Relevant bibliographies by topics / Numerical understanding

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Numerical understanding'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 24 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Numerical understanding"

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Gómez, Daniel O., and Pablo D. Mininni. "Understanding turbulence through numerical simulations." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 342, no. 1-2 (October 2004): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2004.04.061.

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Sophian, Catherine. "Infants' understanding of numerical transformations." Infant Behavior and Development 9 (April 1986): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(86)80357-5.

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Sophian, Catherine, and Norene Adams. "Infants' understanding of numerical transformations." British Journal of Developmental Psychology 5, no. 3 (September 1987): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835x.1987.tb01061.x.

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Bornemann, Folkmar. "A model for understanding numerical stability." IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imanum/drl037.

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Norton, Anderson, and Julie Nurnberger-Haag. "Bridging frameworks for understanding numerical cognition." Journal of Numerical Cognition 4, no. 1 (June 7, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.v4i1.160.

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Flagello, D. G., A. E. Rosenbluth, C. Progler, and J. Armitage. "Understanding high numerical aperture optical lithography." Microelectronic Engineering 17, no. 1-4 (March 1992): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9317(92)90021-i.

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Patrick, Chris. "Understanding supersonic combustion with numerical simulation." Scilight 2021, no. 21 (May 21, 2021): 211106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0005106.

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Singh, Srishti, Shubham Agrawal, and Attreyee Ghosh. "Understanding Deep Earth Dynamics:A Numerical Modelling Approach." Current Science 112, no. 07 (April 1, 2017): 1463. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v112/i07/1463-1473.

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Hart, R. "Enhancing rock stress understanding through numerical analysis." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 40, no. 7-8 (October 2003): 1089–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1365-1609(03)00116-3.

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Apuani, Tiziana, Claudia Corazzato, Andrea Merri, and Alessandro Tibaldi. "Understanding Etna flank instability through numerical models." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 251 (February 2013): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.06.015.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Numerical understanding"

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Tan, Lynne S. C. "Numerical understanding in infancy." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388999.

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Collins, Benjamin Forster Stevenson David John Sari Re'em. "Understanding the solar system with numerical simulations and Lévy flights /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2009. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-05292009-130440.

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Park, Hyekyung. "Toward a Comprehensive Developmental Theory for Symbolic Magnitude Understanding." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu159136679184101.

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Lachky, Stephen Thomas. "Understanding patterns of rural decline : a numerical analysis among Kansas counties." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/3746.

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Green, Daniel. "Understanding urban rainfall-runoff responses using physical and numerical modelling approaches." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2018. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33530.

