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Journal articles on the topic 'Nutrition feeding'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Erstad, Brian L. "Enteral Nutrition Support in Acute Pancreatitis." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 34, no. 4 (April 2000): 514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.19144.

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OBJECTIVE: To review the controversies surrounding the use of nutritional interventions, particularly enteral support, in patients with acute pancreatitis. DATA SOURCES: Articles were obtained through a MEDLINE search (1966–June 1999). Additionally, several textbooks containing information on the diagnosis and management of acute pancreatitis were reviewed. The bibliographies of retrieved publications and textbooks were reviewed for additional references. STUDY SELECTION: All original investigations in humans pertaining to the use of enteral nutritional support in acute pancreatitis were reviewed for inclusion. Studies that investigated parenteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis were also reviewed, with preference given to controlled comparisons with enteral regimens or no nutritional support. DATA EXTRACTION: The primary outcomes extracted from the literature were time to oral feeding tolerance, complications (e.g., infection) associated with nutritional support, and length of stay. DATA SYNTHESIS: The duration of pancreatitis and time to oral feedings is similar whether patients receive enteral (i.e., jejunal tube feedings) or parenteral nutrition. Additionally, complications, length of stay, and costs are either similar or decreased with enteral versus parenteral nutrition. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence suggests that the enteral rather than parenteral route should be used to provide nutrition to patients with acute pancreatitis. Parenteral nutrition should be reserved for patients in whom nasojejunal feeding is not possible.

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Stamenkovic, Dusica, Marica Basic, I. Palibrk, and Zorica Jankovic. "Enteral nutrition and surgical patient." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 50, no. 4 (2003): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0304109s.

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Enterai nutrition can be applicated alone or in combination with, parenteral nutrition. Enterai feeding should be applicated as early as possible in preoperative preparation or in postoperative period in respect of contraindications and everyday evaluation of patients. Immunomodulatory substances like arginin, 3-o-fat acids, ribonucleic acid and glutamine are incorporated in "ready to use" solution for enterai feeding. Enterai feedings oral or via tubes are safe if some precautions are taken: like sitting position and control of feeding tubes position. Use of jejunostomy and promotility agents improved enterai feeding after major abdominal surgery and acute pancreatitis. Enterai feeding and immunonutrition improved postoperative course in reduction of hospital stay, incidence of postoperative complications especially infections. The aim of this review article is to validate pro and con for enterai nutrition in preoperative and postoperative course.

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Were, Fred N., and Carlos Lifschitz. "Complementary Feeding: Beyond Nutrition." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 73, Suppl. 1 (2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000490084.

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In this article, we will summarize the key non-nutritional aspects of the introduction of complementary feeding. Intestinal maturation related to starch digestion is relatively complete by the time complementary feeding is recommended to be initiated. A much more complex maturation is needed, however, from the neurodevelopmental standpoint as the infants need to be able to hold their head and trunk and be able to coordinate tongue movement followed by swallowing. Issues can arise in infants with a history of medical problems as well as when caretakers cannot handle the initial difficulties or want to impose certain rigidity to the learning process. The introduction of complementary feedings is also part of the early steps in introduction to human socialization. In that regard, it sets up the infant to internalize and accept the diversity of food textures and food choices. Early refusal of some food items is common and should not be interpreted as being disliked. Multiple attempts should be made to incorporate new food items. To accomplish these dynamics, caregivers need comprehensive education and relevant information.

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Mehta, Kaye, Sue Booth, John Coveney, and Lyndall Strazdins. "Feeding the Australian family: challenges for mothers, nutrition and equity." Health Promotion International 35, no. 4 (July 21, 2019): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daz061.

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Abstract Australian women shoulder the bulk of household duties including family food provisioning, despite increasing participation in the workforce. This research aimed to understand employed mothers’ daily-lived experience of family food provisioning, in particular, the intersection between family food provisioning, gender inequality and nutritional guidelines as they impact women’s time and health. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 employed mothers in South Australia. Participants had at least one child aged less than 13 years. Qualitative data was analysed using a thematic content approach. Time-scarcity was common and associated with stress in relation to family food provisioning; this relationship was particularly apparent among employed mothers who were also studying. Most mothers valued nutrition and strove to provide nutritious meals, although they tended to work from their own nutritional understandings, not the national nutrition guidelines; they saw the nutrition guidelines as unhelpful because of the time demands that were implied. The study invites policy makers, practitioners and researchers to consider time for family food provisioning as a social determinant of family as well as women’s health, and structural strategies to address this health inequity for women.

