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Journal articles on the topic 'Numerosity perception'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Sun, Ji, and Pei Sun. "The relationship between numerosity perception and mathematics ability in adults: the moderating role of dots number." PeerJ 9 (December 21, 2021): e12660. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12660.

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Background It has been proposed that numerosity perception is the cognitive underpinning of mathematics ability. However, the existence of the association between numerosity perception and mathematics ability is still under debate, especially in adults. The present study examined the relationship between numerosity perception and mathematics ability and the moderating role of dots number (i.e., the numerosity of items in dot set) in adults. Methods Sixty-four adult participants from Anshun University completed behavioral measures that tested numerosity perception of small numbers and large numbers, mathematics ability, inhibition ability, visual-spatial memory, and set-switching ability. Results We found that numerosity perception of small numbers correlated significantly with mathematics ability after controlling the influence of inhibition ability, visual-spatial memory, and set-switching ability, but numerosity perception of large numbers was not related to mathematics ability in adults. Conclusions These findings suggest that the dots number moderates the relationship between numerosity perception and mathematics ability in adults and may contribute to explaining the contradictory findings in the previous literature about the link between numerosity perception and mathematics ability.

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2

He, Lixia, Ke Zhou, Tiangang Zhou, Sheng He, and Lin Chen. "Topology-defined units in numerosity perception." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 41 (September 28, 2015): E5647—E5655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1512408112.

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What is a number? The number sense hypothesis suggests that numerosity is “a primary visual property” like color, contrast, or orientation. However, exactly what attribute of a stimulus is the primary visual property and determines numbers in the number sense? To verify the invariant nature of numerosity perception, we manipulated the numbers of items connected/enclosed in arbitrary and irregular forms while controlling for low-level features (e.g., orientation, color, and size). Subjects performed discrimination, estimation, and equality judgment tasks in a wide range of presentation durations and across small and large numbers. Results consistently show that connecting/enclosing items led to robust numerosity underestimation, with the extent of underestimation increasing monotonically with the number of connected/enclosed items. In contrast, grouping based on color similarity had no effect on numerosity judgment. We propose that numbers or the primitive units counted in numerosity perception are influenced by topological invariants, such as connectivity and the inside/outside relationship. Beyond the behavioral measures, neural tuning curves to numerosity in the intraparietal sulcus were obtained using functional MRI adaptation, and the tuning curves showed that numbers represented in the intraparietal sulcus were strongly influenced by topology.

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3

Anobile, G., G. Guerrini, D. C. Burr, M. Monti, B. Del Lucchese, and G. M. Cicchini. "Spontaneous perception of numerosity in pre-school children." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1906 (July 10, 2019): 20191245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1245.

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There is strong evidence that humans can make rough estimates of the numerosity of a set of items, almost from birth. However, as numerosity covaries with many non-numerical variables, the idea of a direct number sense has been challenged. Here we applied two different psychophysical paradigms to demonstrate the spontaneous perception of numerosity in a cohort of young pre-school children. The results of both tasks showed that even at that early developmental stage, humans spontaneously base the perceptual choice on numerosity, rather than on area or density. Precision in one of these tasks predicted mathematical abilities. The results reinforce strongly the idea of a primary number sense and provide further evidence linking mathematical skills to the sensory precision of the spontaneous number sense, rather than to mechanisms involved in handling explicit numerosity judgements or extensive exposure to mathematical teaching.

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4

Togoli, Irene, Michele Fornaciai, and Domenica Bueti. "The specious interaction of time and numerosity perception." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1959 (September 22, 2021): 20211577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1577.

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Magnitude information is essential to create a representation of the external environment and successfully interact with it. Duration and numerosity, for example, can shape our predictions and bias each other (i.e. the greater the number of people queuing, the longer we expect to wait). While these biases suggest the existence of a generalized magnitude system, asymmetric effects (i.e. numerosity affecting duration but not vice versa) challenged this idea. Here, we propose that such asymmetric integration depends on the stimuli used and the neural processing dynamics they entail. Across multiple behavioural experiments employing different stimulus presentation displays (static versus dynamic) and experimental manipulations known to bias numerosity and duration perceptions (i.e. connectedness and multisensory integration), we show that the integration between numerosity and time can be symmetrical if the stimuli entail a similar neural time-course and numerosity unfolds over time. Overall, these findings support the idea of a generalized magnitude system, but also highlight the role of early sensory processing in magnitude representation and integration.

