Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nutritional science'
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1
Grosh, Kimberly Coile. "Nutrigenomics and Nutritional Epigenetics – The State of the Science in Academia." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1308247018.
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FRANKLIN, ALEXANDRA MARIE. "IMPROVEMENTS IN CONSCIOUS EATING BEHAVIORS IN UNDERGRADUATE NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE STUDENTS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612930.
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While knowledge and awareness are necessary to prepare students to provide nutritional
advice and counseling in the future, there is limited evidence demonstrating a link between
nutrition education and healthy eating habits among nutritional science students. The objective of
this pilot study was to determine if nutritional science students adopt more conscious eating
behaviors as they progress through the curriculum. Undergraduate nutrition majors (n =278) and
non-nutrition majors (n=104) were surveyed with 20 questions regarding their eating and grocery
shopping habits. Additionally, focus groups consisting of nutritional science seniors (n =27)
were held to further explain data from the surveys. The surveys revealed that fourth year
nutrition majors ate significantly more servings of vegetables (p=0.001) and shopped for
groceries significantly more frequently (p<0.001) than first year nutrition majors. Additionally,
obtaining minimally processed foods at the grocery store was marginally significantly more
important to fourth year nutrition majors than first year nutrition majors (p=0.058). The focus
group meetings revealed that senior-level nutrition students’ grocery shopping habits and eating
behaviors were influenced by education, living situation, and improvements in time management
skills. Because nutritional science is a discipline that includes everyday practices the results may
be related to their daily professional development.
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Naphtal, Rachael (Rachael M. ). "Natural language processing based nutritional application." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/100640.
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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2015.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 67-68).
The ability to accurately and eciently track nutritional intake is a powerful tool in combating obesity and other food related diseases. Currently, many methods used for this task are time consuming or easily abandoned; however, a natural language based application that converts spoken text to nutritional information could be a convenient and eective solution. This thesis describes the creation of an application that translates spoken food diaries into nutritional database entries. It explores dierent methods for solving the problem of converting brands, descriptions and food item names into entries in nutritional databases. Specifically, we constructed a cache of over 4,000 food items, and also created a variety of methods to allow refinement of database mappings. We also explored methods of dealing with ambiguous quantity descriptions and the mapping of spoken quantity values to numerical units. When assessed by 500 users entering their daily meals on Amazon Mechanical Turk, the system was able to map 83.8% of the correctly interpreted spoken food items to relevant nutritional database entries. It was also able to nd a logical quantity for 92.2% of the correct food entries. Overall, this system shows a signicant step towards the intelligent conversion of spoken food diaries to actual nutritional feedback.
by Rachael Naphtal.
M. Eng.
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Packard, Jacquelyn Hansen. "The Effect of Family Home Evening Nutrition Lessons on Nutritional Behavior in Latter-day Saint Families." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2010. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3479.pdf.
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Qiao, Yanrui. "Routine techniques for monitoring the nutritional value of animal meals." NCSU, 2001. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20011030-112347.
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Feed mills demand routine techniques to analyze digestible amino acids in highly variable animal meals. As routine tools, infrared spectroscopic predictions of digestible amino acids require reference samples assayed in vivo. Lack of reference samples resulting from costly and time-consuming in vivo assays has limited infrared spectroscopic applications. To remove this limitation, an in vitro assay mimicking in vivo digestion in swine was sought as a replacement to build the reference database.
Pepsin and pancreatic proteases used in the in vitro assays produce autolysates that are assayed as digestible amino acids. To correct this contamination and define incubation time for efficient use of the proteases, the autolysis of these proteases was studied. Correction of enzyme contamination with enzyme blank incubations and incubation time of 24 hours for pepsin and 96 hours for pancreatic proteases were proposed (Chapter III and IV).
In vitro digestion focused on maximal hydrolysis of peptide bonds with minimal enzyme usages for restriction of enzyme contamination. The minimal enzyme usage was determined to be 6.5% (enzyme to substrate ratio) (Chapter V).
Study on absorption of peptides in swine revealed that all soluble in vitro peptides could be estimated as digestible in vivo. Average in vitro digestibility coefficients were comparable to in vivo for a number of amino acids but mismatch occurred for individual samples. In vivo digestible amino acids, though, could be predicted with in vitro digestible amino acids. For example, lysine was predicted with an error of 0.27% (Chapter VI).
Total and digestible amino acids were predicted with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and mid infrared Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) but not with Raman spectroscopy. Infrared spectroscopic prediction errors for digestible lysine were 0.27% for near infrared spectroscopy and 0.26% for mid infrared spectroscopy. Total amino acids seemed better predicted than digestible amino acids by infrared spectroscopy (Chapter VII).
The study showed that as routine techniques, infrared spectroscopy could potentially replace both in vivo and wet chemical analyses of amino acids.
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Shen, Li 1968. "Nutritional and chemical properties of sorghum, rapeseed, and sunflower pollens." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278204.
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The nutritional and chemical properties of three Chinese pollens, sorghum (Sorghum sp.), rapeseed (Brassica napus) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus), were studied. All three pollens were highly preferred, with sunflower pollen the highest, by young honey bees (Apis mellifera). Rapeseed pollen increased honey bee's longevity the greatest; however, sorghum and sunflower pollens also increased the longevity relative to the no-pollen group. All three pollens had high energy (about 5 kcal/g) and carbohydrate quantities (58%). The protein, fat, and fiber levels were 27%, 7%, and 9% in rapeseed pollen, 26%, 5%, and 13% in sorghum pollen, and 15%, 5%, and 10% in sunflower pollen. alpha-Tocopherol was high in sunflower pollen (61 μg/g), lower in rapeseed (33 μg/g) and sorghum pollen (15 μg/g). K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Mn were high in all three pollens. These data suggest that a pollen which is highly preferred by honey bees is not necessarily the most nutritious.
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Movahedi, Neiini Seved Ali Reza. "Physical and nutritional amendment of topsoil using compost waste." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300253.
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Bergman, Christine Joy 1960. "Soft wheat pasta supplemented with cowpea: Nutritional, sensory and cooking quality studies." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291602.
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Pasta was produced from soft wheat supplemented with cowpea. Acid detergent fiber values increased from 0.4% in the soft wheat pasta (SWP) to 1.1% in the 30% cowpea pasta (CP). Cowpea supplementation provided an increase in total and available lysine from 42 to 113% and 39 to 117%, respectively. Chemical scores for preschool children increased from 56 in the SWP to 89 in the 30% CP. For school children the 20% CP provided a score of 102. The in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) of cowpea was lower than that of soft wheat; as a result cowpea reduced the IVPD of SWP from 84% to a value of 78% for the 30% CP. The protein content of SWP was 10.9% while the CP ranged from 11.3 to 14.2%. Considering IVPD values, SWP contained 9.2% digestible protein and CP from 9.2 to 11.1%. After cooking, only the 30% CP displayed trypsin inhibitor activity. Upon visual examination, cowpea improved the color of SP making it comparable to the durum semolina control (DSC) but lacking its translucency. A sensory panel reported no difference in acceptability among treatments. Cooked weights were similar to the SWP, except with 30% replacement when a decrease was observed. CP, after 10 minutes of cooking demonstrated reduced loss as supplementation was increased. After 20 minutes all treatments had similar cooking loss compared to the SP. All treatments displayed cooking quality results significantly different from the DSC.
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Hartwell, Heather. "Patient experience, nutritional uptake and satisfaction with hospital food services." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2004. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/405/.
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It has been recognised that hospital food service could be improved, with malnutrition a particular concern. The problem of patients obtaining adequate nutrition in hospital is complex with many constraints at ward level. The hypothesis of this study is that patients able to see and smell the food on offer and with potential for greater server empathy, will achieve better nutritional status and increased meal satisfaction. Data were collected from two wards, Women's Health and Orthopaedic, (n=62) over two, three-day consecutive periods. Firstly, for a pre-ordered, plated meal service and secondly, nine months later, for a trolley service offering choice at the point of consumption. Food was weighed before and after the meal. Questionnaires were administered and interviews conducted with patients (n= 614) to evaluate patient acceptability of both catering systems and other pertinent data. The research methodology also involved collecting observational data during mealtimes. Focus groups were conducted with ward staff, and patients together with their visitors while open ended interviews were conducted with the catering manager, facilities manager, chief dietitian, orthopaedic ward dietitian and chief pharmacist. This was to enhance and validate information already gathered. Results show that nutritional intake was not dependent on the catering system and that possibly in hospital; unlike other `eating out' situations there are barriers to `complete nutrition'1. A theoretical model of patient experience and satisfaction with hospital food service is presented, reflecting data gathered during the case study. Texture and temperature of food were shown to be critical factors impinging on patient satisfaction and the trolley system of delivery is the preferred style of service. Service predisposition demonstrates little significance with patient satisfaction towards the overall meal experience. This research indicates that nutritionally, the method of meal delivery is immaterial but patients do prefer choice at the point of consumption. 1 A term used to define the provision of a healthy nutritionally balanced diet which meets and satisfies both physiological and psychological requirements.
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Kapoor, Priyanka. "Nutritional and functional properties of popped little millet («Panicum sumatrense»)." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119693.
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Food industries are focusing energies towards the development of functional foods and food ingredients. Several ancient grains are being used as a source of functional nutrients. Millets are minor cereals which have high nutritional value, are non-glutinous and are easily digestible. In spite of this, their consumption is limited. This could be attributed to their non-availability in ready-to-eat and ready-to-use foods. Processing of millets to incorporate them in ready-to-eat foods can increase their nutritional value, availability and economic value. Thermal processing can improve the bioavailability of certain vitamins and minerals and can also help in lowering the water activity thus, preventing the growth of microorganisms. Thermally processed foods also have better organoleptic properties. One interesting method of thermal processing is popping. Popping enhances the carbohydrate and protein digestibility by inactivating some of the enzymes and enzyme inhibitors. Popping also improves the color, appearance, aroma and taste of the processed food commodity. In the present study, the popping quality of little millet (Panicum sumatrense) and the effects of popping on the nutrient composition and the functional properties of the millet were studied. The popping quality of little millet was optimized with respect to the temperature of the particulate medium and the moisture content of the millet, both of which were found to determine the yield of popping. The optimized conditions for popping little millet were obtained at 16% grain moisture and particulate medium temperature of 260°C. The total protein, crude fat and total ash content of the popped millet was almost equal to that of the native millet. Popping increased the non-resistant starch content of little millet. The availability of total phenolics increased from 225 mg GAE/100g sample (db) in native millet to 661.462 mg GAE/100g sample (db) in popped millet. Popped millet flour (PMF) had a higher oil absorption capacity at room temperature as well as at 140°C and also exhibited higher swelling power and solubility. While the cold paste viscosity of the native millet flour (NMF) was 5.359 X 10^-3 Pa s, that of PMF varied from 1.5 to 7.5 Pa s. NMF had a hot paste viscosity (HPV) of 0.1908 Pa s whereas the HPV of PMF varied from 1.9 to 7.5 Pa s. From the results obtained in the present study, it was deduced that PMF would form pastes of uniform viscosity which would be more stable to heat during cooking and would have a greater shelf-life. It was also confirmed that popped millet flour had the advantage over native millet flour with improved nutrient availability and better functional properties.L'industrie alimentaire vise le développement d'aliments et d'ingrédients fonctionnels. De nombreux grains anciens sont utilisés comme source d'éléments nutritifs fonctionnels. Le millet est une petite graminée qui possède une excellente valeur nutritive, sans gluten et facilement digestible. Cependant cette céréale est peu consommée. Cela s'explique en partie par la non-disponibilité de produits prêts à manger issus du millet. La transformation du millet afin de l'incorporer dans une variété d'aliments peut améliorer sa valeur nutritive, sa disponibilité et sa valeur économique. Les traitements thermiques peuvent améliorer la biodisponibilité de certaines vitamines et minéraux et peuvent aider également a diminué l'activité de l'eau en prévention de la multiplication des microorganismes. Les aliments transformés par procédés thermiques ont souvent de meilleures propriétés organoleptiques. Un intéressant procédé de transformation thermique est l'expansion à sec qui entraîne l'éclatement du grain. L'expansion thermique à sec améliore la digestibilité des hydrates de carbone et des protéines en inactivant les enzymes et les inhibiteurs d'enzymes. L'expansion thermique peut aussi améliorer la couleur, l'apparence, l'arôme et le goût des céréales soufflées. Dans la présente étude, la qualité de petit mil (Panicum sumatrense) a été étudiée afin de déterminer les effets du traitement thermique sur la composition nutritionnelle et les propriétés fonctionnelles du millet soufflé. La qualité du millet soufflé a été optimisée en tenant compte du traitement thermique, soit la température des particules solides et la teneur en eau des grains, qui affectent tous deux le rendement. La protéine brute, la matière grasse brute, et la fraction totale de cendres n'ont pas été affectés par le traitement. L'expansion thermique a cependant augmenté l'amidon non-résistant du petit mil. La disponibilité des composants phénoliques a augmenté de 225 mg GAE/100g (base sèche) des échantillons témoins à 661.462 mg GAE /100g (base sèche) pour les grains soufflés. La farine de millet soufflé avait une capacité d'absorption d'huile plus élevée autant à la température de la pièce qu'à 140°C, avec également un pouvoir de gonflement et une solubilité plus élevés. La viscosité à basse température de la pâte de farine de millet témoin était de 5.359 ×10^-3 Pa s par rapport à une valeur variant de 1.5 à 7.5 Pa s pour la farine de millet soufflé. La viscosité à haute température de la pâte de farine de millet témoin était de 0.1908 Pa s par rapport à une valeur variant de 1.9 à 7.5 Pa s pour la farine de millet soufflé. Ainsi, de par les résultats obtenus, la farine de millet soufflé permet la formation d'une pâte de viscosité uniforme qui serait stable face à un procédé thermique, lui assurant une meilleure conservation. Les meilleures conditions pour l'expansion thermique du petit mil sont établies à une teneur en eau des grains de 16%, et une température des particules chauffantes de 260°C. La recherche a confirmé que la farine de millet soufflé est supérieure à la farine témoin (millet non-soufflé) avec une amélioration de la disponibilité des éléments nutritifs et de meilleures propriétés fonctionnelles.