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VanBlarcom, Ashleigh, and Mary Anne McCoy. "New Nutrition Guidelines: Promoting Enteral Nutrition via a Nutrition Bundle." Critical Care Nurse 38, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2018617.

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Malnutrition in hospitals is often overlooked, underdiagnosed, and untreated. Malnourished patients have increased risk for infection and pressure injuries, longer duration of mechanical ventilation, anemia, depressed cardiac and respiratory functions, and an overall higher risk for mortality. These complications contribute to longer hospital stays and higher health care costs. The benefits of early nutritional support in hospitals may be enhanced by use of a new nutrition care bundle that addresses all aspects of nutrition assessment and intervention. The bundle has 6 main components: assessment of malnutrition, initiation and maintenance of enteral nutrition, reduction of aspiration, implementation of enteral feeding protocols, avoiding the use of gastric residual volumes, and early initiation of parenteral nutrition when enteral feedings cannot be initiated. Implementing the nutrition bundle can help ensure that patients receive adequate nutrition during their hospital stay, thereby reducing adverse outcomes.

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Olieman, Joanne, and Wendy Kastelijn. "Nutritional Feeding Strategies in Pediatric Intestinal Failure." Nutrients 12, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010177.

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Intestinal failure is defined as a critical reduction of the gut mass or function, below the minimum needed to absorb nutrients and fluids. The ultimate goal in intestinal failure is to promote bowel adaptation and reach enteral autonomy while a healthy growth and development is maintained. The condition is heterogeneous and complex. Therefore, recommendations for the type and duration of parenteral, enteral, and oral nutrition are variable, with the child’s age as an additional key factor. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of nutritional feeding strategies in this heterogeneous population. Different perspectives on nutritional management, nutrition and adaptation, and microbiome and nutrition will be discussed.

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7

Hellgren, Eric C., and Charles T. Robbins. "Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition." Journal of Wildlife Management 58, no. 1 (January 1994): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3809569.

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8

., A. A. Aganga, A. O. Aganga ., and U. J. Omphile . "Ostrich Feeding and Nutrition." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2, no. 2 (February 15, 2003): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2003.60.67.

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9

Mathison, Gary W. "Wildlife feeding and nutrition." Animal Feed Science and Technology 68, no. 3-4 (October 1997): 367–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(97)00021-7.

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10

Yano, H. "Equine nutrition and feeding." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 117, no. 3 (June 2000): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0388.2000.00201.x.

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Yano, H. "Equine nutrition and feeding." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 117, no. 2 (April 2000): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2000x.00201.x.

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12

Koppe, J. G. "Nutrition and breast-feeding." European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 61, no. 1 (July 1995): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-2243(95)02156-m.

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13

Whittaker, D. "Rabbit feeding and nutrition." British Veterinary Journal 144, no. 6 (November 1988): 616–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(88)90035-8.

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Snow, D. H. "Equine nutrition and feeding." British Veterinary Journal 144, no. 4 (July 1988): 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(88)90077-2.

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15

De Boer, H. "Equine nutrition and feeding." Livestock Production Science 17 (January 1987): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(87)90075-3.

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16

Anderson, Diane. "Feeding the Ill or Preterm Infant." Neonatal Network 21, no. 7 (January 2002): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.21.7.7.

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Illness and immaturity often interfere with a neonate’s ability to receive full enteral feedings during the first week of life. The goals of feeding in the NICU are to nourish the preterm infant for appropriate growth and development and to facilitate the earliest possible discharge from the NICU. Early, small-volume feedings, or trophic feedings, have been studied as a method for achieving these goals. The high-risk infant given such trophic feedings not only receives minimum enteral nutrition, but also attains earlier full nutritional feedings and, consequently, is discharged home earlier. Oro- or nasal-gastric gavage feedings are usually indicated for this group of infants because of their physiologic immaturity and the frequent presence of respiratory illness. Recent studies support the use of intermittent bolus feedings, which have long been used for the premature infant. Several authors have noted advantages to continuous infusions as well. Because the infant is unable to pace or refuse gavage feedings, the caretaker must determine the appropriate volume of each feeding. The optimal volume for initiation and advancement of trophic and nutritional feedings is still under investigation, but reports have demonstrated safe volumes for even the extremely premature infant.

