Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nutritional modes'
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Adjibade, Moufidath. "Etude des déterminants nutritionnels de la santé mentale dans deux cohortes françaises : SU.VI.MAX et NutriNet-Santé." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD058.
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La dépression est un trouble mental courant et la première cause d’incapacité dans le monde. Elle a été associée à une mauvaise qualité de vie, un déclin physique, et un risque accru de décès prématuré. De plus, la dépression entraîne un poids économique considérable, faisant d’elle une préoccupation majeure de santé publique. Les facteurs prédisposant ou protecteurs sont divers et inclus des indicateurs de mode de vie modifiables. De nombreuses études ont en effet suggéré que l’alimentation pourrait jouer un rôle important dans la survenue d’une dépression, toutefois peu de ces études se sont intéressées aux scores ou indices nutritionnels définis « a priori ». Ainsi, cette thèse avait pour objectif général d’étudier le lien entre la qualité globale du régime alimentaire (évaluée à l’aide de divers scores et indices nutritionnels « a priori ») et la dépression (plus précisément une symptomatologie dépressive), à partir des données issues des cohortes SU.VI.MAX et NutriNet-Santé. Les résultats de nos travaux ont mis en évidence une association inverse entre l’adéquation à l’alimentation méditerranéenne ou aux recommandations nutritionnelles (françaises et internationales) et le risque de symptômes dépressifs incidents.Toutefois, l’étude portant sur l’adéquation à l’alimentation méditerranéenne ne montrait des résultats significatifs que chez les hommes. Par ailleurs, l’alimentation « pro-inflammatoire » était positivement associée au risque de symptômes dépressifs incidents, mais dans la cohorte SU.VI.MAX, les associations n’étaient significatives que dans des sous-groupes de la population à savoir : les hommes, les fumeurs et les personnes pratiquant peu d’activité physique. Nos travaux ont également permis de mettre en évidence que l’adéquation à un nombre croissant d’indicateurs de mode de vie « sain » était inversement associée au risque de symptômes dépressifs incidents.L’ensemble de ces résultats suggèrent que la promotion des modes de vie « sains » (incluant une alimentation « saine ») serait importante dans une stratégie de prévention primaire des symptômes dépressifsDepression is a common mental disorder and the leading cause of disability worldwide. It has been associated with poor quality of life, physical decline, and increased risk of premature death. In addition, depression leads to a considerable economic burden, making it a major global public health. Protective and risk factors are diverse and include modifiable lifestyle indicators. Several studies have suggested that diet may play an important role in the risk of depression, but few of these studies have investigated the relationship between « a priori » dietary scores and depression. This thesis thus aims to investigate the relationship between overall diet quality evaluated using various nutritional « a priori » scores and incident depressive symptoms, using the data from SU.VI.MAX and NutriNet-Santé cohorts.Our findings showed an inverse association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet or nutritional recommendations (French and international) and the risk of incident depressive symptoms. However, the study on adherence to the Mediterranean diet showed significant results in men only. Moreover, « pro-inflammatory » diet was positively associated with the risk of incident depressive symptoms, but in the SU.VI.MAX cohort, the associations were significant only in some subgroups of the population: men, smokers and participants with low physical activity. We also showed that an increasing number of « healthy » lifestyle indicators was inversely associated with incident depressive symptoms.All of these findings suggest that promoting « healthy » lifestyles (including « healthy » diet) could be an important strategy in primary prevention of depressive symptoms
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Steele, Mary. "Development of a theory and evidence informed intervention to promote smoking cessation during pregnancy using narrative, text-messages and images as modes of delivery." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22064.
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Background: Cigarette smoking is a leading preventable factor associated with complications in pregnancy including preterm birth and low birthweight. Past interventions have raised cessation rates by approximately 6% overall (Lumley et al. 2009). Methods: A three-part literature review, two qualitative studies with a total of 36 participants, and the development of an intervention to promote smoking cessation during pregnancy were completed. Central to the design of the research was the creation of the theoretical basis which was developed in line with recommendations from the MRC Framework for Complex Interventions (Craig et al. 2008, Campbell et al. 2000). For part one of the literature review, 24 qualitative and 44 quantitative studies were re-analysed to complete a mixed-methods secondary analysis of the active ingredients in interventions to promote smoking cessation during pregnancy. Part two consisted of an exploration of psychological models and constructs which are likely to predict or influence smoking behaviour during pregnancy. The final part was a discussion regarding the modes of delivery by which an intervention could feasibly be delivered. Qualitative interviews were carried out with participants from stakeholder groups to fill in gaps in literature and determine the acceptability and feasibility of the proposed intervention. The intervention was created using the theoretical basis developed from the findings. Further qualitative interviews, a focus group, and heuristic evaluation were used to determine the acceptability and usability of the intervention for the target group of pregnant smokers. Results and Conclusions: Findings from this work are potentially relevant for a wide range of behaviours and behavioural interventions. An intervention which has a strong grounding in theory and evidence, and is acceptable and feasible for the target group and in clinical practice was developed using evidence gathered in this thesis.
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Dasgupta, Rajaram. "Nutritional planning in India." New Delhi : Navrang, 1989. http://books.google.com/books?id=jKvgAAAAMAAJ.
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Ooi, Yasmin Beng Houi. "Predicting nutritional status using energy adjusted models of nutrient intake." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433013.
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Alexandersson, Fredrik, and Lobna Said. "Strategic integration in the Swedish nutritional online and offline market." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-301344.
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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how e-business might be integrated into a strategical framework. The strategical framework was based on the Nilsson and Rapp (2005) strategical framework, and e-business strategies were mainly based on customer relationship management strategies that are used in e-commerce companies. We selected Gröndals Apotek, Nu3 and Apotek Hjärtat as our sample, semi-structured interviews as our method and we found that given the external factors in the business environment, retaining and extending online marketing strategies could be integrated into the corporate strategy without taking into consideration of the firm-size. In addition, we found that e-business acquisition strategies such as SEM and blogs were more useful for different firm-sizes in order to create strategic congruence of integrating e-business into the corporate strategy. Lastly, online customer service and pricing were two features that could be appropriate features in the integrated online marketing strategies that aim’s in displaying the competitive advantage.
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Urbina, Jezabel. "Improving Nutrition among Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Recipients Using a Monetary Incentive Model." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5668.
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The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the United States' largest government assistance program that aims to alleviate food insecurity. The SNAP program allows low-income individuals and families the ability to purchase nutritious foods through a monthly benefit. However, the current body of literature presents evidence of the program's counterproductive effect. The purpose of this study was to determine whether incentivizing SNAP recipients to purchase additional fruits and vegetables was beneficial in increasing such purchases. Social cognitive theory was used as a theoretical framework to address research questions associated with shopping patterns and attitudes and beliefs. This quantitative study used a randomized controlled trial to study differences between incentivized and control groups. The Healthy Incentives Pilot Program (HIP) used a stratified sampling of 55,095 SNAP households receiving benefits between July, 2011, and December, 2012. Statistical analyses (t test, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis) were conducted to identify changes in food shopping patterns and eating behaviors associated with the HIP intervention. Results indicated that (a) incentivizing SNAP recipients leads to an increase in fruit and vegetable purchase, and (b) a correlation exists between fruit and vegetable purchase and attitudes and beliefs. No correlation was found between the intervention and changes in food shopping patterns. Positive social change implications include the improvement of health outcomes in over 43 million people currently enrolled in the SNAP program on a national level.
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Merrifield, Claire Alexandra. "Characterisation of the immuno-metabolic interface in porcine models of nutritional intervention." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11661.
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There is increasing interest in the idea of using diet for health maintenance. Not only does dietary intake determine the availability of substrates for host metabolism, but it can also shape the composition of the intestinal microbiota, increasingly recognised as an ‘organ’ in its own right, which closely interacts with the mucosal immune system. Alterations in the mammalian-microbial-metabolic axis are associated with disease development and as such it is important to study the systemic consequences of dietary intervention on these interactions in an appropriate animal model such as the pig. The majority of the abundant metabolites present in porcine liver, kidney, serum and urine were assigned by one and two dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and qualitatively compared; inter-compartmental differences in relation to mammalian-microbial co-metabolic representation were identified in the pig, and the applicability of NMR-based urinalysis to interrogate mammalian-microbial co-metabolism in this species confirmed. The initial weaning diet of pigs was found to initiate sustainable metabolic reprogramming in the young pig, leading to a persistent urinary metabolic signature after four weeks; this signature included metabolites linked to microbial metabolic processes and could indicate a diet-induced microbial reprogramming event at weaning. Differences in the initial weaning diet were also found to impact the metabolic and immunologic consequences of Bifidobacterium lactis supplementation on the young pig. The urinary metabolic profile from these animals was significantly correlated with patterns of intestinal mucosal immunoglobulin secretion and thus indicates the potential utility of biofluid-based metabolic profiling to assess mucosal responses to dietary intervention.
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Rink, Cameron L. "Nutritional Intervention And Modeling Of Acute Ischemic Stroke." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1210957018.
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Ndakidemi, Patrick Alois. "Nutritional characterisation of the rhizosphere of symbiotic cowpea and maize plants in different cropping system." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/762.
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Thesis (DTech (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005A 2-factorial experiment, involving 3 levels of phosphorus (0, 40, and 80 kg P.ha-I ) as main treatment and 4 cropping systems (mono crop, maize/cowpea inter-row, maize/cowpea intra-row, and maize/cowpea intra-hole cropping) as sub-treatment was conducted in the field for 2 consecutive years in 2003 and 2004 to assess i) the effects of exogenous P supply and cropping system on the concentrations of plant-available nutrients in the rhizosphere of cowpea and maize; ii) the effect of exogenous P supply on tissue concentrations of minerals in nodulated cowpea and maize in mixed plant cultures iii) the effects of exogenous P supply and cropping system on plant growth and N2 fixation, and iv) the effects of exogenous P supply and cropping system on phosphatase activity and microbial biomass in the rhizosphere of cowpea and maize. At harvest, it was found that applying 40 or 80 kg P.ha-I significantly increased cowpea grain yields by 59-65% in 2003 and 44-55% in 2004. With maize, the increases in grain yield were 2037% in 2003 and 48-55% in 2004 relative to zero-P control. In both cropping seasons, the number of pod-bearing peduncles per plant, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, and seed yield per cowpea plant were significantly increased with the application of exogenous P. In contrast, these parameters were all significantly depressed by mixed culture relative to mono crop cowpea. Intercropping maize with cowpea produced higher total yields per unit land area than the sole crop counterpart.