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O'Doherty, Alasdair Fraser. "The effects of acute exercise and nutritional interventions on postprandial lipid metabolism." Thesis, University of Hull, 2017. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:17126.
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Raised postprandial triglycerides (TG) is an independent risk factor for cardio-metabolic disorders. This is due, in part, to the increases in circulating remnant lipoproteins after TG have been transported for storage or hydrolysis. Raised TG, are also associated with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (High TG, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles). In addition, elevated TG contribute to ectopic storage of fatty acids in liver, adipose and muscle tissues, contributing to insulin resistance in all three tissues and consequent metabolic dysregulation. It is therefore paramount to prevent frequent and prolonged exposure to raised TG in the postprandial period, particularly in groups who are at increased risk of cardio-metabolic disease. The dyslipidaemic component of cardio-metabolic health can be inferred by assessing the capacity to breakdown and clear TG from circulation after high fat ingestion using an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT). The OFTT can also be used to assess the efficacy of interventions targeting reductions in postprandial TG. Exercise and nutritional interventions have been shown to alter postprandial TG excursions and provide insight in to underlying mechanisms of postprandial lipid metabolism. However, there are several topics within this area of research that require further clarification. These topics have been addressed within this thesis. The first experimental chapter of this thesis (chapter 3) aimed to investigate the repeatability of an OFTT (75g fat, 22g carbohydrate, 14g protein) designed to meet recommendations from an expert panel statement. This study also aimed to evaluate the repeatability of the postprandial response to an OFTT preceded by 1 hour of acute moderate intensity exercise (cycling at a work rate eliciting 90% oxygen consumption anaerobic threshold). After an overnight fast, 11 healthy adult male participants consumed OFTT meals on 4 separate occasions; 2 preceded by rest and 2 preceded by exercise. TG area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for each test and compared to the repeat condition using non-parametric Bland-Altman analysis. The 4-hour OFTT was repeatable in the rest condition, with 9 of 10 repeat measurements falling within ±15% of the median TG AUC (predefined as the upper limit of acceptable error). However, in the exercise condition repeatability was poor with only 2 of 11 repeat measurements falling within 15% of the median TG AUC. Adult offspring of type 2 diabetics (OT2D) show irregular TG responses to OFTT with high or low carbohydrate content, compared to healthy controls. Prior acute aerobic exercise may favourably influence these postprandial responses in OT2D. This feasibility study (Chapter 4) aimed to investigate the effects of carbohydrate content and acute exercise on TG AUC after OFTT in OT2D. On 4 separate days, 8 adult male OT2D ingested OFTTs with low (HFLC; 75g fat, 22g carbohydrate, 14g protein) or high (HFHC; 75g fat, 95g carbohydrate, 14 g protein) carbohydrate content. Participants rested or exercised (1-hour moderate intensity; 90% oxygen consumption at anaerobic threshold) the day before each OFTT. Recruitment to the single centre was slow, but participant adherence to the study was good. There were large effect sizes for lower TG AUC and incremental AUC (iAUC) in the HFHC with prior exercise. Insulin AUC was higher in HFHC conditions and there was a large effect size for lower insulin AUC in the exercise conditions. Given the large effect sizes observed for the effects of prior acute exercise on postprandial TGs, an adequately powered multi-centre study was deemed to be relevant and feasible. Consumption of strawberries appears to be beneficial in attenuating the postprandial lipaemic response to OFTT due to the high polyphenol content within strawberries. The mechanisms of this attenuation in postprandial lipaemia appear to be different from the mechanisms involved in exercise induced reductions in postprandial lipaemia. However, the combined effects of exercise and strawberry interventions in reducing postprandial lipaemic responses to OFTT has not been investigated. The final experimental chapter (Chapter 5) aimed to evaluate the combined effects of acute exercise and strawberry consumption on postprandial responses to OFTT (73g to 74g fat, 32g to 33g carbohydrate, 11g to 12g protein). On 4 separate days, ten overweight/obese males ingested OFTTs with 25g freeze dried strawberries or a placebo. Participants rested or exercised (40 minutes submaximal high intensity exercise, HIIE) the day before each OFTT. There was a 20% reduction in TG AUC in the exercise conditions and no differences in TG AUC in the strawberry conditions. This thesis offers key contributions to postprandial lipid metabolism research. First, the OFTT recommended by an expert panel statement is repeatable. Second, the variability observed in postprandial responses to OFTT with immediate prior exercise may explain the inconsistencies within the literature. Third, acute exercise showed a substantive effect in reducing TG AUC and iAUC with high carbohydrate OFTT in adult OT2D. These improvements could be explained by acute improvements in insulin sensitivity, however, a further adequately powered study is required to support the findings of this feasibility study. Finally, acute HIIE appears to be an effective strategy to reduce postprandial TG, but strawberry intake does not appear to improve postprandial TG.
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O'Grady, Lizanne. "Effects of postharvest handling on nutritional quality of pomegranate (Punica granatum) Arils." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71973.
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Thesis (MScFoodSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of storage temperature and duration on the proximate composition, physico-chemical properties and selected bioactive components (vitamin C, anthocyanins and β-carotene) of arils from three pomegranate cultivars (‘Arakta’, ‘Bahgwa’ and ‘Ruby’). Pomegranates were hand-peeled and stored at three different temperatures (1°, 4° and 8°C) at 95% relative humidity (RH) for 14 days, with an additional day at ambient conditions (~21°C). Physico-chemical attributes, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid and proximate composition was measured on day 0, 7, 14 and 15. O2 consumption and CO2 production increased at elevated temperatures. No visual mould growth was detected in ‘Arakta’ and ‘Bahgwa’ arils after 14 days at 1°C 95% RH and after 7 days at 4°C 95% RH. Higher storage temperature negatively affected the proximate composition, physico-chemical attributes and bioactive components. The physico-chemical properties and selected bioactive components (anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, β-carotene) of pomegranate arils (‘Arakta’, ‘Bahgwa’ and ‘Ruby’) packed in three punnets made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET1 - clampshell; PET2 - tub and lid) or polypropylene (PP - tub and lid) material were studied for a period of 14 days at 5°C 95% RH. Packaging did not have a major effect on the physico-chemical and bioactive components of pomegranate arils, although PET2 had relatively stable headspace gas composition within the punnets. Storage duration caused a rise in pH and a decline in titratable acidity irrespective of packaging type. No visual mould growth was detected in ‘Arakta’ arils after 7 days irrespective of the type of packaging, while mould growth was detected in all ‘Ruby’ in all types of packaging. The earlier onset of visual microbial growth lead to a baseline microbiological study evaluating the effect of pre-storage water dipping of whole fruit on the microbiological quality of pomegranate arils stored for 8 days at 5°C 95% RH. Freshly harvested pomegranate fruit (‘Bahgwa’) were dipped in distilled water and air-dried (dipped fruit) or stored without postharvest dipping (dry fruit) at 7°C 95% RH for 15 weeks. Arils were extracted, packaged and stored at 5°C 95±8.34% RH for 8 days. Total viable aerobic mesophillic bacteria, yeasts and moulds, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were enumerated. After 8 days at 5°C 95% RH no microbial growth was detected on arils from ‘dry fruit’, while ‘dipped fruit’ showed increased yeast and mould counts (4.74 log cfu.g-1) and total viable aerobic mesophillic bacteria count (3.73 log cfu.g-1). In conclusion storage temperature affects the nutritional quality of pomegranate arils and is best maintained at 1°C for 14 days or 4°C for 7 days at 95% RH. Current South African packaging used to market pomegranate arils don’t have a major effect on the nutritional quality of pomegranate arils, although the headspace gas composition was most stable in PET2 packaging. Pre-storage water dipping of whole pomegranates should be avoided as this could reduce the shelf life of extracted pomegranate arils.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die gevolge van bergingstemperatuur en -tydperk op die proksimale samestelling, fisies-chemiese eienskappe en geselekteerde bio-aktiewe komponente (vitamien C, antosianiene en β-karoteen) van granaatpitte van drie kultivars ('Arakta’, ‘Bahgwa’ en ‘Ruby’) te ondersoek. Granaatpitte is geberg by drie temperature (1°, 4° en 8°C) 95% RH vir 14 dae plus ‘n addisionele dag by kamertemperatuur (~21°C). Fisies-chemiese eienskappe, antosianiene, askorbiensuur en proksimale samestelling is gemeet op dag 0, 7, 14 en 15. Die granaatpitte se O2-verbruik en CO2-produksie het toegeneem by hoër bergingstemperature. Geen swamgroei was sigbaar na 7 dae by 1°C 95% RH sowel as 14 dae 4°C 95% RH. Hoër bergingstemperatuur het die proksimale samestelling, fisies-chemiese eienskappe en bio-aktiewe komponente negatief beïnvloed. Die fisies-chemiese eienskappe en geselekteerde bio-aktiewe komponente (antosianiene, askorbiensuur, β-karoteen) van granaatpitte ('Arakta’, ‘Bahgwa’ en ‘Ruby’) is verpak in drie bakkies vervaardig van polyethyleentereftalaat (PET1 – klamp-bakkie, PET2 – bakkie en deksel) of polipropileen (PP – bakkie en deksel) en bestudeer vir 14 dae by 5°C 95% RH. Heel granate was onderworpe aan 10-14 weke bergingstydperk by 7°C 95% RH voor die granate geskil en verpak is. Die bakkie tipe het nie 'n duidelike uitwerking op die fisies-chemiese en bio-aktiewe komponente van die granaatpitte gehad nie, alhoewel die gas samestelling in die kopspasie van PET2 bakkies relatief onveranderd gebly het. Gedurende die bergingstydperk het die pH gestyg en die titreerbare suur gedaal ongeag die bakkie tipe. Geen visuele swamgroei was sigbaar in ‘Arakta’ granaatpitte na 7 dae by 5°C 95% RH terwyl ‘Ruby’ granaatpitte wel swamgroei getoon het ongeag die bakkie tipe. Die vroeë aanvang van sigbare swamgroei het tot ‘n verdere mikrobiologiese basislynstudie gelei. Die uitwerking van voorbergingswaterdompeling van heel granate is geëvalueer op die mikrobiologiese gehalte van die granaatpitte wat gestoor was vir 8 dae by 5°C 95% RH. Vars ge-oesde ‘Bahgwa' granate is in water gedompel en gelugdroog (gedompelde granate) of glad nie in water gedompel nie (droë granate) en geberg by 7°C 95% RH vir 15 weke. Granate is ontpit, verpak en geberg by 5°C 95±8.34% RH vir 8 dae. Totale lewensvatbare aërobiese mesofilliese bakterieë, giste en swamme, Escherichia coli en Staphylococcus aureus telling is vervat. Granaatpitte van ‘droë granate’ was vry van enige mikrobiese groei na 8 dae. Die ‘gedompelde granate’ het ‘n toename in giste en swamme (4,74 log cfu.g-1) en totale lewensvatbare aërobiese mesofilliese bakterieë (3,73 log cfu.g-1) getoon. Hierdie studie maan dus teen waterdompeling van heel granate voor ‘n bergingsperiode van 10-15 weke. Ten slotte word die voedingswaarde van granaatpitte wel beïnvloed deur ‘n hoër bergingstemperatuur en sal die granaatpitte se gehalte behou word by 1°C vir 14 dae of 4°C vir 7 dae by 95% RH. Die voedingswaarde van granaatpitte word nie beïnvloed deur kommersiële verpakking wat tans in Suid-Afrika gebruik word om granaatpitte te adverteer nie, alhoewel PET2 bakkies se gas samestelling in die kopspasie onveranderd gebly het. Waterdompeling van heel granate voor ‘n verlengde bergingstydperk moet eerder vermy word aangesien dit die raklewe van granaatpitte verminder.