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Orinovsky, Ira, and Ela Raizman. "Improvement of Nutritional Intake in Intensive Care Unit Patients via a Nurse-Led Enteral Nutrition Feeding Protocol." Critical Care Nurse 38, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2018433.

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Background Enteral nutrition in intensive care unit patients has important prognostic clinical value. Feeding protocols are recommended by clinical practice guidelines as a key strategy to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks of enteral feedings. Objective To examine whether enteral nutrition in critically ill patients could be improved by implementation of a nurse-led evidence-based feeding protocol. Methods An interprofessional group of intensive care unit nurses, physicians, and a clinical dietitian designed a protocol to address and correct the shortcomings of enteral feeding. Data on feeding and clinical outcomes were collected retrospectively for patients for 12 months before (control group) and then for 12 months after (interventional group) implementation of the protocol. Results Enteral feeding was started significantly earlier (P = .007) after admission to the intensive care unit in the intervention group (52.3 hours; SD, 42.6) than in the control group (70.3 hours; SD, 65.2). Use of the protocol resulted in a significant increase in nutritional intake; 90% of patients in the intervention group but only 34% in the traditional feeding group achieved their caloric target within 96 hours after admission (P < .001). After implementation of the protocol, cessation of feeding due to intolerance was significantly less (P = .03) in the intervention group (6%) than in the traditional feeding group (14 %), and no adverse events were detected. Conclusions Adherence to standardized guidelines with a written protocol for an early start and timely escalation of enteral feeding can improve nutritional intake among intensive care unit patients.

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Bryden, W. L., X. Li, I. Ruhnke, D. Zhang, and S. Shini. "Nutrition, feeding and laying hen welfare." Animal Production Science 61, no. 10 (2021): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20396.

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The relationship between nutrition and welfare is usually considered to be a direct result of supplying the hen with adequate quantities of feed and water. This simple notion of freedom from hunger and thirst belies the fact that nutrients play a pivotal role in the body’s response to challenges whether they relate to ambient temperature, gastrointestinal health, pathogen exposure, metabolic disorders, or social and mental stress. In all instances, maintaining homeostasis and allowing for physiologic response is dependent on an adequate and balanced nutrient supply. It is accepted that most laying hens are fed a complete diet, formulated commercially to provide the required nutrients for optimal health, egg production and welfare. In other words, the laying hen, irrespective of her housing, does not experience hunger or thirst. However, despite adequate nutrient and water supply, certain senarios can significantly affect and alter the nutrient requirements of the hen. Furthermore, the chemical composition and also the physical form of feed can significantly contribute to prevent or treat welfare and health conditions and is, therefore, a highly relevant tool to ensure and maintain an adequate welfare status. Therefore, this review takes a broader perspective of nutritional welfare and considers the nutrition of hens managed in different production systems in relation to nutritional physiology, gut microbiota, stress, metabolic disorders and feeding management.

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Sari, Dyah Purnama, Siti Helmyati, Titi Nurma Sari, and Yayuk Hartriyanti. "HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DAN PERSEPSI IBU TENTANG STATUS GIZI ANAK DENGAN PERILAKU IBU DALAM PEMBERIAN MAKAN ANAK." Journal of Nutrition College 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v10i2.30343.

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Background: One of the factors influencing a child's nutritional status is their mother's or caregivers feeding practice. Mother's behavior in feeding their child is affected by many factors such as social & economic factor, the perception of their child's nutritional status and nutrition knowledge. Objective: To determine the correlation between mothers' knowledge about nutrition and behavior in feeding practice; and the correlation between mothers' perception about their children's nutritional status and behavior in feeding practice (energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate). Methods: This research was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. The samples of this study were 89 pairs of mothers and their child who aged between 1 – 5 years selected by cluster sampling. The subjects of this study took place in HDSS's region, which were Ngaglik and Sleman Districts, Sleman Regency, DI Yogyakarta. This study uses a questionnaire about mothers' perception and knowledge and uses a recall 24-hours to measure the mothers' behavior. The analysis techniques used in this study were Mann Whitney Test and Gamma Test.Results: In general, most mothers have excessive feeding behavior to their child. Mothers with high levels of knowledge tend to have excessive feeding behavior for their child in all nutrients categories. However, mothers with a low level of knowledge tend to have less feeding behavior for energy and fat categories. There are significant correlations between mothers’ knowledge about nutrition with mothers’ feeding practice (p-value <0.001; 0.015; <0.001 and 0.001, respectively). But there is no significant correlation between mothers' perception of their children's nutritional status and mothers' feeding practice for energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat (p-value 0.854; 0.933; 0.594 and 0.985, respectively). Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between mothers' knowledge about nutrition and mothers' feeding practice. On the other hand, there is no significant correlation between mothers' perception of their children's nutritional status and mothers' feeding practice.

