Academic literature on the topic 'Numismatics of Niort (France)'

Among the artistic centres of the kingdom of France during the Renaissance, Toulouse, the capital of the province of Languedoc, was very attractive and internationally renowned, thanks to its geographical position, its political institutions (its parliament) and its economic dynamism. The rise to power of ambitious Nobles of the Robe and members of the bourgeoisie took place alongside a very active humanist milieu, stimulated by a university where Roman law was taught. Although the city was set apart from its provincial rivals by its archaeological poverty, the strive towards classicism was strong and early. From the end of the fifteenth century, epigraphy, along with numismatics and architectural observation, was used to retrace and celebrate a glorified ancient past. At the same time, a large number of privately owned buildings testified to the city’s strong interest in epigraphy within an artistic context, marked by the introduction of the ‘à l’antique’ repertoire and by strong social competition. From the noble motto to the humanist emblem, this article proposes to analyse several uses of ‘speaking’ architecture in order to highlight the different logics of distinction and demonstration that marked architectural commissions during the Renaissance.

The article briefly covers the pages of the history of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (Paris, France), which was established in 1793, inheriting the material base and collections of one of the oldest botanical gardens in the world—the Royal Garden of Medicinal Plants. Contribution to the development of the Royal Garden of Medicinal Plants was made by its leaders and employees: Guy de La Brosse, Guy Crescent Fagon, Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, Pierre Chirac, the family of French botanists de Jussieu, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, and Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre. After its foundation, the museum was managed, among others, by Louis Jean-Marie D’Aubenton, Bernard Germain Étienne de Laville-sur-Illon, comte de Lacépède, George-Léopold-Chrétien-Frédéric-Dagobert Cuvier, Michel Eugène Chevreul, Adolphe Théodore Brongniart, André Marie Constant Duméril, Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Alphonse Milne-Edwards, Jean Octave Edmond Perrier, Achille Joseph Urbain, Maurice Alfred Fontaine, and Jean Dorst. The heyday of the scientific activity of the Museum was during the long years of leadership of Michel Eugène Chevrel. Table medals of France and the USA, researched and described by the authors of the article, were created to honour these famous scientists. Attention is also drawn to modern tourist medals (tokens) dedicated to the Museum’s facilities: the Garden of the Plants, the Great Evolution Gallery, the Palaeontological Museum (Galleries of Comparative Anatomy and Palaeontology), the Botanical Garden Zoo, and the Vincennes Zoo. The results of the analysis of the medals made it possible to display in a new plane the most vivid pages of the history of the Museum, the function of which is teaching, research, and dissemination of natural science knowledge, its modernity, biographies of outstanding personalities who worked in it. Most of the medals were first introduced into scientific biological circulation. The obtained information once again confirmed the possibility of using objects that are studied by special historical disciplines (in this case, the section of numismatics, medal art) for the study of the history of science.

The article focuses on the iconography of Anna Yaroslavna (around 1032-between 1075 and 1089), the daughter of Yaroslav Mudry (983/98-1054), who was married to Henry I (1027-1060) and acquired the status of Queen of France. The study is based on the most famous portraits created by artists from the Middle Ages to the present day in various types of visual arts - sculpture, painting, graphics, numismatics. It is not known for certain what the princess looked like – rather insignificant evidence about her appearance has been preserved. In historical chronicles, the red hair color of the young wife of Henry I is primarily noted. More often, character traits are emphasized – kindness, generosity, humility, self-sacrifice. Portraits of the daughter of Yaroslav Mudry during his lifetime cause heated discussions in scientific circles. It is hypothesized that the sons and not daughters of Yaroslav the Wise are depicted in St. Sophia Cathedral (11th century). And on the copy of the 18th century from a drawing by the Dutch artist A. van Westerfeld in 1651, another couple is represented – Volodymyr Svyatoslavych and his wife Anna (baptizers of Rus) accompanied by eight princes and princesses. Engraved and sculptural portraits of the 17th century, despite the fashionable image of the era, reveal certain characteristic features of Anna Yaroslavna – thinness, general elegance, elongated face oval. Modern Ukrainian artists (V. Znoba, M. Znoba, G. Sevruk, V. Stelmakh), recreating the image of Anna Yaroslavna, are guided by the well-known engraved image of the Flemish artist Jacobus de Bie in 1643. At the same time, each portrait is distinguished by the author's decision and virtuoso mastery of the material. The presented article is not only the first intelligence covering pictorial and historical sources. The collected material testifies to the significant contribution of national history to the development of the European political and cultural space, is a demonstration of unity and friendly relations between Ukraine and France.

