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Journal articles on the topic 'Numismatics of Germany'
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1
Blume, Ya B., and Yu V. Barshteyn. "Pages of the life of M.V. Timofeev-Ressovsky in the material historical sources." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 26 (September 1, 2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v26.1236.
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Aim. To investigate and to enter into scientific circulation material historical sources related to the biography of M.V. Timofeev-ResSovsky. Methods. The paper used both general scientific (historical, logical) and special (subject-chronological, retrospective) methods. Results and discussion. The role of Kyiv in shaping the future scientific vocation of M.V. Timofeev-Ressovsky, the work of a scientist in Germany and the reasons why he did not return to the USSR in the late 1930s, outlines the facts of Timofeev-Ressovsky life after the Second World War. The scientific activity of scientist has been briefly analyzed. Conclusions. The analysis of material historical sources made it possible to investigate and bring into scientific circulation the objects of phaleristics, numismatics (medallic art), philately and a rather rare object of collecting – telephone cards of the Russian Empire, the USSR, Russia, the former GDR and Germany, to tell about some pages of the biography of M.V. Timofeev-Ressovsky.
Keywords: M.V. Timofeev-Ressovsky, history of biology, phaleristics, numismatics, philately, telephone card.
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TSELUIKO, Oleksandr. "TO THE HISTORY OF LVIV NUMISMATICS OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XX CENTURY (A FEW NOTES THE MARGINS OF THE LETTER OF ACADEMICIAN IVAN KRYPIAKEVYCH TO IVAN SPASKYI)." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 36 (2022): 180–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402//ukr.2022-36-180-204.
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It was clarified that there was established a correspondence between academic Ivan Krypiakevych and the famous Russian and Ukrainian historian, numismatist Ivan Spaskyi in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In one of these letters (in March 1962) I. Krypiakevych mentioned the difficult situation with specialists in numismatics in Lviv. This article finds out what led to this state of affairs. We emphasized that Lviv has been one of the centers for the development of special (auxiliary) historical disciplines, including numismatics, both in Ukraine and in Eastern Europe from the end of the 18th century. At the same time, there were formed a few large numismatic collections in the city. It was confirmed that further development of special (auxiliary) historical disciplines in Lviv took place at the Institute of Auxiliary Historical Sciences of Lviv University and in the museums of the city. There was organized in 1925 the Union of Lviv Numismatists, which published several issues. It was stated that at the same time, there was not formed a permanent system of training relevant specialists in Lviv due to a number of subjective and objective reasons. The rather closed and conservative system of university training of future historians was largely tied to the figures and scientific interests of the heads of the Departments and Institutes. It was indicated that at that time Ukrainian scholars, especially humanitarians, found themselves in a difficult position. It was clarified that as a result, the number of people who really knew about coins or banknotes, could work with them, and, importantly, be engaged in scientific work, was quite small. It was investigated that the establishment of Soviet power in Lviv in the autumn of 1939 led to a radical reform of all spheres of life of the local population, including educational and cultural. As a result of the ill-considered reorganization of the system of museum institutions in the city, the work of several previous generations of Lviv museum workers was actually destroyed, and irreparable damage to the funds these institutions was caused. Some Lviv researchers of special (auxiliary) historical disciplines have become victims of the German regime or left the city in 1944–1946. It was found that all these circumstances affected the balance of scientific forces in the city, capable of solving problems by developing special (auxiliary) historical disciplines. It was emphasized that I.‑Yu. Shpytkovskyi resumed teaching numismatics at Lviv University only in the 1950s. However, he failed to train new specialists in this discipline. It was clarified that several numismatic works had been prepared by the scientific staff of the Lviv State Historical Museum (I. Zayats, I. Sveshnikov), but these studies have not been published at that time. We made a conclusion that all this indicates that I. Krypiakevych was not wrong in his assessment of the state of development of numismatics in Lviv in the early 1960s.
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Lebedinski, Victor V. "Historical, Cultural, Interethnic, Religious and Political Relations of the Crimea with the Mediterranean Region and the Countries of the East: The Sixth International Academic Conference." Oriental Courier, no. 2 (2023): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310026712-1.