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Santos, Hanna Karolyna dos, and Fabio Meurer. "Nutrition and Feeding Aspects for Jundiá ( Rhamdia quelen ) Rhamdia quelen Nutrition and Feeding." Reviews in Aquaculture 12, no. 1 (November 30, 2018): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/raq.12318.

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21

Dhanalakshmi, S., and R. Selvaraj. "A study on the prevalence of acute and chronic malnutrition and influence of feeding practices among 6 months to 2 years children in rural field practice area of Kilpauk Medical College, Tamil Nadu." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 3 (February 22, 2019): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20190606.

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Background: In India, 54% of under five children death mainly due to under nutrition. First two years of age is most critical. Nutritional status was assessed by using WHO standard growth chart. Wasting represents acute malnutrition, stunting with chronic, underweight represents both acute and chronic. Based on NFHS-3 data the prevalence of under nutrition rise up to 2 years of age, thereafter more or less stabilizes. Faulty feeding practices plays major role in under nutrition. Hence, this study carried out to assess nutritional status of 6 months to 2 years children in terms of acute and chronic malnutrition and to estimate the association of nutritional status with feeding practices.Methods: Cross sectional study done during March to August 2016. Sample size estimated was 180. Stratified random sampling method used to collect data among children in Peerkankaranai.Results: Mean age of children was 15.82 months. About 61.2% belonged to 12 to 24 months age group. Sex distributions were equal. About 55% belongs to middle socioeconomic status. The prevalence of underweight was 31.65, wasting 15%, stunting 45.6%. Male children affected by chronic malnutrition more than female children. Not initiating breast feeding within 4 hours of birth plays significant role in acute malnutrition. Prevalence of malnutrition was high among those not practising colostrum feeding and exclusive breast feeding. Only 15 mothers not influenced by formula feeding. Feeding frequency and traditional feeding practices had main role in chronic malnutrition.Conclusions: The prevalence of under nutrition among study population was high among this area. Feeding practices should be improved among the mothers.

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Phillips, Mary, Jeffrey T. Lordan, Neville Menezes, and Nariman D. Karanjia. "Feeding Patients Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy: A UK National Survey." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 91, no. 5 (July 2009): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588409x428270.

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INTRODUCTION Providing nutrition for patients following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is vital but can be challenging. Due to the lack of UK national guidelines for the provision of nutrition and nutritional pre-operative assessment regarding PD, a national survey was conducted. PATIENTS AND METHODS A questionnaire was sent to the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics at each of the 31 specialist pancreatic centres listed with the Pancreatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Questions were asked regarding the nutritional assessment and treatment of patients undergoing classical PD and pylorus-preserving PD (PPPD) resections. RESULTS Twenty-two centres responded to the questionnaire. With regard to PD and PPPD, 82% routinely feed patients following resection, 32% have a regimen for staring feeds, 18% carry out pre-operative nutritional assessment, five centres have funding for an hepatobiliary dietition, and only four centres have a specialist hepatobiliary dietition employed. There was no consensus regarding the type or route of feeding, and at least one centre reported using parenteral nutrition exclusively. CONCLUSIONS Very few centres in the UK have funding for a hepatobiliary dietition. Hence pre-operative nutritional assessment in patients undergoing PD and PPPD does not receive much input. Although the importance of postoperative feeding in these patients is appreciated in all major units, there is no consensus with regards to feeding regimens. The authors hope this observational study will address these issues with this important message and stimulate further study in this area.

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Owusu, Justina Serwaah, Esi Komeley Colecraft, Richmond NO Aryeetey, Joan Anne Vaccaro, and Fatma G. Huffman. "Nutrition Intakes and Nutritional Status of School Age Children in Ghana." Journal of Food Research 6, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v6n2p11.

