Relevant bibliographies by topics / Numerical aperture

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Numerical aperture'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Numerical aperture"

1

Moheb, H., J. Shaker, and L. Shafai. "Numerical and experimental investigation of cavity-backed arbitrary slot antennas." Canadian Journal of Physics 74, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1996): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p96-019.

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The equivalence principle and the generalized network formulation are used to model the tangential electric field on arbitrary apertures, backed by a rectangular wave guide or cavity, in terms of equivalent magnetic currents. The coupling is through the aperture whose characteristics are expressed by the aperture admittance matrices of the cavity and half-space regions. The aperture coupling is then expressed as the sum of the two independent aperture admittances, with source terms related to the incident field. The result is an integral equation for the unknown aperture current. This integral equation is then reduced to a matrix equation using the method of moments. The formulation is then used to, investigate the electrical characteristics, i.e., aperture field distribution, aperture admittance, and radiation patterns of low-gain antennas such as H, cross, end-loaded, and centre-loaded slots backed by a cavity. Experimental results are also provided to verify the numerical results.
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Qin, Zipeng, Gang Li, Yan Tian, Yuwei Ma, and Pengfei Shen. "Numerical Simulation of Thermal Conductivity of Foam Glass Based on the Steady-State Method." Materials 12, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12010054.

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The effects of fly ash, sodium carbonate content, foaming temperature and foaming time on foam glass aperture sizes and their distribution were analyzed by the orthogonal experimental design. Results from the steady-state method showed a normal distribution of the number of apertures with change in average aperture, which ranges from 0.1 to 2.0 mm for more than 93% of apertures. For a given porosity, the thermal conductivity decreases with the increase of the aperture size. The apertures in the sample have obvious effects in blocking the heat flow transmission: heat flow is quickly diverted to both sides when encountered with the aperture. When the thickness of the sample is constant, the thermal resistance of the foam glass sample increases with increasing porosity, leading to better thermal insulation. Furthermore, our results suggest that the more evenly distributed and orderly arranged the apertures are in the foam glass material, the larger the thermal resistance of the material and hence, the better the thermal insulation.
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Tandler, H., L. Schreiber, U. Simon, and H. E. Keller. "Resolution in Light Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 1175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600012769.

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The resolution in conventional light microscopy was defined by Abbe as: Wavelength (λ) and Numerical Aperture (NA) have a direct influence while the factor (c) is dependent upon the geometry of the illumination and observation beam paths. Some typical examples are:High illumination apertures in darkfield or oblique illumination or specific ratios between illumination and observation aperture can substantially improve resolution. Various shapes of the illumination aperture, annular, point, centered or off axis at different azimuths directly influence numerical aperture and coherence and with this resolution, contrast and depth.In mirror objectives low apertures become vignetted, the resolution is enhanced at the expense of contrast. In studies of Hopkins and Barham the factor “c” can range from 0.5 to 0.8. For the practically attainable condition, where illumination and observation aperture are identical, “c” becomes 0.61 and we have partial coherence.Exceeding the observation aperture on the illumination side reduces “c” further but diffraction significantly reduces contrast.
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Liu, Richeng, Yujing Jiang, Hongwen Jing, and Liyuan Yu. "Nonlinear Flow Characteristics of a System of Two Intersecting Fractures with Different Apertures." Processes 6, no. 7 (July 20, 2018): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6070094.

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The nonlinear flow regimes of a crossed fracture model consisting of two fractures have been investigated, in which the influences of hydraulic gradient, surface roughness, intersecting angle, and scale effect have been taken into account. However, in these attempts, the aperture of the two crossed fractures is the same and effects of aperture ratio have not been considered. This study aims to extend their works, characterizing nonlinear flow through a system of two intersecting fractures with different apertures. First, three experiment models with two fractures having different apertures were established and flow tests were carried out. Then, numerical simulations by solving the Navier-Stokes equations were performed and the results compared with the experiment results. Finally, the effects of fracture aperture on the critical pressure difference and the ratio of hydraulic aperture to mechanical aperture were systematically analyzed. The results show that the numerical simulation results agree well with those of the fluid flow tests, which indicates that the visualization techniques and the numerical simulation code are reliable. With the increment of flow rate, the pressure difference increases first linearly and then nonlinearly, which can be best fitted using Forchheimer’s law. The two coefficients in Forchheimer’s law decrease with the increasing number of outlets. When increasing fracture aperture from 3 mm to 5 mm, the critical pressure difference increases significantly. However, when continuously increasing fracture aperture from 5 mm to 7 mm, the critical pressure difference changes are negligibly small. The ratio of hydraulic aperture to mechanical aperture decreases more significantly for a fracture that has a larger aperture. Increasing fracture aperture from 5 mm to 7 mm, that has a negligibly small effect on the critical pressure difference will however significantly influence the ratio of hydraulic aperture to mechanical aperture.
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Normatov, Alexander, Boris Spektor, and Joseph Shamir. "Analysis of Phase Distribution of Focused Light in High Numerical Aperture Systems." Key Engineering Materials 437 (May 2010): 616–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.437.616.