On Thursday 18 September 2008, the hospital of Nantes in west France informed the District Health Office of a case of salmonellosis in an exclusively bottle-fed infant. On Monday morning 22 September, two additional cases of salmonellosis in infants were reported by the hospital of Niort in southwest France. The serotype of the three cases was unknown at that time.

Les nombreuses reeditions au cours du xvii'siecle de l'ouvrage fameux du jurisconsulte charles loyseau publie en 1610 sous le titre traite des ordres et simples dignitez temoignent du vif interet que les contemporains du grand siecle accorderent a l'edification minutieuse d'une classification sociale censee representer la societe d'ancien regime. A l'interieur de la desormais classique repartition de la societe en trois ordres, et en particulier au sein du tiers etat, se degagent une infinite de graduations engendrees notamment par le port de telle ou telle qualification. Moins connus que les nobles hommes etudies surtout en raison de leurs rapports plus ou moins etroits avec la noblesse, les honorables hommes constituent pourtant l'un de ces groupes intermediaires de la societe urbaine d'ancien regime dont les membres, a niort, sont partages tres inegalement entre membres du milieu marchand/artisan et petits officiers de justice ou autre. La ville de niort, forte de ses 9000 habitants au debut du xviie siecle dont un tiers de protestants, tournee essentiellement vers le commerce, engendre par consequent a l'interieur du groupe plus de 71% d'honorables marchands et seulement 29% d'honorables non-marchands. Bien qu'heterogene sur le plan des activites professionnelles, l'ensemble forme par les honorables hommes presente des caracteristiques communes meme si des nuances sont a faire au sein du groupe : une certaine aisance financiere et professionnelle qui les place au-dessus de la masse des petits gens de metier, une petite domesticite, des investissements fonciers dans lesmetairies, plus rarement maisons nobles, une predilection pour la ferme generale de seigneuries ou temporels religieux et enfin une participation relativement faible a l'administration de la ville.

Si l'histoire nous apprend que les activites de veille semblent ancrees dans la nature humaine, c'est au cours du dernier tiers du xxe siecle que l'idee se formalise et s'ancre dans les pratiques organisationnelles. Dans des environnements imprevisibles, le projet des systemes de veille est ainsi de developper un "processus informationnel creatif" visant a assurer aux organisations un developpement strategique en phase avec les evolutions environnementales percues. Il convient toutefois de souligner que les conclusions d'une majorite de recherches sur les systemes de veille ne font qu'effleurer les difficultes et la complexite que percoivent les acteurs lors des processus d'information et de decision. Ainsi, nous nous attachons ici a un travail de "re-conception" de l'ingenierie des systemes de veille dans laquelle les processus d'information et de decision sont representes comme des processus cognitifs, affectifs et sociaux, alors que le postulat de "l'information vue comme une ressource rare" est largement relativise. H. A. Simon soulignera en effet que, compte tenu de nos capacites limitees de traitement de l'information, il est important de selectionner l'information a laquelle nous pretons attention parce que nous ne pouvons accorder de l'attention qu'a une fraction infime de celle qui est disponible. Au niveau des entreprises, l'imprevisibilite des environnements requerant une ampleur de la vision, il s'agit de "depasser" le stade de la gestion des attentions individuelles en concevant et en gerant l'attention organisationnelle notamment a travers des reseaux d'attention. Avec une illustration - le reseau d'attention des mutuelles d'assurance niortaises - on etudie comment un reseau d'attention permet de confronter les capacites d'attention individuelle et de developper la diversite des facons de voir des acteurs d'une organisation. On accompagne cette illustration par une reflexion sur les differentes facons de mettre en oeuvre des reseaux d'attention telles que les cooperations inter-organisationnelles, le co-pilotage de projets co-concus et les systemes d'information de soutien de l'attention
If history teaches us that scanning activities seem to be anchored in human nature, it's during the last third of the twentieth century that the idea gets formalized and establishes itself in organizational practices. In perceived moving and unpredictable environments, the scanning systems project is to develop a "creative informational process" permitting a strategic development in step with the perceived environment evolutions for organizations. However we must underline that the conclusions of most of the researches on scanning systems only touch lightly the obstacles and the complexity metperceived environment evolutions for organizations. However we must underline that the conclusions of most of the researches on scanning systems only touch lightly the obstacles and the complexity met by the actors of the information and decision process. So, in this research, we are making a "re-conception" of the scanning systems engineering in which information and decision processes are represented as affective and social cognitive processes, while the postulate of information scarcity is hardly lessened. According to h. A. Simon, as we have limited capabilities on information treatment, selecting the information we are paying attention to is important because we are only able to turn our attention to a lowly part of the available information. As for the firms, they need a global vision, because of environments unpredictability, so we have to go further than individual attentions management, designing and managing organizational attention, mainly with attention networks. Trough an example - the mutual insurance companies attention network - we are studying how an attention network permits to confront individual attention capabilities and to develop the organization actors way of thinking. This example goes with a thought on the different ways for bringing attention networks into use, like inter-organizational cooperations, co-management of co-designed collective projects and attention support information systems