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This paper compares nutrition intakes and nutritional status of school children from two public schools in neighbouring communities of Ghana with different school feeding programmes. One hundred and eighty-two caregiver and school-age child pairs were interviewed concerning socio-demographics, dietary practices, and food security in a cross-sectional design. The independent t-test was used to compare the contribution of the publicly funded Ghana School Feeding Programme and private School Feeding Programme meals to total daily nutrient intakes of the children. Predictors of nutritional status of the children were assessed using logistic regression models. The private school feeding programme contributed more energy, protein, and micronutrients as compared to the government school feeding programme. About two-thirds (67.0%) of the children were stunted, underweight, or anaemic. Child’s age was a significant predictor of stunting. Undernutrition was prevalent among children from both programmes. Improved quality of diet from the feeding programmes may contribute to addressing malnutrition in these children.

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Magrann, S. T., and M. M. Briggs. "Implementing nutrition guidelines in child nutrition feeding programs." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 93, no. 9 (September 1993): A9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-8223(93)91020-q.

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Skums, A. V., V. O. Kuzmenko, A. A. Skums, and N. R. Prysyazhna. "Early peroral feeding after pancreaticoduodenecomy." Klinicheskaia khirurgiia 86, no. 11-12 (December 20, 2019): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26779/2522-1396.2019.11-12.36.

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Objective. To analyze the various ways for enteral feeding after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Materials and methods. There were investigated the results of pancreaticoduodenectomy, performed in 78 patients, suffering tumors of pancreatic head and periampullary zone, in whom various methods of nutritive support, in 2003 - 2017 yrs were applied. For comparative analysis the patients were divided into two groups: the first - 39 patients, perioperative treatment of whom was conducted in accordance to the ERAS program, and the second - 39 patients, who were treated using a standard method. In patients of the first group the effects of a peroral way of nutrition were compared, as well as combined peroral and enteral nutrition via microjejunostomy. There were studied the terms of restoration of peroral feeding, the gastrostasis rate, the nutrition calorage during 7 postoperative days, levels of general protein and albumin on the first, third and seventh postoperative day. Results. In 33 (84.6%) patients of the first group the peroral nutrition restoration have occurred in complete order to the protocol. The gastrostasis rate in patients of the first group was essentially lesser, than in patients of the second group. In the first group this complication have occurred in 6 (15.4%) patients, in the second group - in 14 (35.9%) patients (p = 0.009). Dynamics of level of general protein and albumin of the blood in postoperative period did not depend on method and energetic estimate of the nutrition. Conclusion. Application of peroral feeding, in accordance to the concept of the program for accelerated restoration of the patients, survived after pancreaticododenectomy, constitutes an optimal way for the nutrient support of an organism and permits to reduce the gastrostasis rate trustworthily.

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Jovanovic, Milan, and Nenad Andric. "Parenteral feeding of cats and dogs." Veterinarski glasnik 62, no. 3-4 (2008): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0804207j.

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Inadequate diet combined with disease, injury or stress increases the metaobolic activity of patients to above the normal activity at rest. Sick or injured patients that are incapable of the intake of food and use nutritive matter through the digestive tract are indicated for parenteral feeding. Prior to the application of parenteral nutrition itself, it is necessary to carry out a series of clinical and laboratory analyses in order to determine which patients should actually be treated in this way. In order to determine the parenteral nutritive requirements, the veterinarian must assess the nutritive requirements of the patient, and on these grounds determine the type of solution that will be applied. It is very difficult to determine the precise requirements, so that certain relations are used in practice between the individual nutritive components that are based on the average requirements of these animal species. For parenteral nutrition, solutions are applied that are based on dextrose or glucose, amino acids, lipids, vitamins, micro and macro elements. In the course of the application of parenteral feeding, constant monitoring of the patient is necessary in the form of clinical examinations and laboratory tests.

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Finn, Susan, Eamonn P. Culligan, William J. Snelling, and Roy D. Sleator. "Early Life Nutrition." Science Progress 101, no. 4 (October 2018): 332–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/003685018x15360040523721.

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Nutritionally, the first 1,000 days of an infant's life – from conception to two years – has been identified as a highly influential period, during which lasting health can be achieved. Significant evidence links patterns of infant feeding to both short and long-term health outcomes, many of which can be prevented through nutritional modifications. Recommended globally, breastfeeding is recognised as the gold standard of infant nutrition; providing key nutrients to achieve optimal health, growth and development, and conferring immunologic protective effects against disease. Nevertheless, infant formulas are often the sole source of nutrition for many infants during the first stage of life. Producers of infant formula strive to supply high quality, healthy, safe alternatives to breast milk with a comparable balance of nutrients to human milk imitating its composition and functional performance measures. The concept of ‘nutritional programming’, and the theory that exposure to specific conditions, can predispose an individual's health status in later life has become an accepted dictum, and has sparked important nutritional research prospects. This review explores the impact of early life nutrition, specifically, how different feeding methods affect health outcomes.