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Kralik, Brittany A. "Quality and Nutritional Analysis of Aquaponic Tomatoes and Perch." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1617139965099778.
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Adebiyi, Adekunle Olalekan. "The nutritional value for poultry and pigs of biofuel co-products." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5432/.
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A total of five studies were conducted to determine the nutritional value of co-products of bioethanol production for poultry and pigs. The objective in the first study was to evaluate the relationship between the chemical components of maize- and wheat distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as well as develop prediction equations for indispensable amino acids (IAA), total indispensable amino acid (TIAA) and total amino acid (TAA) contents using nutrient composition data available in literature. The relationship between the chemical constituents of maize- and wheat-DDGS and associated probability values were determined by correlation analysis. Prediction models for determining the IAA, TIAA and TAA contents of maize- and wheat-DDGS from their crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) contents were developed using step-wise multiple regression analyses. Maximum improvement in adjusted r2 (adj r2) and reduction in Mallows Cp were the model selection criteria. The chemical composition of maize- and wheat-DDGS varied among sources with coefficient of variation (CV) ranging from 8.5% to 53.5% for total P and Ca respectively in maize-DDGS and 10.5% to 36.1% for CP and acid detergent fibre (ADF) in wheat-DDGS respectively. Of the IAA, Lys, Met and Trp were most variable in maize-DDGS with CV of 13.1%, 12.0%, 10.3%, respectively, whereas Lys, Phe and Met were the most variable IAA in wheat-DDGS with CV of 20.2%, 17.3%, and 16.9%, respectively. For maize-DDGS, there were positive correlations (P < 0.05) between CP and CF, NDF, Ca, ash (r ranged from 0.45 and 0.61). Adjusted r2 ranged from 0.57 to 0.99 in the best models for predicting the IAA in maize- and wheat-DDGS from CP and AA. Except for Trp and Lys, the IAA contents of maize- and wheat-DDGS can be predicted from their CP content alone. The best models for predicting TIAA and TAA in maize-DDGS included Arg, His and Leu (adj r2= 0.98) and His, Leu and Trp (adj r2= 0.90) respectively, the regression equations being TIAA (% DM) = 0.77 + 1.36 (Arg) + 3.87 (His) + 1.99 (Val) and TAA = -3.03 + 14.1 (His) + 3.79 (Leu) + 23.4 (Trp) respectively. For wheat-DDGS, the best three variables for predicting TIAA were Arg, Leu and Val (adj r2=0.99), the regression equation being TIAA (% DM) = -0.07 + 1.11 (Arg) + 0.99 (Leu) + 5.02 (Val). Predicted values were close to actual values in the prediction models for IAA, TIAA and TAA. It was concluded that the IAA, TIAA and TAA contents of both maize- and wheat-DDGS can be predicted from their CP contents with high accuracy. In the second study, the nutritional value of wheat-DDGS without- or with exogenous enzymes for broiler was determined using three experiments. The N-corrected- and apparent metabolisable energy contents (AMEn and AME, respectively) without- or with added admixture of xylanase, amylase and protease (XAP) was determined in experiment 1, true P digestibility without- or with supplemental phytase was determined in experiment 2, whereas the apparent- or standardised ileal digestibility (AID and SID, respectively) of AA without- or with added protease was determined in experiment 3. Birds were fed a nutrient adequate pre-experimental diet from d 1 to 14 post-hatch followed by the dietary treatments from d 14 to 21 in experiment 1 and 2, or from d 25 to 28 in experiment 3, respectively. Each of the 3 experiments was arranged as a randomised complete block design consisting of 7 replicate pens and 3 birds per pen. Six dietary treatments consisting of 3 levels of wheat-DDGS (0, 300 or 600 g/kg of diet) and 2 levels of XAP (0 or 0.25 g/kg) were used in experiment 1. Six diets consisting of 3 levels of wheat-DDGS (200, 400 or 600 g/kg of diet) and 2 levels of phytase (0 or 1000 FTU/kg) were used in experiment 2, whereas four treatments consisting of a nitrogen-free diet (NFD) and an assay diet, both diets without- or with supplemental protease were used in experiment 3. In experiment 1, increasing the level of wheat-DDGS in the basal diet decreased linearly (P < 0.001) dry matter (DM) and energy retention, AME and AMEn. Supplemental XAP tended to improve both the dietary AME (P = 0.059) and AMEn (P = 0.085) values of the diet. The AME value of wheat-DDGS without- or with supplemental XAP was determined to be 15.0 or 15.5 MJ/kg, respectively. Corresponding values for AMEn were 14.0 and 14.5 MJ/kg, respectively. Supplemental XAP did not improve the energy value of wheat-DDGS for broilers. In experiment 2, increasing the level of wheat-DDGS in the diet decreased linearly (P < 0.05) ileal DM digestibility, DM retention and apparent P retention but there was no difference in apparent ileal P digestibility. Except for Fe and Zn at the ileal, and Mn and Zn at the total tract level, increasing the level of wheat-DDGS in the diet increased linearly (P < 0.05) the flow of all other minerals. Flow of minerals at the ileal and total tract level were not different with phytase supplementation. True ileal P digestibility in the wheat-DDGS for broilers was 93.6 or 96% without- or with added phytase, respectively. Corresponding values at the total tract level were 92.4 and 93.5%, respectively. Phytase addition did not improve P utilisation at the ileal or total tract level. In experiment 3, AID ranged from 33% (Asp) to 75% (Pro) without added protease whereas the range was 31% (Asp) to 82% (Pro) with protease supplementation. The AID of Lys was nil regardless of protease supplementation. Supplemental protease improved (P < 0.05) the AID of Arg and Pro and tended to improve (P < 0.10) the AID of Met. Without protease supplementation, SID ranged from 43% (Asp) to 84% (Pro) whereas the range was from 54% (Asp) to 93% (Pro) with added protease. Supplemental protease improved (P < 0.05) the SID of Arg, Leu, Phe, Met, Val and Pro by 21, 14, 13, 26, 13 and 10 percentage points, respectively. It was concluded that wheat-DDGS is a good dietary source of metabolisable energy and P for broilers. The ileal AA digestibility of wheat-DDGS for broilers is quite variable and generally low. Further, the ileal digestibility of some AA in the wheat-DDGS improved with protease supplementation. Using three experiments the third study determined the metabolisable energy content, true P digestibility and retention and AIAAD and SIAAD of wheat-DDGS for turkey. The AMEn and AME content of wheat-DDGS without- or with XAP was determined in experiment 1, the true P digestibility and retention without- or with supplemental phytase was determined in experiment 2, whereas the AIAAD and SIAAD of wheat-DDGS without- or with a protease were determined in experiment 3. Experiment 1 and 2 lasted for 21 days whereas experiment 3 lasted for 28 days. Experimental diets were fed for 7, 5 or 3 d in experiment 1, 2 or 3, respectively. Each of the 3 experiments was arranged as a randomised complete block design consisting of 7 replicate pens and 3 birds per pen. Six dietary treatments consisting of 3 levels of wheat-DDGS (0, 300 or 600 g/kg of diet) and 2 levels of XAP (0 or 0.25 g/kg) were used in experiment 1. Six diets consisting of 3 levels of wheat-DDGS (200, 400 or 600 g/kg of diet) and 2 levels of phytase (0 or 1000 FTU/kg) were used in experiment 2, whereas four diets consisting of a NFD and an assay diet, both diets without- or with supplemental protease were used in experiment 3. In experiment 1, increasing the dietary inclusion of wheat-DDGS from 0 to 600 g/kg decreased linearly (P < 0.05) DM and energy retention. There was wheat-DDGS × XAP interaction (P < 0.05) for dietary AME and AMEn. Dietary AME and AMEn values decreased linearly (P < 0.001) as the level of wheat-DDGS increased in the diets without XAP, whereas there was no effect of increasing wheat-DDGS level on dietary AME or AMEn for the XAP-supplemented diets.
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Simmons, Amber Lynn. "The Functional and Nutritional Benefits of Soy in Snack Foods." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343756595.
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Rich, Marianne. "Nutritional Status and Growth in Infants with Cystic Fibrosis at Diagnosis and at Age Two Years and Six Years." DigitalCommons@USU, 2005. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5511.
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PURPOSE: A retrospective chart review was conducted to determine if nutritional source of feeding and/or infant age at diagnosis of cystic fibrosis had any effect on nutritional status and subsequent growth accretion. Additionally, an attempt was made to identify predictors for poor growth in patients with undiagnosed cystic fibrosis.
METHODS: Data was collected from medical and clinic charts at Primary Children's Medical Center (PCMC), Salt Lake City, Utah, for subjects born between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 200 I, who were diagnosed with cystic fibrosis before 1 year of age. Thirty-one subjects met inclusion parameters. These subjects were divided into two groups: an "early" diagnosis group (N= 13) included those who were diagnosed before 9 weeks of age, and a "late" diagnosis group (N= 18) included those who were diagnosed after 9 weeks of age. "Breastfed at diagnosis" (N=7) and "not breastfed at diagnosis" (N= 17) groups were established as well, with nutritional source of feeding remaining unknown for 7 of the 31 subjects.
