Academic literature on the topic 'NUMBER PLATE RECOGNITION SYSTEM'
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Journal articles on the topic "NUMBER PLATE RECOGNITION SYSTEM"
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Koppisetti, Harshit Surya. "Number Plate Recognition System using MATLAB." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 4851–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35983.
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This paper presents a system called NPR (Number Plate Recognition) which is based on image processing and is used to detect the number plates of vehicles and process them to record the information. In a fast-growing world, it has become almost impossible to track illegal vehicles and store vehicle information. This is eventually leading to a rise in the crime rate, especially due to manual errors. The proposed system first captures the vehicle image and the vehicle number plate region is extracted using Image Segmentation in an image. The resulting data is then used to compare with the records on a database to come up with specific information like the vehicle's owner, place of registration, address, etc. Further, the system is implemented and simulated in MATLAB for studying feasibility and accuracy on a real image.
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Khaparde, Devesh, Heet Detroja, Jainam Shah, Rushikesh Dikey, and Bhushan Thakare. "Automatic Number Plate Recognition System." International Journal of Computer Applications 179, no. 49 (June 15, 2018): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2018917277.
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Davy, Manyika Kabuswa, Peter Jairous Banda, and Agripa Hamweendo. "Automatic vehicle number plate recognition system." Physics & Astronomy International Journal 7, no. 1 (March 28, 2023): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/paij.2023.07.00286.
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In simple terms, Automatic Vehicle Number Plate Recognition System (AVNPRS) can be described as a computer vision image processing technology. This technology captures images of vehicles and recognizes their number plates. As the world is becoming more sophisticated on each new day, security as well as management of transportation system have become a vital aspect in controlled places. Such places include modern campuses, shopping malls and other institutions. With today’s rate at which motor vehicles are increasing in numbers, there is need for an effective, affordable and efficient AVNPRS. Thus, this project proposes, outlines and discusses an efficient AVNPRS. The system under consideration in this project can be installed at main entrances of modern institutions. This is because the AVNPRS ensures that only authorized vehicles can automatically have access to such institutions. The AVNPRS ensures that it captures the image of the number plate once the input sensor detects the vehicle. The Sobel edge detection and Laplacian edge detection techniques are used at this critical stage. Thereafter, the Bounding box technique is used to find the number plate leading to character segmentation. After capturing, an image undergoes extraction and character investigation via the Optical Character Recognition (OCR). In addition, in achieving character recognition, matching between the computer template and segmented image is done via the OCR method. It is vital to mention that this system is sustainable as it successfully detects, recognizes and processes vehicle number plates on real images. The AVNPRS can be used for both traffic control and security. Therefore, the main aim of this piece of writing is to develop from a theoretical perspective an AVNPR system that can detect and capture vehicle number plate images.
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R, Lalitha. "Vehicle Number Plate Recognition System to Identify the Authenticated Owner of Vehicles." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 7102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr2020719.
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Yaba, Hawar Hussein, and Hemin Omer Latif. "Plate Number Recognition based on Hybrid Techniques." UHD Journal of Science and Technology 6, no. 2 (September 1, 2022): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v6n2y2022.pp39-48.
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Globally and locally, the number of vehicles is on the rise. It is becoming more and more challenging for authorities to track down specific vehicles. Automatic License Plate Recognition becomes an addition to transportation systems automation. Where the extraction of the vehicle license plate is done without human intervention. Identifying the precise place of a vehicle through its license plate number from moving images of the vehicle image is among the crucial activities for vehicle plate discovery systems. Artificial intelligence systems are connecting the gap between the physical world and digital world of automatic license plate detection. The proposed research uses machine learning to recognizing Arabic license plate numbers. An image of the vehicle number plate is captured and the detection is done by image processing, character segmentation which locates Arabic numeric characters on a number plate. The system recognizes the license plate number area and extracts the plate area from the vehicle image. The background color of the number plate identifies the vehicle types: (1) White color for private vehicle; (2) red color for bus and taxi; (3) blue color for governmental vehicle; (4) yellow color for trucks, tractors, and cranes; (5) black color for temporary license; and (6) green color for army. The recognition of Arabic numbers from license plates is achieved by two methods as (1) Google Tesseract OCR based recognition and (2) Machine Learning-based training and testing Arabic number character as K-nearest neighbors (kNN). The system has been tested on 90 images downloaded from the internet and captured from CCTV. Empirical outcomes show that the proposed system finds plate numbers as well as recognizes background color and Arabic number characters successfully. The overall success rates of plate localization and background color detection have been done. The overall success rate of plate localization and background color detection is 97.78%, and Arabic number detection in OCR is 45.56 % as well as in KNN is 92.22%.