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5

Fornaciai, Michele, and Joonkoo Park. "Serial dependence in numerosity perception." Journal of Vision 18, no. 9 (September 17, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/18.9.15.

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6

Takao, Saki, and Katsumi Watanabe. "Ebbinghaus illusion changes numerosity perception." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 83 (September 11, 2019): 3C—047–3C—047. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.83.0_3c-047.

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7

Ciccione, Lorenzo, and Stanislas Dehaene. "Grouping Mechanisms in Numerosity Perception." Open Mind 4 (November 2020): 102–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00037.

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Enumeration of a dot array is faster and easier if the items form recognizable subgroups. This phenomenon, which has been termed “groupitizing,” appears in children after one year of formal education and correlates with arithmetic abilities. We formulated and tested the hypothesis that groupitizing reflects an ability to sidestep counting by using arithmetic shortcuts, for instance, using the grouping structure to add or multiply rather than just count. Three groups of students with different levels of familiarity with mathematics were asked to name the numerosity of sets of 1–15 dots in various arrangements, for instance, 9 represented as a single group of 9 items, three distinct groups of 2, 3, and 4 items (affording addition 2 + 3 + 4), or three identical groups of 3 items (affording multiplication 3 × 3). Grouping systematically improved enumeration performance, regardless of whether the items were grouped spatially or by color alone, but only when an array was divided into subgroups with the same number of items. Response times and error patterns supported the hypothesis of a multiplication process. Our results demonstrate that even a simple enumeration task involves mental arithmetic.

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8

Anobile, Giovanni, Maria C. Morrone, Daniela Ricci, Francesca Gallini, Ilaria Merusi, and Francesca Tinelli. "Typical Crossmodal Numerosity Perception in Preterm Newborns." Multisensory Research 34, no. 7 (May 12, 2021): 693–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-bja10051.

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Abstract Premature birth is associated with a high risk of damage in the parietal cortex, a key area for numerical and non-numerical magnitude perception and mathematical reasoning. Children born preterm have higher rates of learning difficulties for school mathematics. In this study, we investigated how preterm newborns (born at 28–34 weeks of gestation age) and full-term newborns respond to visual numerosity after habituation to auditory stimuli of different numerosities. The results show that the two groups have a similar preferential looking response to visual numerosity, both preferring the incongruent set after crossmodal habituation. These results suggest that the numerosity system is resistant to prematurity.

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9

van Dijk, Jelle A., Maartje C. de Jong, Gio Piantoni, Alessio Fracasso, Mariska J. Vansteensel, Iris I. A. Groen, Natalia Petridou, and Serge O. Dumoulin. "Intracranial recordings show evidence of numerosity tuning in human parietal cortex." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): e0272087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272087.

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Numerosity is the set size of a group of items. Numerosity perception is a trait shared across numerous species. Numerosity-selective neural populations are thought to underlie numerosity perception. These neurons have been identified primarily using electrical recordings in animal models and blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans. Here we use electrical intracranial recordings to investigate numerosity tuning in humans, focusing on high-frequency transient activations. These recordings combine a high spatial and temporal resolution and can bridge the gap between animal models and human recordings. In line with previous studies, we find numerosity-tuned responses at parietal sites in two out of three participants. Neuronal populations at these locations did not respond to other visual stimuli, i.e. faces, houses, and letters, in contrast to several occipital sites. Our findings further corroborate the specificity of numerosity tuning of in parietal cortex, and further link fMRI results and electrophysiological recordings.

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10

Agostini, Tiziano, and Riccardo Luccio. "Müller-Lyer Illusion and Perception of Numerosity." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 3 (June 1994): 937–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003151259407800347.