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The international academic conference “Historical, Cultural, Interethnic, Religious and Political Relations of the Crimea with the Mediterranean Region and the Countries of the East” is an annual major academic symposium, held in Sevastopol, the Crimea. The organizers of the conference include the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastopol State University, the State Historical and Archaeological Museum-Reserve Taurid Chersoneses, traditionally hosting the event. The conference was held in both off-line, and online formats. Within three working days, from October 4 to 6, 2022, a total of more than 150 people took part in it — representatives of more than 30 academic organizations, higher educational institutions, museums. By the beginning of the symposium, were published collected papers by the participants. The book contains the work of researchers from the Russian Federation (Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Simferopol, Sevastopol, Kerch), and foreign countries — Germany, Abkhazia, Belarus. The forum consisted of nine sections focusing on interethnic and political relations of the peoples of the Crimea in past and present; political, trade, cultural relations of the Crimea with the countries of the Mediterranean region and the countries of the East; written sources on the history of the region, historiography and cartography of the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas; ethnic history of Crimea, archeology, numismatics and epigraphy of Crimea in the context of economic and cultural relations of the peninsula. As a result of the conference, a resolution was adopted, which noted the importance of holding this event as one of the most significant academic symposia in Sevastopol, and the need to continue the work of the annual conference.
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Nuykina, Elena Yu. "Collection of Scientific Articles “Golden Honeycombs” Has Been Published to Celebrate the RGGU Professor E. V. Pchelov’s Anniversary." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2023): 953–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-3-953-959.
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The article is a review of the collection of articles "Golden Honeycombs," published in 2022 to celebrate the anniversary of professor of the Russian State University for the Humanities, specialist in the field of auxiliary historical disciplines E.V. Pchelov, author of more than 900 published works, member of national and foreign societies, including the Historical and Genealogical Society in Moscow, the Russian Genealogical Society, the Russian Historical Society, the Russian Association of Antiquarians, the International Historical Society "Catherine the Great" (Zerbst, Germany), and others. The collection has been prepared by his friends, colleagues and students; it can be divided into three parts. The first part is devoted to scientific, pedagogical, and educational activities of Evgeny Vladimirovich and characterizes his extensive scientific activities, showing his connection with scientific and pedagogical school of the History and Archives Institute. The range of Evgeny Vladimirovich’s scientific interests is extensive, covering issues of ancient Russian history, genealogy of ancient Russian princes, genealogical and dynastic history of the Rurikovs and the Romanovs, history of science and art, semiotic research on the history of Russian state symbols, various problems in the field of onomastics, historical chronology, bibliography, sphragistics, numismatics, and other auxiliary historical disciplines. The second part of the collection includes articles written by E.V. Pchelov’s colleagues and friends. The publications analyze various sources covering the period from the Early Middle Ages to Modern times and touching upon problems of the history of science and everyday life, archival studies, source studies, sphragistics, genealogy, chronology, emblematics, heraldry. The most relevant historiography is demonstrated, articles are accompanied by colorful and helpful illustrations. The third section contains materials on E.V. Pchelov’s biography and work and includes a biographical reference and a list of published works from 1993 to 2021. The bibliography of published works includes monographs, textbooks and manuals, articles, abstracts, reviews of educational and methodological materials, reference publications, amounting to 939 titles. The collection can be considered a comprehensive and relevant scientific publication, expanding modern scientific knowledge on national and foreign history and auxiliary historical disciplines and contributing to expansion of the historiography of scientific areas covered in the collection.
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Marinkevich, Zhenya. "Decorated Busts of the Antonines: New Bust Variants of Denarii from AD 138 to AD 188 (Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, Commodus, Faustina II, Lucilla)." KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 4 (December 31, 2021): 154–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v4i.1115.
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Modern numismatists often face a lack of comprehensive information concerning the attribution of Roman denarii with decorated busts of the rulers of the Antonine dynasty. The standard reference works on the coinage of the Antonines include RIC IIIA and RSC IIB, which catalog denarii for Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius as Caesar. RSC II’s cataloging of later coinage for the Antonines is not always complete because it lacks information from those volumes of German numismatist Paul Strack on Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, which he never published due to his death in WWII. As a matter of fact, RIC III and RSC II (when concerned the Antonines) provide information that is far from complete for almost all types in terms of bust variants, mainly citing only common types with ‘bare head right’ and ‘laureate head right’. In the past decade, the popularity of metal detecting coupled with the development of international internet selling platforms provided new opportunities for discovering new bust variants not listed in RIC and RSC.
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Eleuov, Madiyar, Pavel Petrov, Dokey Taleev, and Arkhad Moldakhmet. "Numismatic Finds at the Kyshkala Settlement (Kazakhstan)." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 6 (December 15, 2023): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp236185194.