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Justice, Lindsey, Jason R. Buckley, Alejandro Floh, Megan Horsley, Jeffrey Alten, Vijay Anand, and Steven M. Schwartz. "Nutrition Considerations in the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit Patient." World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery 9, no. 3 (April 25, 2018): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150135118765881.

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Adequate caloric intake plays a vital role in the course of illness and the recovery of critically ill patients. Nutritional status and nutrient delivery during critical illness have been linked to clinical outcomes such as mortality, incidence of infection, and length of stay. However, feeding practices with critically ill pediatric patients after cardiac surgery are variable. The Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society sought to provide an expert review on provision of nutrition to pediatric cardiac intensive care patients, including caloric requirements, practical considerations for providing nutrition, safety of enteral nutrition in controversial populations, feeding considerations with chylothorax, and the benefits of feeding beyond nutrition. This article addresses these areas of concern and controversy.

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Ou, Jocelyn, Cathleen M. Courtney, Allie E. Steinberger, Maria E. Tecos, and Brad W. Warner. "Nutrition in Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Following Intestinal Resection." Nutrients 12, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12020520.

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This review aims to discuss the role of nutrition and feeding practices in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), NEC prevention, and its complications, including surgical treatment. A thorough PubMed search was performed with a focus on meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials when available. There are several variables in nutrition and the feeding of preterm infants with the intention of preventing necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Starting feeds later rather than earlier, advancing feeds slowly and continuous feeds have not been shown to prevent NEC and breast milk remains the only effective prevention strategy. The lack of medical treatment options for NEC often leads to disease progression requiring surgical resection. Following resection, intestinal adaptation occurs, during which villi lengthen and crypts deepen to increase the functional capacity of remaining bowel. The effect of macronutrients on intestinal adaptation has been extensively studied in animal models. Clinically, the length and portion of intestine that is resected may lead to patients requiring parenteral nutrition, which is also reviewed here. There remain significant gaps in knowledge surrounding many of the nutritional aspects of NEC and more research is needed to determine optimal feeding approaches to prevent NEC, particularly in infants younger than 28 weeks and <1000 grams. Additional research is also needed to identify biomarkers reflecting intestinal recovery following NEC diagnosis individualize when feedings should be safely resumed for each patient.

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Weatherley, A. H., and H. S. Gill. "Nutrition and feeding in fish." Appetite 9, no. 2 (October 1987): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6663(87)90047-x.

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Dorea, Jose G. "Iodine nutrition and breast feeding." Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 16, no. 4 (January 2002): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0946-672x(02)80047-5.

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Dubeski, P. L. "Basic animal nutrition and feeding." Animal Feed Science and Technology 68, no. 1-2 (September 1997): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(97)00020-5.

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Balnave, D. "Nutrition and feeding of poultry." Animal Feed Science and Technology 67, no. 1 (June 1997): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(97)82749-6.

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Flachowsky, Gerhard. "Basic animal nutrition and feeding." Animal Feed Science and Technology 64, no. 2-4 (February 1997): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(97)84958-9.

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Luckman, Simon. "Endocrinology of feeding and nutrition." General and Comparative Endocrinology 152, no. 2-3 (June 2007): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.05.022.

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Steen, R. J. W. "Beef cattle feeding and nutrition." Endeavour 20, no. 1 (January 1996): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-9327(96)90073-3.

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Wells, Jonathan C. K. "Breast-feeding as ‘personalized nutrition’." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72, no. 9 (September 2018): 1234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0206-y.

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Truswell, A. S. "ABC of nutrition. Infant feeding." BMJ 291, no. 6491 (August 3, 1985): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.291.6491.333.

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Lindberg, Lene, Monica Östberg, Inger-Marie Isacson, and Margareta Dannaeus. "Feeding disorders related to nutrition." Acta Paediatrica 95, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08035250500440410.

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Lindberg, Lene, Monica Östberg, Inger-Marie Isacson, and Margareta Dannaeus. "Feeding disorders related to nutrition." Acta Paediatrica 95, no. 4 (January 2, 2007): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02256.x.

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Ullrey, Duane E., and Mary E. Allen. "Nutrition and feeding of ostriches." Animal Feed Science and Technology 59, no. 1-3 (June 1996): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(95)00884-5.

