (Hg) is a nonessential metal that has been used in a variety of industrial procedures and pharmaceutical preparations over centuries, resulting in hot spots of environmental contamination and unwanted toxicity in people who were occupationally exposed or were treated with mercury compounds (Clarkson and Magos 2006; Evans 1998). Mercury exists in three different chemical forms, each having a different profile of toxicity. The central nervous system (CNS) is considered to be the target organ for organic mercury and elemental mercury. The kidneys are considered to be the target organ of inorganic mercury. The most widespread current exposure of children is to organic mercury from ingestion of seafood, most of which is in the form of methylmercury, the most severely neurotoxic form of mercury (Clarkson and Magos 2006). Maternal consumption of seafood, although nutritionally beneficial, has been associated with elevated mercury levels in maternal blood and hair, and with deleterious outcomes in their infants. Mothers can transit mercury to their fetus through their blood supply or to their infant through maternal milk. Children also are exposed to mercury in regions where gold is mined (Bose-O’Reilly et al. 2008). Other sources of exposures have been reviewed by Clarkson and Magos (2006). Over the past two decades in the United States, mercury has been increasingly restricted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and it has been removed from consumer products (where it had been used as a fungicide). Current efforts are under way to encourage consumers to trade their mercury thermometers for newer models that do not use mercury. Mercury has no essential nutritional role, so any amount of mercury in the body can be considered undesirable. For practical purposes, since mercury is present at some level almost everywhere on Earth, the key question is at what dose or concentration in the body can mercury-induced toxicity be documented? Continuing improvements in chemical measurement has resulted in the determining of mercury in lower concentrations. This has been matched by advances in neurological measurements and statistical analyses, resulting in the extrapolation of lower “safe” levels of mercury levels in drinking water, hair, and blood.
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Longnecker, Daniel S. "Nutritionally Induced Pancreatic Disease." In Nutritional Pathology, 115–26. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003065371-3.
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Longnecker, Daniel S. "Nutritionally Induced Pancreatic Disease." In Nutritional Pathology, 115–26. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003065371-3.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Nutritionally induced diseases"
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McCabe, Laura. "Targeting the Intestine to Prevent Glucocorticoid Induced Osteoporosis." In The 1st International Electronic Conference on Nutrients - Nutritional and Microbiota Effects on Chronic Disease. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecn2020-06979.
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Nieman, David. "A Multi-Omics Approach to Interpreting the Influence of Polyphenols in Countering Exercise-Induced Physiological Stress." In The 1st International Electronic Conference on Nutrients - Nutritional and Microbiota Effects on Chronic Disease. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecn2020-06978.
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Snelson, Matthew, Sih Tan, Karly Sourris, Runa Lindblom, Vicki Thallas-Bonke, Mark Cooper, and Melinda Coughlan. "Thermally processed diet-induced albuminuria, Enterobacteriaceae expansion and cecal metabolome alterations are attenuated by resistant starch in diabetes." In The 1st International Electronic Conference on Nutrients - Nutritional and Microbiota Effects on Chronic Disease. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecn2020-07164.
Full textReports on the topic "Nutritionally induced diseases"
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Hoitink, Harry A. J., Yitzhak Hadar, Laurence V. Madden, and Yona Chen. Sustained Suppression of Pythium Diseases: Interactions between Compost Maturity and Nutritional Requirements of Biocontrol Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568755.bard.