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Illusion of numerosity can be observed in many of the classical illusions of linear extent by replacing the uninterrupted lines with rows of dots. Using the method of constant stimuli both length and numerosity illusions move in the same direction, whereas using a magnitude-estimation method the two illusions move in opposite directions. Two experiments show that this inversion occurs also in the Müller-Lyer illusion.

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11

Cavdaroglu, Seda, and André Knops. "Evidence for a Posterior Parietal Cortex Contribution to Spatial but not Temporal Numerosity Perception." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 7 (July 27, 2018): 2965–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy163.

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Abstract Posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is thought to encode and represent the number of objects in a visual scene (i.e., numerosity). Whether this representation is shared for simultaneous and sequential stimuli (i.e., mode independency) is debated. We tested the existence of a common neural substrate for the encoding of these modes using fMRI. While both modes elicited overlapping BOLD response in occipital areas, only simultaneous numerosities significantly activated PPC. Unique activation for sequential numerosities was found in bilateral temporal areas. Multivoxel pattern analysis revealed numerosity selectivity in PPC only for simultaneous numerosities and revealed differential encoding of presentation modes. Voxel-wise numerosity tuning functions for simultaneous numerosities in occipital and parietal ROIs revealed increasing numerosity selectivity along an occipito-to-parietal gradient. Our results suggest that the parietal cortex is involved in the extraction of spatial but not temporal numerosity and question the idea of commonly used cortical circuits for a mode-independent numerosity representation.

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12

Takao, Saki, and Katsumi Watanabe. "The Ebbinghaus illusion changes numerosity perception." Journal of Vision 18, no. 10 (September 1, 2018): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/18.10.1172.

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13

Tsouli, Andromachi, Maarten J. van der Smagt, Serge O. Dumoulin, and Susan F. te Pas. "Distinct temporal mechanisms modulate numerosity perception." Journal of Vision 19, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.6.19.

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14

Burr, David, Guido Cicchini, and Giovanni Anobile. "Spontaneous perception of numerosity in humans." Journal of Vision 17, no. 10 (August 31, 2017): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.10.744.

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15

Shuman, M., and E. Spelke. "and element size bias numerosity perception." Journal of Vision 6, no. 6 (March 24, 2010): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/6.6.777.

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16

Starkey, Prentice. "Auditory perception of numerosity by infants." Infant Behavior and Development 9 (April 1986): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(86)80364-2.

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17

Cheyette, Samuel J., and Steven T. Piantadosi. "A unified account of numerosity perception." Nature Human Behaviour 4, no. 12 (September 14, 2020): 1265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-00946-0.

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18

Van Loosbroek, Erik, and Ad W. Smitsman. "Visual perception of numerosity in infancy." Developmental Psychology 26, no. 6 (1990): 916–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.26.6.911.b.

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19

Valsecchi, Matteo, Natale Stucchi, and Lisa Scocchia. "Repulsive Serial Effects in Visual Numerosity Judgments." Perception 47, no. 7 (May 6, 2018): 780–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006618775235.

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We investigated how the approximate perceived numerosity of ensembles of visual elements is modulated by the numerosity of previously viewed ensembles depending on whether the first ensemble is held in visual working memory or not. We show that the numerosity of the previously seen ensemble has a repulsive effect, that is, a stimulus with high numerosity induces an underestimation of the following one and vice versa. This repulsive effect is present regardless of whether the first stimulus is memorized or not. While subtle changes of the experimental paradigm can have major consequences for the nature of interstimulus dependencies in perception, generally speaking the fact that we found such effects in a visual numerosity estimation task confirms that the process by which human observers produce estimates of the number of elements bears analogies to the processes that lead to the perception of visual dimensions such as orientation.

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20

Petrizzo, Irene, Giovanni Anobile, Eleonora Chelli, Roberto Arrighi, and David Charles Burr. "Visual Duration but Not Numerosity Is Distorted While Running." Brain Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12010081.