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This thesis provides a novel investigation into rainfall-runoff processes occurring within a unique two-tiered depth-driven overland flow physical modelling environment, as well as within a numerical model context where parameterisation and DEM/building resolution influences have been investigated using an innovative de-coupled methodology. Two approaches to simulating urban rainfall-runoff responses were used. Firstly, a novel, 9 m2 physical modelling environment consisting of a: (i) a low-cost rainfall simulator component able to simulate consistent, uniformly distributed rainfall events of varying duration and intensity, and; (ii) a modular plot surface layer was used. Secondly, a numerical hydroinundation model (FloodMap2D-HydroInundation) was used to simulate a short-duration, high intensity surface water flood event (28th June 2012, Loughborough University campus). The physical model showed sensitivities to a number of meteorological and terrestrial factors. Results demonstrated intuitive model sensitivity to increasing the intensity and duration of rainfall, resulting in higher peak discharges and larger outflow volumes at the model outflow unit, as well as increases in the water depth within the physical model plot surface. Increases in percentage permeability were also shown to alter outflow flood hydrograph shape, volume, magnitude and timing due to storages within the physical model plot. Thus, a reduction in the overall volume of water received at the outflow hydrograph and a decrease in the peak of the flood event was observed with an increase in permeability coverage. Increases in the density of buildings resulted in a more rapid receding limb of the hydrograph and a steeper rising limb, suggesting a more rapid hydrological response. This indicates that buildings can have a channelling influence on surface water flows as well as a blockage effect. The layout and distribution of permeable elements was also shown to affect the rainfall-runoff response recorded at the model outflow, with downstream concentrated permeability resulting in statistically different hydrograph outflow data, but the layout of buildings was not seen to result in significant changes to the outflow flood hydrographs; outflow hydrographs appeared to only be influenced by the actual quantity and density of buildings, rather than their spatial distribution and placement within the catchment. Parameterisation of hydraulic (roughness) and hydrological (drainage rate, infiltration and evapotranspiration) model variables, and the influence of mesh resolution of elevation and building elements on surface water inundation outputs, both at the global and local level, were studied. Further, the viability of crowdsourced approaches to provide external model validation data in conjunction with dGPS water depth data was assessed. Parameterisation demonstrated that drainage rate changes within the expected range of parameter values resulted in considerable losses from the numerical model domain at global and local scales. Further, the model was also shown to be moderately sensitive to hydraulic conductivity and roughness parameterisation at both scales of analysis. Conversely, the parameterisation of evapotranspiration demonstrated that the model was largely insensitive to any changes of evapotranspiration rates at the global and local scales. Detailed analyses at the hotspot level were critical to calibrate and validate the numerical model, as well as allowing small-scale variations to be understood using at-a-point hydrograph assessments. A localised analysis was shown to be especially important to identify the effects of resolution changes in the DEM and buildings which were shown to be spatially dependent on the density, presence, size and geometry of buildings within the study site. The resolution of the topographic elements of a DEM were also shown to be crucial in altering the flood characteristics at the global and localised hotspot levels. A novel de-coupled investigation of the elevation and building components of the DEM in a strategic matrix of scenarios was used to understand the independent influence of building and topographic mesh resolution effects on surface water flood outputs. Notably, the inclusion of buildings on a DEM surface was shown to have a considerable influence on the distribution of flood waters through time (regardless of resolution), with the exclusion of buildings from the DEM grid being shown to produce less accurate results than altering the overall resolution of the horizontal DEM grid cells. This suggests that future surface water flood studies should focus on the inclusion and representation of buildings and structural features present on the DEM surface as these have a crucial role in modifying rainfall-runoff responses. Focus on building representation was shown to be more vital than concentrating on advances in the horizontal resolution of the grid cells which make up a DEM, as a DEM resolution of 2 m was shown to be sufficiently detailed to conduct the urban surface water flood modelling undertaken, supporting previous inundation research.
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Nowak, Stephanie Beth. "Understanding Time-Variant Stress-Strain in Turkey: A Numerical Modeling Approach." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26072.

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Over the past century, a series of large (> 6.5) magnitude earthquakes have struck along the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) in Turkey in a roughly East to West progression. The progression of this earthquake sequence began in 1939 with the Ms 8.0 earthquake near the town of Erzincan and continued westward, with two of the most recent ruptures occurring near the Sea of Marmara in 1999. The sequential nature of ruptures along this fault zone implies that there is a connection between the location of the previous rupture and that of the future rupture zones. This study focuses on understanding how previous rupture events and tectonic influences affect the stress regime of the NAFZ and how these stress changes affect the probability of future rupture along any unbroken segments of the fault zone using a two dimensional finite element modeling program. In this study, stress changes due to an earthquake are estimated using the slip history of the event, estimations of rock and fault properties along the fault zone (elastic parameters), and the far-field tectonic influence due to plate motions. Stress changes are not measured directly. The stress regime is then used to calculate the probability of rupture along another segment of the fault zone. This study found that when improper estimates of rock properties are utilized, the stress changes may be under- or over- estimated by as much as 350% or more. Because these calculated stress changes are used in probability calculations, the estimates of probability can be off by as much as 20%. A two dimensional model was built to reflect the interpreted geophysical and geological variations in elastic parameters and the 1939 through 1999 rupture sequence was modeled. The far-field tectonic influence due to plate motions contributed between 1 and 4 bars of stress to the unbroken segments of the fault zone while earthquake events transferred up to 50 bars of stress to the adjacent portions of the fault zone. The 1999 rupture events near Izmit and Düzce have increased the probability of rupture during the next ten years along faults in the Marmara Sea to 38% while decreasing the probability of rupture along the faults near the city of Bursa by ~6%. Large amounts of strain accumulation are interpreted along faults in the Marmara Sea, further compounding the case for a large rupture event occurring in that area in the future.
Ph. D.
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Williams, Randolph T. "A Combined Experimental and Numerical Approach to Understanding Quartz Cementation in Sandstones." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1339354653.

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Gotow, Drusilla Frey. "Identification of numerical principles prerequisite to a functional understanding of place value." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52293.