RESULTS: Paired t-tests indicated that children who were primarily breastfed at time of diagnosis did not grow significantly more than children who were formula-fed at time of diagnosis, although regression analysis indicated that nutritional source of feeding at time of diagnosis was a significant predictor of growth later in life. This contradiction could have come about due to the small sample size. Age at diagnosis had a significant effect on growth, at diagnosis, at age 2 years, and age 6 years. Children who were diagnosed early grew taller and weighed more than the children who were diagnosed after 9 weeks of age, both at the 2-year mark and at the 6- year mark. Additionally, low blood albumin levels at diagnosis were predictive of more growth at age 2 years and 6 years. Other identified predictors of growth included gender, age at diagnosis, and whether the child had a family history of cystic fibrosis. This research highlights the crucial need for early detection and correction of malnutrition in infants and children with cystic fibrosis. It should be viewed as a pilot study, with more research needed in this area.
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Christiansen, Alexandra R. "Nutritional, sensory, and quality attributes of heritage bred chicken and commercial broiler meat." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16284.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Food Science
Elizabeth A. Boyle
Animal production factors can affect nutritional composition and quality of poultry meat. Quality attributes and fatty acid composition were evaluated on breast and thigh meat with skin from free range, heritage bred chickens (>116 day of age) (HB) and commercial broilers (<50 day of age) (CM). In addition, sensory and textural attributes were evaluated on breast and thigh meat of HB, and air or water chilled CM. Moisture and fat content was similar (P>0.05) between chicken types without skin. Thigh meat had at least 2.41% more fat (P<0.05) than breast meat; however, breast meat had at least 2.33% more moisture (P<0.05) regardless of skin inclusion or chicken type. Heritage meat with or without skin had a greater amount (P<0.05) of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than CM regardless of chilling type and HB had a lower, more desirable ω6:ω3 ratio of 12.79 when compared to air or water chilled CM at 15.20 and 14.77, respectively. Heritage breast and thigh meat with skin contained 35.60 and 35.21% PUFA which was greater than (P<0.05) CM breast and thigh meat with skin at 20.96 and 20.45%, respectively. Whole carcass weight of CM, breast weight, and bone-in thigh weight was 71.30%, 148.0%, and 52.2% heavier (P<0.05), respectively, than HB weight. However, bone-in thigh yield was 2.1% higher (P<0.05) in HB. Commercial broiler breast and thigh meat was more tender (P<0.05) with higher myofibrillar tenderness and overall tenderness values and having less connective tissue than HB breast and thigh meat. Thigh meat from HB also had the highest (P<0.05) peak force values for Warner-Bratzler (3.47 kgf) and Allo-Kramer (7.22 kgf/g sample) shear tests. Thigh meat was perceived to be more juicy (P<0.05) and have more chicken flavor intensity (P<0.05) than breast meat. Heritage meat showed advantages in fatty acid profiles while CM meat showed advantages in yields and tenderness attributes.
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Kriaucioniene, Vilma. "Social variations in nutritional habits and their trends in Lithuanian adult population." Thesis, Nordic School of Public Health NHV, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-3262.
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The aim of this study was to assess the socio-demographic variations in nutritional habits and their trends over the last decade in Lithuanian adult population. Methods: Six health behaviour surveys were carried out within the international FINBALT HEALTH MONITOR project between 1994-2004. For every survey the national random sample of 3000 inhabitants aged 20-64 was taken from the National Population Register. The study material was collected through mailed questionnaires covering sociodemographic characteristics and some nutrition habits. Response rates ranged from 61.7% to 74.4%. Education was measured using five educational levels. The respondents were categorized into three groups: persons with incomplete secondary education (primary or incomplete secondary), secondary (secondary or vocational), and university education. The degree of urbanization was based on the administrative classification of the places of residence. The respondents were grouped as living in cities, towns, or villages. The effect of age, level of education, place of residence, and marital status upon nutritional habits was evaluated using multifactor logistic regression analysis that was carried out separately for men and women. Results: Positive trends in nutritional habits were observed between 1994-2004 in Lithuania. The diet of the Lithuanian population tended to become closer to the WHO recommendations for healthy nutrition. The intake of animal fat decreased. Almost a half of population replaced butter on bread by low fat margarine. The proportion of men using vegetable oil for cooking increased from 31.1% in 1994 to 82.6% in 2004, and the proportion of women – from 47.7% to 89.4, respectively. The consumption of fresh vegetables, fruit, and dark bread has increased. Although all social groups of the Lithuanian population have changed their diet, social differences in nutrition habits still remained significant. Women, highly educated persons and urban population have healthier diet than men, people with lower education and rural population. The odds ratio of using vegetable oil among men with university education was higher by 98% and among women – by 67% than that among persons with incomplete secondary education. The respondent with university education were more than twice as likely as low educated people to consume fresh fruits daily. The proportion of persons drinking whole milk was much higher in villages (OR 4.80 (CI 4.0-5.8) for men and 7.33 (CI 6.1-8.8) for women) compared to cities. Conclusions: Existing social differences in nutritional habits should be considered in the programs for the promotion of healthy nutrition and implementation of Lithuanian Food and Nutrition Action Plan developmentISBN 91-7997-157-1
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Bosch, Adina Cornelia. "Investigation of the chemical composition and nutritional value of smoothhound shark (Mustelus mustelus) meat." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20261.
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Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the proximate composition of five individual body sites of the Mustelus mustelus shark in order to evaluate the cross carcass variation of the individual proximate components (moisture, protein, lipid, ash) of the meat. This variation was determined in order to find a representative sample of the edible part of the shark (fillet and body flap). Secondly, this sample representing the entire shark fillet was used to investigate the endogenous factors (gender, size and life cycle stage) and their effects on the individual proximate components and other meat components (amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, histamine and mercury contents). Finally, all this data was combined to describe the average chemical composition and nutritional value of M. mustelus meat. None of the proximate components showed any variation between the different fillet positions. This indicated that the fillet is homogenous and samples for chemical analyses can be taken anywhere on the fillet as representative of the entire fillet. It was found that all three main effects (gender, size and life cycle stage) did not have major influences on most of the components of the chemical composition of M. mustelus meat analysed. Higher fatty acid levels (SFA, MUFA and PUFA) were observed in large females than in large males as well as in non-pregnant large females compared to pregnant large females. According to statistical analysis, large males had higher total mercury levels than large females. The only component affected by size variation was the fatty acids, showing a trend to decrease in quantity before maturity was reached. Variation due to life cycle stages was mostly evident in the fatty acid component with some small effects on two mineral components, aluminium and copper, which had slightly higher levels in pregnant large females than in non-pregnant large females. M. mustelus meat has an average proximate composition of 75% moisture, 23% protein, 1.6% lipids and 1.4% ash (weight per wet weight). The protein is, however, an over-estimation of the true protein value as the meat contains significant amounts of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in the form of urea which contributes to the N concentration. M. mustelus meat is a good source of some essential amino acids, especially lysine and threonine (78% of the daily requirements for an adult in a 100g portion), but low in minerals. The meat has a healthy lipid content with a good ratio (>0.45) of PUFA:SFA (0.83) as well as a healthy (<4) n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio of 0.39. The histamine content was very low or not detectable but some samples contained total mercury values above the maximum safe limit. Although further research is needed for some meat components, these results are a valuable contribution to the new South African Food Composition Tables being compiled.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die proksimale samestelling van die vleis vanaf vyf afsonderlike posisies op die liggaam van die Mustelus mustelus haai te bepaal. Sodoende is die variasie, met betrekking tot die verskillende proksimale komponente (vog, proteïen, lipiede en as), in terme van die totale karkas, bepaal. Die proksimale variasie is bepaal om vas te stel hoe ʼn verteenwoordigende monster van die totale karkas geneem kan word. Gevolglik is hierdie verteenwoordigende monster gebruik om die effek van geslag, grootte en die verskillende fases van die lewens-siklus op die afsonderlike proksimale komponente asook ander vleis komponente (aminosure, vetsure, minerale, histamien en kwik inhoud) te ondersoek. Laastens is al hierdie inligting gebruik om die algemene samestelling en voedingswaarde van M. mustelus vleis te bespreek. Geen van die proksimale komponente het enige variasie getoon tussen afsonderlike liggaamsposisies nie. Hierdie resultaat dui daarop dat die vleis van ʼn M. mustelus haai homogeen is regoor die karkas en dat ʼn vleis monster vanaf enige posisie op die karkas geneem kan word as ʼn verteenwoordigende monster. Daar is gevind dat geslag, grootte en fase van die lewens-siklus geen merkwaardige invloed het op die vleis se samestelling nie. Hoër vetsuur konsentrasies (versadigde, monoonversadigde en poli-onversadigde vetsure) is gevind in groot vroulike haaie en nie-dragtige vroulike haaie as in groot manlike haaie en dragtige vroulike haaie onderskeidelik. Statisties, het groot manlike haaie hoër vlakke van totale kwik as groot vroulike haaie. Die enigste vleis komponent wat beïnvloed is deur die grootte van die haai, is die vetsure, wat verminder het voor volwassenheid bereik is en dan weer vermeerder soos die haai groter word. Variasie as gevolg van die verskillende fases van die lewens-siklus is meestal gevind in die vetsuursamestelling, en die minimale het ook gevarieer ten opsigte van die elemente aluminium en boor wat effense hoër vlakke getoon het in dragtige haaie as in nie-dragtige haaie. M. mustelus vleis het ʼn gemiddelde proksimale samestelling van 75% vog, 23% proteïen, 1.6% lipiede en 1.4% as (nat massa). Die proteïen waarde is ʼn oorskatting van die ware proteïen waarde as gevolg van hoë nie-proteïen stikstof in die vorm van ureum wat bydra tot die totale stikstof inhoud. M. mustelus vleis blyk ʼn goeie bron van sommige essensiële aminosure soos lisien en treonien (78% van die daaglikse aanbevole dosis), maar laag in mineraal inhoud. Die vleis het ʼn gesonde vet inhoud met ʼn goeie (>0.045) poli-onversadigde:versadigde vetsuur verhouding (0.83) asook ʼn gesonde (<4) omega 6 tot omega 3 vetsuur verhouding van 0.39. Die histamien inhoud van die vleis was baie laag of onder die meetbare limiet, maar sekere monsters het ʼn totale kwik inhoud getoon wat bo die maksimum veilige limiet is. Hoewel verdere navorsing ten opsigte van sekere van die vleis komponente vereis word, lewer hierdie resultate ʼn waardevolle bydrae tot die nuwe Suid-Afrikaanse voedsel samestellings tabelle wat tans opgestel word.
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Goh, Zhong Sheng Jensen. "EFFECTS OF CURCUMIN AND FENUGREEK SOLUBLE FIBER SUPPLEMENTS ON SUBMAXIMAL AND MAXIMAL AEROBIC PERFORMANCE INDICES IN UNTRAINED COLLEGE-AGED SUBJECTS." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/69.