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There is increasing evidence that action and perception interact in the processing of magnitudes such as duration and numerosity. Sustained physical exercise (such as running or cycling) increases the apparent duration of visual stimuli presented during the activity. However, the effect of exercise on numerosity perception has not yet been investigated. Here, we asked participants to make either a temporal or a numerical judgment by comparing the duration or numerosity of standard stimuli displayed at rest with those presented while running. The results support previous reports in showing that physical activity significantly expands perceived duration; however, it had no effect on perceived numerosity. Furthermore, the distortions of the perceived durations vanished soon after the running session, making it unlikely that physiological factors such as heart rate underlie the temporal distortion. Taken together, these results suggest a domain-selective influence of the motor system on the perception of time, rather than a general effect on magnitude.

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21

Yu, Ru Qi, and Jiaying Zhao. "Numerosity perception is distinct from mean or sum perception." Journal of Vision 15, no. 12 (September 1, 2015): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/15.12.1030.

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22

Alam, Seemen, Riccardo Luccio, and Fulvia Vardabasso. "Regularity, Exposure Time and Perception of Numerosity." Perceptual and Motor Skills 63, no. 2 (October 1986): 883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.63.2.883.

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Two experiments are described. In Exp. 1, subjects compared the apparent numerosity of two kinds of dot patterns, regular vs irregular, with two different exposures (160 vs 2000 msec). In Exp. 2, the subjects had to estimate the numerosity of the same patterns, presented one at a time. Analysis showed a relative overestimation of the regular patterns in Exp. 1 but not in Exp. 2. In general an overestimation occurred with an increase in exposure. Such results support our hypothesis of two separate processes as the basis of the two kinds of performance (estimating vs comparison).

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23

Liu, Wei, Zhi-Jun Zhang, Bing-Chen Li, Ya-Jun Zhao, and Yi Tang. "Numerosity adaptation along the Y-Axis affects numerosity perception along the X-Axis: does numerosity adaptation activate MNLs?" Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 77, no. 4 (March 19, 2015): 1358–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-015-0863-z.

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24

Anobile, Giovanni, Guido Marco Cicchini, Antonella Pomè, and David Charles Burr. "Connecting visual objects reduces perceived numerosity and density for sparse but not dense patterns." Journal of Numerical Cognition 3, no. 2 (December 22, 2017): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.v3i2.38.

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How is numerosity encoded by the visual system? – directly, or derived indirectly from texture density? We recently suggested that the numerosity of sparse patterns is encoded directly by dedicated mechanisms (which have been described as the “Approximate Number System” ANS). However, at high dot densities, where items become “crowded” and difficult to segregate, “texture-density” mechanisms come into play. Here we tested the importance of item segmentation on numerosity and density perception at various stimulus densities, by measuring the effect of connecting visual objects with thin lines. The results confirmed many previous studies showing that connecting items robustly reduces the apparent numerosity of patterns of moderate density. We further showed that the apparent density of moderate-density patterns is also reduced by connecting the dots. Crucially, we found that both these effects are strongly reduced at higher numerosities. Indeed for density judgments, the effect reverses, so connecting dots in dense patterns increases the apparent density (as expected from the physical characteristics). The results provide clear support for the three-regime framework of number perception, and suggest that for moderately sparse stimuli, numerosity – but not texture-density – is perceived directly.

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Maldonado Moscoso, Paula A., Guido M. Cicchini, Roberto Arrighi, and David C. Burr. "Adaptation to hand-tapping affects sensory processing of numerosity directly: evidence from reaction times and confidence." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1927 (May 27, 2020): 20200801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0801.

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Like most perceptual attributes, the perception of numerosity is susceptible to adaptation, both to prolonged viewing of spatial arrays and to repeated motor actions such as hand-tapping. However, the possibility has been raised that adaptation may reflect response biases rather than modification of sensory processing. To disentangle these two possibilities, we studied visual and motor adaptation of numerosity perception while measuring confidence and reaction times. Both sensory and motor adaptation robustly distorted numerosity estimates, and these shifts in perceived numerosity were accompanied by similar shifts in confidence and reaction-time distributions. After adaptation, maximum uncertainty and slowest response-times occurred at the point of subjective (rather than physical) equality of the matching task, suggesting that adaptation acts directly on the sensory representation of numerosity, before the decisional processes. On the other hand, making reward response-contingent, which also caused robust shifts in the psychometric function, caused no significant shifts in confidence or reaction-time distributions. These results reinforce evidence for shared mechanisms that encode the quantity of both internally and externally generated events, and advance a useful general technique to test whether contextual effects like adaptation and serial dependence really affect sensory processing.