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The article introduces a yarlik on appointment of a mint administrator into the Russian-language scientific discussion, the y arlik being included into the Persian treaty “Dastur al-katib” written in 1360s by Muhammad b. Hindushah Nakhchivani, an official at the court of rulers of the Mongol Iran — Hulaguids and their successors Jalayirids. There is a comparative translation from the original Persian and from the German translation made by famous Austrian orientalist J. von Hammer-Purgstall in the first half of the 19th c. There is also a complex interdisciplinary analysis of the yarlik as an official document and a legal account. The authors clarify the status of the mint administrator, requirements for candidate for this position, rights and duties, legal base of his activity. There is also a comparative study of the status of the mint administrator according to yarlik and of similar officials in other Turkic-Mongol states known from other historical sources. The authors find that the text of the analyzed document could substantially improve our knowledge on organization and regulation of coinage in Genghisid states in 13th—14th cc.
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Spencer, David B. "Numismatic Typeforms of the Numerals Zero through Ten in Medieval Europe: A Classification System." KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 4 (December 31, 2021): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v4i.1117.
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While the shapes of Latin letters (i.e. ‘letterforms’) and Western Arabic numerals (i.e. ‘typeforms’) have been studied on medieval European parchments and stone monuments, similar studies on typeforms from coin inscriptions are lacking. Therefore, the study goal was to analyze numeric typeforms in the available numismatic literature relating to 9th to 15th century Europe and create a classification system. The hypothesis was that the shape of the numerals would vary based on the timeframe and geographic location of the coins on which they were present. In total, 12 numismatic books representing 22 geographic regions were analyzed and the numerals’ typeforms from more than 900 coins categorized. The numeral typeform frequency for the classification system was then compared with the typeform frequency for the author’s collection. The vast majority (>95%) of numerals found in the literature specified the date of the coins, with heavy representation from 15th century Netherlands, Germany, and Austria. There was good agreement in the relative frequencies of the numerals between the literature and the author’s collection, with the numerals one and four being most prevalent in both sources.
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Hines, John. "Units of Account in Gold and Silver in Seventh-Century England:Scillingas, SceattasandPæningas." Antiquaries Journal 90 (September 2010): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581510000089.
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AbstractThe seventh-century vernacular laws from the kingdoms of Kent and Wessex specify fines or compensation payments using units of account that have given us familiar terms in the numismatics of this period:scillingas(shillings),sceattasandpæningas(pennies). In light of the use of cognate words in Gothic and Old High German, and the comparative values given in the Old English law-codes themselves and in the fifth-century Theodosian Code, it is suggested that these represent a regular and durable bimetallic system correlating values in gold and silver. This proposition is examined further against the evidence of weighing-sets from sixth- and early seventh-century Anglo-Saxon graves, and it is argued that the results give greater and more precise meaning to the use of gold and silver in Early Anglo-Saxon artefacts, such as the great gold buckle from Mound 1 at Sutton Hoo, Suffolk.
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Spenciner, David B., and Theodore Dziemianowicz. "Survey of the Early (pre-1000 AD) Use of Christian Saints’ Names and Images on European Coins." KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 6 (December 14, 2023): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v6i.2348.
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While the very earliest appearance of a Christian Saint has been well described as Saint Michael replacing winged Liberty on gold Tremisses of Lombardy in the late 7th and early 8th Century, other saints also appeared in multiple places across Europe very soon thereafter. The study goal was to identify and categorize this very early use of Christian saint’s names and images on European coins. In total, 19 numismatic books representing ten geographic regions were analyzed and the appearance of saints, either in the inscription or as a portrait, was noted. A total of 157 coin types mentioning 19 different saints were identified as dating to before the year 1000 AD. Mints in several regions were represented, including parts of Italy, France, England, the Low Countries, and Germany/Austria, with the very first coins minted starting in Pavia and featuring both an image and the name of Saint Michael.
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Morales, Fábio Augusto, and Santiago Colombo Reghin. "Long Before Aï-Khanoum: Historiographical Representation of Hellenistic Bactria In Barthold Niebur's Vötrage Über Alte Geschichte." Heródoto: Revista do Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre a Antiguidade Clássica e suas Conexões Afro-asiáticas 4, no. 1 (December 12, 2019): 122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34024/herodoto.2019.v4.10091.
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This paper deals with the historiographical representation of Hellenistic Bactria in Barthold Niebuhr’s Lectures on Ancient History, based on lectures given at Bonn University in the 1820’s and published in German and English in the 1850’s. The first part offers a panorama of archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic research after the great French excavations in Afghanistan in the 1960 and 1970’s. The second part discusses how Niebuhr, facing a poorly documented Bactrian history and archaeology, articulate source criticism, demographic, moral and racial reasoning and contemporary political debate. The paper concludes with a summary of the discussion, arguing for the necessity of historicization of historiographicalsyntheses as well in nineteenth century as today, especially in the context of Global History.