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Hernandez, Gabriella Veronica, Victoria Alice Smith, Morgan Coffin, Daniel Columbus, Matthew Burd, Kimberly Sprayberry, Mark Edwards, et al. "Development of a Pediatric Model of Nafld in Neonatal Iberian Pigs." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2097.
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The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children has increased over the past decades, creating a need for animal models that recapitulate the features of the pediatric disease. Iberian pigs have a leptin-resistant phenotype characterized by hyperleptinemia, hyperphagia, and extreme adipogenesis. We hypothesized that neonatal Iberian pigs fed a high fat high-fructose (HFF) diet will develop a pattern of liver injury resembling pediatric NAFLD. In addition, we sought to determine if a mixture of probiotics would prevent the disease. Animals were fed 1 of 4 diets containing (g/kg body weight × d) 0 g fructose, 11 g fat and 199 kcal (CON-N; n=8), 22 g fructose, 16 g fat and 300 kcal (HFF2-N; n=8), CON + probiotic (CON-P; n=6), or HFF2 + probiotic (HFF2-P; n=6) every 6 h for 70 d. The probiotic mixture (6.2 × 104 cfu/mL) contained Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Body weight was recorded every 3 d. Serum markers of liver injury and dyslipidemia were measured on d 40 and 65 at 2 h post feeding. Fasting leptin, insulin, glucose and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) values were assessed on d 70. Liver and skeletal muscle (longissimus dorsi) were collected on d 70 for histology, triacylglyceride (TAG) quantification, relative gene expression, and Western blot analysis. Metabolomic analysis was performed on liver tissue and plasma. Body weight was not significantly greater in HFF fed pigs compared to CON. Leptin, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and total bilirubin were increased (P ≤ 0.001), and high and low density lipoproteins decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in HFF2-N and HFF2-P. Livers in HFF2-P and HFF2-N had higher relative weight and TAG (P ≤ 0.001), micro and macrovesicular steatosis, ballooning degeneration, Mallory-denk bodies, inflammation and necrosis, increased gene expression of TNFα, TGFβ, IL1α and PPARγ (P ≤ 0.001), and decreased ChREBP (P ≤ 0.001). A probiotic affect was seen as pigs fed CON-P and HFF2-P had higher insulin and HOMA values were increased (P ≤ 0.05). Western blot analysis showed dysregulation of autophagy in liver of pigs fed CON-P and HFF2-P, and in skeletal muscle of pigs fed CON-N and HFF2-N. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated dysregulation of one-carbon metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), the urea cycle, and amino acid metabolism of pigs fed HFF2 diets compared to CON diets. In conclusion, Iberian pigs fed a HFF diet recapitulate many pediatric NAFLD-associated features, in the absence of obesity and independently of probiotic supplementation, suggesting a potentially suitable model for pediatric NAFLD research. Furthermore, probiotic supplementation did not ameliorate the onset of NAFLD when fed in conjunction with a HFF diet.
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Tirelle, Pauline. "Role du microbiote intestinal dans la régulation de l'axe intestin-cerveau au cours du modèle murin d'anorexie " activity-based anorexia Gut microbiota alteration in a mouse model of Anorexia Nervosa Comparison of different modes of antibiotic delivery on gut microbiota depletion efficiency and body composition in mouse Gut microbiota depletion affects nutritional and bahavioral responses to activity-based anorexia model in a sex-dependent manner Invalidation of Toll-like receptor 4 in intestinal epithelial cells modifies the response to activity base anorexia model in a sex-dependent manner." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR056.
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L’anorexie mentale (AN) est un trouble du comportement alimentaire (TCA) à prédominance féminine, principalement caractérisée par une diminution de l’apport alimentaire entrainant une forte perte de poids. Par ailleurs, de nombreuses comorbidités sont retrouvées à l’image de la dépression et de l’anxiété. Ces dernières années, l’étude du rôle de l’axe microbiote-intestin-cerveau dans les TCA ainsi que l’anxiété a gagné en intérêt. Ainsi, des études ont rapporté une dysbiose du microbiote intestinal chez les patients anorexiques. Cependant la physiopathologie de l’AN demeure à l’heure actuelle encore mal comprise. Le but des travaux menés au cours de cette thèse, a été d’étudier le rôle du microbiote dans l’axe intestin-cerveau, au cours du modèle murin d’anorexie, activity-based anorexia (ABA) combinant activité physique spontanée et diminution progressive du temps d’accès à l’alimentation. La première étude réalisée au cours de ce projet, a eu pour objectif de caractériser le microbiote intestinal de souris C57Bl/6 mâles soumises au modèle ABA. Une augmentation des Lactobacilles et de clostridium cocleatum appartenant au genre Clostridium, ainsi qu’une diminution de Burkholderiales ont été observé chez les animaux ABA. Par ailleurs, de nombreuses corrélations entre différents groupes bactériens et la prise alimentaire, le poids corporel ainsi que la composition corporelle ont été soulignées. Afin d’étudier le rôle de la présence du microbiote intestinal au cours du modèle ABA, nous avons, lors d’un deuxième travail, mis en place un protocole de déplétion par antibiothérapie. Pour cela nous avons comparé différents modes d’administration d’une solution d’antibiotiques à large spectre, par gavage oral une ou deux fois par jour ou par administration dans l’eau de boisson. Bien que ces trois modes provoque une très forte diminution des bactéries présentent au niveau fécal, l’administration une fois par jour induit une prolifération des Gammaprotéobactéries. Par conséquent, l’administration par eau de boisson ou gavage oral deux fois par jours apparaissent comme les procédures les mieux adaptées pour dépléter le microbiote intestinal. Lors de la troisième étude effectuée au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étudié la réponse au modèle ABA chez des souris C57Bl/6 mâles et femelles dont le microbiote intestinal a été déplété par antibiothérapie. Tout d’abord il a été montré que l’administration d’antibiotiques, induisait une augmentation de la masse grasse et une diminution de la masse maigre. Suite au modèle ABA les animaux déplétés présentaient une plus faible diminution de leur poids corporel. Ce phénomène était d’autant plus marqué chez les mâles, chez lesquels un comportement anxieux a également été souligné. Cette étude a donc permis de montrer une réponse sexe-dépendante à la déplétion du microbiote intestinal au cours du modèle ABAAnorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder (ED) with female predominance, mainly characterised by a decrease of food intake leading to a severe body weight loss. Furthermore, psychiatric comorbidities are frequently observed in AN patients such as depression and anxiety. During the last decade, the role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in ED and anxiety-like behavior has emerged. Several studies reported gut microbiota dysbiosis in anorectic patients. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology of AN remains poorly understood. The aim of the present PhD thesis was to better understand the contribution of the gut microbiota in the regulation of gut-brain axis in the mouse model of anorexia "activity-based anorexia" (ABA). The ABA model combines spontaneous physical activity with a free running wheel access and a progressive limited food access. In a first study, we characterised the gut microbiota of C57Bl/6 male mice submitted to ABA model. We observed in ABA mice an increase of Lactobacillus and clostridium cocleatum belonging to genus of Clostridium, as well as a decrease of Burkholderiales. Interestingly, correlations between bacteria taxa and food intake, body weight and body composition have been observed. Then, we aimed to evaluate the response to ABA model of mice with gut microbial depletion. We thus compared in a second study different dosing and administration of large spectrum antibiotic treatments, either by oral gavages (once or twice a day) or by addition in drinking water. Although these three strategies led to a strong decrease of faecal bacteria, once day oral gavage induced proliferation of Gammaproteobacteria. Thus, antibiotics administration by oral gavage twice a day or in drinking water appear as the most appropriate modes to achieve gut microbiota depletion. In a third study, we then evaluated the response to ABA model of both male and female C57Bl/6 mice with antibiotic-induced microbiota depletion. Firstly, we observed that antibiotic administration led to an increase of fat mass and a decrease of lean mass. During the ABA model, gut microbiota-depleted mice exhibited a lower decrease of body weight compared to untreated ABA mice. In males, we also observed altered anxiety-like behavior in ABA mice with depleted gut microbiota. We thus showed that gut microbiota-depleted mice exhibited an altered response to ABA model in a sex-dependent manner. Finally, in order to decipher the underlying mechanisms, we focused on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), an endogenous receptor of lipopolysaccharides. Previous studies suggested TLR4 implication in the regulation of feeding and anxiety-like behaviors. To determine the involvement of intestinal TLR4, we submitted mice with intestinal epithelial TLR4 knockout to the ABA model. Again, we observed a sex-dependent response: a delayed and limited body weight loss in males and an increase of anxiety-like behavior in females. In conclusion, studies performed during this PhD thesis highlight the alterations and the role of gut microbiota in the activity-based anorexia model that appear to be sex-dependent
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McCready, Sarah. "Evaluating a premature piglet model to assess the nutritional needs of the human neonate." Connect to resource, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/25222.
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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 15 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 14-15). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Carter, Kristina A. "Nutrient-Specific System v. Full Fact Panel: Understanding Nutritional Judgment Using Lens Model Analysis." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1492446851534744.
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Jones, Caleb. "Evolutionary changes in development associated with a transition in larval nutritional mode in spiralians." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1596978.
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The larval nutritional mode of marine invertebrates is an important life history trait that has strong effects on their ecology and evolution. Increases in egg size and transitions from feeding to nonfeeding larvae have happened repeatedly. In Spiralia, a change in cytoplasm allocated to macromeres at the 8-cell stage (that could delay the development of a functional gut) may accompany these transitions. The first part of this thesis describes the development of the gastropod Crepidula williamsi and compares it to the closely related C. fornicata, with a focus on changes in allocation to macromeres and the development of a functional gut. The second part is a phylogenetic comparison of egg size and allocation to macromeres in 44 species of spiralians, which revealed a significant correlation between the two. A phylogenetic comparison like this one has not previously been done on the development of such diverse marine invertebrate taxa.