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26

Ginsburg, Norman, and Laraine Pringle. "Haptic Numerosity Perception: Effect of Item Arrangement." American Journal of Psychology 101, no. 1 (1988): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1422798.

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27

AGOSTINI, TIZIANO, and RICCARDO LUCCIO. "MULLER-LYER ILLUSION AND PERCEPTION OF NUMEROSITY." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 3 (June 1994): 937–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.3.937.

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28

Tsouli, Andromachi, Maarten J. van der Smagt, Serge O. Dumoulin, and Susan F. te Pas. "How do temporal mechanisms influence numerosity perception?" Journal of Vision 19, no. 10 (September 6, 2019): 211b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.10.211b.

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29

O’Sullivan, Michael. "Number and Illusion: Representation and Numerosity Perception." Topoi 36, no. 2 (November 6, 2014): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11245-014-9277-0.

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30

Yamashita, Toshiyuki. "Fuzzy Logical Approach to Perception of Dot Numerosity." Perceptual and Motor Skills 69, no. 3_suppl (December 1989): 1319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.69.3f.1319.

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The present study utilized a fuzzy logical approach for understanding human perception or judgments of dot numerosity. In Exp. 1 subjects were required to view dot patterns and to judge the truthfulness of the single and combined statements which asserted that the number of dots was large. The results indicated that (a) the rules based on the minimum and maximum truthfulness of the component statements best approximate subjective conjunction and disjunction about dot numerosity, when subjects kept the operations of the standard logic system in mind, (b) When the subjects based their judgments on perceptive impression, their judgments were best fitted by the multiplicative form.

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31

Yamashita, Toshiyuki. "Fuzzy Logical Approach to Perception of Dot Numerosity." Perceptual and Motor Skills 69, no. 3-2 (December 1989): 1319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00315125890693-247.

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The present study utilized a fuzzy logical approach for understanding human perception or judgments of dot numerosity. In Exp. 1 subjects were required to view dot patterns and to judge the truthfulness of the single and combined statements which asserted that the number of dots was large. The results indicated that (a) the rules based on the minimum and maximum truthfulness of the component statements best approximate subjective conjunction and disjunction about dot numerosity, when subjects kept the operations of the standard logic system in mind. (b) When the subjects based their judgments on perceptive impression, their judgments were best fitted by the multiplicative form.

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32

Tonelli, Alessia, Irene Togoli, Roberto Arrighi, and Monica Gori. "Deprivation of Auditory Experience Influences Numerosity Discrimination, but Not Numerosity Estimation." Brain Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 29, 2022): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12020179.

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Number sense is the ability to estimate the number of items, and it is common to many species. Despite the numerous studies dedicated to unveiling how numerosity is processed in the human brain, to date, it is not clear whether the representation of numerosity is supported by a single general mechanism or by multiple mechanisms. Since it is known that deafness entails a selective impairment in the processing of temporal information, we assessed the approximate numerical abilities of deaf individuals to disentangle these two hypotheses. We used a numerosity discrimination task (2AFC) and an estimation task, in both cases using sequential (temporal) or simultaneous (spatial) stimuli. The results showed a selective impairment of the deaf participants compared with the controls (hearing) in the temporal numerosity discrimination task, while no difference was found to discriminate spatial numerosity. Interestingly, the deaf and hearing participants did not differ in spatial or temporal numerosity estimation. Overall, our results suggest that the deficit in temporal processing induced by deafness also impacts perception in other domains such as numerosity, where sensory information is conveyed in a temporal format, which further suggests the existence of separate mechanisms subserving the processing of temporal and spatial numerosity.

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33

Maldonado Moscoso, Paula, Elisa Castaldi, Roberto Arrighi, Caterina Primi, Camilla Caponi, Salvatore Buonincontro, Francesca Bolognini, and Giovanni Anobile. "Mathematics and Numerosity but Not Visuo-Spatial Working Memory Correlate with Mathematical Anxiety in Adults." Brain Sciences 12, no. 4 (March 22, 2022): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12040422.