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High numerical aperture focusing is becoming increasingly important for nanotechnology related applications. Rigorous, vector evaluation of the focused field, in such cases, is usually performed using the Richards-Wolf method which is based on the Debye approach. The resulting field is known to have a piecewise quasi planar phase. A corresponding result, produced by a Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral for aplanatic optical systems of medium and low numerical apertures, leads to the well known physical fact that a quadratic phase exists when the entrance pupil is not located at the front focal plane. Yet, the amplitudes produced in both ways are in a good agreement. In this work we investigated the difference, presented above, in a 2D system with the help of the Stratton-Chu diffraction integral. The amplitude obtained by the Stratton-Chu integral was quite similar to the classic results while the phase exhibited a quadratic behavior, with the quadratic coefficient depending on the numerical aperture of the optical system. For lower numerical apertures it approached the result obtained by the Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral while for higher numerical apertures it was approaching the Richards-Wolf result. A mathematical expression for the quadratic coefficient was derived and verified for various values of numerical aperture.
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Benı́tez, Pablo, and Juan C. Miñano. "Ultrahigh-numerical-aperture imaging concentrator." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 14, no. 8 (August 1, 1997): 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.14.001988.

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Singh, R. N., A. E. Rosenbluth, G. L. T. Chiu, and J. S. Wilczynski. "High-numerical-aperture optical designs." IBM Journal of Research and Development 41, no. 1.2 (January 1997): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1147/rd.411.0039.

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Liu, Yong-Qiang, Jinhai Sun, Yongxing Che, Kainan Qi, Liangsheng Li, and Hongcheng Yin. "High numerical aperture microwave metalens." Optics Letters 45, no. 22 (November 12, 2020): 6262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.412040.

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Gallatin, Gregg M. "High-numerical-aperture scalar imaging." Applied Optics 40, no. 28 (October 1, 2001): 4958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.40.004958.

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Wadsworth, W. J., R. M. Percival, G. Bouwmans, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, T. D. Hedley, and P. St. J. Russell. "Very High Numerical Aperture Fibers." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 16, no. 3 (March 2004): 843–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2004.823689.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Numerical aperture"

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Munro, Peter Robert Thomas. "Application of numerical methods to high numerical aperture imaging." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427816.

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Flagello, Donis George. "High numerical aperture imaging in homogeneous thin films." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186395.

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This dissertation investigates imaging phenomena by lenses of high relative numerical aperture (NA) in the first layer of a homogeneous thin film stack. The imaging is described by a high NA model that combines elements of vector imaging theory with traditional thin-film optics. Various examples are studied with an emphasis on analyzing the polarization effects of the illumination. Experiments are shown that verify aspects of the model. A brief review of the development of high NA imaging theory is given. The use of the Debye approximation dominates most of the previous work. Investigation of imaging in thin films has been limited to the area of micro-photolithography, where verification studies are done in photoresist. High NA imaging in films is described in terms of matrix formalism. The image is based on the Debye approach in which the vector field is characterized as a plane wave decomposition for each Cartesian component of the electric field, E. This is used to describe propagation from object to entrance pupil, from entrance pupil to exit pupil, and from exit pupil to thin-film stack. If the first film of the stack is located at or near focus, the amplitude and phase of each plane wave, weighted by factors due to polarization, aberration and object diffraction, are used as input into thin-film equations to calculate the local field volume. The image distribution within the film is described by the absorbed electric energy distribution, which is proportional to |E|². The overall effect of the film is shown to significantly reduce vector effects and asymmetries in the image. This is mainly due to the reduction of NA in the film by refraction. The image of a tri-bar object with an extreme NA of 0.95 is simulated. The differences between two orthogonal polarizations are shown to be small. This is attributed to the large contribution due to the central zone of the pupil. The behavior is shown to be similar to three-beam interference. Modification of this simulation with a annular pupil results in image behavior that is very similar to two-beam interference with increased image differences between two polarizations. Two-beam and three-beam interference is shown to be derived from the general imaging equation, resulting in concise analytic vector equations. Experimental verification in photoresist film is shown using a cross-sectioning technique that highlights the image distribution. Structural artifacts within the simulated image are identified in experimental scanning electron microscope photographs. Large differences are seen between S and P polarized illumination.
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O'Connor, Arthur Bruce 1963. "Polarization properties of high numerical aperture holographic optical elements." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277172.