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Submaximal exercise performance is, in part, limited by the accumulation of metabolic byproducts and energy system capacities. Curcumin and the combination of curcumin and fenugreek soluble fiber (CurQfen®) have been shown to increase endogenous antioxidants and metabolic byproduct clearance as well as reduce inflammation and lipid peroxidation, and therefore, may enhance submaximal aerobic thresholds. In addition, there is evidence that the galactomannan component of fenugreek, used to enhance bioavailability of curcumin, may also have potential physiological effects related to the up regulation of free fatty acid oxidation Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of curcumin and fenugreek soluble fiber supplementation on the ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP), maximal oxygen consumption (O2 peak), and time to exhaustion (Tlim)derived from a graded exercise test (GXT). Forty-five untrained, college-aged, male (n = 24) and female (n = 21) subjects (mean age ± SD: 21.2 ± 2.5 yr) were randomly assigned to one of three supplementation groups; placebo (PLA, n=13), 500 mg·day-1 CurQfen® (CUR, n=14), or 300 mg·day-1 fenugreek soluble fiber (FEN, n=18). All of the subjects completed a maximal GXT on a cycle ergometer to determine the VT, RCP, O2 peak, and Tlim before (PRE) and after (POST) 28 days of daily supplementation. The VT and RCP were determined from the V-slope method for the ventilation (E)vs. O2 and E vs. CO2, respectively. Separate, one-way ANCOVAs were used to examine the between group differences for adjusted POST VT, RCP, O2 peak, and Tlim values, with the respective PRE test value as the covariate. The adjusted POST VT-O2 for the CUR (mean ± SD= 1.593 ± 0.157 L·min-1) and FEN (1.597 ± 0.157L·min-1) groups were greater than (p= 0.04 and p= 0.03, respectively) the PLA (1.465 ± 0.155L·min-1) group, but the FEN and CUR groups were not different (p = 0.94). The one-way ANCOVAs for RCP (F = 3.177, p = 0.052), O2 peak (F = 0.613, p = 0.547), and Tlim (F = 0.654, p = 0.525) indicated there were no significant differences among groups. These findings suggested that CurQfen® and/or fenugreek soluble fiber may improve submaximal, but not maximal, aerobic performance indices in untrained subjects.
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Hansson, Lisbeth. "Statistical Considerations in the Analysis of Matched Case-Control Studies. With Applications in Nutritional Epidemiology." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Information Science, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-1092.
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The case-control study is one of the most frequently used study designs in analytical epidemiology. This thesis focuses on some methodological aspects in the analysis of the results from this kind of study.
A population based case-control study was conducted in northern Norway and central Sweden in order to study the associations of several potential risk factors with thyroid cancer. Cases and controls were individually matched and the information on the factors under study was provided by means of a self-completed questionnaire. The analysis was conducted with logistic regression. No association was found with pregnancies, oral contraceptives and hormone replacement after menopause. Early pregnancy and artificial menopause were associated with an increased risk, and cigarette smoking with a decreased risk, of thyroid cancer (paper I). The relation with diet was also examined. High consumption with fat- and starch-rich diet was associated with an increased risk (paper II).
Conditional and unconditional maximum likelihood estimations of the parameters in a logistic regression were compared through a simulation study. Conditional estimation had higher root mean square error but better model fit than unconditional, especially for 1:1 matching, with relatively little effect of the proportion of missing values (paper III). Two common approaches to handle partial non-response in a questionnaire when calculating nutrient intake from diet variables were compared. In many situations it is reasonable to interpret the omitted self-reports of food consumption as indication of "zero-consumption" (paper IV).
The reproducibility of dietary reports was presented and problems for its measurements and analysis discussed. The most advisable approach to measure repeatability is to look at different correlation methods. Among factors affecting reproducibility frequency and homogeneity of consumption are presumably the most important ones (paper V). Nutrient variables can often have a mixed distribution form and therefore transformation to normality will be troublesome. When analysing nutrients we therefore recommend comparing the result from a parametric test with an analogous distribution-free test. Different methods to transform nutrient variables to achieve normality were discussed (paper VI).
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Gritsenko, Maria. "Effects of composite flours on quality and nutritional profile of flour tortillas." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-05-323.
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Gottlieb, Tunehafo Ruusa. "The contribution of fog to the moisture and nutritional supply of Arthraerua leubnitziae in the central Namib Desert, Namibia." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27949.
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Fog is a key source of moisture to the diverse coastal Namib Desert biota, delivering five times more moisture than rain. Apart from the importance of fog as a source of water for plants, it is also associated with particulates that may contain essential nutrients for plants. Furthermore, dry deposition can be an important input of nutrients to many ecosystems, but without water, dust deposited on leaves or on soil is inaccessible for plant uptake. In other studies of coastal ecosystems (e.g. Strandveld), it has been found that this combined deposition of nutrients represents a major source of nutrients to terrestrial ecosystems. In the case of the Namib Desert, the range of Arthraerua leubnitziae is limited to those areas where fog occurs. This study was carried out at five meteorological stations in the gravel plains of the Namib Desert, along an east-west transect increasing in elevation inland. I hypothesised that marine-derived deposition contributes to moisture and nutrient supply of Arthraerua leubnitziae, an endemic shrub restricted to the fog zone of the central Namib Desert, and consequently determines its distribution. To test this hypothesis, two sub-hypotheses were developed and tested independently. The first sub-hypothesis was that fog contributed to the distribution range of A. leubnitziae in the central Namib Desert and the second was that fog deposition has a significant potential to supply moisture and nutrients to A. leubnitziae in the central Namib Desert. To test the first sub-hypothesis, I measured fog and rain volume, and plant morphological characteristics at the five sites. In addition, a fog map was derived using climatic variables from the five sites and used with climate and edaphic variables in MaxEnt model of the probability of occurrence of A. leubnitziae. The occurrence of A. leubnitziae was found to coincide with areas with high fog occurrence with fog contributing 36% to the modelled distribution of A. leubnitziae alongside precipitation, elevation and isothermality. In order to test the second sub-hypothesis, I measured nutrients deposited in fog water derived from wet and dry deposition (Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cl, Br, NO₃, PO₄ and SO₄) and plant essential nutrients in plant and soil samples (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn). I also determined the nutrient uptake by stems of A. leubnitziae. During the period of Sep 2015 to Aug 2016, fog provided 92% of the yearly water input across the study sites. Over the course of the sampling cycle, the total annual nutrient content of fog and dust was dominated by Ca and Na. Most of the nutrients (K, Mg, Na, and S) were of marine origin. However, Ca enrichment factors (relative to seawater) were higher than 1, suggesting an input from dust. A. leubnitziae was found to be able to directly intercept and absorb some of the nutrients in the dust and fog via their stems. Even though plant and soil nutrients did not match each other, a contribution to plant nutrition from dust and fog was evident. The low nutrient concentrations in the soils of the Namib Desert and significant inputs from dust and fog suggests deposition is an important source of nutrients for A. leubnitziae. Although work is still required to better understand the importance of fog water uptake for nutrient provision, I have identified that water, nutrients and environmental stress alleviation should not be considered separately in studying the role of fog as a determinant of plant distributions.
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Baeza, Rita. "Comparison of technologies to control the physiological, biochemical and nutritional changes of fresh cut fruit." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/494.
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Santos, Fernanda Botaro de Oliveira. "Impact of poultry age, season, litter quality, and nutritional intervention strategies on Salmonella prevalence and populations, serotypes, genotypes, and antibiotic resistance profiles." NCSU, 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-10252006-084211/.
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Poultry-related salmonellosis is an on-going problem that the poultry industry must continue to address. To address these challenges, Salmonella populations present on litter and fecal samples of brooder and grow-out turkey farms were assessed using a quantitative procedure. Furthermore, serotyping, genotyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antibiotic resistance-susceptibility analyses were used to investigate the diversity of the Salmonella serotypes present on these farms. Additionally, alternative on-farm pathogen intervention strategies including feeding whole or coarsely ground grains, increasing insoluble fiber content of the diet and use of an alternative non-litter cage-based housing design (Broilermatic System) were evaluated. Salmonella litter populations averaged 2 logs higher in 3-wk turkey samples compared to samples from 19-wk birds. Turkey age also influenced Salmonella serotypes, genotypes and antibiotic resistance profiles. Only serovars Javiana and Mbandaka were common between 3 and 19-wk old turkeys. A higher frequency of multidrug resistance was observed in Salmonella isolates recovered from samples of 3-wk birds, on average isolates were resistant to >4 antibiotics tested. Supplementing coarse ground corn and increased insoluble fiber (wood fiber) content into the turkey diet did not adversely impact body weights. However, the treatments did not influence Salmonella colonization or fecal shedding of turkeys. To examine the impact of housing design and addition of whole or coarsely ground grains on performance, intestinal microbial diversity and Salmonella colonization, broilers were reared on four diets consisting of finely or coarsely ground corn and finely ground or whole triticale to market age and Salmonella populations measured. Whole grain supplementation decreased Salmonella cecal populations while rearing broilers on litter floor as opposed to the Broilermatic System resulted in significant reductions in Salmonella cecal populations. Moreover, feeding whole triticale presumably encouraged the proliferation of bacterial populations which may have competitively excluded Salmonella in the ceca of broilers. In conclusion, highly variable Salmonella populations and serotypes were detected across all commercial turkey farms and the use of alternative feed ingredients such as triticale may help to reduce Salmonella colonization in poultry. Moreover, diet composition and grain coarseness as well as housing design can influence the diversity of the commensal intestinal microflora which may help in the control of Salmonella colonization in broiler intestines.
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Gajula, Hyma. "Fiber-enriched wheat flour precooked using extrusion processing : rheological, nutritional and sensory properties." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/384.
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Wood, Tamara Michelle. "Nutritional Assessment of Rural Mossi People in Burkina Faso: A Comparison of Pre- and Post-Harvest Status." UNF Digital Commons, 2000. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/287.
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The purpose of this study was to compare the nutritional status of a rural population of Mossi people in Burkina Faso during the pre- and post-harvest seasons. Comparisons were made between the sample population and the American population, between the pre- and post-harvest seasons, between males and females in the sample population and between the various age groups in the sample population.
This nutritional assessment consisted of collecting demographical information, anthropometrical measurements such as weight and height, a clinical assessment to evaluate physiological signs of nutritional deficiencies and a food frequency questionnaire to describe the dietary practices of the population. Due to the potential risks of handling human blood, urine and feces, biochemical analyses were not performed in this study. Special attention was given to the nutritional problems most common in Africa: protein energy malnutrition, vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency and goiter.
Adults in this study had an average body mass index of 19.1, classifying the adult population as "underweight". The population of American adults, however, has a tendency toward a body mass index in the slightly overweight category. The BMI range of adults in the study population was 12.9 to 27.8. A total of 36.9% of the adult population presented with some level of protein energy malnutrition while only 2.7% were slightly obese.
Seventy percent of children were below the 50th percentile on the 2000 Centers for Disease Control weight-for-height growth chart. A third of all children were below the 3rd percentile of weight-for-height. The vast majority of children in this study had a weight-for-height below the median, or "average", American child. The mean percent of median body weight-for-height for the child population in the lean season was 85.2% indicating that the median child in this sample population was mildly wasted. The mean percent of median weight-for-height rose to 94.6% in the post-harvest season indicating that the median child of the sample population was "normal" concerning wasting status.
The results of this study indicate that this rural population of Mossi people was less well-nourished than their American counterpart and that their nutritional status differed based on season (F=[4,177] 4.77, p=.03 for adults and F=[4,51] 8.56, p=.005 for children) but not gender (F=[ 4,177] .04, p=.83 for adults and chi square= 4.37, p=.22, df=3 for children) or age group for adults (r=.l 0, p=.29). In children, nutritional status was based on age group (but contrary to the expected outcome) with prepubescent children having lower weight-for-height percentiles than the under-five population (chi square = 40.34, p=.02, df=24). Nutritional status improved as predicted during the postharvest, or plentiful, season. Due to the lack of biochemical analyses, the potential vitamin and mineral deficiencies indicated in the brief physical examination were not confirmed. Vitamin A deficiency was the most likely nutrient deficiency; symptoms occurred in 51% of the population, primarily in adults and older children. PEM, although indicated by the anthropometric measures to affect 37.1% of the adult population and 55.4% of the child population, did not greatly manifest itself in clinical symptoms. The incidence of iron deficiency anemia was also relatively low with only 7% of the population presenting with pale conjunctivae, a potential, but non-specific sign of iron deficiency anemia. The goiter rate was also very low with only two cases occurring during the post-harvest season.