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Khaparde, Devesh, Heet Detroja, Jainam Shah, Rushikesh Dikey, and Bhushan Thakare. "Survey on Automatic Number Plate Recognition System." International Journal of Computer Applications 180, no. 15 (January 24, 2018): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2018916193.
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Evans-Pughe, C. "Road watch [automatic number plate recognition system]." Engineering & Technology 1, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et:20060402.
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Hajare, Gayatri, Utkarsh Kharche, Pritam Mahajan, and Apurva Shinde. "Automatic Number Plate Recognition System for Indian Number Plates using Machine Learning Techniques." ITM Web of Conferences 44 (2022): 03044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20224403044.
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India being a country where the population is above 1.3 billion where each person has at least one car of his/her use. Considering this, the number of cars driven on the roads of India must be greater than the population of the people in the country. India being a diverse country, diversity is not only seen in the language of the number plates but also in size, spacing between the letters on the number plate and the font of the number plate. Diversity differs from state to state. Even though most of the people are using English Number plates, there is no certain law as to how a number plate should be, so some people tend to have number plates according to their preferences. To withstand these problems, we have created a system using You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5) for number plate detection and Google Tesseract for Character Recognition.
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Vardhan, Gotham Rishi, Kola Sunil Goud, Krovvidi Aditya Hrudai, and S. Ramani. "RECOGNITION OF VEHICLE NUMBER PLATE USING MATLAB." International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing 11, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijcsmc.2022.v11i01.013.
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The ANPR (Automatic range Plate Recognition) system relies on image process technology. It's one of the required systems designed to sight the vehicle range plate. In today’s world with the increasing range of cars day by day, it’s impossible to manually keep a record of the whole vehicle. With the event of this technique, it becomes simple to stay a record and use it whenever needed. The most objective here is to style associate economical automatic vehicle identification system by victimization vehicle range plate. The system initially would capture the vehicle's image as presently because the vehicle reaches the protection checking space. The captured pictures area unit is then extracted by the victimization segmentation method. Optical character recognition is employed to spot the characters. The obtained information is then compared with the information kept in their info. The system is enforced and simulated on MATLAB and performance is tested on real pictures. This kind of system is widely employed in control areas, tolling, lots, etc. this technique is principally designed for the aim of the security system.
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Kale, Tushar. "Helmet Detection and Number Plate Recognition." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 4036–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.52559.
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Abstract: Developing countries have always relied on motorcycles as their primary mode of transportation, but unfortunately, the number of motorcycle accidents has been on the rise in recent years. One of the leading causes of fatalities in these accidents is the lack of helmet usage by motorcyclists. To ensure that motorcyclists wear helmets, traditional methods include manual monitoring by traffic police at intersections or the use of CCTV footage to identify those not wearing a helmet. However, these methods require significant human effort and intervention. This system proposes an automated approach to identify nonhelmeted motorcyclists and retrieve their license plate information from CCTV footage. The system first differentiates moving objects as motorcycles or non-motorcycles. For classified motorcyclists, the system identifies whether they are wearing helmets or not. If the motorcyclist is not wearing a helmet, the system extracts the license plate number using an OCR algorithm.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "NUMBER PLATE RECOGNITION SYSTEM"
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Zhai, Xiaojun. "Automatic number plate recognition on FPGA." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/14231.