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Bryant, Jennifer A. "READY, SET, LEARN: Portage County 3rd Grade Nutrition Education Curriculum." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1305047471.
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Bargh, Mary Katharine. "A mechanistic model to predict nutritional effects on milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ56303.pdf.
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Koerts-de, Lang Esther. "Corticosteroid and nutrition induced muscle wasting in a rat model." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1999. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6965.
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Bown, Horacio E. "Representing Nutrition of Pinus Radiata in Physiological Hybrid Productivity Models." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Forestry, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1210.
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Hybrid physiological models are being increasingly used to assess productivity, carbon sequestration, water and nutrient use and environmental impacts of management decisions. Users include forest managers, politicians, environmental agencies and scientists. However a wider use of these models has been prevented as a result of an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms regulating carbon allocation, nutrient availability in soils and nutrient uptake by trees. On-going innovation in clonal forestry, genetic improvement and vegetation management techniques is also poorly represented in hybrid models. This thesis examines means to represent nutrition and genotype-nutrition interactions in productivity physiological hybrid models. Nutrient limitations and growth differences between genotypes were hypothesized to operate through key physiological processes: photosynthesis, carbon allocation and nutrient internal cycling. In order to accomplish the aims of the study both greenhouse and field experimentation were carried out. In a first experiment, responses of photosynthesis (A) to intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) were measured in a fast- and a slow-growing clone of Pinus radiata D. Don cultivated in a greenhouse in a factorial combination of nitrogen and phosphorus supply, and analyzed using the biochemical model of leaf photosynthesis described by Farquhar et al. (1980). There were significant positive linear relationships between the parameters, Vcmax, Jmax, Tp and both foliar nitrogen (Na) and phosphorus (Pa) concentration on an area basis. The study showed that the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus supply on photosynthesis were statistically independent and that the photosynthetic behaviour of the two clones was equivalent. In a similar study, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were simultaneously measured to determine internal transfer conductance (gm) based on the "constant J method". Transfer conductance may pose significant limitations to photosynthesis which may be differentially affected by nutrition and genotype in Pinus radiata. Values of gm were similar to those of stomatal conductance (gs) and their ratio (gm / gs) was not influenced by nutrient supply or clone being on average (±1 SE) 1.22 ±0.04. Relative mesophyll limitations (LM, 16%) to photosynthesis were marginally greater than those imposed by stomata (LS, 13%), and together smaller than the relative limitations posed to photosynthesis by biochemical processes (LB, 71%). The CO₂ concentration in the intercellular air spaces (Ci) was (±1 SE) 53 ±3 µmol mol-1 lower than in the atmosphere (Ca) while CO₂ concentration in the chloroplasts (Cc) was (±1 SE) 48 ±2 µmol mol-1 less than Ci. Values of LS, LM and LB and CO₂ diffusion gradients posed by gs (Ca-Ci) and gm (Ci-Cc) did not change with nutrient supply or clone. In a third experiment, one-year old Pinus radiata cuttings from four genotypes were cultivated in silica sand with a factorial combination of nitrogen (N0=1.43 and N1=7.14 mM) and phosphorus (P0=0.084 and P1=0.420 mM) supply for 24 months. N supply was enriched with ¹⁵N to 2.5⁰/₀₀ (labelled N) during the first year, then plants transferred to clean sand and cultivated for another year with ¹⁵N at levels close to natural abundance (0.3664899 atom percent ¹⁵N, δ¹⁵N 0.5115 ⁰/₀₀) provided by the source of N in nutrient solution applied during the second year. Recovery of labelled and unlabelled N was used to estimate N remobilization. N remobilization scaled with plant growth, N content and N and P supply. In relative terms, 65% of all stored N was remobilized in the high-nutrient supply regime compared to 42-48% at lower N and P addition rates. Most N remobilization occurred during spring-summer (77%), coincidently with the largest proportion of needle development (80%), indicating that N remobilization was driven by sink-strength. Foliage was by far the main source for internal cycling while roots were the main sink (40%). Clones exhibited differences in N remobilization capacity, but these differences were completely explained by the size of the N pool before remobilization took place, indicating that N remobilization performance was similar among clones. In a fourth study, four clones were cultivated in silica sand with a factorial combination of nitrogen and phosphorus supply for ten months, and patterns of carbon allocation examined using a carbon balance approach. Gross-primary productivity (GPP) scaled mainly with nitrogen but also with phosphorus supply. The fraction of GPP (GPP = ANPP + APR + TBCA) allocated to above-ground components (ANPP) increased with N and P supply at the expense of total-below ground C allocation (TBCA) with no apparent effect on the fraction of GPP partitioned to above-ground plant respiration (APR). Carbon use efficiency (NPP:GPP) scaled with nutrient supply, being 0.42 in the low-nutrient supply regime compared to 0.51 in the high-nutrient supply regime, suggesting that in poor fertility environments a larger proportion of the C budget is respired compared to the net productivity. Fast-growing clones allocated about 2-4% more carbon to above-ground components (ANPP) at the expense of carbon allocated below-ground (TBCA) with no effect on carbon respired above-ground (APR), indicating that faster-growing genotypes allocate more carbon to leaf area which may compound and increase overall GPP over time. The field component of this thesis was conducted in a subset of locations where ENSIS (formerly New Zealand Forest Research Institute) had established trials to test the influence of species, soil disturbance and plant nutrition on sustainability indicators. Plots were small in size (3 m × 3 m) with trees spaced at 0.5 m × 0.5 m (40 000 trees ha-1) with nine measurement trees surrounded by a two-row buffer. All sites were planted in winter 2001 and harvested in spring 2005. The aim of this pilot study was to examine patterns of carbon allocation during the fourth year after planting in control and fertilized mini-plots of Pinus radiata in five sites with contrasting climate and soil conditions in the South Island of New Zealand. The study showed that the fraction of gross-primary productivity allocated belowground increased as the soil C:N ratio increased. However, these results should be interpreted with caution due to the unusual nature of the trial and the reduced number of sites studied. Two existing physiological models were selected for the discussion in this thesis (3-PG, Landsberg and Waring 1997; canopy net carbon exchange model, Whitehead et al. 2002). Potential improvements for the nutritional component of 3-PG comprise: accounting for reductions in carbon use efficiency (NPP:GPP) in poor-fertility environments, adding a preliminary fertility modifier (FN, 0-1) driven by soil C : N ratio and soil N, adding a preliminary relationship between carbon allocation to roots and the soil C : N ratio and representing faster-growing genotypes by increasing their leaf area but not their photosynthetic performance. The canopy net carbon exchange model (NCE) combines the coupled model of leaf photosynthesis - stomatal conductance described by Leuning (1995) with canopy structure and a water balance model to scale carbon assimilation from leaves to canopies. Potential improvements to account for nutrient deficiencies in the leaf model by Leuning (1995), comprise using nutrient ratios to discriminate nitrogen (Na/Pa < 23 mol mol-1) from phosphorus deficiencies (Na/Pa > 23 mol mol-1), adding relationships between photosynthetic model parameters Vcmax and Jmax to Pa, and correcting the estimation of photosynthetic parameters Vcmax and Jmax by accounting for transfer conductance (gm). The canopy net carbon exchange model may be also modified to account for carbon-use efficiency, carbon allocation to roots and genotype in a similar form to that proposed for 3-PG. The results previously outlined provide a preliminary framework to represent tree and soil nutrition in physiological hybrid productivity models.
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Mazzola, Joseph J. "Workplace Nutrition and Exercise Climate: Scale Development and Preliminary Model." Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1706.
Full textAbstract:
Obesity is a major concern in the United States and has a multitude of negative physical and mental health consequences. Proper nutrition and exercise are important elements to initiating and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Since most people spend a large amount of their time working, it is important that organizations create an atmosphere that is conducive to employees being able to eat healthy diets and exercise regularly. The social and environmental climate in terms of health was examined through the construct of a Workplace Nutrition and Exercise Climate (WNEC), defined here as the situational, social, and environmental factors within an organization that encourage and provide support to employees interested in eating healthy and exercising. This study sought to develop a scale for this construct and test its reliability, validity, and relationships to important health behavior and outcome variables. One-hundred and fifty-six participants were recruited to take an online survey, as well as provide contact information for 2 co-workers. Forty-three of these participants were successfully matched directly to 1 or 2 co-workers in their organization.
The scale showed evidence for reliability, through high internal consistency and interrater reliability. The results showed that the scale should be considered a single construct, but that individual nutrition or exercise can be measured if the user has empirical evidence that it is necessary for their research question. The scale also improved on a previous measure of health climate in a number of ways. The construct was directly related to organizational health benefits, self-reported healthy diet, job satisfaction, and depression. Additionally, while the initial simple mediation model proposed was not supported by the data (neither proper diet nor exercising behaviors individually mediated the relationship between the new construct of workplace nutrition and exercise climate and the physical and mental health variables), some exploratory moderation models showed promising leads for future researchers. Specifically, males and females differed on their relationships between the current climate construct and the self-reported healthy diet and total exercise frequency variables.
Given the wealth of previous research that shows the negative effects of obesity, if these findings continue to be supported, it may indicate that WNEC plays a crucial, primary prevention role in helping employees get and/or stay healthy. Future research should continue to look at this new construct of WNEC, design studies that allow for aggregation and investigation of the shared climate, and determine how researchers and practitioners can create a healthy WNEC in an organization.
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Rackham, Thomas. "Ultrasound segmentation tools and their application to assess fetal nutritional health." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5d102b18-dd32-4004-8aa5-b04242139daa.