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Many individuals, when faced with mathematical tasks or situations requiring arithmetic skills, experience exaggerated levels of anxiety. Mathematical anxiety (MA), in addition to causing discomfort, can lead to avoidance behaviors and then to underachievement. However, the factors inducing MA and how MA deploys its detrimental effects are still largely debated. There is evidence suggesting that MA affects working memory capacity by further diminishing its limited processing resources. An alternative account postulates that MA originates from a coarse early numerical cognition capacity, the perception of numerosity. In the current study, we measured MA, math abilities, numerosity perception and visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM) in a sample of neurotypical adults. Correlational analyses confirmed previous studies showing that high MA was associated with lower math scores and worse numerosity estimation precision. Conversely, MA turned out to be unrelated to VSWM capacities. Finally, partial correlations revealed that MA fully accounted for the relationship between numerosity estimation precision and math abilities, suggesting a key role for MA as a mediating factor between these two domains.

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Tsourtou, Vasiliki. "Infants’ intermodal perception of numerosity in an experimental study with objects and socially salient stimuli." Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 19, no. 4 (October 15, 2020): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23697.

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In the present cross-sectional experimental study we investigated infants’ early ability to intermodally detect numerosity of visual-auditory object-like and social stimuli. We assumed that presentation of face – voice stimuli would distract infants’ attention from detection of numerical invariant. Seventy-eight infants (aged 5, 7 and 9 months) participated in four experimental Conditions (simultaneously projected pairs of identical objects, non-identical objects, objects projected together with familiar face and objects projected together with unfamiliar face). Visual stimuli in each trial varied in numerosity (1 -2 / 1-3 / 2 -3) and they were accompanied by piano sounds or voice sounds also varying in numerosity (one, two or three sounds in La tonality). By means of preferential looking technique, we measured infants’ fixation of attention to the visual stimulus that numerically matched with the sound. When object-like stimuli were projected, infants –except 5-month-old boys –tended to intermodally detect numerical invariant. Shape similarity of the objects facilitated infants’ intermodal detection of numerosity. When socially salient stimuli were co-presented with object-like stimuli, infants preferred to look at the face, ignoring numerosity of the auditory stimulus. Nor sound quality (piano vs. voice) neither familiarity of the face (mother’s face vs. stranger woman’s face) affected infants’ perception. Although intermodal detection of perceptual cues is a primary function of both face and number perception, each one of these perceptual systems seems to follow a different developmental path.

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35

Fornaciai, Michele, and Joonkoo Park. "Neural Dynamics of Serial Dependence in Numerosity Perception." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 1 (January 2020): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01474.

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Serial dependence—an attractive perceptual bias whereby a current stimulus is perceived to be similar to previously seen ones—is thought to represent the process that facilitates the stability and continuity of visual perception. Recent results demonstrate a neural signature of serial dependence in numerosity perception, emerging very early in the time course during perceptual processing. However, whether such a perceptual signature is retained after the initial processing remains unknown. Here, we address this question by investigating the neural dynamics of serial dependence using a recently developed technique that allowed a reactivation of hidden memory states. Participants performed a numerosity discrimination task during EEG recording, with task-relevant dot array stimuli preceded by a task-irrelevant stimulus inducing serial dependence. Importantly, the neural network storing the representation of the numerosity stimulus was perturbed (or pinged) so that the hidden states of that representation can be explicitly quantified. The results first show that a neural signature of serial dependence emerges early in the brain signals, starting soon after stimulus onset. Critical to the central question, the pings at a later latency could successfully reactivate the biased representation of the initial stimulus carrying the signature of serial dependence. These results provide one of the first pieces of empirical evidence that the biased neural representation of a stimulus initially induced by serial dependence is preserved throughout a relatively long period.

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36

Viswanathan, Pooja, and Andreas Nieder. "Spatial Neuronal Integration Supports a Global Representation of Visual Numerosity in Primate Association Cortices." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 6 (June 2020): 1184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01548.