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Several procedures were developed that predict maturity (stability) of composts prepared from municipal solid wastes (MSW). A respirometry procedure, based O2 uptake by compost, predicted (R2=0.90) the growth response of ryegrass in composts and an acceptable level of maturity. Spectroscopic methods (CPMAS13-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy) showed that the stabilizing compost contained increasing levels of aromatic structures. All procedures predicted acceptable plant growth after approximately 110 days of composting. MSW compost suppressed diseases caused by a broad spectrum of plant pathogens including Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum. A strain of Pantoea agglomerans was identified that caused lysis of hyphae of R. solani. Evidence was obtained, suggesting that thermophilic biocontrol agents also might play a role in suppression. 13C-NMR spectra revealed that the longevity of the suppressive effect against Pythium root rot was determined by the concentration of readily biodegradable carbohydrate in the substrate, mostly present as cellulose. Bacterial species capable of inducing biocontrol were replaced by those not effective as suppression was lost. The rate of uptake of 14C-acetate into microbial biomass in the conducive substrate was not significantly different from that in the suppressive substrate although specific activity was higher. The suppressive composts induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumjber roots to Pythium root rot and to anthracnose in the foliage. Composts also increased peroxidase activity in plants by the conducive substrate did not have these effects. In summary, the composition of the organic fraction determined bacterial species composition and activity in the substrate, which in turn regulated plant gene expression relative to biological control.
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Hoitink, Harry A. J., Yitzhak Hadar, Laurence V. Madden, and Yona Chen. Sustained Suppression of Pythium Diseases: Interactions between Compost Maturity and Nutritional Requirements of Biocontrol Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568746.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Several procedures were developed that predict maturity (stability) of composts prepared from municipal solid wastes (MSW). A respirometry procedure, based O2 uptake by compost, predicted (R2=0.90) the growth response of ryegrass in composts and an acceptable level of maturity. Spectroscopic methods (CPMAS13-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy) showed that the stabilizing compost contained increasing levels of aromatic structures. All procedures predicted acceptable plant growth after approximately 110 days of composting. MSW compost suppressed diseases caused by a broad spectrum of plant pathogens including Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum. A strain of Pantoea agglomerans was identified that caused lysis of hyphae of R. solani. Evidence was obtained, suggesting that thermophilic biocontrol agents also might play a role in suppression. 13C-NMR spectra revealed that the longevity of the suppressive effect against Pythium root rot was determined by the concentration of readily biodegradable carbohydrate in the substrate, mostly present as cellulose. Bacterial species capable of inducing biocontrol were replaced by those not effective as suppression was lost. The rate of uptake of 14C-acetate into microbial biomass in the conducive substrate was not significantly different from that in the suppressive substrate although specific activity was higher. The suppressive composts induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumjber roots to Pythium root rot and to anthracnose in the foliage. Composts also increased peroxidase activity in plants by the conducive substrate did not have these effects. In summary, the composition of the organic fraction determined bacterial species composition and activity in the substrate, which in turn regulated plant gene expression relative to biological control.
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Schwartz, Bertha, Vaclav Vetvicka, Ofer Danai, and Yitzhak Hadar. Increasing the value of mushrooms as functional foods: induction of alpha and beta glucan content via novel cultivation methods. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600033.bard.
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During the granting period, we performed the following projects: Firstly, we differentially measured glucan content in several pleurotus mushroom strains. Mushroom polysaccharides are edible polymers that have numerous reported biological functions; the most common effects are attributed to β-glucans. In recent years, it became apparent that the less abundant α-glucans also possess potent effects in various health conditions. In our first study, we explored several Pleurotus species for their total, β and α-glucan content. Pleurotuseryngii was found to have the highest total glucan concentrations and the highest α-glucans proportion. We also found that the stalks (stipe) of the fruit body contained higher glucan content then the caps (pileus). Since mushrooms respond markedly to changes in environmental and growth conditions, we developed cultivation methods aiming to increase the levels of α and β-glucans. Using olive mill solid waste (OMSW) from three-phase olive mills in the cultivation substrate. We were able to enrich the levels mainly of α-glucans. Maximal total glucan concentrations were enhanced up to twice when the growth