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Dalton, Annalien. "Development and effect of an N-3 fatty acid-rich spread on the nutritional and cognitive status of school children." Thesis, Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1119.
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Thesis (PhD (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), especially the n-3 LCPUFA metabolic products eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) play an important role as regulators in many biological processes. To date hake (Merluccius capensis) heads, a rich source of EPA and DHA, have been discarded at sea. The South African Fisheries Policy Development Committee concerned with the environmental impact of this practice has rendered it undesirable. The high prevalence of under-nutrition amongst children in South Africa can be addressed by the supplementation of their diet with this unexploited fish source. The aim of the current study was to develop a microbiologically safe and sensory acceptable sandwich spread using fish flour prepared from fish heads, as a prime ingredient. The intervention trial aimed to compare the effects of an increased dietary intake of n-3 LCPUFA, specifically DHA, on the blood fatty acid levels and absenteeism (as indicator of immune function), as well as the cognitive status, of the subjects. The microbiological content of the sandwich spread was determined after storage for 20 d at 5°C and 15 d at 25°C. Sensory evaluation was performed by consumers (n = 95; M:F = 44:51; 6 – 9 yr) to determine acceptance of the five different flavours individually incorporated into the sandwich spread to mask the fishy note and to provide different flavour options. For the intervention trial subjects (n = 351) were stratified within class group (A - E) and gender and randomly assigned to two treatment categories, an experimental group (EG; n = 174) receiving 25 g sandwich spread.d-1 (191.66 mg DHA. d-1) and a control group (CG; n = 177) receiving an analogous placebo. On school days (104 d), each subject received two sandwiches consisting of two slices of bread (ca. 60 g), spread with 25 g of either the placebo or the experimental spread. Blood samples were drawn at baseline and post intervention. Plasma fatty acid and red blood cell (RBC) membrane status, C-reactive protein levels, as well as vitamin and micronutrient status, were determined. Trained test administrators conducted a battery of cognitive tests. According to South African Government health standards, the sandwich spread remained microbiologically safe after storage. Male and female consumer respondents revealed a significant difference between gender preferences of the five different spread flavours (p <0.05). Significant treatment effects (p <0.05) were observed in n-3 LCPUFA status of the EG, as well as for their absenteeism from school. The two subtests of the Hopkins Verbal Learning test, Recognition and Discrimination Index, showed significant differences between the EG and CG (p <0.05) post intervention in the Grade 2 subjects. The Spelling tests also showed a significant difference between the two groups (p <0.05). In the current study a microbiologically safe and sensory acceptable sandwich spread was developed and tested during an intervention trial, and could possibly in future, provide a healthier option in the School Nutritional Programme. This study proved that supplementation of children (6 - 9 yr) with n-3 LCPUFA, with specific reference to EPA and DHA from a marine source, could have a beneficial effect on their fatty acid status and absenteeism from school. Based on the outcomes of the Hopkins Verbal Learning test and Spelling test, the current study proved that an n-3 fatty acid-rich spread improved the learning ability and memory of children.
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Dailey, Rachael. "Impact of Nutritional Status on the Somatotropic Axis and Ghrelin in Phocid Seals." UNF Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/481.
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Metabolic hormones and their axes, including the target tissues and receptors, regulate the tissue specific utilization of nutrients with in the body. The purpose of this research was to understand the hormonal control of complex nutrient partitioning mechanisms involved in young, growing animals. Specifically, this involved the investigation of metabolic hormones and the regulation of growth in two common species of phocids (true seals): harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) and Northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups. This longitudinal study examines young phocids from nutritional nadir through realimentation (realimentation) to investigate how metabolic hormones involved in both food intake and nutrient partitioning change with respect to nutritional state.
To investigate the role of metabolic hormones during realimentation in a small phocid seal, chapter 2 focuses on the changes in the somatotropic axis and ghrelin during a 10-week period of realimentation following nutritional nadir. Chapter 3 focuses on the application of the results of previous research and the second chapter of this thesis to a specific experimental feeding project. Chapter 4 focuses on the response to changes in nutritional status in the fasting adapted NES. Given the changes in metabolism and priority of nutrient utilization associated with transitioning from a nursing neonate to a fasting adapted juvenile, NES provide a unique opportunity to assess the effect of age on the response to realimentation.
Overall, this research will further expand the understanding of tissue specific demands and the effect on endocrine response to realimentation. By incorporating assessments of metabolic changes based on nutrition as well as age, this study will expound on how metabolic hormones are involved in regulating the trade-off between adipose and lean tissue development in this unique taxon.
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Kemski, Megan Marie. "Fish meal replacement with soybean meal in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) diets: responses of nutritional programming on growth, transcriptome and isoflavone accumulation." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1534465279444556.
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Delgadillo, Barriga Sandra Carola. "Creation of three nutritional mixes based on amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus) and other Andean crops for school-aged children (Cochabamba-Bolivia)." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2002. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5356.
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In Bolivia we have three very valuable Andean grains: amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus), quinoa (Chenopodium quinua), and canihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule), which combined with cereals and legumes can become a complete and balanced food in order to combat the malnutrition that is so widespread in our region. In this study, various nutritional mixes were formulated, based on amaranth and other Andean crops, and the three best were chosen according to nutrition, palatability, and cost. They were: Andean Baby Food, Mixicereal, and Amaranth Cookie, which have an amino acid complement between 79% and 100% and give satisfactory amounts of protein, energy, and minerals for school-aged children. Afterward, the biological quality of the three foods was determined through biological evaluation studies, determining weight gain to be between 64.26 and 87.28, digestibility between 60% and 78%, and PER between 1.75 and 2.36. The cost of the three final products was less than 0.08 cents of an American dollar for every 100 grams of mix. Finally, sensory analyses were performed on the three products with 90 children, from 5 to 9 years old, from two rural schools in Quillacollo province, Cochabamba, and a preference for Mixicereal was observed. Based on these results, we conclude that the three mixes studied are excellent nutritional complements, with high biological value, sensory acceptability, and within the means of a population with scarce economic resources.
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Walker, Keitirele Patricia. "Productivity of four fodder tree species, their nutritional value and potential role in ruminant production in Eastern Botswana." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1421.
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Thesis (PhD (Forest and Wood Science))—University of Stellenbosch, 2007.Sustainable livestock production in semi-arid Botswana could be improved through tree planting on-farm to provide much needed protein and shade. Such action can be encouraged if the growth, productivity, nutritional value of trees and their contribution to mass gain of livestock are known.. A study at Malotwana investigated two indigenous species, Acacia galpinii and Faidherbia albida, and two exotic species, Leucaena diversifolia and L. leucocephala, at three spacings in a randomised complete block design replicated five times. The three spacings represented 400, 317 and 241 trees per hectare. The study was conducted over 6.5 years. Indigenous trees were sampled biennially and exotics annually to evaluate crown width, height, stem diameter, stem number and stem volume index. Complete plant harvesting of exotic trees at 2.5, 4.5 and 6.5 years evaluated agroforestry production. Leaves from all four species and pods of exotic species were analysed for chemical composition. Two groups of eight lambs were balanced for mass at selection for an on-farm feeding trial. Browse from exotic trees, comprising a 2:1 ratio of pods to leaves, was fed at 30% as supplement to hay to one group whose mean mass was contrasted with that of the control group fed sorghum bran at 30%. A. galpinii was a promising species, adaptable to planting away from its origin. Its crown width ranged from 5.86 m in high density plots to 6.08 m at low density and was significantly different among stands (p = 0.0406) at 6.5 years. Diameter at breast height (dbh) was significantly different among stands aged 6.5 years (p = 0.0003) and ranged between 10.38 cm at high density to 12.48 cm in low density plots, demonstrating a capacity to provide both shade and poles on-farm. At 4.5 years, F. albida attained a mean height of 4.5 m and 4.5 cm in dbh but suffered 67% mortality during a severe drought. Annual fodder production of 0.647 and 0.996 metric tonnes ha-1 for leaves and pods of L. diversifolia and 1.237 and 1.431 for L. leucocephala was recorded in years of average rainfall. Yields of 0.3 and 0.59 metric tonnes ha-1 were recorded for both species in the driest year. Equally good agroforestry production was obtained from both low and high density stands suggesting that low density plantings, which foster higher plant survival and reduce disease incidence, are best suited to the semi-arid conditions of Botswana. The crude protein of leaves ranged between 16.26 (L. diversifolia) and 25.25% (F. albida). They were highly digestible with more than twice the calcium content livestock require. Crude protein and digestibility measures were significantly different among leaves and varied significantly at different spacings (p<0.0001). Pods of the exotic species contained significantly more protein than the leaves (p<0.0001). Lambs supplemented with browse gained 102.33 g per animal per day while the control group gained 83.95 g. There were significant differences between groups during growth (p<0.05). Growing of A. galpinii, complemented with L. diversifolia and L. leucocephala, can supply short and long term feed, and greatly enhance livestock production while diversifying farm feed sources
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Iipumbu, Lukas. "Compositional analysis of locally cultivated carob (Ceratonia siliqua) cultivars and development of nutritional food products for a range of market sectors." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1496.
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Norcross, Rebecca G. "IMPACT OF ALGAE SUPPLEMENTED DIETS COMBINED WITH ANTIOXIDANTS ON THE NUTRITIONAL PROFILE, QUALITY ATTRIBUTES, AND STORAGE STABILITY OF CHICKEN BREAST MEAT." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/52.
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Consumers’ demands for ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are at all-time high. Algae, a common source of PUFAs, and antioxidants are both used as supplements in livestock feeds, are known to affect the overall quality of meat. To implement PUFA deposits into broiler meat, this study evaluated combining antioxidants and algae in broiler feed to enhance the breast meat quality. Broilers were fed diets supplemented with 50 IU Vitamin E or 200 g/ton EconomasE (EcoE, an antioxidant pack) plus 10 IU Vitamin E, with or without 0.5% algae extract (SP-1). The feed oil was partially oxidized soybean oil (POV: 86 mEq of O2/kg). The feed supplementation with combined SP-1 and EcoE increased meat lipid oxidation but had no effect on protein. This combination supplement substantially reduced (P < 0.05) meat exudation during refrigerated storage while no evident differences were seen on cooking loss or tenderness between diets. Meat from SP-1 supplemented diets was found less acceptable than meat from other diets due to detected off-flavors. The results indicate that EcoE at a supplementation level other than 200 g/ton may be required to overcome off-flavors of broiler meat due to feed incorporation of 0.5% SP-1 with oxidized oil.
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Hartshorn, Nikki. "The impact of participating in an activity programme (10,000 steps @ work lite programme) on dietary change : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nutritional Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/908.
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High levels of diet related chronic disease in New Zealand has lead to the development of health promotion programmes. The work place is an important venue to implement health promotion programmes to encourage staff to make healthy lifestyle choices. The aim of this research is to examine if a physical activity programme may be a ‘gateway’ to other positive behavioral changes such as healthy eating and/or cutting down smoking. This research introduces a health promotion programme to employees at a call centre. The intervention involved 3 groups: the health promotion group (HPG), which received both the physical activity programme (10,000 steps @ work ‘lite’ programme) plus nutritional information; the nutritional group (NG), which received only the nutritional information and the control group (CG), which did not take part in the intervention. The impact of the nutritional seminars with or without the exercise programme was measured by the participants’ reported fruit, vegetable, snack consumption and transtheoretical stages of change for exercise, fruit and vegetable intake, healthy snacking and smoking. A questionnaire was used to collect data retrospectively. The health promotion group (HPG) made positive changes in all behaviours unlike the nutritional group (NG) and the control group (CG). This provides some support for the hypothesis that physical exercise may act as a ‘gateway’ to other positive behavioural changes.