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The polarization dependent diffraction efficiency and imaging properties of high numerical aperture (N.A.) holographic optical elements (HOEs) were investigated to determine the suitability of these elements for magneto-optic data storage head applications. Two-wave first-order coupled wave theory was combined with a local planar grating model to determine the s and p-polarization diffraction efficiency characteristics of these HOEs. Experimental results for 0.55 N.A. focusing HOEs fabricated in silver halide photographic emulsions and dichromated gelatin films demonstrated that the p-to-s-polarization diffraction efficiency ratio at the Bragg angle corresponded with theoretical results to within 5%. Diffraction based wave propagation theory and a geometrical ray trace model were used to evaluate the imaging performance of these elements. Results from the diffraction based wave propagation model showed that the HOEs imaging performance had very minimal polarization dependence. The ray trace model indicated precise alignment and good wavelength stability are needed to achieve diffraction limited performance.
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Cheng, Chin-Yuan. "Numerical electromagnetic modeling of a small aperture helical-fed reflector antenna." Ohio : Ohio University, 1998. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1176838193.

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Ament, Craig A. "High numerical aperture axial and transverse beam shaping using diffractive optics." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1348.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
Bachelors
Sciences
Physics
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Messelink, W. A. C. M. "Numerical methods for the manufacture of optics using sub-aperture tools." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1471480/.

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Moore's law, predicting a doubling of transistor count per microprocessor every two years, remains valid, demonstrating exponential growth of computing power. This thesis examines the application of numerical methods to aid optical manufacturing for a number of case-studies related to the use of sub-aperture tools. One class of sub-aperture tools consists of rigid tools which are well suited to smooth surfaces. Their rigidity leads to mismatch between the surfaces of tool and aspheric workpieces. A novel, numerical method is introduced to analyse the mismatch qualitatively and quantitatively, with the advantage that it can readily be applied to aspheric or free-form surfaces for which an analytical approach is difficult or impossible. Furthermore, rigid tools exhibit an edge-effect due to the change in pressure between tool and workpiece when the tool hangs over the edge. An FEA model is introduced that simulates the tool and workpiece as separate entities, and models the contact between them; in contrast to the non-contact, single entity model reported in literature. This model is compared to experimental results. Another class of sub-aperture processes does not use physical tools to press abrasives onto the surface. A numerical analysis of one such process, Fluid Jet Polishing, is presented - work in collaboration with Chubu University. Numerical design of surfaces, required for generating tool-paths, is investigated, along with validation techniques for two test-cases, E-ELT mirror segments and IXO mirror segment slumping moulds. Conformal tools are not well suited to correct surface-errors with dimensions smaller than the contact area between tool and workpiece. A method with considerable potential is developed to analyse spatial-frequency error-content, and used to change the size of the contact area during a process run, as opposed to the constant-sized contact area that is state-of-the-art. These numerical methods reduce dependence on empirical data and operator experience, constituting important steps towards the ultimate and ambitious goal of fully-integrated process-automation.
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Mokamati, Satyanarayana V. "Effect of aperture geometry on the steady flow through the narrow apertures in a pulp screen : numerical and experimental study." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31439.