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Uys, W. "Nutrition and feeding in fish." Aquaculture 62, no. 1 (April 1987): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(87)90187-6.

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Wilson, Robert P., Genevièvce Corraze, and Sadasivan Kaushik. "Nutrition and feeding of fish." Aquaculture 267, no. 1-4 (July 2007): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.058.

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Smith, Anthony J. "Perspectives on Feeding and Nutrition." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 49, no. 3 (May 2019): 501–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.01.014.

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Levitsky, David A. "Neurobiology of feeding and nutrition." Appetite 21, no. 2 (October 1993): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6663(93)90011-8.

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Raymond, Tia T., Selena Valle, Janie Garza, Samrat Yeramaneni, Elena Wurtz, Brooke Sample, Nicole Kozak, William Stigall, Scott Gatlin, and Grant Burton. "Advancement of a standardised enteral feeding protocol in functional single ventricle patients following stage I palliation using cerebro-somatic near-infrared spectroscopy." Cardiology in the Young 30, no. 11 (August 24, 2020): 1649–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104795112000253x.

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AbstractIntroduction:Infants with single ventricle following stage I palliation are at risk for poor nutrition and growth failure. We hypothesise a standardised enteral feeding protocol for these infants that will result in a more rapid attainment of nutritional goals without an increased incidence of gastrointestinal co-morbidities.Materials and methods:Single-centre cardiac ICU, prospective case series with historical comparisons. Feeding cohort consisted of consecutive patients with a single ventricle admitted to cardiac ICU over 18 months following stage I palliation (n = 33). Data were compared with a control cohort and admitted to the cardiac ICU over 18 months before feeding protocol implementation (n = 30). Feeding protocol patients were randomised: (1) protocol with cerebro-somatic near-infrared spectroscopy feeding advancement criteria (n = 17) or (2) protocol without cerebro-somatic near-infrared spectroscopy feeding advancement criteria (n = 16).Results:Median time to achieve goal enteral volume was significantly higher in the control compared to feeding cohort. There were no significant differences in enteral feeds being held for feeding intolerance or necrotising enterocolitis between cohorts. Feeding cohort had significant improvements in discharge nutritional status (weight, difference admit to discharge weight, weight-for-age z score, volume, and caloric enteral nutrition) and late mortality compared to the control cohort. No infants in the feeding group with cerebro-somatic near-infrared spectroscopy developed necrotising enterocolitis versus 4/16 (25%) in the feeding cohort without cerebro-somatic near-infrared spectroscopy (p = 0.04).Conclusions:A feeding protocol is a safe and effective means of initiating and advancing enteral nutrition in infants following stage I palliation and resulted in improved nutrition delivery, weight gain, and nourishment status at discharge without increased incidence of gastrointestinal co-morbidities.

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Varghese, Anila, and Monika Agarwal. "Safeguarding nutritional opportunities of first 1000 days of life during a pandemic: infant and young children feeding practices in the context of COVID-19 in India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 7 (June 26, 2020): 2836. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20203023.

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Children have milder clinical course and better prognosis from SARS-Co-V-2 infection. But the after-effects of this pandemic can have severe repercussions on nutrition of children, especially those who are already malnourished. Poor nutrition in the first 1,000 days of a child’s life can lead to stunted growth, which is associated with impaired cognitive ability and reduced school and work performance. Misconceptions about breastfeeding, food insecurity hampering the procurement of nutritious food, competing household needs, psychological trauma that affects child care practices and disruption or reduced utilization of routine nutrition services can negatively impact infant feeding during the pandemic. If nutrition related factors contributed to about 45% of global under-5 mortality before the onset of COVID-19, the figures can increase if appropriate infant and young child feeding practices are not followed. Years of dedicated work has resulted in the infant feeding indicators we cite today. Efforts should be made to prevent backsliding, resulting in increased child malnutrition and mortality. Appropriate measures at the right time to protect, promote and support optimal IYCF practices and thereby safeguard the nutritional benefits of the first 1000 days of life during this pandemic, will pay rich dividends in terms of a healthier next generation.

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Arifin, Yulia, Masrul Masrul, and Hirowati Ali. "The Effect of Nutrition Counseling on Complementary Feeding Practice of Mothers Having Infant Aged 6-12 Month." Journal of Midwifery 4, no. 1 (September 18, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jom.4.1.66-77.2019.