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Havenga, Sudré, and André Wessels. "Die geldgeskiedenis van die Vrystaat, 1854-1902, met spesiale verwysing na die numismatiese versameling van die Nasionale Museum in Bloemfontein." New Contree 78 (July 30, 2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v78i0.104.
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This article deals with the money history of the republic of the Orange Free State (1854-1902), and uses specific examples from the numismatic collection of the National Museum, Bloemfontein. The Free State never had its own coinage. With the exception of Free State “good fors”, which were used to combat a shortage in coins, the republic had to make use of British and Transvaal coins. The idea of an own coinage was, however, raised on more than one occasion. A German firm by the name of Otto, Nolte Co. submitted to the Free State government a quote and even went so far as to send six pattern coins to the government for approval. However these coins were never approved and therefore never coined. Some pattern pieces can still be found today, for example a one penny pattern coin from 1888 in the numismatic collection of the National Museum, Bloemfontein. These pattern pieces are unique and sought after by collectors. In 1865 the government of the Orange Free State issued the republic’s first inconvertable paper money to the value of £30 000. These government notes, of which the first issue was printed on blue paper, were known as “blue backs”. The State President, JH Brand, was supposed to sign all of the 30 000 notes that were issued but in the end only signed 6 700. This article clearly shows how important a role museums play in preserving a country’s history, and at the same time the article emphasises the kaleidoscopic nature of Cultural History.
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Gorlov, Konstantin, and Stanislav Belskiy. "Coins from the Excavations of the Late Medieval Vyborg." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 6 (December 2022): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp226217238.
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In 2019, the Leningrad Regional Archaeological Expedition of the “Current Archeology” ResearchCenter carried out excavations in Vyborg (Storozhevaya Bashnya Street, 21). During the excavations, 76 coins were registered, issued by the Kingdom of Sweden (24), the Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of Finland (47), the German Empire (1) and the USSR (1). Three coins made of copper alloy remained unidentified due to poor preservation. The distribution of coins found in 2019 by stratigraphic horizons and objects made it possible to clarify the time of their formation. When using coins as a chronological indicator, the duration of their possible presence in circulation was taken into account, as revealed by the materials of archaeological finds and written sources. To date, only one work has been published in the form of theses, dedicated to numismatic finds obtained during the archaeological study of Vyborg.
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EMANOV, Alexander G. "KAFA’S MONEY-CHANGING HOLE IN THE 13TH — 14TH CENTURIES." Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 8, no. 1 (2022): 179–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2022-8-1-179-205.
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This Article addresses Origin of the Money-Changing Hole in Kafa in the 13th — 14th Centuries based on a wide Variety of Sources, public-legal Documents, notarial Deeds, public financial Registers, private financial Records, Trade Books, numismatic and archaeological Collections. In the Article reconstructed Activity of the Greek Trapeza and Trapezites, who specialized in the Exchange of Coins with Greek Writing, of the Levant Sarraf Yanseke and Sarrafs, in Charge of which has been Oriental Money Exchange, of the Italian Campsa and Campsors, who were responsible for Occident Coins. The Money-Changing Hole in Kafa was doing since the End of the 13th Century not only Exchange Money, but also Credit of the commercial Matters, torn into early Banks. One of the first Bankers in Kafa was Manfred, whose Name was not Italian, but German Origins, which meant “Man of World”, which reflected the cosmopolitan Character of the City.
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Barat, Claire. "La ville de Sinope, réflexions historiques et archéologiques." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 16, no. 1-2 (2010): 25–536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005711x560309.
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Abstract The City of Sinope: Historical and Archaeological ReflectionsThis contribution concentrates on the city of Sinope in antiquity, on the urban morphology of a city constantly under occupation from the time of its founding in the 7th century BC. It starts out by presenting the city of Sinope through literary and numismatic sources and then provides an account of the excavations undertaken during the 20th century (the German-Turkish expedition under L. Budde and E. Akurgal in 1951-1953 and urban prospecting work by British Byzantinists A. Bryer and D. Winfled in the years 1960-1970). The third part of the article brings readers an idea of the archaeology of the city drawing on studies of the walls of Sinope, the urban organization of the city in antiquity and the ancient monuments still visible, such as the “Temple of Serapis” and the “Balat Kilise”. In conclusion new themes for future reflection are suggested such as the identification of the “Temple of Serapis” as a herôon and the location of an aqueduct at Sinope, which had still been visible at the beginning of the 20th century.
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Voukelatos, John. "Provenance Lost and Found: Alfred Bourguignon." KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 1 (January 1, 2018): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v1i.1156.