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The purpose of this study was to find some remedy to frustrations engendered when children fall to grasp the essential principle of place value after several attempts at reteaching. It was hypothesized that these children must have failed to acquire understanding of some numerical principle(s) prerequisite to understanding the place value aspect of the numeration system. Four plausible prerequisite principles were identified (1) synthesis of ordinal and cardinal properties of the numeration system, (2) both the addition and subtraction operations, (3) understanding of counting by groups, and (4) understanding of exchange equivalences such as one ten for ten ones, etc. It was hypothesized that understanding of analog clock reading was also dependent upon understanding of the same four prerequisite principles. By conducting four pilot studies, six interview protocol instruments were developed to measure levels of understanding for the four prerequisite principles and the place value and clock reading criterion principles. Three levels of understanding: no understanding, transitional understanding, and competence were designated to correspond with Plagetian stages in the development of a new operation. Forty-eight children, twenty with second grade completed and twenty-eight with third grade completed, were tested on all six instruments. Hypotheses tested were: (1) if the four identified prerequisite principles are necessary to understanding of place value, then subjects will demonstrate a level of understanding on the place value measure no higher than their lowest level of understanding achieved on the four prerequisite measures; and (2) if the four identified prerequisite . principles are necessary to understanding of clock reading, then subjects will demonstrate a level of understanding on the clock reading measure no higher than their lowest level of understanding achieved on . the four prerequisite measures. The findings were that both hypotheses were supported at the .01 probability level. Analysis of the research design and examiner observations suggested possible explanations for anomalous aspects of the obtained data. Limitations, directions for further research, and implications for teachers were also discussed.
Ph. D.
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Davis, Clayton Paul. "Understanding and Improving Moment Method Scattering Solutions." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd620.pdf.

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Burke, Lisa Michelle. "Numerical Modeling for Increased Understanding of the Behavior and Performance of Coal Mine Stoppings." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32692.

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To date, research has not focused on the behavior of concrete block stoppings subjected to excessive vertical loading due to roof to floor convergence. For this reason, the failure mechanism of stoppings under vertical loading has not been fully understood. Numerical models were used in combination with physical testing to study the failure mechanisms of concrete block stoppings. Initially, the behavior of a single standard CMU block was observed and simulated using FLAC. Full-scale stoppings were then tested in the Mine Roof Simulator and modeled using UDEC. Through a combination of physical testing and numerical modeling a failure mechanism for concrete block stoppings was established. This failure mechanism consists of development of stress concentrations where a height difference as small as 1/32â exists between adjacent blocks. These stress concentrations lead to tensile cracking and, ultimately, premature failure of the wall.
Master of Science
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Books on the topic "Numerical understanding"

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1940-, Squire P. T., ed. Solving equations with physical understanding. Bristol: A. Hilger, 1985.

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Acton, J. R. Solving equations with physical understanding. Bristol: A. Hilger, 1985.

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Albers, Wulf. Understanding Strategic Interaction: Essays in Honor of Reinhard Selten. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997.

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Elsheikh, Ahmed. Understanding corneal biomechanics through experimental assessment and numerical simulation. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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de Boer, Poppe, George Postma, Kees van der Zwan, Peter Burgess, and Peter Kukla, eds. Analogue and Numerical Modelling of Sedimentary Systems: From Understanding to Prediction. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444303131.

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Geophysical data analysis: Understanding inverse problem theory and practice. Tulsa, OK: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1994.

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Fielding, Jane L. Understanding social statistics. London: SAGE, 2000.

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Blackett, Norman. Developing understanding of trigonometry in boys and girls using a computer to link numerical and visual representations. [s.l.]: typescript, 1990.

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Black, Alison. Just read the label: Understanding nutrition information in numeric, verbal and graphic formats. London: H.M.S.O., 1992.

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Enis, Çetin A., Salvetti Ovidio, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Computational Intelligence for Multimedia Understanding: International Workshop, MUSCLE 2011, Pisa, Italy, December 13-15, 2011, Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Numerical understanding"

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Rosini, Massimiliano Daniele. "Numerical Applications." In Understanding Complex Systems, 167–73. Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00155-5_13.

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Lee, Kun Sang, and Tae Hong Kim. "Numerical Modeling." In Integrative Understanding of Shale Gas Reservoirs, 43–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29296-0_3.

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Champneys, Alan R., and Björn Sandstede. "Numerical Computation of Coherent Structures." In Understanding Complex Systems, 331–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6356-5_11.

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Freire, Emilio, and Alejandro J. Rodríguez-Luis. "Numerical Bifurcation Analysis of Electronic Circuits." In Understanding Complex Systems, 221–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6356-5_7.