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Our sense of number rests on the activity of neurons that are tuned to the number of items and show great invariance across display formats and modalities. Whether numerosity coding becomes abstracted from local spatial representations characteristic of visual input is not known. We mapped the visual receptive fields (RFs) of numerosity-selective neurons in the pFC and ventral intraparietal area in rhesus monkeys. We found numerosity selectivity in pFC and ventral intraparietal neurons irrespective of whether they exhibited an RF and independent of the location of their RFs. RFs were not predictive of the preference of numerosity-selective neurons. Furthermore, the presence and location of RFs had no impact on tuning width and quality of the numerosity-selective neurons. These findings show that neurons in frontal and parietal cortices integrate abstract visuospatial stimuli to give rise to global and spatially released number representations as required for number perception.

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37

Grasso, Paolo Antonino, Giovanni Anobile, Roberto Arrighi, David Charles Burr, and Guido Marco Cicchini. "Numerosity perception is tuned to salient environmental features." iScience 25, no. 4 (April 2022): 104104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104104.

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38

Grasso, Paolo A., Giovanni Anobile, Camilla Caponi, and Roberto Arrighi. "Implicit visuospatial attention shapes numerosity adaptation and perception." Journal of Vision 21, no. 8 (August 27, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.21.8.26.

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39

Broze, Yuri, Brandon T. Paul, Erin T. Allen, and Kathleen M. Guarna. "Polyphonic Voice Multiplicity, Numerosity, and Musical Emotion Perception." Music Perception 32, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2014.32.2.143.

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Three experimental studies suggest that music with more musical voices (higher voice multiplicity) tends to be perceived more positively. In the first experiment, participants heard brief extracts from polyphonic keyboard works representing conditions of one, two, three, or four concurrent musical voices. Two basic emotions (happiness and sadness) and two social emotions (pride and loneliness) were rated on a continuous scale. Listeners rated excerpts with higher voice multiplicity as sounding more happy, less sad, less lonely, and more proud. Results from a second experiment indicate that this effect might extend to positive and negative emotions more generally. In a third experiment, participants were asked to count (denumerate) the number of musical voices in the same stimuli. Denumeration responses corresponded closely with ratings for both positive and negative emotions, suggesting that a single musical feature or percept might play a role in both. Possible roles for both symbolic and psychoacoustic musical features are discussed.

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Burr, David, Giovanni Anobile, Irene Togoli, Nicola Domenici, and Roberto Arrighi. "Motor adaptation affects perception of time and numerosity." Journal of Vision 19, no. 10 (September 6, 2019): 164b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.10.164b.

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Anobile, Giovanni, Guido Marco Cicchini, and David C. Burr. "Separate Mechanisms for Perception of Numerosity and Density." Psychological Science 25, no. 1 (November 22, 2013): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797613501520.

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Deschamps, Isabelle, Galit Agmon, Yonatan Loewenstein, and Yosef Grodzinsky. "The processing of polar quantifiers, and numerosity perception." Cognition 143 (October 2015): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2015.06.006.

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Butterworth, Brian. "Numerosity Perception: How Many Speckles on the Hen?" Current Biology 18, no. 9 (May 2008): R388—R389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.014.

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Ambrosi, Pierfrancesco. "Spontaneous Perception of Numerosity Revealed by Continuous Tracking." Journal of Vision 22, no. 14 (December 5, 2022): 3051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.22.14.3051.

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Saiu, Salvatore, Francesco Massara, and Daniele Porcheddu. "Super-Items Created by Mere Presence of Visual Material on Retail Displays." International Business Research 13, no. 5 (April 2, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v13n5p1.

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This study focuses on the perception of numerosity of item sets placed in retail displays. Previous studies have demonstrated that the item sets’ perceived numerosity decreases as the number of polygonal shapes placed in a panel behind a display increases. Such a result was explained by a non-spatial clustering phenomenon exerted by the shapes. Our research reveals the perceptual mechanisms underlying the described effect. Using an eye-tracking procedure, we highlight that upon augmenting the number of polygonal shapes in the decision-making context: (a) there is a significant decrease in the number of total fixations per display; (b) there is an underestimation of the perceived numerosity of item sets involved. The findings suggest that the mere presence of visual shapes can alter perception generating complex objects or “super-items”, which tend to perceptually replace entire item sets. We also propose managerial implications in terms of category management and merchandising.