Ce travail a pour objectif de cerner l’influence du régime de Vichy sur le fonctionnement de la justice pénale ordinaire en étudiant l’activité du tribunal correctionnel de Niort entre 1936 et 1949 et celle de la cour d’assises des Deux-Sèvres de 1936 à 1951 replacés dans l’évolution des politiques judiciaires et pénales des régimes successifs. L’étude des carrières des magistrats montre un comportement professionnel caractérisé par une soumission très majoritaire aux pouvoirs en place, notamment sous le régime de Vichy. Près d’un quart des magistrats en activité sous Vichy sont mis en cause dans le processus d’épuration administrative, mais disculpés. L’activité pénale correctionnelle est très fortement majorée à compter de l’été de 1940, et son niveau reste supérieur à celui d’avant guerre jusqu’en 1949, avec une augmentation forte et durable des jugements pour vols. La période de vichy se distingue d’abord par un nombre important de condamnations en matière de ravitaillement jusqu’en 1942, puis à compter de 143 par une instrumentalisation de la justice correctionnelle au service d’une politique d’ordre moral, qui se prolonge après la Libération. Corrélativement, on relève une forte augmentation du nombre et de la proportion de femmes jugées et condamnées, notamment en 1943. Un autre trait distinctif de la période de Vichy est la sévérité du tribunal correctionnel, le recul des sursis et un nombre record d’emprisonnements fermes. Les affaires de mœurs constituent la première catégorie d’incriminations pour les jugements en assises, qui ne subissent pas de changements majeurs pendant la guerre, mais dont le nombre et la sévérité augmentent à la Libération
This work aims at defining the influence of the Vichy regime on how the ordinary penal justice worked by studying the activity of the magistrates’ court of Niort between 1936 and 1949 and that of the criminal court of Deux- Sèvres between 1936 and 1951. This will be studied through the successive regimes, each following the evolution of the judiciary and penal policies of the different times. The study of the magistrates’ careers shows that a large majority of them were completely submissive to the regimes at the time, particularly under the Vichy regime. Almost one quarter of the magistrates in activity under the Vichy regime were implicated in the administrative purge process, but they were all exonerated. The penal activity of the magistrates’ court strongly increased from the summer of 1940 and its level of activity until 1949 remained greater than that of the time before World War II, with a particularly steady increase in trials related to thefts. The Vichy period stands out for two reasons. First, until 1942, there were an important number of condemnations concerning war supplies, and second, from 1943 on, there was an exploitation of penal justice serving a moral policy, which continued after the Liberation. Correlatively, we notice a great increase in the number and the proportion of women judged and condemned, particularly in 1943. Another major characteristic of the Vichy period is the harshness of the magistrates’ court, the drop in deferred sentences, and a record total number of imprisonments without parole. Sex cases represent the first category of incriminations for criminal court judgments, but these were not subject to major changes during the war. However, their number and the harshness with which they were dealt increases after the Liberation