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Rowan, Lisa S. "Effects of Asphondylia borrichiae, Simulated Herbivory, and Nutritional Status on Survival, Flowering, and Seed Viability in Sea Oxeye Daisy (Borrichia frutescens)." UNF Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/500.
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Although herbivory and other types of plant damage typically are viewed as detrimental to plant survival and performance, vigorous regrowth, greater seed set, and fitness benefits may be possible when damage to the apical meristem, or actively growing stem terminal, is involved. Such damage releases apical dominance, or the hormonal suppression of lateral buds, activates dormant lateral buds, and enables lateral shoots to grow. Since in plants with terminal flowers, each stem may bear a flower, removal of the apical meristem may result in stem bifurcation and ultimately increase the number of flowers and seeds, thereby increasing potential fitness. In the current study, possible overcompensation in response to apical meristem damage caused by simulated herbivory (clipping) and the gall midge Asphondylia borrichiae Rossi and Strong (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) (galling) was investigated in the native coastal halophyte, sea oxeye daisy Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC. (Asteraceae), in relation to nutrient supplementation. Results suggest a strong correlation between stem count and gall count at the study site; moreover, apical dominance was relatively weak early in the growing season and stronger in short plants that were shaded by taller neighbors later in the season. Results also indicate that overcompensation or even full compensation is an unlikely response to apical meristem damage in B. frutescens. Stem count was similar across all stem treatments, but increased significantly with nutrient supplementation, which all supports weak apical dominance in sea oxeye daisy. Nearly all measures of fitness also were either slightly or significantly lower when clipped and galled compared to plants with stems intact, while seed count responded positively to nutrient supplementation.
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von, Hurst Pamela Ruth. "The role of vitamin D in metabolism and bone health : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Nutritional Science at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1148.
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Background Hypovitaminosis D is becoming recognised as an emerging threat to health, even in countries like New Zealand which enjoy plentiful sunshine. The evidence for a role for vitamin D deficiency in the aetiology of a plethora of diseases continues to accumulate, including type 2 diabetes, and the preceding insulin resistance. Objectives The primary objective of the Surya Study was to investigate the effect of improved vitamin D status (through supplementation) on insulin resistance. The secondary objectives were to investigate the vitamin D status and bone mineral density of South Asian women living in New Zealand, and to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone turnover as measured by biochemical markers of bone resorption and formation. Method Women of South Asian origin, ≥20 years old, living in Auckland (n = 235) were recruited for the study. All were asked to complete a 4-day food diary, invited to have a bone scan, and were screened for entry into the intervention phase which required insulin resistance (HOMA-IR >1.93) and serum 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L. Eighty-one completed a 6-month randomised controlled trial with 4000 IU vitamin D3 (n = 42) or placebo (n = 39). Primary endpoint measures included insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity (HOMA2%S), fasting C-peptide and markers of bone turnover, osteocalcin (OC) and collagen C-telopeptide (CTX). Ninety-one of the 239 had a bone scan and bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in the proximal femur and lumbar spine. Results Adequate serum 25(OH)D concentrations (>50 nmol/L) were observed in only 16% of subjects screened. Median (25th, 75th percentile) serum 25(OH)D increased significantly from 21 (11,40) to 75 (55,84) nmol/L with supplementation. Significant improvements were seen in insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance (P = 0·003, P = 0·02 respectively), and circulating serum insulin decreased (P = 0·02) with supplementation compared to placebo. There was no change in C-peptide with supplementation. Insulin resistance was most improved when endpoint serum 25(OH)D =80 nmol/L. In post-menopausal women OC and CTX levels increased in the placebo arm but CTX decreased from 0.39±0.15 to 0.36±0.17 (P = 0.012) with supplementation. Osteoporosis (T score <-2.5) was present in 32% of postmenopausal, and 3% of premenopausal women. Women 20 – 29 years (n=10) had very low BMD, calcium intake and serum 25(OH)D Conclusions Improving vitamin D status in insulin resistant women resulted in improved insulin resistance and sensitivity but no change in insulin secretion. Optimal 25(OH)D concentrations for reducing insulin resistance were shown to be ≥80 nmol/L. The prevalence of low 25(OH)D concentrations in this population was alarmingly high, especially in younger women. In post-menopausal women, vitamin D supplementation appeared to ameliorate increased bone turnover attributed to oestrogen deficiency.
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Bereza, John Matthew. "An Exploratory Study Examining The National School Lunch Program; How It Functions On a Daily Basis; And How It May Be Improved." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1242334507.
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Lemos, Carolina Brigida. "Análise de conteúdos de nutrição em livros didáticos do ensino fundamental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-23092009-132010/.
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As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Fundamental estabelecem a saúde como um dos focos principais do desenvolvimento da vida cidadã. De fato, os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais enfatizam a necessidade de as propostas pedagógicas levarem os alunos a conhecer e cuidar do próprio corpo, valorizando e adotando hábitos saudáveis como um dos aspectos básicos da qualidade de vida. A alimentação, ao lado de hábitos de vida, é fator reconhecidamente importante para a promoção da saúde, além da prevenção e controle de diversas doenças. A educação nutricional tem um papel importante na capacidade do aluno em promover hábitos alimentares saudáveis. Este trabalho analisou conceitos de nutrição e alimentação nos livros didáticos de Ciências do ensino fundamental, ao considerar este uma fonte de informação de extrema importância no quadro educacional brasileiro. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma investigação bibliográfica relativa à nutrição e alimentação em livros didáticos, com o intuito de obter uma perspectiva sobre as pesquisas realizadas no Brasil. Nesta pesquisa priorizou-se trabalhos acadêmicos no formato de dissertações e teses, onde se encontrou exclusivamente, trabalhos de dissertações de mestrado. Outra etapa desta pesquisa consistiu na análise de livros didáticos dos anos finais do ensino fundamental, para verificar se os conteúdos referentes à alimentação e nutrição são suficientes para que os alunos sejam capazes de ler e entender tabelas nutricionais, além de possuir um posicionamento crítico após assistir ou ler anúncios relacionados a alimentos. Isto foi feito através da aplicação de um instrumento, que constituiu uma ferramenta de análise para determinar em que grau os livros analisados fornecem uma base de conhecimentos que permita ao aluno ler e entender tabelas nutricionais presentes em rótulos de alimentos embalados. Essa base colabora para que o estudante se torne um cidadão capaz de possuir um posicionamento crítico ao assistir ou ler anúncios relacionados a alimentos. Por fim, foi utilizada uma outra ferramenta para comparar os conhecimentos presentes nos livros didáticos relacionados aos temas estudados com os conhecimentos de referência, representado neste caso pela bibliografia básica adotada no curso de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas da Universidade de São Paulo. Observou-se que os conhecimentos presentes nos livros didáticos apresentam diferentes graus de distanciamento do conhecimento de referência Notou-se que estes distanciamentos apresentam naturezas distintas, sendo possível diferenciá-los, reconhecendo componentes didáticos e pedagógicos. Discute-se a amplitude desses distanciamentos e seus limites admissíveis para que os conteúdos dos livros didáticos sejam coerentes com as referências teóricas, sobretudo dos cursos de formação inicial.The Brazilian National Curriculum Guidelines for Fundamental Education establish health as one of the main focuses in the development of citizenship. Indeed, the National Curriculum Parameters (PCNs) emphasize that the pedagogical proposals should help the students understand and take care of their own bodies, valuing and adopting healthy habits as the basis for quality of life. Food intake, together with life style, is not only a well-known health promoting factor, but is also responsible for preventing and controlling several diseases. Accordingly, nutritional education has an important influence in the students capacity of acquiring healthy eating habits. This dissertation analyzes the concepts of nutrition and food displayed in Science textbook for Fundamental Education, since these are significant sources of information in the Brazilian educational scenario. Textbook were initially investigated with the purpose of obtaining a perspective on the researches which are carried out in Brazil. This investigation, which primarily focused on academic papers, found exclusively masters dissertations. Another stage of the same research analyzed the Science textbook intended for the final years of fundamental education, in order to verify whether the contents relating to food and nutrition were sufficient for the students to read and understand nutritional charts and to acquire a critical position in relation to food advertisings. This was accomplished through the use of a tool applied to assess the level on which the textbook under analysis were able to provide the students with information enough to read and understand the nutritional information presented in food packages. Another tool was used to compare the knowledge presented in the related Science textbook to the knowledge of reference, found in the basic bibliography adopted by the Biological Sciences Bachelors Course of University of São Paulo. It was noted that the information presented in the textbook show different levels of detachment from the knowledge of reference. These levels, of distinct nature, may be identified through the recognition of different didactic and pedagogical components. The discussion focuses on the degree of such disconnection and the extent to which it is acceptable for the contents of textbooks to be consistent with the theoretical references, mainly during the initial education courses.
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TAYLOR, BRITTNEY ROCHELLE. "REASONS FOR IMPROVEMENTS IN COOKING AND DIETARY HABITS BETWEEN UNDERGRADUATE NUTRITIONAL SCIENCES COLLEGE STUDENTS AND NON-NUTRITIONAL SCIENCES COLLEGE STUDENTS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613633.
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Background: Research shows that cooking meals improves diet quality. However, there is limited evidence that undergraduate students in nutrition or dietetics programs cook more meals while they are learning about foods and its impacts on human health.
Methods: An 11-question survey was completed by 238 nutritional science majors (majors)
and 91 non-nutritional science majors (non-majors). They were asked about several things, most notably the frequency of cooking meals, eating fast-food, and fruit and vegetable consumption.
Results: Majors cooked meals more often than non-majors(p=0.059). When comparing the students in freshman and senior majors, senior majors cooked meals more often than freshman majors (p=0.023). The students who reported living in apartments, houses, or condos, or with parents, relatives, or spouses cooked more meals than students living in dorms (p=0.006). Majors consumed significantly less fast-foods than non-majors (p=0.022). Majors ate more fruits and vegetables than non-majors (p=0.005, p=0.025).
Conclusions: This study suggests that nutrition-related education may have a positive impact on decreasing the frequency of fast food consumption, increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables, and increasing the number of meals that are cooked.
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Petty, Elizabeth Celia. "The impact of the newer knowledge of nutrition : nutrition science and nutrition policy, 1900-1939." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1987. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682222/.
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Ideas concerning relationships between diet and health in the UK are traced from the 1904 Comittee on Physical Deterioration to the outbreak of World War II. Archive material is used to describe the often conflicting views of the Medical Research Council and the Ministry of Health and Board of Education concerning the public health applications of nutrition science. In particular, the work of the Ministry of Health's first Advisory Comittee on Nutrition, which was appointed in 1931, is reviewed and evaluated. The debate among public healh practitioners over the nature, cause and extent of the 'nutrition problem' is documented and the role in this debate of official dietary guidelines which appeared during the 1930s, is assessed. The Impact of the Newer Knowledge of Nutrition on welfare feeding policy Is evaluated in the context of the official promotion of milk feeding in schools. In particular, Corry Mann's experimental evidence which was used to endorse this policy, is reconsidered, and it is shown that the NRC view that the trial was proof of the presence in milk of a "growth factor" which produced preferential growth efficiency in adequately fed children , was in error. From a re-evaluation of the evidence it is suggested that the experiment merely recorded catch-up growth in a group of poorly nourished children. The view that there existed an extensive nutritional problem due to poor quality diets is examined and challenged. Both dietary survey data and anthropometric evidence are used to present the case that there was throughout the period studied a widespread problem of underfeeding among the poor and that intervention strategies based on the Newer Knowledge were not an appropriate method of dealing with this problem. This casts doubts on the widely held view that there was a need for nutrition education and suggests that the problem was one of poverty rather than Ignorance. Disaggregated anthropometric data located by the author are analysed according to NCHS standards to assess the prevalence of underfeeding. Significantly higher prevalences of stunting than low weight-for-age exist in all data sets; this phenomenon is considered in detail and low weight-for-age is proposed as the preferred index of malnutrition in 20th Century historical studies. Attention is drawn to the relevance of these studies for the current nutrition and public health debate.