substrate contained 80% of OMSW compared to no OMSW. Taking together this study demonstrate that Pleurotuseryngii can serve as a potential rich source of glucans for nutritional and medicinal applications and that glucan content in mushroom fruiting bodies can be further enriched by applying OMSW into the cultivation substrate. We then compared the immune-modulating activity of glucans extracted from P. ostreatus and P. eryngii on phagocytosis of peripheral blood neutrophils, and superoxide release from HL-60 cells. The results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of these glucans are partially mediated through modulation of neutrophileffector functions (P. eryngiiwas more effective). Additionally, both glucans dose-dependently competed for the anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibody binding. We then tested the putative anti-inflammatory effects of the extracted glucans in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–induced model in mice. The clinical symptoms of IBD were efficiently relieved by the treatment with two different doses of the glucan from both fungi. Glucan fractions, from either P. ostreatus or P. eryngii, markedly prevented TNF-α mediated inflammation in the DSS–induced inflamed intestine. These results suggest that there are variations in glucan preparations from different fungi in their anti-inflammatory ability. In our next study, we tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of TNF-α. We demonstrated that glucan extracts are more effective than mill mushroom preparations. Additionally, the effectiveness of stalk-derived glucans were slightly more pronounced than of caps. Cap and stalk glucans from mill or isolated glucan competed dose-dependently with anti-Dectin-and anti-CR-3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. Using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-inflammatory bowel disease mice model, intestinal inflammatory response to the mill preparations was measured and compared to extracted glucan fractions from caps and stalks. We found that mill and glucan extracts were very effective in downregulatingIFN-γ and MIP-2 levels and that stalk-derived preparations were more effective than from caps. The tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes and upregulating the levels of fecal-released IgA to almost normal levels. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating some IBD-inflammatory associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii. These spatial distinctions may be helpful in selecting more effective specific anti-inflammatory mushrooms-derived glucans. We additionally tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide-induced production of TNF-α, which demonstrated stalk-derived glucans were more effective than of caps-derived glucans. Isolated glucans competed with anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating IBD-associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii grown at higher concentrations of OMSW. We conclude that these stress-induced growing conditions may be helpful in selecting more effective glucans derived from edible mushrooms. Based on the findings that we could enhance glucan content in Pleurotuseryngii following cultivation of the mushrooms on a substrate containing different concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) and that these changes are directly related to the content of OMSW in the growing substrate we tested the extracted glucans in several models. Using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mice model, we measured the colonic inflammatory response to the different glucan preparations. We found that the histology damaging score (HDS) resulting from DSS treatment reach a value of 11.8 ± 2.3 were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans, glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 20% OMSWdownregulated to a HDS value of 6.4 ± 0.5 and at 80% OMSW showed the strongest effects (5.5 ± 0.6). Similar downregulatory effects were obtained for expression of various intestinal cytokines. All tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes from 18.2 ± 2.7 % for DSS to 6.4 ± 2.0 for DSS +glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 50% OMSW. We finally tested glucans extracted from Pleurotuseryngii grown on a substrate containing increasing concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) contain greater glucan concentrations as a function of OMSW content. Treatment of rat Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) transiently transfected with Nf-κB fused to luciferase demonstrated that glucans extracted from P. eryngii stalks grown on 80% OMSWdownregulatedTNF-α activation. Glucans from mushrooms grown on 80% OMSW exerted the most significant reducing activity of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated J774A.1 murine macrophages. The isolated glucans were tested in vivo using the Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) induced colitis in C57Bl/6 mice and found to reduce the histology damaging score resulting from DSS treatment. Expression of various intestinal cytokines were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans. We conclude that the stress-induced growing conditions exerted by OMSW induces production of more effective anti-inflammatory glucans in P. eryngii stalks.
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Prusky, Dov, Nancy P. Keller, and Amir Sherman. global regulation of mycotoxin accumulation during pathogenicity of Penicillium expansum in postharvest fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600012.bard.