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This investigation examines turbulent flow across a contoured wall with evenly-spaced slots and a series of flow bifurcations, as found in industrial pulp screening. The contoured wall and slotted apertures are formed from an array of 'wires', with cross-sectional geometry characterized by contour height and wire width. Four complementary studies were conducted to examine the velocity and turbulence characteristics of this complex flow. In the first study, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was developed to theoretically examine the effect of wire cross-sectional geometry on the flow field. The model shows that separation of the viscous layer occurs upstream of the aperture, and a vortex occupies the slot entry. As contour height increased, turbulence intensity near the wall increased. Further, turbulence intensity near the wall increased with decreasing wire width. It was shown that the ratio of contour height to wire width controls the boundary layer thickness and turbulence intensity near the wall. In the second study, the velocity field near the slot entry was experimentally measured using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and was compared with theoretical predictions. In general, the vortex size and shape were similar to that predicted by CFD. In the third study, the velocity and turbulence intensity distributions above the wall were experimentally measured using Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV). The velocity near the wall was shown to decrease with contour height and increase with wire width. Further, the velocity near the wall was shown to increase as the flow through the slots increased. A correlation for velocity above the wall was determined as a function of the ratio of contour height to wire width, upstream velocity and flow through the slotted apertures. The correlation can be used to estimate shear stress at the wall. The maximum turbulence intensity near the wall was shown to increase with contour height and decrease with wire width. In the fourth study, the motion of 2 mm long nylon fibres moving near the apertures was experimentally observed using High-speed Video (HSV). Fibres were shown to interact with both the wires and the vortices during passage. It was observed that fibres only passed through the slots after impacting the wire and being pulled back into the slot by the vortex. Further, fibres were shown to pass through the slots with high contour wires more readily.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Chidley, Matthew D. "High Numerical Aperture Injection-Molded Miniature Objective For Fiber-Optic Confocal Reflectance Microscopy." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1300%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Romero, Carlos Alberto Macias. "High numerical aperture Muller matrix polarimetry and applications to multiplexed optical data storage." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517617.

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Jabbour, Toufic. "DESIGN, ANALYSIS, AND OPTIMIZATION OF DIFFRACTIVE OPTICAL ELEMENTS UNDER HIGH NUMERICAL APERTURE FOCUSING." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2837.

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The demand for high optical resolution has brought researchers to explore the use of beam shaping diffractive optical elements (DOEs) for improving performance of high numerical aperture (NA) optical systems. DOEs can be designed to modulate the amplitude, phase and/or polarization of a laser beam such that it focuses into a targeted irradiance distribution, or point spread function (PSF). The focused PSF can be reshaped in both the transverse focal plane and along the optical axis. Optical lithography, microscopy and direct laser writing are but a few of the many applications in which a properly designed DOE can significantly improve optical performance of the system. Designing DOEs for use in high-NA applications is complicated by electric field depolarization that occurs with tight focusing. The linear polarization of off-axis rays is tilted upon refraction towards the focal point, generating additional transverse and longitudinal polarization components. These additional field components contribute significantly to the shape of the PSF under tight focusing and cannot be neglected as in scalar diffraction theory. The PSF can be modeled more rigorously using the electromagnetic diffraction integrals derived by Wolf, which account for the full vector character of the field. In this work, optimization algorithms based on vector diffraction theory were developed for designing DOEs that reshape the PSF of a 1.4-NA objective lens. The optimization techniques include simple exhaustive search, iterative optimization (Method of Generalized Projections), and evolutionary computation (Particle Swarm Optimization). DOE designs were obtained that can reshape either the transverse PSF or the irradiance distribution along the optical axis. In one example of transverse beam shaping, all polarization components were simultaneously reshaped so their vector addition generates a focused flat-top square irradiance pattern. Other designs were obtained that can be used to narrow the axial irradiance distribution, giving a focused beam that is superresolved relative to the diffraction limit. In addition to theory, experimental studies were undertaken that include (1) fabricating an axially superresolving DOE, (2) incorporating the DOE into the optical setup, (3) imaging the focused PSF, and (4) measuring aberrations in the objective lens to study how these affect performance of the DOE.
Ph.D.
Optics and Photonics
Optics and Photonics
Optics PhD
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Books on the topic "Numerical aperture"

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Wilson, R. Gale. Numerical aperture limits on efficient ball lens coupling of laser diodes to single-mode fibers with defocus to balance spherical aberration. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1994.