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On the 22nd October 2017 the Swiss numismatic firm Nomos offered at auction a silver didrachm minted by the Campanian city of Nola. Unbeknownst to the auction house this coin was once in the collection of Alfred Bourguignon. Although little is known about this 19th century collector, he is recorded by the Almanach de Gotha as being the deputy of the Netherlands Consulate in Naples. He was also a partner in the prominent 19th century Neapolitan bank, Banca Meuricoffre, founded by Achilles Meuricoffre and continued by his two sons Oscar and Tell; he was also their distant cousin. The Meuricoffre (German Moerikhofer) were wealthy Swiss bankers who immigrated to Naples in 1760 to facilitate trade with the Kingdom for the fine silk of Calabria. To repay large financial debts Alfred Bourguignon had accrued from casino and horse gambling, he repeatedly embezzled the bank bringing it to bankruptcy. Although Alfred Bourguignon died in September 1903, Banca Meuricoffre continued trading until 1905 by which time it was insolvent and went into liquidation. The financial damage brought to the Meuricoffre family was significant, having to sell warehouses, agricultural land, the apartment of Palazzo Caprioli, and the Casa Grande of Capodimonte, and an estate in Ischia. The financial activities of the bank were subsequently transferred to Credito Italiano, which opened in Naples in July 1905.
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Myzgin, K. V. "ROMAN COIN FINDS FROM VOLHYNIA: MAIN CATEGORIES AND DISTRIBUTION FEATURES (to the problem of regional study)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 30, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.01.03.
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The article is an experience of regional study of Roman coins finds on the territory of Eastern Europe. The basic information about them was collected and published in the middle of the 20th century. However, today this source base has significantly expanded. Basically, due to the use of metal detectors during archaeological research and, unfortunately, for illegal purposes (such finds are called «less reliable», their use is obligatory, however, provided a critical approach to information). Analysis of the main categories of Roman coins finds in the region made it possible to distinguish features in their distribution. Basically, Volhynia are is outside the concentration of the main categories of finds of Roman coins in Eastern Barbaricum: Roman republican coins, 1—2nd c. AD denarii, 1—3rd c. AD aurei, 2—3rd AD bronze provincial coins, antoniniani and bronze and silver emissions of 4th c. AD. Nevertheless, the concentration of the 4th c. AD Roman gold medallions is associated with this region (in article published a new find of such coin), which indicates here the existence of the centre of the barbarous elite. In general, the numismatic material of the Volhynia region is typical for the territory of the right bank of Dnieper. At the same time, do not forget that Volhynia, like all territory of Eastern Barbaricum, in Roman period was part of the German cultural circle, in which Roman coins were universal.
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Verbytska, V., and V. Bredikhin. "ASSET DIVERSIFICATION THROUGH APPLICATION HOARDING INVESTMENTS." Series: Economic science 5, no. 158 (September 25, 2020): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-5-158-46-51.
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The current state and tendencies of development of hoarding investment by legal entities and the population of the country are considered in the article. It is especially important that these investments are available not only for legal entities, but also for the population, where there is a clear relationship between changes in the share of savings hoarded by private individuals and fluctuations in uncertainty, and growing investment and hoarding demand are the consequences of the financial crisis. inflation expectations, geopolitical instability and growing needs for diversification. On the basis of economic-theoretical analysis the essence, character of behavior, types and conditions of realization of hoarding investments (TI) in crisis economy are analyzed. The concept of "hoarding investments" has been clarified. The main subjects and objects of hoarding investments are identified. The objects of hoarding investments are bank metals (and coins from them) precious stones, jewelry, art objects and antiques. Available types, modern tendencies, methods and conditions of realization of hoarding investments are investigated. Coins issued by both Ukrainian and foreign banks were found to be numismatically valuable. However, foreign coins entering our market are usually issued in large numbers and, accordingly, have less numismatic value. In the United States, consumption of diamond jewelry is constantly growing due to the combination of domestic market unsaturation with well-established lending mechanisms, Europe is characterized by stagnation in the consumption of diamond jewelry, and for some countries, such as Germany, even a reduction. Hoarding investments in collectibles are specific in nature, due to their complexity, the relatively narrow market for each type of collection, the need for special knowledge and skills for proper investment. Keywords: hoarding investments, banking institutions, crisis economy, risk diversification, coins, precious stones, collectibles, profitability, interest.
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Shishka, E. A. "MONGOLS "IMAGINARY HERALDIC" IN FRENCH MEDIEVAL MINIATURES." History: facts and symbols, no. 3 (September 14, 2021): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2021-28-3-119-129.