Full textAbstract:
Maternal diet can have a great impact on the health and development of the fetus. Poor fetal nutrition has been linked to the development of a set of conditions in later life, such as coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes and hypertension, while restricted growth can result in hypogylcemia, hypocalcemia, hypothermia, polycythemia, hyperbilirubinemia and cerebral palsy. High alcohol consumption during pregnancy can result in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, a condition that can cause growth retardation, lowered intelligence and craniofacial defects. Current biometric assessment of the fetus involves size-based measures which may not accurately portray the state of fetal development, since they cannot differentiate cases of small-but-healthy or large-but-unhealthy fetuses. This thesis aims to outline a set of more appropriate measures of accurately capturing the state of fetal development. Specifically, soft tissue area and liver volume measurement are examined, followed by facial shape characterisation. A number of tools are presented which aim to allow clinicians to achieve accurate segmentations of these landmark regions. These are modifications on the Live Wire algorithm, an interactive segmentation method in which the user places a number of anchor points and a minimum cost path is calculated between the previous anchor point and the cursor. This focuses on giving the clinician intuitive control over the exact position of the segmented contour. These modifications are FA-S Live Wire, which utilises Feature Asymmetry and a weak shape constraint, ASP Live Wire, which is a 3D expansion of Live Wire, and FA-O Live Wire, which uses Feature Asymmtery and Local Orientation to guide the segmentation process. These have been designed with each of the specific biometric landmarks in mind. Finally, a method of characterising fetal face shape is proposed, using a combination of the segmentation methods described here and a simple shape model with a parameterised b-spline meshing approach to facial surface representation.
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Ibrahim, Naser. "Effects of Diet and Disease on Renal Oxylipins and Related Enzymes in the Han:SPRD-Cy rat Model of Cystic Kidney Disease." John Wiley and Sons, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30734.
Full textAbstract:
Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) derived oxylipins reduces disease progression in the Han:SPRD-Cy rat model of cystic kidney disease, but the roles of lipoxygenase (LOX) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) derived products in this disease are not known. Dietary soy protein (SP), fish oil (FO) and flax oil (FXO) are beneficial in retarding renal disease progression in this and other models of cystic kidney disease and can alter renal oxylipin production through different mechanisms. The general objectives of this thesis were to: 1) investigate the effects of disease on renal oxylipin levels (produced from the three enzymatic pathways); 2) investigate the synergistic and additive effects of combining dietary SP with FO or FXO on disease progression, renal fatty acid composition, and renal oxylipin levels; 3) compare the effects of COX and LOX inhibitors on oxylipin levels and disease progression, in the Han:SPRD-Cy rat model of cystic kidney disease.
Our research demonstrates that COX oxylipins are elevated and n-6 derived LOX metabolites are reduced in diseased kidneys in this model of cystic kidney disease. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) derived LOX oxylipins, including those derived from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were also lower in diseased kidneys, as were CYP derived oxylipins. The beneficial effect of SP on disease was associated with amelioration of several oxylipin alterations in parallel with a reduction in kidney disease progression, improvement in kidney function and blood pressure. However, adding dietary FO or FXO to the SP diet improved some but worsened other oxylipin alterations and did not provide further disease protection.
Since both COX1 and COX2 activities are elevated in diseased kidneys, the effect of aspirin was examined; this treatment slowed disease progression and the decline in kidney function. On the other hand, inhibiting the LOX pathway had no effects on disease. Thus interventions that specifically inhibit COX while maintaining LOX and CYP may be more effective than general oxylipin inhibitors in slowing disease in this renal disorder.October 2015
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Wentzel-Viljoen, Edelweiss. "Development of a model for the monitoring and evaluation of nutrition and nutrition-related programmes in South Africa / Edelweiss Wentzel-Viljoen." Thesis, North-West University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/277.
Full textAbstract:
Evaluation research or programme evaluation was developed mainly for general use in
social science, notably education and psychology, for understanding and addressing
social problems. Rossi eta/. (1999) defined programme evaluation or evaluation research
as "... the use of social research procedures to systematically investigate the
effectiveness of social intervention programmes that are adapted to their political and
organisational environments and designed to inform social action in ways that improve
social conditions". There are different types of evaluation, namely the evaluation of need,
implementation evaluation, impact evaluation and efficiency evaluation. Several authors
and international organisations developed tools and guidelines for measuring
performance of nutrition programmes. However, a comprehensive model or framework,
based on the existing theory of evaluation research to evaluate nutrition programmes in
South Africa, is lacking.
The national Primary School Nutrition Program (PSNP) was introduced as one of the 100
day Presidential Lead Projects of the South African Reconstruction and Development
Programme in 1994. This programme is implemented in all nine provinces of South Africa
and costs the taxpayer approximately R500 million per year. The focus area of the PSNP
is school feeding, nutrition education and health promotion through interventions such as
parasite control and micronutrient supplementation. An evaluation component was never
part of the design of the PSNP. However, in the beginning of 2000 the North West
Province, and later in 2000, the National Department of Health, commissioned evaluation
of the PSNP.
Aims
The aim of this study was, therefore, to develop a framework or model for the monitoring
and evaluation of nutrition and nutrition-related programmes in South Africa, based on the
theory of evaluation research and incorporating the researcher's experience gained in the
evaluation of the PSNP.
Methods
The results of an in-depth study of available literature on evaluation research are
synthesized and presented in Chapter 2. This formed the theoretical basis for the
development of an evaluation framework.
A tender for the evaluation of the PSNP in the North West Province was allocated to the
Potchefstroom University for CHE. The researcher acted as project leader and was
responsible for the development of the evaluation framework and the execution thereof.
The researcher was also part of the core team for the national evaluation of certain
aspects of the PSNP and involved in the development of the evaluation framework, the
gathering of data, the analysis and interpretation of the data as well as feedback to the
relevant stakeholders.
For both studies, an evaluation framework was developed based on the tender
specifications. Once this was done, appropriate instruments and measuring methods
were developed. The fieldwork was done at national, provincial and school level. Once
the relevant data were gathered, the data were coded, captured, analysed and
interpreted. A final report of the evaluation, including conclusions and recommendations
regarding the programme, was written for each evaluation. Consultation with the
appropriate stakeholders was held and continuous feedback was given to the North West
Province and the National Department of Health for the two evaluations respectively
(Chapters 3 and 4).
Results
A comprehensive framework for the evaluation of nutrition and nutrition-related
programmes was developed and discussed in Chapter 5.
It is suggested that the theory based evaluation (TBE) approach is followed for the
evaluation of these. Weiss (1972; 1988; 1997) described theory-based evaluation as
follows: "TBE aims to surface the theoretical underpinnings of the programme in advance
and use the theories to help structure the evaluation. It aims to describe the actual
mechanisms that are related to good outcomes". The evaluation is expected to collect
data to see how well each step of the sequence in fact comes out. The developed
framework of the evaluation shows that at least the following four principal components,
namely: inputs, outputs, outcomes and impacts should be included. A very important and
unique development in the framework is that it links all the steps of the evaluation process
to all the phases in the development of a nutrition programme design, protocol and
implementation.
Conclusions
It was possible to develop a framework for the evaluation of nutrition and nutrition-related
programmes in South Africa based on TBE and the researcher's experience with the
development of an evaluation framework for the PSNP. This framework could serve as a
guideline to assist evaluators with the evaluation of nutrition programmes in the future.
Recommendations
Monitoring and evaluation should form an integral part of any nutrition and nutrition related
intervention programme. Especially in South Africa, a developing country with
scarce resource, where its serious malnutrition and HIVIAIDS problems are addressed by
multi-sectorial, mutli-level and multi-site intervention programmes, appropriate evaluation
should be conducted. The evaluation component should be developed as part of the
development of the programme. Billions of Rands are spend on these programmes and
the funders should demand responsibility and accountability from the programme
developers and implementers through appropriate evaluations.Thesis (Ph.D. (Dietetics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
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Keller, Sylvia D. "Validation of Peer-Teaching-Peer Paraprofessional Model in Teen Parenting Nutrition Education." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/390.
Full textAbstract:
Each year, teen pregnancy occurs in 750,000 15-to-19 year-old women in the United States (U.S.). Utah has the youngest population and the lowest teen abortion rates in the U.S. Approximately 73% of teen pregnancies in Utah result in live births. The prevalence of teen pregnancy and the nutritional risk to mother and child result in a much greater need for social support, such as nutrition education. Current literature shows that the paraprofessional model is effective in increasing positive behavior change through nutrition education. Presently, there is a lack of evidence that paraprofessional teens are capable of accurately and effectively teaching their peers nutrition information.
This pilot study aims to measure the effectiveness of the peer-teaching-peer paraprofessional model in teen parenting nutrition education, and to demonstrate that peer educators ages 18-22 are capable of teaching their peers accurate nutrition information as effectively as adult paraprofessionals.
In this pilot study, two females were trained to become paraprofessional peer educators. To supplement the training of peer educators, this pilot study developed and recorded a nutrition presentation for all six lessons of the paper version Missouri Extension Teen Parenting curriculum. Each trained peer educator taught 10 to 13 clients (ages 14 to 19) over three weeks. For evaluation, the study used pre/post comparisons. Assessment tools include teaching evaluations, pre-post test on nutrition knowledge, 24-hour dietary and physical activity recalls, and behavioral checklist.
There was a significant difference in pre-post tests in knowledge, behavior, and exit survey among participants, indicating that peer educators are able to teach their peers effectively. Although not significant, peer educators' teaching accuracy score was high and improved consistently. Eighty-three of participants like or very much liked to be taught by their peers. Findings from this study showed great potential in having adolescents teach their peers as effectively as older educators.
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Heeman, Vanessa Gette. "A Social Cognitive Model of Parental Nutritional Communication and Parental Perceptions of Preschoolers’ Eating-Related Attitudes and Behaviors." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1479862947145123.
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SHAW, JU-JEAN. "BIOAVAILABILITY OF OIL-BASED ANDß-LACTOGLOBULIN COMPLEXED VITAMIN AIN A RAT MODEL." NCSU, 2000. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20001014-213024.