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Wilson, R. Gale. Numerical aperture limits on efficient ball lens coupling of laser diodes to single-mode fibers with defocus to balance spherical aberration. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1994.

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Center, Langley Research, ed. A novel method of calculating far-field patterns of large aperture antennas. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Numerical aperture"

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Weik, Martin H. "numerical aperture." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1124. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_12618.

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Weik, Martin H. "numerical aperture loss." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1124. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_12619.

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Weik, Martin H. "launch numerical aperture." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 879. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_10011.

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Weik, Martin H. "maximum theoretical numerical aperture." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 988. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_11218.

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Juškaitis, Rimas. "Characterizing High Numerical Aperture Microscope Objective Lenses." In Springer Series in Optical Sciences, 21–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-46022-0_2.

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Gu, Min. "Imaging with a High Numerical-Aperture Objective." In Advanced Optical Imaging Theory, 143–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48471-4_6.

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Gu, Min, and Guangyong Zhou. "Spherical Aberration and its Compensation for High Numerical Aperture Objectives." In 3D Laser Microfabrication, 37–56. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/352760846x.ch3.

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Paturzo, Melania, Francesco Merola, Simonetta Grilli, and Pietro Ferraro. "Improving Numerical Aperture in DH Microscopy by 2D Diffraction Grating." In Coherent Light Microscopy, 329–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15813-1_12.

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Ciattaglia, M., and G. Marrocco. "On the Efficient Numerical Time-Domain Processing of Aperture Antenna Field." In Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics 7, 123–30. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-37731-5_15.

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Niemann, B. "High Numerical-Aperture X-Ray Condensers for Transmission X-Ray Microscopes." In X-Ray Microscopy and Spectromicroscopy, 337–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72106-9_35.

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Conference papers on the topic "Numerical aperture"

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Mammone, Richard J., and Xiaoyu Zhang. "High-numerical-aperture reflecting microscope." In Electronic Imaging: Science & Technology, edited by Carol J. Cogswell, Gordon S. Kino, and Tony Wilson. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.237472.

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Schuurmans, Frank, Marcello Balistreri, Teus Tukker, Gert 't Hooft, and Sjoerd Stallinga. "High-Numerical Aperture Holographic Data Storage." In International Symposium on Optical Memory and Optical Data Storage. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/isom_ods.2005.mp23.

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Yeung, Michael S., and Burn J. Lin. "Modeling High Numerical Aperture Optical Lithography." In 1988 Microlithography Conferences. SPIE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.968409.

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Katz, Barton A., James S. Greeneich, Mark G. Bigelow, Ann Katz, Frits J. van Hout, and Jos F. Coolsen. "High-numerical-aperture I-line stepper." In Microlithography '90, 4-9 Mar, San Jose, edited by Victor Pol. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.20183.

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Crompvoets, Floris M. H., Frank Schuurmans, Marcello Balistreri, Teus Tukker, Gert't Hooft, and Sjoerd Stallinga. "High-numerical aperture holographic data storage." In SPIE Proceedings, edited by Yury Denisyuk, Ventseslav Sainov, and Elena Stoykova. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.677016.

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Liang, Rongguang. "High numerical aperture line scanning system." In Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by R. John Koshel and G. Groot Gregory. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.727615.

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Skutnik, Bolesh J., Brian Foley, and Kelly B. Moran. "High-numerical-aperture silica core fibers." In Biomedical Optics 2004, edited by Israel Gannot. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.529467.

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Kumagai, Toshiki, Kenichi Hibino, and Yasunari Nagaike. "Synthetic aperture phase-shifting interferometry for high numerical-aperture spherical surface measurement." In Interferometry XIX, edited by Michael B. North Morris, Katherine Creath, Jan Burke, and Angela D. Davies. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2319643.

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Nall, David F., and Gregory M. Alman. "The numerical aperture of an optical fiber." In ICALEO® ‘92: Proceedings of the Challenges in Lasers in Education Symposium. Laser Institute of America, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5058547.

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Kim, Youngsik, and Tom D. Milster. "Hyper Numerical Aperture Blu-ray Disc Recording." In Joint International Symposium on Optical Memory and Optical Data Storage. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/isom_ods.2011.otud13.

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