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The study of images is the path leading to an understanding of the value system of medieval man. If in the study of Christian ideas about the Mongols, historical and literary works were given some attention, then iconographic documents were often used only as illustrations to the text and were considered as something secondary. One of the poorly studied topics is the study of «imaginary heraldry», which was given to the Mongols by French miniaturists of the XIV-XV centuries. The research is based on the approach of the American art critic, M. A. Camillus, which involves the study not of what was «really», but of what was brought into the situation described by medieval scribes. The model of our analysis of the content of miniatures is based on the methodology of the German researcher Erwin Panofsky, according to which the analysis of miniatures takes place in three stages: 1) pre-iconographic description; 2) iconographic analysis; 3) iconological interpretation. Our research is based on French manuscripts containing images of the Mongols with various heraldic symbols, written evidence, numismatic and cartographic sources. During the work, it was noted that the Mongolian heraldry is presented in the format of shields and banners. Each element has its own color – red, orange, blue, yellow. The following heraldic signs were identified: a dragon, a six-pointed star, a crescent, a two-pronged tamga, a «king's head», lilies, a «star of David», various geometric shapes of figures, etc. It was also determined that the image of heraldic symbols on the miniatures carries a certain symbolism – social and ethnic. With the help of «imaginary heraldry», Christian miniaturists defined the place of the Mongols in the social stratigraphy or emphasized ethnicity.
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Barshteyn, Victor, and Yaroslav Blume. "Pages of history of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (Paris) in medal art." GEO&BIO 2023, no. 24 (June 30, 2023): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53452/gb2403.
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The article briefly covers the pages of the history of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (Paris, France), which was established in 1793, inheriting the material base and collections of one of the oldest botanical gardens in the world—the Royal Garden of Medicinal Plants. Contribution to the development of the Royal Garden of Medicinal Plants was made by its leaders and employees: Guy de La Brosse, Guy Crescent Fagon, Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, Pierre Chirac, the family of French botanists de Jussieu, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, and Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre. After its foundation, the museum was managed, among others, by Louis Jean-Marie D’Aubenton, Bernard Germain Étienne de Laville-sur-Illon, comte de Lacépède, George-Léopold-Chrétien-Frédéric-Dagobert Cuvier, Michel Eugène Chevreul, Adolphe Théodore Brongniart, André Marie Constant Duméril, Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Alphonse Milne-Edwards, Jean Octave Edmond Perrier, Achille Joseph Urbain, Maurice Alfred Fontaine, and Jean Dorst. The heyday of the scientific activity of the Museum was during the long years of leadership of Michel Eugène Chevrel. Table medals of France and the USA, researched and described by the authors of the article, were created to honour these famous scientists. Attention is also drawn to modern tourist medals (tokens) dedicated to the Museum’s facilities: the Garden of the Plants, the Great Evolution Gallery, the Palaeontological Museum (Galleries of Comparative Anatomy and Palaeontology), the Botanical Garden Zoo, and the Vincennes Zoo. The results of the analysis of the medals made it possible to display in a new plane the most vivid pages of the history of the Museum, the function of which is teaching, research, and dissemination of natural science knowledge, its modernity, biographies of outstanding personalities who worked in it. Most of the medals were first introduced into scientific biological circulation. The obtained information once again confirmed the possibility of using objects that are studied by special historical disciplines (in this case, the section of numismatics, medal art) for the study of the history of science.
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Moesgaard, Jens Christian. "Hedeby og den danske kongemagt i 900-tallet – Mønternes udsagn." Kuml 61, no. 61 (October 31, 2012): 111–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v61i61.24499.