Full textAbstract:
SHAW, JU-JEAN. Bioavailability of Oil-Based and ß-Lactoglobulin Complexed Vitamin A in a Rat Model. (Chair: Jonathan C. Allen and Co-chair: Harold E. Swaisgood)The goal of this research was to determine the bioavailability of a retinyl palmitate-ß-lactoglobulin complex in fortified skim milk and non-milk liquids using a rat model. Vitamin A plays a crucial role in many biological functions such as vision, cell differentiation, gene expression, central nervous system development, bone development and immune system function. Fluid milk products have been fortified with vitamin A (along with Vitamin D) since the 1930s to reduce the incidence of disorders caused by fat-soluble vitamin deficiency in the USA. Low-fat and non-fat fluid milk products are fortified with vitamin A and other nutrients to restore that which is removed with the lipid phase. Vitamin A preparations for milk fortification have either oil-based carriers or water-based carriers. Although it was suggested that the oil-in-water emulsions are preferred rather than oil-based preparation, vitamin A- fortified milk is often unable to comply with nutrition labeling requirements. Because retinyl palmitate, a vitamin A form most used in food products, can bind with ß-lactoglobulin, a major component of bovine whey, in a molar ratio of 2:1, we propose ß-lactoglobulin could be a carrier to fortify skim milk with retinyl palmitate. The bioavailability of this vitamin A-ß-lactoglobulin complex has not been tested yet so we designed and conducted experiments to test the bioavailability of this complex in the skim milk and water-based liquids.
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Quesada, Vázquez Helena. "Dietary proanthocyanidins: their effectiveness in dyslipidemic nutritional models and the role of liver and intestine in their hypotriglyceridemic action." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8689.
Full textAbstract:
Las proantocianidinas ejercen efectos beneficiosos sobre algunos desordenes metabólicos que se consideran factores de riesgo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. La desregulación del metabolismo lipoproteico juega un papel muy importante en los estados lipídicos alterados. Por lo tanto, los objetivos de esta Tesis fueron: estudiar la contribución del hígado y el intestino en la respuesta hipolipidémica de las proantocianidinas y evaluar los efectos de las proantocianidinas en modelos dislipidémicos nutricionales. Para realizar los experimentos se utilizaron tres modelos experimentales: ratas, ratones y células Caco2. Los resultados obtenidos fueron: que en un test de tolerancia lipídica tanto los quilomicrones como las VLDL contribuyen al efecto hipotrigliceridémico de las proantocianidinas pero su influencia depende del tiempo. Además, las proantocianidinas reprimen la secreción de TG por el hígado in vivo y por el intestino in vitro. ACSL se manifiesta como un gen diana de ellas en las células intestinales. Y finalmente, las proantocianidinas corrigen la dislipidemia pero no contrarrestan la ganancia de peso inducida por la dieta aunque estas tienen un efecto bimodal sobre la retención de energía in vivo.Proanthocyanidins have been shown to exert advantageous actions on several metabolic disorders that are risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Lipoprotein metabolism plays an important role in altered lipid states. Therefore, the aims of this Thesis were: To assess the contribution of the liver and the intestine in the hypolipidemic response triggered by proanthocyanidins and to evaluate the short-term effect of an oral intake of proanthocyanidins in dyslipidemic nutritional models. For these purposes, three experimental models have been used: Rats, mice and human Caco2 cells. The obtained results are: In a fat tolerance test, both chylomicrons and VLDL contribute to the hypotriglyceridemic action of proanthocyanidins but their influence depends on time. Moreover, proanthocyanidins repress TG secretion by the liver in vivo and by the intestine in vitro. Furthermore, ACSL manifests as their target gene in intestinal cells. Finally, proanthocyanidins correct dyslipidemia but not the weight gain induced by diet though these have a bimodal effect on energy retention in vivo.
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Lawrance, Andrea Karin. "The impact of genetic and nutritional disturbances of folate metabolism on tumourigenesis in a mouse model of colorectal cancer /." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111885.
Full textAbstract:
The relationship between colorectal cancer (CRC) and folate metabolism is complex. Dietary folate, depending on the timing and dose, may either prevent or enhance tumour initiation and/or growth, and polymorphisms in the genes encoding folate-metabolising enzymes may also modulate risk. In this thesis, the Apcmin/+ mouse model of CRC was used to investigate the effect of nutritional and genetic disturbances in folate metabolism on tumourigenesis and to examine various mechanisms.The reduced folate carrier I (RFC1) is responsible for the cellular uptake and intestinal absorption of folate, primarily the 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methylTHF) derivative. Methionine synthase (MTR) uses 5-methylTHF to remethylate homocysteine to methionine, which may be activated and used to methylate substrates such as DNA. 5-MethylTHF is also the product of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)-catalysed reduction of 5,10-methyleneTHF, which is also used to convert dUMP to dTMP.
Adenoma number and load were reduced in Rfc1+/-Apc min/+ mice, compared with Rfc1+/+Apc min/+ mice, but were similar in Mtr+/-Apc min/+ and Mtr+/+ Apcmin/+ mice. Neither Rfc1 nor Mtr genotype affected global DNA methylation, apoptosis or plasma homocysteine (tHcy) levels. In the experiments involving Mtr mice, dietary folate deficiency increased adenoma number, plasma tHcy, and apoptosis, and decreased global DNA methylation. Neither Mtr nor Rfc1 genotype affected the dUTP/dTTP ratio in the intestine of mice not predisposed to adenoma formation.
Adenoma number was decreased in Mthfr+/-Apc min/+ mice (compared with Mthfr+/+Apc min/+ mice) and in Mthfr+/+Apc min/+ offspring of Mthfr+/- mothers (compared with Mthfr+/+Apcmin/+ offspring of Mthfr+/+ mothers). A folate-deficient diet, when initiated prior to conception, significantly decreased adenoma number and decreased global DNA methylation. Overall, adenoma number was inversely correlated with plasma tHcy, dUTP/dTTP ratio and apoptosis. When initiated at three weeks of age, a folate-enriched diet significantly increased adenoma number in Apcmin/+ mice. In the intestines of mice not predisposed to adenoma formation, Mthfr deficiency decreased, and folic acid deficiency increased, the dUTP/dTTP ratio.
These results support the evidence that MTHFR polymorphisms are protective in CRC tumourigenesis and that depending on stage or predisposition, folate may inhibit or enhance tumour growth.
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Boëchat, Iola Gonçalves. "Biochemical composition of protists dependency on diet and trophic mode and consequences for their nutritionasl quality /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974092894.
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Vassilyadi, Photios. "Glutathione metabolism in a piglet model of colitis and protein malnutrition." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119470.
Full textAbstract:
Glutathione (γ-glutamyl-cysteinylglycine; GSH) is the most abundant low molecular weight thiol synthesized endogenously by all cells from glutamate, cysteine and glycine. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a debilitating condition associated with oxidative stress and protein energy malnutrition (PEM) (especially among children). The aim of this study was to investigate how nutrition and intestinal inflammation impact the regulation of GSH in red blood cells and tissues in a piglet model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. This is the first study to combine the use of a stable isotope methodology to determine GSH synthesis and tandem mass spectrometry to analyze the concentration of GSH and its metabolites in various malnourished models of pediatric colitis. Our results demonstrated that GSH was uniquely regulated in tissues of healthy piglets, with the liver producing the most GSH. GSH concentration was ~20% lower in distal colon of well-nourished piglets with colitis and further reduced by ~60% in piglets with moderate PEM compared to healthy, well-nourished controls. Severe, but not moderate, protein deficiency altered GSH regulation on a systemic level, affecting metabolism in liver and compromising GSH concentration in red blood cells, ileal mucosa and spiral colon. No effect on GSH regulation was reported in moderately protein deficient piglets receiving a difference in protein quality or in moderately PEM piglets receiving probiotic supplementation or glucagon-like peptide 2, an anabolic hormone. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that protein malnutrition, a common consequence of IBD, exacerbates the deleterious effects of severe inflammation by affecting the regulation of GSH. Adequate protein consumption may play a more beneficial role than increasing macronutrient intake with respect to glutathione regulation during inflammation. This emphasizes the role of nutritional intervention, specifically increasing cysteine requirement, as a therapeutic approach towards rehabilitating patients with IBD.Le glutathion est l'un des principaux antioxydants de l'organisme. Il est produit de façon endogène à partir de glutamate, de cystéine et de glycine. La maladie inflammatoire de l'intestin est une condition débilitante associée au stress oxydatif et à la malnutrition protéique et énergétique (MPE), surtout chez les enfants. La présente étude avait pour but d'examiner l'effet de la nutrition et de l'inflammation intestinale sur l'état du glutathion dans les érythrocytes et les tissus en utilisant un modèle de colite induit par dextrane sulfate de sodium (DSS) chez des porcelets. Cette étude est la première à combiner l'utilisation d'isotopes stables pour déterminer la synthèse du glutathion et la spectrométrie de masse pour analyser la concentration du glutathion et de ses métabolites dans divers modèles de malnutrition et de colite pédiatrique. Nos résultats ont démontré que glutathion est uniquement régulé dans les tissus des porcelets sains, la majorité du glutathion étant produit dans le foie. La concentration de glutathion était inférieure d'environ 20% dans le côlon distal de porcelets bien nourris souffrant de colite par rapport aux porcelets sains et inférieure d'environ 60% chez les porcelets avec MPE par rapport aux porcelets bien nourris. Seulement un déficit sévère en protéines a compromis le métabolisme du foie et la concentration de glutathion dans les érythrocytes, la muqueuse iléale et le côlon spiralé. Aucun effet sur la régulation du glutathion n'a été démontré chez les porcelets recevant des protéines de différentes qualités, chez des porcelets avec MPE recevant une supplémentation probiotique ou une hormone anabolisante. En conclusion, nous avons démontré que la malnutrition protéique, une conséquence fréquente de l'inflammation intestinale, exacerbe les effets délétères de l'inflammation sévère en affectant la régulation du glutathion. La consommation adéquate de protéines peut jouer un rôle plus bénéfique que l'augmentation des macronutriments sur la régulation du glutathion. Ceci souligne le rôle de l'intervention nutritionnelle, spécifiquement l'augmentation de la cystéine, comme une approche thérapeutique à la réhabilitation des patients avec la maladie inflammatoire de l'intestin.