Cette thèse porte sur les influences massaliètes et italiques sur la monnaie en Languedoc, depuis son apparition en Gaule méditerranéenne (fin du VIe s. av. n. è.) jusqu'au règne d'Auguste (27 av. n. è.-14 de n. è.). Le Languedoc est situé entre Narbonne et le delta du Rhône. Cette région interagit avec plusieurs puissances méditerranéennes qui changent son rapport à l'économie. Dans un premier temps, des colonies phocéennes puis massaliètes jalonnent le littoral. Des contacts fréquents existent avec le monde carthaginois jusqu'aux guerres puniques. Puis, à l'issue de ces dernières, Rome devient la puissance économique en Méditerranée occidentale. Des relations commerciales sont aussi attestées avec la Gaule interne. Ces connexions ont des conséquences sur le développement du négoce languedocien. Quelles ont été les conséquences de l'installation romaine dans le sud de la Gaule, par la création de la province de Transalpine ? Quels étaient les rapports entre la cité phocéenne, implantée depuis le VIe s. av. n. è., et les Romains présents à partir du du IIe s. av. n. è. ? Comment se traduisent-ils sur la monnaie locale ? Les puissances méditerranéennes sont-elles responsables de la monétarisation du Languedoc ou s'agit-il au contraire d'un développement local s'inscrivant dans un contexte de croissance des transactions régionales ? Autrement dit, la monnaie était-elle utilisée dans les relations avec Marseille et Rome ou bien avait-elle intégré la vie des populations locales ? Dans quelles mesures Marseille et Rome se sont-elles impliquées dans la gestion de la monnaie en Languedoc ? Les réformes augustéennes des années 20 av. n. è. unifient-elles le système monétaire dans les provinces romaines ? Pour répondre à ces questions, une étude des monnaies dans leur contexte archéologique a été réalisée. Celle-ci, associée à une analyse de la place du Languedoc au sein de la Méditerranée, permettent de saisir les évolutions de l'adoption de la monnaie mais aussi les volontés et les enjeux des différents acteurs
This PhD concerns the massaliètes and italiques influences on the coin in Languedoc, from its first appearance (end of the VIth century BC) to August's reign (27 BC- AD 14). The Languedoc is located between Narbonne and the Rhone delta. This region interacts and is influenced by several mediterranean powers upon its economy. First, Phocaean and massaliètes colonies are settled on the coastline. Frequent contacts exist with the Carthaginian world until the Punic Wars. After them, Rome becomes the first economic power of the western Mediterranean. Economics relations are also attested with the inside of Gaul. Those connections impact the development of the trade in the Languedoc. What are the consequences of the roman installation in the South of Gaul, when the province of Transalpine is created ? Which rapports did Marseille, established during the VIth century, and the Romans, present since the IInd century ? How do they impact the local coinage ? Are the mediterranean powers responsible of the monetisation of the Languedoc or quite the opposite, is it a local development in line with a context of regional transactions growth ? In other words, was coinage used for the relations with Marseille and Rome or, was it integrated in the daylife of local populations ? How did Marseille and Rome take part to the management of the coinage in the Languedoc ? Do the 20 BC augustan reforms unify the monetarian system in the roman provinces ? To answer, a study of the coinage in their archeological context has been made. Associated with an analysis of the position of the Languedoc in the Mediterranean world, it helps to understand the phases of monetisation but also, the goals and the challenges of the differents actors

Le Cabinet des médailles et antiques de la Bibliothèque nationale conserve les « bijoux savants » aux origines du collectionnisme occidental avec son médaillier universel, des pierres gravées et des collections d’antiques d’une diversité étonnante. Si celles-ci proviennent pour les parties les plus anciennes, des collections de la maison royale et de trésors ecclésiastiques, cette thèse ne remonte pas aux origines du département mais s’occupe de son destin à l’âge des musées, entre la Restauration, avec l’arrivée au département en 1819 de Désiré Raoul-Rochette (1789-1854) et la période qui suit la première guerre mondiale jusqu’à la mort d’Ernest Babelon (1854-1924). Elle cherche à comprendre, comment ce « parangon des cabinets d’amateurs de jadis » s’est développé, pris comme il l’était entre une tradition antiquaire aristocratique et les exigences de la modernité, républicaine et spécialiste. Elle aborde les différents aspects de la vie du département à l’intérieur du quadrilatère Richelieu. Tout d’abord, comme le portrait d’un lieu d’histoire d’un point de vue institutionnel et architectural qui permet de comprendre la place accordée historiquement à la culture matérielle au sein de la Bibliothèque nationale. Ensuite l’histoire du développement des collections et puis celle de leur valorisation muséographique et scientifique sont examinées au prisme de l’expansion du domaine de l’archéologie et de l’essor des sciences auxiliaires de l’histoire au XIXe siècle
The Cabinet des médailles et antiques in the French National Library holds a particular place in the vast constellation of Parisian museums. Home to the so-called « bijoux savants » that founded western collecting culture since the Renaissance, it is at once a universal coin cabinet, one of the worlds foremost collections of cut stones and gems, but also a miscellaneous collection of antiquities representing all periods and places. As described in 1930 by one of its curators, it represents a « parangon of amateur cabinets from another time ». This thesis does not directly deal with its prestigious origins but tells one chapter of its long history, looking at how, from the period of the Restoration onwards (beginning with the direction of Désiré Raoul-Rochette in 1819) until the passing of Ernest Babelon in 1924, this cabinet of antiquarian culture and collections adapted and developed to the modern Republican museum age. The life of the department is first considered as a means of understanding the role of material culture and the place of the museum inside France’s national library in the nineteenth century. It then goes on to consider the development of the collections themselves and their scientific and museological exploitation in light of the rapidly expanding practice of archaeology and highly specialised auxiliary sciences of history