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Haithabu and the Danish monarchy in the 10th centuryNumismatic evidenceIn the 10th century, Haithabu and its environs constituted a numismatic enclave with its own coinage used by number rather than by weight. This is apparent both from hoards located in the town’s hinterland and single finds from the town itself. In these, local coins – imitations of Charlemagne’s coins from Dorestad – dominate in the form of intact speciments that are neither bent nor tested. At that time in Scandinavia and Baltic area it was the norm to use silver as payment by weight. Ornaments and coins from many different origins were used and these were cut up to give the required weight; the quality of the metal was tested by bending and nicking and pecking. Finds of Islamic dirhams and characteristic balance weights for weighing silver do, however, show that this latter usage of coins also took place in the Schlei area and Haithabu. Unfortunately, it is not possible to determine from the archaeological record whether these two ways of using coins and silver reflect two chronological phases or, alternatively, two coeval parallel spheres of coin usage – one internal with exclusive use of its own coinage and one external with acceptance of silver according to weight, when trading with foreign merchants.Over the past decade, excavations and metal-detector surveys in Haithabu have yielded several speciments of Danish king Harald Bluetooth’s characteristic cross-motif coin from AD 975/980-985/990, which was previously conspicuous by its absence. These new finds show that, in Haithabu, cross-motif coins fulfilled the function of local coinage used by number following cessation of minting of the earlier Carolus-Dorestad imitations. These cross-motif coins must, accordingly, have been struck in Haithabu itself.The distribution of records of cross-motif coins across the rest of Denmark suggests that Harald used this coinage as gifts to his nobles and, accordingly, it symbolises the king. It is not simply happenstance that Christian symbols occupy a prominent position on the coin motif. The coins were used to spread and promote the new religion. Consequently, the king himself must be presumed to have been the issuing power. In turn, this means that the place where the coins were minted – Haithabu – must have been under Danish control at that particular time. So the hypothesis of German rule in Haithabu during the period AD 974-983 is no longer tenable. It also means that the coinage which supplied Haithabu’s well-organised coin economy at that time was under the king’s control. As it is well documented for later periods, the king probably demanded a fee for exchange to this coinage and thereby generated an income.Two small hoards from Nonnebakken in Odense suggest that Harald also controlled coin production in Haithabu prior to AD 975/980. These consist largely of Carolus-Dorestad imitations minted in Haithabu, and their find circumstances suggest that they could represent royal payments in connection with construction of the ring fortress. However, this hypothesis builds on a flimsy foundation. Hopefully, new finds will allow it to be confirmed or refuted. At that time, the minting of Carolus-Dorestad imitations was in a lamentable state both technically and in terms of weight, and Harald’s introduction of the cross-motif coin can be perceived as a reform with the intention of re-establishing the good standard.The sources do not permit us to ascertain whether coinage in Haithabu prior to the 10th century was under the control of the king or the merchants. As mentioned above, the coins were used by Haithabu’s merchants in the town’s well-organised coin economy. There are historical parallels to both the town producing its own coins and to royal control, making it difficult to choose between the two possibilities. The coins found their way to other parts of Denmark but did not achieve a dominant status until around AD 975. The archaeological record also shows that they were simply used here in the same way as any other type of coin in the predominant metal-weight economy. Consequently, the Danish monarchy probably did not favour their overall distribution at this time.Jens Christian MoesgårdNationalmuseet
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Barshteyn, Victor, and Yaroslav Blume. "\(200 ^{th}\) Birth Anniversary of the Genetics Founder Gregor Mendel; Art Medals." Asian Journal of Biology, June 27, 2022, 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2022/v15i130230.
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Objective: To explore and introduce into scientific circulation art medals ˗ tangible historical sources studied by medal art, a section of the special historical discipline of numismatics, related to the life and work of Gregor Mendel.
Place and Duration of the Study: Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, from January to April 2022.
Methodology: Both general scientific (historical, logical) and special (subject-chronological, retrospective) methods were used in the work. Numismatic and biological literature, materials of international numismatic auctions, and websites of world mints have been studied.
Results: Art medals of the Czech Republic, the USA, Germany, Austria, Portugal and the European Community relating to life and scientific heritage of Gregor Mendel have been studied and described.
Conclusion: The study has become a new step in the development of the history of biological science, supplementing the knowledge of the artistic reflection of the origins of genetics in the art of medal. Material historical sources ˗ art medals, enabled us to capture the pages of the biography and scientific work of Gregor Mendel in a new plane, introducing the medals into scientific (biological) circulation.
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"Translations of Kepler’s Astrological Writings Part I. Kepler as Practising Astrologer Section 1. Kepler’s Personal Practice of Astrology Subsection 1. Helisaeus Roslin’s Delineation of Kepler’s Birthchart, 1592." Culture and Cosmos 14, no. 0102 (October 2010): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46472/cc.01213.0203.
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Helisaeus Roslin (1544-1616) was a doctor and astrologer from Strasbourg who also studied astronomy, geography, cartography and numismatics. Kepler wrote to him, perhaps in the summer of 1592, asking for a chart delineation (but withholding his name). E. Rosen describes Roslin as ‘a widely recognized authority on astrology.’ (In an interesting development, Kepler and Roslin later became intellectual adversaries in the matter of the appearance of a nova in 1604.) This letter is written in a combination of Latin and German.
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Lammel, Hans-Uwe, and Michael Busch. "Haskala, Pietismus und der Rostocker Orientalist Oluf Gerhard Tychsen (1734–1815)." Aschkenas 27, no. 1 (January 20, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asch-2017-0013.