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Catalán, Santos Úrsula. "Effect of food extracts and bioactive food compounds on the mechanism of atherosclerosis and nutritional biomarkers." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84046.
Full textAbstract:
Primera, estudiar los efectos de un extracto de cacahuete rico en polifenoles y de compuestos bioactivos (alfa-tocoferol) en modelos celulares a nivel de inflamación (células monocíticas THP-1) y disfunción endotelial (células endoteliales de aorta humana; HAEC), respectivamente.
Segunda, optimizar el volumen sanguíneo caracterizando el perfil de metabolitos acuosos y lipídicos, la composición de ácidos grasos, la detección de subclases de lipoproteínas y de polifenoles en plasma y glóbulos rojos.
El extracto de cacahuete ejerce efectos anti-inflamatorios mediante la inhibición de la proteína del TNF-α extracelular, a través de la inhibición de la activación del factor de transcripción c-Jun.
El alfa-tocoferol mejora la función endotelial mediante la inhibición de la VCAM-1 y en menor grado sobre la E-selectina e ICAM-1.
El plasma y glóbulos rojos aportan información metabolómica complementaria y se elegirá uno u otro en función del objetivo de los estudios en humanos.The thesis addresses two major issues. Firstly: The study the effects of polyphenol-rich peanut extract and bioactive compounds (alpha-tocopherol) in cellular models of inflammation (monocytic cells; THP-1) and on endothelial dysfunction (human aortic endothelial cells; HAEC), respectively. Secondly: The optimisation of blood sampling for human studies to characterise the profile of aqueous and lipid metabolites, fatty acid composition, lipoprotein subclasses, and polyphenol content of plasma and red blood cells. Peanut extract exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting extracellular TNF-α protein via the inhibition of c-Jun transcription factor activation. Alpha-tocopherol improves endothelial function by inhibiting VCAM-1 and, to a lesser extent, E-selectin and ICAM-1. Analyses of metabolites in plasma and red blood cells generate complementary information. The measurements may need to be performed in either, or both, matrices, depending on the objectives of the study.
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Majda, Stephan [Verfasser], and Jens [Akademischer Betreuer] Boenigk. "Evolution in Chrysophyceae regarding the nutritional mode and intraspecific variation based on comparative genomics / Stephan Majda ; Betreuer: Jens Boenigk." Duisburg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1233199943/34.
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COHEN, HENRI-LUC. "Comparaison de l'utilisation des substrats energetiques par calorimetrie indirecte selon trois modes de nutrition parenterale totale cyclique." Nice, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NICE6589.
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Hague, Anne L. "Evaluating Attitudes of Obesity and their Change Processes among Student Teachers and School Teachers on the World Wide Web Using the Elaboration Likelihood Model." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/HagueAL2003.pdf.
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Chamberlain, Sally. "Nutrition screening in community-living older adults, analysis of factors from three conceptual models." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ61881.pdf.
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de, Vasconcelos Judson Tadeu. "The use of different nutritional strategies and mathematical models to improve production efficiency, profitability, and carcass quality of feedlot cattle." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4690.
Full textAbstract:
Forty eight crossbred steers (BW = 296 ñ 16.7 kg) were fed four dietary
treatments for 56 d: AL-LS (low starch diet fed ad libitum for a rate of gain of 1 kg/d),
AL-HS (high starch diet fed ad libitum), LF-HS (a limit fed high starch diet designed to
be isocaloric with AL-LS), and AL-IS (a diet fed ad libitum for the midpoint daily
energy intake between AL-LS and AL-HS). On d 57 all steers were placed on AL-HS
for finishing until d 140. Steers that consumed more total energy (AL-HS and AL-IS)
throughout production achieved greater carcass fatness in the end of the 140 d period,
although these responses were difficult to evaluate via real-time ultrasound
measurements. No differences in insulin and glucose kinetics were observed. Data
suggested that energy source may influence energy partitioning during the growing
period, but these effects may be overcome by differences in energy intake. Higher
marbling scores (AL-HS and AL-IS) rewarded higher grid values and greater premiums,
which increased profitability. This data set was also used for a model evaluation that showed that mathematical models (CVDS and NRC) were able to explain most of the
variation in individual feed requirements of group- fed growing and finishing cattle.
Another data set was used for evaluation of a decision support system Cornell Net
Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) as a tool to minimize nutrient excretion
from fed cattle. One-hundred eight-four group- fed steers were fed a 13% crude protein
(CP) diet until reaching 567 kg of BW, when their diets were either maintained at 13%
or reduced to 11.5% or 10% CP. Data from the second half of the experiment were
modeled to predict urinary, fecal, and total N excretion. As dietary CP decreased from
13 to 11.5%, the model indicated a total N excretion of 16%. An even greater reduction
in total N excretion (26%) occurred when dietary CP was decreased from 11.5% to 10%.
The overall decrease from 13 to 10% CP resulted in a reduction of total N excretion by
38%. Data suggest that decision support sys tems can be used to assist in balancing diets
to meet environment restriction.
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Antunes, Juliana. "Protein metabolism and histopathology in a piglet model of colitis and protein deficiency." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104790.
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A dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)- piglet model of colitis was used to investigate the effect of moderate (MD) and severe (SD) protein deficiency on disease severity in distal and spiral colon, growth, body composition, nitrogen balance and fractional synthesis rate (FSR) of proteins in plasma, liver and tissues. Moderate protein deficiency did not impair linear growth and chest circumference of DSS-colitis piglets although weight gain was restricted in MD piglets compared to well-nourished (WN) piglets. However, SD dramatically compromised body weight gain, linear growth and body composition of DSS-colitis piglets. Protein status did not affect distal colon histopathology whereas SD drastically compromised spiral colon integrity. MD piglets could maintain the synthesis of liver-derived and most tissue proteins. In contrast, SD remarkably restricted protein synthesis in visceral tissues, measured by a constant infusion of the isotopically labeled tracer L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine, by approximately 50-70% compared to WN piglets. SD, but not MD, severely impaired growth and aggravated spiral colon inflammation severity in this piglet model of colitis.Un modèle de colite expérimentale provoquée par le dextran sulphate de sodium (DSS) chez le porcelet a été employé pour étudier sur les effets d'une déficience modérée (DM) ou sévère (DS) en protéines sur la sévérité de la maladie dans le colon distal et spiral, la croissance, la composition corporelle, l'équilibre azoté et les taux de synthèse fractionnelle des protéines plasmatiques, du foie et tissus. DM n'a pas affecté la croissance linéaire ni la circonférence de la poitrine. En revanche, DS a sévèrement affecté le gain de masse corporelle, la croissance et la composition corporelle des porcelets. L'histopathologie du colon distal n'a révélé aucun effet du statut protéinique, alors que DS a sévèrement compromis l'intégrité du colon spiral. Les porcelets MD ont pu maintenir les taux de synthèse de protéines hépatiques et de la majorité des tissus. Par contre, la synthèse de protéines des tissus viscéraux, mesurée par infusion constante du tracer isotopique L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine, a été remarquablement diminuée par DS de 50 a 70% chez les porcelets DSS comparés aux porcelets WN. DS, et non DM, a sévèrement retardé la croissance et a aggravé la sévérité de l'inflammation du colon spiral dans ce modèle animal de colite.
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Stokes, Strong Kristen Rae. "The Effectiveness of the Teens Reaching Youth 4-H Model in a Childhood Nutirition and Physical Activity Education Program." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/457.
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Childhood obesity rates are on the rise. There are detrimental physical and psychological health effects associated with childhood obesity. Society needs proven methods of delivering nutrition and physical activity education to children. The Teens Reaching Youth (TRY) 4-H model has been shown to be effective at delivering curriculum in a variety of topics. To assess the effectiveness of the TRY 4-H model at delivering nutrition and physical activity education to youth, grades third through sixth. The program's objectives were to increase youth participants' nutritional knowledge, improve youth participants' eating and fitness habits, and improve leadership and life skills of the teens involved in the TRY 4-H program. We compared three groups of youth grades third through sixth in Northern Utah. We looked at the youth's nutrition knowledge and food preferences as well as their parents/guardians' behaviors. Then two of the groups participated in a nutrition and physical activity education program. One group was taught by TRY 4-H teams and the other group was taught by adult volunteers from the community. After participating in the program, the youth's nutrition knowledge and food preferences and their parents/guardians' behaviors were re-assessed. The control group was unavailable for re-assessment due to limited access. Teen leadership was assessed using a teen leadership and life skills assessment tool. At baseline, the three samples had no statistical differences. The TRY 4-H treatment and Adult Volunteer treatment were found to produce statistically similar nutrition knowledge out-comes. Parents/guardians reported improvements in youth participant nutrition and physical activity habits. Teen members of the TRY teams experienced an increase in leadership and life skills. Teens from the TRY 4-H program are as effective as adult volunteers at teaching younger youth about nutrition. This education delivery method should be utilized in additional communities to aid in the fight against childhood obesity.
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Parmer, Sondra M. Salisbury-Glennon Jill Diane. "The effects of an experiential learning model of education on second grade students' fruit and vegetable knowledge, preference and consumption." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Fall/Dissertations/PARMER_SONDRA_34.pdf.
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Fraser, Keely Gabrielle. "Impact of macronutrient restriction and probiotic supplementation on protein synthesis and growth in a piglet model of dextran sulphate-induced colitis." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99178.
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A dextran sulphate (DS) model of ulcerative colitis was used to examine the effects of macronutrient restriction with (MR+PRO) and without (MR) probiotic supplementation (VSL#3RTM) on protein metabolism and growth. MR and MR+PRO decreased weight and chest circumference gain, but had no effect on linear growth of piglets. MR decreased the protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) of liver, masseter, longissimus dorsi, colon, as well as plasma albumin, measured by stable isotope tracer L-[ring-2H 5]phenylalanine. MR+PRO increased the FSR of hepatic proteins by greater than 70% and increased both the FSR and absolute synthesis rate (ASR) of the total plasma protein pool, albumin and fibrinogen. Over 11 days, MR+PRO piglets showed a smaller decrease in plasma total protein concentrations than WN piglets, and maintained higher albumin levels than either WN or MR piglets. These findings highlight the importance of adequate nutrition during gastrointestinal inflammation and show that when food intake is decreased, probiotics stimulate liver protein synthesis and increase the acute phase protein response, similar to the well-nourished state.