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Background to the topic- Penicilliumas a postharvest pathogen and producer of the mycotoxin PAT. Penicilliumspp. are destructive phytopathogens, capable of causing decay in many deciduous fruits, during postharvest handling and storage; and the resulting losses can amount to 10% of the stored produce and the accumulation of large amounts of the mycotoxinpatulin. The overall goal of this proposal is to identify critical host and pathogen factors that modulate P. expansummycotoxin genes and pathways which are required for PAT production and virulence. Our preliminary results indicated that gluconic acid are strongly affecting patulin accumulation during colonization. P. expansumacidifies apple fruit tissue during colonization in part through secretion of gluconic acid (GLA). Several publications suggested that GLA accumulation is an essential factor in P. expansumpathogenicity. Furthermore, down regulation of GOX2 significantly reduced PAT accumulation and pathogenicity. PAT is a polyketide and its biosynthesis pathway includes a 15-gene cluster. LaeA is a global regulator of mycotoxin synthesis. It is now known that patulin synthesis might be subjected to LaeA and sometimes by environmental sensing global regulatory factors including the carbon catabolite repressor CreA as well as the pH regulator factor PacC and nitrogen regulator AreA. The mechanisms by which LaeA regulates patulin synthesis was not fully known and was part of our work. Furthermore, the regulatory system that controls gene expression in accordance with ambient pH was also included in our work. PacC protein is in an inactive conformation and is unable to bind to the promoter sites of the target genes; however, under alkaline growth conditions activated PacC acts as both an activator of alkaline-expressed genes and a repressor of acid-expressed genes. The aims of the project- This project aims to provide new insights on the roles of LaeA and PacC and their signaling pathways that lead to GLA and PAT biosynthesis and pathogenicity on the host. Specifically, our specific aims were: i) To elucidate the mechanism of pH-controlled regulation of GLA and PAT, and their contribution to pathogenesis of P. expansum. We are interested to understanding how pH and/or GLA impact/s under PacC regulation affect PAT production and pathogenesis. ii) To characterize the role of LaeA, the global regulator of mycotoxin production, and its effect on PAT and PacC activity. iii) To identify the signaling pathways leading to GLA and PAT synthesis. Using state- of-the-art RNAseq technologies, we will interrogate the transcriptomes of laeAand pacCmutants, to identify the common signaling pathways regulating synthesis of both GLA and PAT. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements- In our first Aim our results demonstrated that ammonia secreted at the leading edge of the fungal colony induced transcript activation of the global pH modulator PacC and PAT accumulation in the presence of GLA. We assessed these parameters by: (i) direct exogenous treatment of P. expansumgrowing on solid medium; (ii) direct exogenous treatment on colonized apple tissue; (iii) growth under self-ammonia production conditions with limited carbon; and (iv) analysis of the transcriptional response to ammonia of the PAT biosynthesis cluster. Ammonia induced PAT accumulation concurrently with the transcript activation of pacCand PAT biosynthesis cluster genes, indicating the regulatory effect of ammonia on pacCtranscript expression under acidic conditions. Transcriptomic analysis of pH regulated processes showed that important genes and BARD Report - Project 4773 Page 2 of 10 functionalities of P. expansumwere controlled by environmental pH. The differential expression patterns of genes belonging to the same gene family suggest that genes were selectively activated according to their optimal environmental conditions to enable the fungus to cope with varying conditions and to make optimal use of available enzymes. Concerning the second and third Aims, we demonstrated that LaeA regulates several secondary metabolite genes, including the PAT gene cluster and concomitant PAT synthesis invitro. Virulence studies of ΔlaeAmutants of two geographically distant P. expansumisolates (Pe-21 from Israel and Pe-T01 from China) showed differential reduction in disease severity in freshly harvested fruit ranging from no reduction for Ch-Pe-T01 strains in immature fruit to 15–25% reduction for both strains in mature fruit, with the ΔlaeAstrains of Is-Pe-21 always showing a greater loss in virulence. Results suggest the importance of LaeA regulation of PAT and other secondary metabolites on pathogenicity. Our work also characterized for the first time the role of sucrose, a key nutritional factor present in apple fruit, as a negative regulator of laeAexpression and consequent PAT production in vitro. This is the first report of sugar regulation of laeAexpression, suggesting that its expression may be subject to catabolite repression by CreA. Some, but not all of the 54 secondary metabolite backbone genes in the P. expansumgenome, including the PAT polyketide backbone gene, were found to be regulated by LaeA. Together, these findings enable for the first time a straight analysis of a host factor that potentially activates laeAand subsequent PAT synthesis.