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Nutrition plays an important role in the human life cycle. Nutrition surveillance in the form of Nutritional Status Monitoring in 2016 showed that 38.9% of children under five in Indonesia experienced nutritional problems. One of the efforts to improve the health and nutrition status of the baby is by improving the knowledge and attitude of the mother in giving complimentary food. This study aim is to know the effect of nutrition counseling on feeding practice of mothers having infant aged 6-12 month in pakan rabaa public health center area solok selatan district in 2018.The design of the study was quasi-experimental with the design of the control group pretest-posttest. The sample of this study was 46 experiment group and 46 control group. Sampling was done by Purposive Sampling technique. Data analysis using the chi-square testThe results of the study were the absence of nutritional counseling on knowledge of mothers with p-value 0.361, there was an effect of nutritional counseling on changes in maternal attitudes with p-value of 0,000 and there was also the effect of nutritional counseling on complementary feeding practice with p-value 0.004.The presence of the influence of nutritional counseling on attitudes and practices of complementary feeding. Health workers are expected to be able to spend time giving counseling about complementary feeding practice regularly so that the goal of counseling at the public health center can be achieved.

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Zavyalova, Anna N., Aleksander V. Gostimskii, Oleg V. Lisovskii, Maksim V. Gavschuk, Igor V. Karpatskii, Victor V. Pogorelchuk, and Anna V. Mironova. "Enteral nutrition in palliative medicine in children." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 8, no. 6 (December 28, 2017): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped86105-113.

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Complete care of a patient is important in palliative medicine. The necessity of nutrition support is determined by the severity of nutritive, trophic deficit, features of diseases which can cause (or which have already caused) protein-energy deficiency. Nutritive support is a multidisciplinary problem: it concerns not only a dietitian and an intensive care specialist but also a surgeon, a gastroenterologist, an oncologist, a dentist and other specialists who face patients unabled to satisfy their needs by physiological way. The feeding using gastral tube or gastrostomy should be special because oral cavity is switched off the nutrition. Efficiency of treatment rises while adapting enteral nutrition to specialties of digestion and metabolism in various types of pathology. Gastroenteric tube feeding plays a major role in the management of patients with poor voluntary intake, chronic neurological or mechanical dysphagia or gut dysfunction and in patients who are critically ill. Enteral nutrition is often used for children as well as for adults. Children may require enteral feeding for a wide range of underlying conditions, such as for malnutrition, for increased energy requirement, for metabolic disorders and also for children with neuromuscular disorders. Two main steps help to solve the problem of malnutrition: choosing the composition of formula and choosing the way to deliver the formula. This article gives a specification in using various feeding formulas according to different diseases and describes different ways to deliver the formula (from gastral tube to gastrostomy). If swallowing reflex is absent the formula should be delivered directly to stomach. The best way for a long-term or permanent nutrition support is feeding using gastrostomy. This article describes some surgical aspects of different types of gastrostomy from classical one to modern percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.

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Pereira, Valerie, Paul Sacher, Martina Ryan, and Richard Hayward. "Dysphagia and Nutrition Problems in Infants with Apert Syndrome." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 46, no. 3 (May 2009): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/08-010.1.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the nature of dysphagia and nutrition difficulties in infants with Apert syndrome. Design: The study comprised a review of the medical, nutrition, and feeding records of 13 consecutive infants still feeding by the bottle who had been referred to the Craniofacial Unit and analyses of swallow function from videofluoroscopic swallow investigations. Main Outcome Measures: Outcome measures included qualitative analyses of bottle-feeding and nutritional status and quantitative functional severity ratings of dysphagia based on videofluoroscopic swallow investigations using the O'Neil et al. (1999) Dysphagia Outcome Severity Scale. Results: The main qualitative descriptors of oral feeding in this cohort included uncoordinated suck-swallow-breathe patterns, inability to maintain sucking bursts, and changes in respiratory patterns as the feed progressed. Videofluoroscopic evaluations (N = 7) showed silent laryngeal penetration or aspiration in more than half of the cohort. Failure to thrive was a frequent occurrence seen in seven infants, and 9 of the 10 required dietetic intervention and enteral supplements. (Nutritional records were not located for three infants.) Conclusions: In view of the small sample size and retrospective nature of the study, the results need to be interpreted with caution. However, the study adds to current limited knowledge on feeding and nutrition in Apert syndrome. Further prospective multidisciplinary and objective research is clearly warranted.

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