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Johnson, Olivia. "Application of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model in the evaluation of a community-based youth fitness and nutrition summer camp program." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/647.
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Background: The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model is an effective and adaptable program planning tool that has been widely used in the design, implementation and evaluation of health promotion programs.
Objective: To retrospectively apply the constructs of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model to a community-based youth fitness and nutrition summer camp program (Champ Camp) and to identify and describe how the program can be improved based on the findings of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model evaluation.
Design: A systematic application of the nine phases of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model applied retrospectively to evaluate and improve the Champ Camp program.
Setting: Children participating in Champ Camp offered through a seven-week summer camp coordinated by Burlington Parks, Recreation and Waterfront of Burlington, Vermont. The summer camp served as a licensed childcare program for children entering first through fifth grade.
Measures: Improvements in nutrition knowledge and fitness scores measured biweekly. Additionally, the retrospective application of the planning model determined valuable demographic, behavioral, environmental, and policy information about the community.
Statistical Analysis: A repeated measures analysis of variance was conducted to determine if there was a statistically significant change over time in nutrition knowledge and physical fitness. Statistical analysis was also performed to determine if there were potential correlations between nutrition knowledge and performance on each fitness assessment individually.
Results: The Champ Camp program significantly improved nutrition assessment scores for males. Additionally, there were statistically significant improvements in the fitness assessment scores for the ball throw within third through fifth grade males and females across the seven-week program. The retrospective application of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model proved to be successful in identifying the demographic, behavioral and environmental influences, and resources and invested parties of the target population. Most importantly the model emphasized the use of SMART program goals and objectives within successful health promotion programs. The model also stressed the necessity for appropriate and validated nutrition and fitness assessment tools that would offer more generalizable data. Moreover, the model also emphasized the need for stronger program evaluation by including more process evaluative measures and defining the determinants in which the programs' effectiveness and efficiency would be measured.
Conclusions: The unique application proved to be a valuable and fruitful method for evaluating and identifying areas for improvement within a community-based youth fitness and nutrition summer camp program. This research not only serves to improve the existing Champ Camp program but to highlight the importance of program planning models and the critical components of successful health promotion programs.
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Deguire, Jason Robert. "Dietary supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid: muscoskeletal investigations in men and selected animal models." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116846.
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The overall objective of this thesis was to investigate differences between the FFA and TG forms of CLA regarding incorporation in liver and biological musculoskeletal responses; if assessment of PTH is affected by gender, fasting and the type of PTH assay used; if CLA status, as measured by red blood cell CLA content, in men is positively related to body composition and bone mass; if CLA supplementation in healthy men reduces PTH concentration; and if CLA can prevent decreases in bone and muscle mass typically observed in advanced aging. Methods: Study 1: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized at weaning to receive a control AIN-93 diet or the same diet supplemented with 0.5% c9, t11 CLA + 0.5% t10, c12 CLA in FFA or TG form. Liver fatty acid profiles were assessed using gas chromatography. Biomarkers of bone metabolism were measured along with bone density and body composition using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) after 4, 8, 16 wk. Study 2: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized at weaning to receive a control AIN-93 diet or the same diet supplemented with 0.5% c9, t11 CLA + 0.5% t10, c12 CLA in FFA for 16 wk. At wk 16, a blood sample was collected in both a fed state and a non-fed state. PTH was assessed using both a second and third generation PTH assays. Study 3: Healthy men 19-53 y (n=31) were randomized in a double-blind, placebo controlled clinical dose-response trial to receive either: 1.5 g/d or 3.0 g/d of c9, t11 CLA (4:1 c9, t11 to t10, c12 isomer ratio) or placebo (olive oil 3 g/d) for 16 wk. DXA was performed to assess body composition at baseline and end of study and blood samples were obtained monthly to evaluate changes in PTH concentration, 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D), iCa, phosphate and lipid profile. Study 4: As an advanced aging model, pigmented guinea pigs (n=40) were block randomized by weight at 70 wk of age to 4 groups: 1) SHAM+Control diet, 2) SHAM+ CLA diet (1.0% 4:1 c9, t11 to t10, c12 isomer ratio), 3) Orchidectomy (ORX)+Control diet, 4) ORX+CLA diet. DXA scans for bone density and body composition in addition to blood samples to measure testosterone, estrogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6), were performed at baseline and wk 16. At 16 wk, iCa and 25(OH)D were assessed as well as, bone microarchitecture using micro computed tomography, bone strength and acute protein fractional synthesis rate in skeletal muscle using a flooding dose of 40 mol% of L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine (1.5 mmol/kg ip). Results: Study 1: There were no differences among groups for growth, bone biomarkers or mass nor mineral balance. Liver enrichment of c9, t11 CLA in FFA form was greater than TG form and AIN-93. Study 2: Females had a lower iCa compared to males. In males and females, there was no difference between fed and non-fed groups when PTH was assessed using the INT PTH assay. However, in females only, PTH measured using the BIO PTH was significantly lower in the fed group versus the non-fed. Study 3: Men with red blood cell (RBC) c9, t11 CLA status above the median had higher whole body bone mineral density (BMD) and whole body lean mass % (WBL), whereas body mass index (BMI) and whole body fat mass % (WBF) were lower. In regression analysis, RBC c9, t11 CLA status accounted for a significant proportion (r2=0.10) of the variation in whole body BMD (P=0.03). There were no time or treatment differences among any bone or biomarkers of bone metabolism including PTH. Study 4: CLA prevented an increase in Tb.Sp and a decrease in vBMD in metaphyseal regions of ORX compared to SHAM CTRL. CLA also decreased porosity in ORX compared to SHAM. ORX decreased free testosterone whereas interleukin-6 increased. CLA prevented ORX-induced loss of metaphyseal vBMD and bone volume as well as enhanced diaphyseal porosity. Also, no differences in quadriceps mixed muscle sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein fractional synthesis rate were detected. Significance: Overall, small benefits of CLA on the musculoskeletal system were observed.L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les réponses biologiques musculo-squelettiques de l'acide linoléique conjugué (ALC). Méthodologie: Étude 1: Des rats Sprague-Dawley ont été randomisés pour recevoir le régime de contrôle AIN-93 ou le même régime supplémenté avec 0,5% c9, t11 + 0,5% t10, c12 d'ALC en forme d'AGL ou de TG. Les profils d'acides gras du foie ont été évalués pour l'incorporation de l'ALC dans les tissus. Les biomarqueurs osseux ainsi que la densité osseuse et la composition corporelle ont été mesurés après 4, 8, 16 semaines. Étude 2: Des rats Sprague-Dawley ont été randomisés au sevrage pour recevoir le régime de contrôle AIN-93 ou le même régime supplémenté avec 0,5% c9, t11 + 0,5% t10, c12 d'ALC en AGL pendant 16 semaines. Du sang a été recueilli à la fois dans un état nourri et à jeun. La PTH a été évaluée à l'aide de test de la PTH de deuxième et de troisième génération. Étude 3: Des hommes âgés de 19 à 53 ans (n = 31) ont été randomisés en double aveugle, lors d'un essai clinique contrôlé pour recevoir: 1,5 g / j ou 3,0 g / j de c9, t11 (4:1 c9, t11 à t10, c12 rapport d'isoforme) ou un placebo (huile d'olive 3 g / j) pendant 16 semaines. L'absorptiométrie biphotonique à rayons X (DXA) a été réalisée pour évaluer la composition corporelle. Des échantillons de sang ont été obtenus mensuellement pour évaluer les changements dans la concentration de la PTH, la 25-hydroxy-vitamine D (25(OH)D), l'iCa, le phosphate et le profil lipidique. Étude 4: En tant que modèle de vieillissement avancé, des cochons d'inde pigmentés (n = 40) on été randomizés à 70 semaines d'âge à 4 groupes: 1) chirurgie fictive (SHAM) + Régime de contrôle (CTRL), 2) SHAM + régime d'ALC (ALC) (1,0% 4:1 c9, t11 à t10, c12 rapport d'isoforme), 3) orchidectomie (ORX) + CTRL, 4) ORX +ALC. L'analyse de la densité osseuse et la composition corporelle (par DXA) ainsi que des échantillons sanguins recueillis pour mesurer la testostérone, l'estrogène, l'interleukin-6 (IL-6), ont été. À 16 semaines, l'iCa et la 25(OH)D ont été évaluées ainsi que, la microarchitecture osseuse utilisant la microtomodensitométrie, la force des os ainsi que le taux de synthèse protéique fractionnaire dans les muscles squelettiques en utilisant une dose d'inondation de 40% en moles de L-[ring-2H5]-phénylalanine (1,5 mmol / kg ip). Résultats: Étude 1: Il n'existe aucune différence entre les groupes pour les biomarqueurs et la masse osseuse, ni l'équilibre minéral. L'enrichissement du foie en c9, t11 sous forme AGL était plus grand que sous forme de TG et AIN-93. Étude 2. Chez les mâles et les femelles, il n'y avait pas de différence entre les rats nourris et à jeun lorsque la PTH était évaluée en utilisant le test PTH INT. Cependant, chez les femelles seulement, la PTH mesurée à l'aide de la PTH Bioactive, était significativement plus faible dans le groupe nourri par rapport au groupe à jeun. Étude 3: Les hommes avec un statut d'ALC c9, t11 dans les globules rouges au dessus de la médiane avait une densité minérale osseuse (DMO) du corps et un pourcentage de masse maigre du corps plus élevé, alors que l'indice de masse corporelle (IMC) et le pourcentage de masse grasse corporelle étaient plus bas. Dans l'analyse de régression, le statut d'ALC c9, t11 dans les globules rouges représentait une proportion significative (r2 = 0,10) de la variation de la DMO du corps entier (P = 0,03). Il n'y avait pas de différence temporel et de traitement pour n'importe quel autre mesure d'os ou de biomarqueurs du métabolisme osseux, y compris la PTH. Étude 4: L'ALC a empêché la perte de la densité osseuse et du volume osseux métaphysaire ainsi que l'augmentation de la porosité diaphysaires observés après l'orchidectomie. Également, aucunes différences dans les taux de synthèse fractionnaire des protéines myofibrillaires et sarcoplasmiques n'ont été détectées. Signification: Dans l'ensemble, des petits avantages de l'ALC sur la perte d'os et de muscles ont été observés.