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Hoshino, M. "Towards The Understanding of Magnetic Reconnection: Simulation and Satellite Observations." In Numerical Astrophysics, 311–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4780-4_96.

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Bragard, J., S. Marin, E. M. Cherry, and F. H. Fenton. "Study of Cardiac Defibrillation Through Numerical Simulations." In Understanding Complex Systems, 647–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34070-3_47.

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Doedel, Eusebius J. "Lecture Notes on Numerical Analysis of Nonlinear Equations." In Understanding Complex Systems, 1–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6356-5_1.

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Durán, Ángel. "On the Numerical Approximation to Generalized Ostrovsky Equations: I." In Understanding Complex Systems, 339–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66766-9_12.

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Durán, Ángel. "On the Numerical Approximation to Generalized Ostrovsky Equations: II." In Understanding Complex Systems, 369–403. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66766-9_13.

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Charco, María, and Pedro Galán del Sastre. "Finite Element Numerical Solution for Modelling Ground Deformation in Volcanic Areas." In Understanding Complex Systems, 223–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20853-9_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Numerical understanding"

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Ivanova, Tatiana. "Numerical recipes understanding through optical applications." In Education and Training in Optics and Photonics: ETOP 2015. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2223189.

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Mishchenko, Ales, and Natalia Vassilieva. "Chart image understanding and numerical data extraction." In 2011 Sixth International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdim.2011.6093320.

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Stehlík, Milan, Silvia Stehlíková, and Sebastián Torres. "Understanding water extremes with caution." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS 2015 (ICNAAM 2015). Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4951814.

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Cañadas, Beatriz, Luis A. Martínez-Vaquero, Gustavo Yepes, Csaba Balazs, and Fei Wang. "Understanding dark matter with Fermi and numerical simulations." In 5TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON THE DARK SIDE OF THE UNIVERSE. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3264562.

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Rocha, Filipe, Maíra Aguiar, Max Souza, and Nico Stollenwerk. "Understanding the effect of vector dynamics in epidemic models using center manifold analysis." In NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS ICNAAM 2012: International Conference of Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4756398.

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Bellotti, E., F. Bertazzi, J. Bajaj, J. Schuster, and M. Reed. "Understanding Fundamental Material Limitations to Enable Advanced Detector Design." In 2019 International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices (NUSOD). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nusod.2019.8807083.

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Zhao, L., D. B. Anderson, and C. O'Rourke. "Understanding SAGD Producer Wellbore/Reservoir Damage Using Numerical Simulation." In Canadian International Petroleum Conference. Petroleum Society of Canada, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/2005-067.

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Castiñeira Ibañez, Sergio, Daniel Tarrazó Serrano, Juan Vicente Sánchez Pérez, and Constanza Rubio Michavila. "THE USE OF NUMERICAL MODELS FOR UNDERSTANDING ACOUSTIC PHENOMENA." In International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2016.1809.

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Stollenwerk, Nico, Maíra Aguiar, Theodore E. Simos, George Psihoyios, and Ch Tsitouras. "Dynamic Noise and its Role in Understanding Epidemiological Processes." In ICNAAM 2010: International Conference of Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics 2010. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3498586.

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Cañadas, Beatriz, Claudia Cecchi, Stefano Ciprini, Pasquale Lubrano, and Gino Tosti. "Understanding dark matter with Fermi and the CLUES numerical simulation." In SCIENCE WITH THE NEW GENERATION OF HIGH ENERGY GAMMA-RAY EXPERIMENTS: Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Gamma-Ray Physics in the LHC Era. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3395976.

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Reports on the topic "Numerical understanding"

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Spiesberger, John L. Understanding Scattering of Sound at Basin-scales with Numerical Experiments and Theory. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada627924.

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Bates, S. Understanding Ontario's capital investment in numerical modelling under the source protection program: 2005-2015. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/297725.

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Pu, Zhaoxia. Understanding Impacts of Outflow on Tropical Cyclone Formation and Rapid Intensity and Structure Changes with Data Assimilation and High-resolution Numerical Simulations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada598035.

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Sparks, Paul, Jesse Sherburn, William Heard, and Brett Williams. Penetration modeling of ultra‐high performance concrete using multiscale meshfree methods. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41963.