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AbstractOluf Gerhard Tychsen (1734–1815) was a dazzling figure in the European history of ideas. As a young student of theology at the pietistic Institutum Judaicum et Muhammedicum in Halle he showed great interest in Jewish studies and took part in missionary activities throughout Germany. As a teacher of oriental studies at the universities of Bützow and later of Rostock, both in Mecklenburg, he was in charge of an academic network with about 200 correspondents from all parts of Europe. Besides his numismatic and linguistic expertise he was deeply occupied with the »Jewish question«. Our investigation explores three topics in this field: Tychsen’s participation in the debate on the early burial in Jewish communities in Mecklenburg, his part in the enrolment of the first medical students at Bützow and in granting them their medical degree from 1766 onwards, and his commitment to one of the most liberal Jewish emancipation edicts which was composed in Mecklenburg-Strelitz in 1813. Our main question is how Tychsen’s activities in these fields were interwoven with the Jewish striving for emancipation against the background of Haskala and Pietism.
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Ortega-San-Martín, Luis, and Fabiola Bravo-Hualpa. "Analytical study of an 1899 Peruvian dinero: unveiling the mystery of a coin that wasn’t officially minted." Heritage Science 11, no. 1 (November 30, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40494-023-01092-2.
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AbstractThe present paper presents the analytical study of an unusual Peruvian 1899 dinero coin whose authenticity has been questioned since the 1970’s. This coin, which is present in some numismatic collections although there is no record of having been minted officially, has been characterized using non-destructive techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results are consistent with a cast counterfeit coin made at the turn of the 19th and 20th using a copper base alloy that was silver-platted to pass unnoticed among the public. The alloy used, generally known as german silver, was common for counterfeits in North America and Europe in that period. The historical reasons for the appearance of this unexpected coin in Peru during a time of economic difficulties, where the public experienced a shortage of small-change coins, are briefly outlined.
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Βλαχογιάννη, Έλενα Β. "Οι αποκρύψεις έκτακτης ανάγκης στην κυρίως Ελλάδα επί Γαλλιηνού (253-268 μ.Χ.) με αφορμή τον «θησαυρό» Χαιρώνεια 2001." EULIMENE, December 31, 2008, 107–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eul.32786.
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Emergency hoards concealed in mainland Greece during the reign of Gallienus (A.D. 253-268) and the Chaironeia/2001 ‘hoard’. Boeotia during the first half of the third cent. A.D. and the Herulians. The Chaironeia/2001 coin hoard, exhibited today in the Numismatic Collection of the Chaironeia Archaeological Museum, was found during a rescue excavation of a Roman farmhouse (villa rustica), 500 m. outside of modern Chaironeia. This hoard consists of 10 antoniniani issued either during the joined reign of Valerianus I – Gallienus (A.D. 253-260) or the sole reign of Gallienus (A.D. 260-268).The date of the latest coin, issued from 266 to the middle of 267 or to the beginning of A.D. 268, establishes either the date of hoard’s concealment or the date of farmhouse’s abandonment. The short space between the earliest and the latest coin of the hoard, 10-11 years, the almost good condition of the coins, and their small number suggests that the house’s owner concealed the money lest he suffer some danger, so that he could regain his money safely at a later date.Prompted by this small find an overview of the emergency hoards concealed in mainland Greece during the reign of Gallienus (A.D. 253-268) has been undertaken, so that conclusions concerning their geographical distribution, the quality, and the quantity of hoards can be deduced.When looking for reasons why a farmer would feel the need to hide his money, one possible explanation comes from the literary evidence. In Historia Augusta, Vita Gallieni 13.8, the Herulians are going through Boeotia and sacking villages and farms. Their course, in combination with the findspots of the emergency hoards and the scattered information collected from the partly preserved Itinerarium Antonini 325/6, of Diocletianus era, and Tabula Peutingeriana map, of the second half of the fourth century A.D., helps strengthen the argument that Boeotians had reason to hide their money until it was safe to go back to their homes.Finally, it is likely that the Herulian going through Boeotia is more than possible, since the German intruders eventually fled northwards to Epirus and Macedonia. The Chaironeia/2001 hoard constitutes one of a lost link in a chain of emergency hiding places deposited during the reign of Gallienus. To the unproved indication of Herulian presence in Lebadeia could be added now the more secure proof of Chaironeia, which is based on the heavier numismatic evidence. The fact that the Herulian troops were persecuted by the Roman legions could be a good reason for the absence of well-founded destruction remains throughout Boeotia.