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Périquet, Brigitte. "Vitamine a hepatique (repartitions tissulaire et subcellulaire) : incidence du facteur nutritionnel et du mode d'administration." Toulouse 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU30056.
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Périquet, Brigitte. "Vitamine A hépatique réparations tissulaire et subcellulaire, incidence du facteur nutritionnel et du mode d'administration /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37600347v.
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Ponassié, Karine. "Nutrition entérale chez le patient agressé en réanimation : recherche expérimentale sur le mode d'administration." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2P058.
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Hyde, Matthew J. "Studies of hepatic metabolism in a piglet model of the neonate on total parenteral nutrition." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501138.
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Richard, Paul François. "A computer analysis of the flow of water and nutrients in agricultural soils as affected by subsurface drainage." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29171.
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A computer model was developed in order to determine the effects of drainage practices on nutrient losses from level agricultural soils.
The model performs a daily simulation of the vertical flow of water, nitrogen, phosphorus, and heat, and of the growth of crops. A water flow submodel calculates the depth of the water table based on daily predictions of evaporation, transpiration, flow to drains and ditches, and deep percolation. An original saturated-unsaturated flow algorithm is used to determine moisture infiltration, redistribution, and upward flow in the soil matrix, as well as bypassing flow in the soil macropores and horizontal flux between the soil matrix and the macropores, and surface runoff. Nutrient movement occurs by mass flow. Heat flow, nutrient biochemical transformations, and crop growth are determined by using well established relations.
Field tests were carried out for a period of two years on an experimental site in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia. The water table depth was measured on a continuous basis. Grab samples of drainwater and observation wells were obtained periodically and analyzed for nitrogen (N0₃-N, NH₄-N, and TKN) and phosphorus (P0₄-P and TP). The field results show a decrease in the concentration of all nutrients over the sampling period, and provide evidence that denitrification and bypassing flow are important mechanisms affecting the nutrient balance of this soil.
These results were used to calibrate the model. An excellent fit of the observed water table profile and an adequate fit of the observed drain concentration of nitrate were obtained. The simulation revealed that bypassing flow is a very important transfer mechanism in this soil and must be included in order to obtain a satisfactory fit of the experimental data.
A sensitivity analysis of the model showed that the patterns of moisture flow have a predominant influence on the rate of nutrient leaching. In particular, it was found that the nutrient concentration in drain water is a strong function of the hydraulic conductivity of the soil matrix and of the horizontal distance between the soil macropores, which control the ratio of moisture flow in the soil matrix to the macropore flow and the lateral diffusion of nutrients between the soil matrix and the macropores.
The effects of four different drainage designs on nutrient losses were simulated over a period of two years for three different soils and two different nutrient distributions in the soil. It was found that there is a large difference between the amount of nutrients leached from drainage systems using different drainage coefficients. There was also a large difference in the response of two drainage designs based on the same drainage coefficient but using different depth and spacing of drains. Transient effects, as determined by the initial vertical distribution of the nutrients, were seen to remain dominant over the two year duration of the simulation.
The model was found to be useful in explaining the apparent contradictions found in the literature assessing the effects of subsurface drainage on nutrient losses. The results from the model show these effects to be strongly site and condition specific. Furthermore, the model shows that soils and drainage designs that produce similar volumes of drain flow may exhibit very different leaching responses, and that drainage designs equivalent from a hydraulic standpoint can be very dissimilar in their potential for leaching nutrients. The model provides a tool which can be used to determine the appropriateness of different drainage designs in soils where minimizing nutrient losses is critical.Science, Faculty of
Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for
Graduate
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Harding, Scott Vincent. "Protein synthesis and gastrointestinal pathophysiology in a piglet model of colitis: importance of nutrition and probiotics." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18281.
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THESIS ABSTRACT Objectives. Adequate nutrition and probiotics have both been shown to reduce the severity of colitis but their impact on hepatic and gastrointestinal protein metabolism has not been studied. Our primary objective was to compare the independent effect of probiotics vs. providing adequate nutrition on protein synthesis in a macronutrient-restricted piglet model of colitis. The secondary outcomes of this study were to determine histological contrasts and changes in oxidative stress markers resulting from probiotics in the malnourished state or providing adequate nutrition. Finally, we also measured mass balance and plasma concentrations of copper, iron and zinc over 5 days of colitis to determine how trace element nutrition is impacted by both colitis and probiotics. Design and Analysis. Twenty-four piglets, receiving 1g•kg-1•d-1 dextran sulphate (DS), were randomized to receive a 50% macronutrient restricted diet without (MR) and with probiotics (MR+PRO) or a diet providing 100% NRC requirements for growing piglets (WN). Eight other piglets were randomized into a well-nourished group without colitis (REF) for histological and trace element comparisons. A primed constant infusion of the tracer L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine was performed to determine the protein synthesis in small intestinal mucosa, colon, liver and of plasma proteins. Standard, in situ and immunohistological staining techniques were used for histological assessment and the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, ELISA F2-isoprostane assay and plasma copper:zinc ratio were used as oxidative stress markers. Results. Providing adequate nutrition increased protein synthesis in colon, liver and plasma albumin pool and decreased colitis severity. Probiotics stimulated protein synthesis in the liver as well as synthesis of all liver-derived plasma proteins, without affecting GI protein synthesis. Iron and zinc appear to be affected by both colitis and colitis with superimposedObjectifs La bonne nutrition et les probiotiques ont prouvé réduire la sévérité de la colite. Cependant, leur impact sur le métabolisme des protéines gastro-intestinales et hépatiques n’a pas encore été étudié. Notre objectif premier était de comparer l’effet indépendant des probiotiques à celui d’un régime alimentaire adéquat, sur la synthèse des protéines, chez le porcelet présentant une colite, recevant une diète restreinte en macronutriments. Le but secondaire de cette étude était de déterminer les contrastes histologiques ainsi que les variations au niveau des marqueurs du stress oxydatif, résultant de l’effet des probiotiques dans les deux cas de malnutrition et de nutrition adéquate. Nous avons aussi mesuré l’équilibre et les concentrations de cuivre, fer et zinc dans le plasma durant les 5 jours de colite, dans le but de déterminer comment les probiotiques et la colite affectent tous deux la balance des oligo-éléments. Méthodes et analyses Vingt-quatre porcelets, recevant 1g/kg/jour de sulphate de dextran (DS), ont été randomisés en quatre groupes : deux groupes recevant une diète appauvrie en macronutriment à 50%, avec (MR+PRO) ou sans (MR) probiotiques, et un groupe recevant une diète contenant 100% des besoins nutritionnels pour porcelets, suivant les standards NRC (WN). Un quatrième groupe comprenant huit porcelets recevant une diète adéquate et ne présentant pas de colite (REF) a été inclus à des fins de comparaisons histologiques ainsi qu’au niveau des oligo-éléments. Une infusion constante du traceur L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine a été effectuée pour déterminer la synthèse des protéines de la muqueuse de l’intestin grêle, colon, foie et plasma. Les techniques de « staining » standard, in situ et immunohistologiques ont été utilisées pour les déterminations histologiques, et des analyses du pouvoir antioxydant, ELISA F2-isoprostane assay, ainsi que le ratio cuivre:zinc ont été$
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Stadler, Kathleen M. "Empowerment Process Model for Implementing Participatory Strategies: Testing a Model That Describes the Context of Food and Nutrition Problems of Dominican Women." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30587.
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In this participatory action research study, an Empowerment Process Model (EPM) was tested for the development of feasible action plans that addressed the priority concerns and the implicit food and nutrition problems of village families within their current socio-economic and political context. The Visual Verification Survey (VVS) was used to test the EPM results and its usefulness with similar participants. An EPM with 24 village women and a VVS with 68 village women were purposefully sampled in two locations in Dominica, West Indies, along with key informant interviews with eleven agency leaders to identify, prioritize, and describe their perceptions of villagers' life problems, the root causes of the problems, and solutions. This community-based approach used participatory non-written activities and locally developed visual aids to empower Dominican women to develop feasible action plans: a sewing workshop, how to start a business workshop, coffee house project, and women's group. Thematic content analysis and participatory activities were used to identify the themes and "give voice" to the participants' perceptions of top prioritized life problems: unemployment and economic issues, alcohol and drug abuse, lack of educational services, and teenage pregnancy. When specifically asked, the women identified basic health, food, and nutrition concerns, such as a steady income to buy food, a variety of foods to maintain health, and an accessible, clean water supply. The study revealed substantial differences in the rankings between the EPM and VVS women. The differences may have been influenced by the women's educational level, family situation, and previous involvement in community activities and leadership roles. Similar top prioritized root causes associated with many life problems by the women included lack of educational services, facilities and qualified teachers; and girls exchanging sexual favors for money or possessions. Overall, key informants and the Dominican women participants had similar perceptions of prioritized life problems of typical Dominican families. The results of the research demonstrated the need for site-specific programs and assessments using participatory non-written activities to engage a variety of women and to satisfy their diverse needs and locations. To become effective and sustainable, nutrition programming should be integrated into overall life problems.Ph. D.
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Mitchell, Ellen Sullivan. "Women's experience of food cravings : a biopsychosocial model /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7219.
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Liao, Shyh-Yuan. "Development of models to predict whey protein functionality /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487260531957544.
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