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Terminal ballistics of concrete is of extreme importance to the military and civil communities. Over the past few decades, ultra‐high performance concrete (UHPC) has been developed for various applications in the design of protective structures because UHPC has an enhanced ballistic resistance over conventional strength concrete. Developing predictive numerical models of UHPC subjected to penetration is critical in understanding the material's enhanced performance. This study employs the advanced fundamental concrete (AFC) model, and it runs inside the reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM)‐based code known as the nonlinear meshfree analysis program (NMAP). NMAP is advantageous for modeling impact and penetration problems that exhibit extreme deformation and material fragmentation. A comprehensive experimental study was conducted to characterize the UHPC. The investigation consisted of fracture toughness testing, the utilization of nondestructive microcomputed tomography analysis, and projectile penetration shots on the UHPC targets. To improve the accuracy of the model, a new scaled damage evolution law (SDEL) is employed within the microcrack informed damage model. During the homogenized macroscopic calculation, the corresponding microscopic cell needs to be dimensionally equivalent to the mesh dimension when the partial differential equation becomes ill posed and strain softening ensues. Results of numerical investigations will be compared with results of penetration experiments.
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Karlstrom, Karl, Laura Crossey, Allyson Matthis, and Carl Bowman. Telling time at Grand Canyon National Park: 2020 update. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285173.

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Grand Canyon National Park is all about time and timescales. Time is the currency of our daily life, of history, and of biological evolution. Grand Canyon’s beauty has inspired explorers, artists, and poets. Behind it all, Grand Canyon’s geology and sense of timelessness are among its most prominent and important resources. Grand Canyon has an exceptionally complete and well-exposed rock record of Earth’s history. It is an ideal place to gain a sense of geologic (or deep) time. A visit to the South or North rims, a hike into the canyon of any length, or a trip through the 277-mile (446-km) length of Grand Canyon are awe-inspiring experiences for many reasons, and they often motivate us to look deeper to understand how our human timescales of hundreds and thousands of years overlap with Earth’s many timescales reaching back millions and billions of years. This report summarizes how geologists tell time at Grand Canyon, and the resultant “best” numeric ages for the canyon’s strata based on recent scientific research. By best, we mean the most accurate and precise ages available, given the dating techniques used, geologic constraints, the availability of datable material, and the fossil record of Grand Canyon rock units. This paper updates a previously-published compilation of best numeric ages (Mathis and Bowman 2005a; 2005b; 2007) to incorporate recent revisions in the canyon’s stratigraphic nomenclature and additional numeric age determinations published in the scientific literature. From bottom to top, Grand Canyon’s rocks can be ordered into three “sets” (or primary packages), each with an overarching story. The Vishnu Basement Rocks were once tens of miles deep as North America’s crust formed via collisions of volcanic island chains with the pre-existing continent between 1,840 and 1,375 million years ago. The Grand Canyon Supergroup contains evidence for early single-celled life and represents basins that record the assembly and breakup of an early supercontinent between 729 and 1,255 million years ago. The Layered Paleozoic Rocks encode stories, layer by layer, of dramatic geologic changes and the evolution of animal life during the Paleozoic Era (period of ancient life) between 270 and 530 million years ago. In addition to characterizing the ages and geology of the three sets of rocks, we provide numeric ages for all the groups and formations within each set. Nine tables list the best ages along with information on each unit’s tectonic or depositional environment, and specific information explaining why revisions were made to previously published numeric ages. Photographs, line drawings, and diagrams of the different rock formations are included, as well as an extensive glossary of geologic terms to help define important scientific concepts. The three sets of rocks are separated by rock contacts called unconformities formed during long periods of erosion. This report unravels the Great Unconformity, named by John Wesley Powell 150 years ago, and shows that it is made up of several distinct erosion surfaces. The Great Nonconformity is between the Vishnu Basement Rocks and the Grand Canyon Supergroup. The Great Angular Unconformity is between the Grand Canyon Supergroup and the Layered Paleozoic Rocks. Powell’s term, the Great Unconformity, is used for contacts where the Vishnu Basement Rocks are directly overlain by the Layered Paleozoic Rocks. The time missing at these and other unconformities within the sets is also summarized in this paper—a topic that can be as interesting as the time recorded. Our goal is to provide a single up-to-date reference that summarizes the main facets of when the rocks exposed in the canyon’s walls were formed and their geologic history. This authoritative and readable summary of the age of Grand Canyon rocks will hopefully be helpful to National Park Service staff including resource managers and park interpreters at many levels of geologic understandings...
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