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Oliveira, Marice Nogueira de. "Otimização do processo biotecnológico de hidrólise de carne bovina." Universidade de São Paulo, 1991. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9133/tde-16042015-134837/.
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Hidrolisados de carne bovina são preparados visando a obtenção de pequenos peptídeos ou aminoácidos livres para incorporação em dietas para pessoas em condições fisiológicas especiais. O objetivo do presente é a otimização do processo biotecnológico de hidrólise da proteína da carne bovina pela bromelina. A otimização é feita em base de tratamentos estatísticos dos resultados experimentais para se desenvolver os modelos. A finalidade é elaborar um produto conservado para utilização em dietas. Existe efeito de interação entre o valor de pH e a temperatura nas atividades sobre a caseína da bromelina isolada e naquela presente no suco de abacaxi Ananas comosus L.. A enzima presente no suco \"in natura\" apresenta atividade sobre a caseína superior a bromelina isolada e purificada. Os efeitos do tipo de enzima e da temperatura simultaneamente não afetam a solubilidade alcançada pelas proteínas da carne bovina hidrolisadas com bromelina. Hidrolisados de carne bovina inoculados com esporos de Bacillus stearothermophilus FS 1518 a valor de pH 4,5 não apresentaram sobreviventes mesmo aos 30 segundos de tratamento térmico. Os valores do tempo de redução decimal (D) de esporos de Bacillus stearothermophilus foram de 0,57 min (pH 5,6) e de 0,96 min (pH 6,6); os valores da resistência do microrganismo a diferentes temperaturas (Z) foram de 6,3 °C (pH 5,6) e de 5,9 °C (pH 6,6). O modelo matemático para a atividade enzimática de bromelina de suco de abacaxi é: ^y = 171,63 +13,13 x1 + 18,25 x2 + 18,35 x1.x2 - 25,59x12 - 53,45 x22 A superfície de resposta é do tipo paraboloide elíptica. O valor de pH interfere mais sobre a atividade que a temperatura e o ponto estacionário de máximo indicado pelo modelo é 66,8° e valor de pH 6,4. O modelo matemático para a concentração de sólidos solúveis de carne é: ^ y = 7,13 - 1,02 x1 + 0,81 x2 + 0,45 x1.x2 - 0,42 x12 - 1,52 x22 A superfície de resposta é do tipo paraboloide elíptica. O ponto estacionário de máximo para concentração de sólidos solúveis, indicado pelo modelo é 89,5° e valor de pH 7,1. As condições ótimas indicadas pelo modelo para a atividade enzimática de bromelina de suco de abacaxi atendem a condições satisfatórias de teores de sólidos solúveis. As condições ótimas do processo biotecnológico de hidrólise da carne bovina indicadas pelo acoplamento dos modelos é : temperatura = 66,8 °C, valor de pH = 6,4, atividade enzimática = 175,94 ug/ml.min e concentração de sólidos solúveis = 7,6 g/100g.The protein hydrolyzates production has the aim of preparation of small peptides or amino acids for its use in dietetic foods or with special purposes. The objectives of the research consist in establishing the optimization of the hydrolytic process of bovine meat by bromelain (statistics and mathematical models). The purpose of the study is the development of a preserved product to be used in diets. There is an interaction effect of pH and temperature on enzymic activity over casein by bromelain isolated or from ananas Ananas comosus juice. The bromelain from ananas juice has more activity then the isolated one. The effects of enzyme and temperature together do not affect the solubility of hydrolysed meat proteins. Meat hydrolysates, pH 4,5, inoculated with spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus FS 1518 did not show survivers after 30 sec of treatment. The values of thermal death time (D) were 0,57 min (pH 5,6) and 0,96 min (pH 6,6) and, the Z value 6,3 (pH 5,6) and 5,9 (pH 6,6). The mathematical model for the enzymic activity of bromelain from ananas juice is: ^ = 171,63 +13,13 x1 + 18,25 x2 + 18,35 x1.x2 - 25,59x12 - 53,45 x22 The surface response is paraboloid elipcal. The stationary maximum point indicated by the model is 66,8 °C and pH 6 ,4. The mathematical model for the soluble solids of meat proteins is: ^y = 7,13 - 1,02 x1 + 0,81 x2 + 0,45 x1.x2 - 0,42 x12 - 1,52 x22 The surface response is paraboloid elipcal. The stationary maximum point indicated by the model is 89,5 °C and pH 7,1. The optimum conditions indicated by the enzymic activity model satisfies the soluble solids contents of meat proteins. The optimum conditions of the biotechnological process of hydrolysis of bovine meat are: temperature = 66,8 °C, pH = 6,4, enzymic activity = 175,94 ug/ml.min and soluble solids contents = 7,6 g/100g.
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Wyatt, Melissa Ann. "Sustainable Diets: Understanding Nutrition Educators' Perceptions." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/560838.
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Background As the world population grows to 9.1 billion people, there is a need to feed all of these people. Agriculture will need to produce more food to feed the world. Agriculture is pressured by climate change with droughts and changes in seasonal patterns and needs to adapt to these changes. For nutritionists, there is a need to address non-communicable chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. These diseases are highly problematic in the developed parts of the world. Additionally, addressing food security is also an issue as part of the world, a large portion of developing countries, experience hunger and diseases related to not having adequate nutritious foods. Sustainable diets are working to address the issues mentioned above. This idea of having a sustainable diet is not new and dates back to a 1986 commentary by Gussow and Clancy. However, it was later in 2010, that a definition was developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). This general definition has provided research with a focus on what a sustainable diet is and which food groups are parts of a sustainable diet. Purpose The purpose of this study was to learn about the current knowledge of sustainable diets through conducting a search of peer-reviewed literature about what sustainable diets are and what foods are included. Finally, this study assessed what nutrition educators know about and what their perceptions are of sustainable diets. Methods A literature search was conducted using several databases, including PubMed and EBSCO Host, yielding a few thousand results. After reviewing the literature, questions were developed for a focus group (n=8 participants), interviews (n=9 participants), and a short survey (n=54 participants). The project participants were from the University of Arizona’s Department of Nutritional Sciences, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Education Program (SNAP-Ed) and the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). Participants were asked to participate in one of the session: focus group, interview, or short survey. Results Participants from the focus group and interviews indicated that there was potential for people to be healthy by participating in sustainable diet activities. There also was concern about cost of sustainable diets. Sustainable diets need to be culturally acceptable to get consumers to practice them. Finally, eating seasonally was important component of a sustainable diet. If nutrition educators were asked to teach sustainable diets to others many felt they need more information or resources on sustainable diets or need to research the topic. Participants in the short surveys indicated concerns about costs, nutritional adequacy and showed mixed results when asked about what foods would be part of a sustainable diet. Educators who took the survey also showed great interest in having more education to learn about sustainable diets. Conclusions Nutrition educators have concerns about sustainable diets, such as being nutritionally adequate and affordable to all people. Educators in the focus group and interviews showed that there is potential for people to be healthy by following sustainable dietary practices, like gardening. However, there seemed to be a need for more education on sustainable diets. Nutrition educators have limited knowledge of sustainable diets. Some have an idea of what sustainable diets are, while others have stated that they have not heard of sustainable diets. Nutrition educators surveyed show a great interest in attending a seminar, if offered, on this topic. In summary, sustainable diets are gaining attention of nutrition educators, especially if sustainability and food become part of the new dietary guidelines. A need for providing sustainable diet education to nutrition educators will be part of the future. Further research on knowledge of nutrition educators on different components of sustainable diets and development of an educational curriculum is necessary.
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Shoemaker, Robin C. "REGULATION OF PANCREATIC β-CELL FUNCTION BY THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM IN TYPE 2 DIABETES." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pharmacol_etds/9.
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Diet-induced obesity promotes type 2 diabetes (T2D). Drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have been demonstrated in clinical trials to decrease the onset of T2D. Previously, we demonstrated that mice made obese from chronic consumption of a high-fat (HF) diet have marked elevations in systemic concentrations of angiotensin II (AngII). Pancreatic islets have been reported to possess components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), including angiotensin type 1a receptors (AT1aR), the primary receptor for AngII, and angiotensin converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2), which negatively regulates the RAS by catabolizing AngII to angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)). These two opposing proteins have been implicated in the regulation of β-cell function. We hypothesized that the RAS contributes to the decline of β-cell function during the development of T2D with obesity. To test this hypothesis we first examined the effects of whole-body deficiency of ACE2 in mice on β-cell function in vivo and in vitro during the development of T2D. Whole-body deficiency of ACE2 resulted in impaired β-cell adaptation to insulin resistance with HF-feeding and a reduction of in vivo glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) associated with reduced β- cell mass and proliferation. These results demonstrate that ACE2 plays a role in the adaptive response to hyperinsulinemia with obesity. In islets from HF-fed mice, AngII inhibited GSIS. In mice with pancreatic-specific deletion of AT1aR, AngII-induced inhibition of GSIS in vitro from islets of HF-fed mice was abolished. However, there was no effect of pancreatic AT1aR-deficiency on glucose homeostasis in vivo in HF-fed mice exhibiting pronounced hyperinsulinemia. Notably, pancreatic weight, insulin content and basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from islets were decreased in mice with pancreatic AT1aR deficiency. These results suggest that AT1aR may contribute to pancreatic cell development, and also contribute to AngII-induced reductions in GSIS from islets of HF-fed mice. Overall, these studies suggest a role for the RAS in the regulation of β-cell function in T2D.
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Mmonatau, Yvonne. "Flour from the Morama bean : composition and sensory properties in a Botswana perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1692.
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Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.This study was undertaken in view of the high incidence of malnutrition problems such as protein-energy malnutrition and diabetes type 2 in countries like Botswana, and due to worldwide interest in underutilised and underdeveloped crops. Morama bean, the seed of Tylosema esculentum (family Fabacae), occurs naturally in the drier areas of Southern Africa, including Botswana, where it is, to a small extent, harvested as wild plant for human consumption. Due to the potential of this crop there is increasing interest in its cultivation. Despite its traditional use as food source in Botswana, little is known about its nutritional value, benefits and disadvantages, and its use as food was therefore the reason for this research. A specific aim was to improve the school feeding programme with this readily available indigenous product.
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Bandy, Jessica Brown. "Wellness and Nutrition Education Program to Promote Improve Nutritional Practices and Decreased Body Mass in Individuals Working in a Health Care Setting." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2093.
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The purpose of this study was to determine whether a wellness and nutrition education program directed at employees of a health care facility would result in changes in weight, waist and hip circumference, BMI, and nutritional practices. Nine participants completed the five week program including final weight, measurements and post-program survey to determine nutritional practices. All participants attended weekly group classes with topics related to nutrition, physical activity, and behavior changes. Changes in weight, anthropometric measurements, and BMI were calculated. Changes in nutritional practices were analyzed using Minitab statistical software. There were improvements made in weight, anthropometric measurements, and BMI during the program. The improvements in nutritional practices were not significant.
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Clark, W. Andrew, and Norman Assad. "Nutritional Supplements and Infertility." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2527.
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Yousuf, Adnan Beker. "Effective caloric value of nutritional components of broiler nutrition." 2006. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/umi-okstate-1773.pdf.
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Sumathi, A. "Nutritional and Bio-chemical investigations on geriatric foods." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/1796.
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Sethi, Mohini. "Energy and nutritional requirements of coast guard personnel in India." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/5380.
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