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Crollen, Virginie, Julie Castronovo, and Xavier Seron. "Under- and Over-Estimation." Experimental Psychology 58, no. 1 (May 1, 2011): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000064.

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Over the last 30 years, numerical estimation has been largely studied. Recently, Castronovo and Seron (2007) proposed the bi-directional mapping hypothesis in order to account for the finding that dependent on the type of estimation task (perception vs. production of numerosities), reverse patterns of performance are found (i.e., under- and over-estimation, respectively). Here, we further investigated this hypothesis by submitting adult participants to three types of numerical estimation task: (1) a perception task, in which participants had to estimate the numerosity of a non-symbolic collection; (2) a production task, in which participants had to approximately produce the numerosity of a symbolic numerical input; and (3) a reproduction task, in which participants had to reproduce the numerosity of a non-symbolic numerical input. Our results gave further support to the finding that different patterns of performance are found according to the type of estimation task: (1) under-estimation in the perception task; (2) over-estimation in the production task; and (3) accurate estimation in the reproduction task. Moreover, correlation analyses revealed that the more a participant under-estimated in the perception task, the more he/she over-estimated in the production task. We discussed these empirical data by showing how they can be accounted by the bi-directional mapping hypothesis ( Castronovo & Seron, 2007 ).

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Overvliet, Krista E., Kim Verlaers, Ralf T. Krampe, and Johan Wagemans. "The effect of perceptual grouping on haptic numerosity perception." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x648134.

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In order to investigate the effect of perceptual grouping on haptic numerosity perception, we asked participants to explore tangible dot patterns and report the number of dots present in the display. We hypothesized that when there are subsets of dots that can be grouped together, exploration time will be shorter as compared to a display where no grouping takes place. The base display consists of dots that are equally spaced on a straight line. We manipulated subset grouping by using both proximity and configurational cues. By placing subsets of dots closer together or placing them in a spatial configuration (e.g., in a triangular shape with three dots, or a rectangular shape with four dots), while keeping the total exploration distance constant, we expected to find shorter exploration times as compared to the base display. The results indeed show that both these cues yield faster exploration. We therefore conclude that both proximity and configurational information can influence haptic grouping for numerosity judgments.

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Castaldi, Elisa, David Burr, Marco Turi, and Paola Binda. "Fast saccadic eye-movements in humans suggest that numerosity perception is automatic and direct." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1935 (September 23, 2020): 20201884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1884.

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Fast saccades are rapid automatic oculomotor responses to salient and ecologically important visual stimuli such as animals and faces. Discriminating the number of friends, foe, or prey may also have an evolutionary advantage. In this study, participants were asked to saccade rapidly towards the more numerous of two arrays. Participants could discriminate numerosities with high accuracy and great speed, as fast as 190 ms. Intermediate numerosities were more likely to elicit fast saccades than very low or very high numerosities. Reaction-times for vocal responses (collected in a separate experiment) were slower, did not depend on numerical range, and correlated only with the slow not the fast saccades, pointing to different systems. The short saccadic reaction-times we observe are surprising given that discrimination using numerosity estimation is thought to require a relatively complex neural circuit, with several relays of information through the parietal and prefrontal cortex. Our results suggest that fast numerosity-driven saccades may be generated on a single feed-forward pass of information recruiting a primitive system that cuts through the cortical hierarchy and rapidly transforms the numerosity information into a saccade command.

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Witt, Jessica, and Amelia Warden. "Ensemble Perception: Asymmetrical Relationships between Mean, Variability, and Numerosity." Journal of Vision 21, no. 9 (September 27, 2021): 2639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.21.9.2639.

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Verlaers, K., J. Wagemans, and K. E. Overvliet. "The effect of perceptual grouping on haptic numerosity perception." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 77, no. 1 (September 24, 2014): 353–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-014-0770-8.

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