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Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) play an important role in modern traffic management, which can be divided into intelligent infrastructure systems and intelligent vehicle systems. Automatic Number Plate Recognition systems (ANPRs) are one of infrastructure systems that allow users to track, identify and monitor moving vehicles by automatically extracting their number plates. ANPR is a well proven technology that is widely used throughout the world by both public and commercial organisations. There are a wide variety of commercial uses for the technology that include automatic congestion charge systems, access control and tracing of stolen cars. The fundamental requirements of an ANPR system are image capture using an ANPR camera and processing of the captured image. The image processing part, which is a computationally intensive task, includes three stages: Number Plate Localisation (NPL), Character Segmentation (CS) and Optical Character Recognition (OCR). The common hardware choice for its implementation is often high performance workstations. However, the cost, compactness and power issues that come with these solutions motivate the search for other platforms. Recent improvements in low-power high-performance Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) for image processing have motivated researchers to consider them as a low cost solution for accelerating such computationally intensive tasks. Current ANPR systems generally use a separate camera and a stand-alone computer for processing. By optimising the ANPR algorithms to take specific advantages of technical features and innovations available within new FPGAs, such as low power consumption, development time, and vast on-chip resources, it will be possible to replace the high performance roadside computers with small in-camera dedicated platforms. In spite of this, costs associated with the computational resources required for complex algorithms together with limited memory have hindered the development of embedded vision platforms. The work described in this thesis is concerned with the development of a range of image processing algorithms for NPL, CS and OCR and corresponding FPGA architectures. MATLAB implementations have been used as a proof of concept for the proposed algorithms prior to the hardware implementation. The proposed architectures are speed/area efficient architectures, which have been implemented and verified using the Mentor Graphics RC240 FPGA development board equipped with a 4M Gates Xilinx Virtex-4 LX40. The proposed NPL architecture can localise a number plate in 4.7 ms whilst achieving a 97.8% localisation rate and consuming only 33% of the available area of the Virtex-4 FPGA. The proposed CS architecture can segment the characters within a NP image in 0.2-1.4 ms with 97.7% successful segmentation rate and consumes only 11% of the Virtex-4 FPGA on-chip resources. The proposed OCR architecture can recognise a character in 0.7 ms with 97.3% successful recognition rate and consumes only 23% of the Virtex-4 FPGA available area. In addition to the three main stages, two pre-processing stages which consist of image binarisation, rotation and resizing are also proposed to link these stages together. These stages consume 9% of the available FPGA on-chip resources. The overall results achieved show that the entire ANPR system can be implemented on a single FPGA that can be placed within an ANPR camera housing to create a stand-alone unit. As the benefits of this are drastically improve energy efficiency and removing the need for the installation and cabling costs associated with bulky PCs situated in expensive, cooled, waterproof roadside cabinets.
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Akinola, Paul. "Design and Implementation of an IoT Solution for Vehicle Access Control in Residential Environment." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97047.
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To overcome the hurdles associated with space management and security controls in a housing system, research was projected to study and analyze the necessary factors of accomplishment. Over time, different processes were observed and reviewed to make this a possible deal. Various residents were interviewed on the daily constraints in parking and managing their vehicles within their housing premises. The reported daunting concern was majorly the gate access and personal hunts for the space to keep the individual resident’s cars. Every resident would always have to stop and hoot at the housing gate for the assigned personnel to check and open the gate. While this would waste every resident’s time, the visitors even face more delay often time. Hitherto, car access and parking constraint become a thing of worry that no one would want to engage the housing service anymore. The interest has got dwindled. And to re-awaken the high patronage of the housing system, a gap must be bridged with an immediate solution to space management with a gating system. These were subsequently given a classical thought, while a prototype solution was demonstrated and reviewed with the various residents of some selected housing. This received a high welcoming embracement and was beckoned to be made real by the logical heuristic. At this point, nothing was further considered than using the Internet of things (IoT) technology to implement Vehicular Access Management for the control and integration of intended space provisioning in any housings. Consequently, the number plate of every vehicle becomes the automatic access tag and would be used for security control within the housing location. Vehicles’ numbers would be captured and used to manage the residents passing through the automated gating system. With it, records would be made for all permitted residents and the visitors that own a car. Thus, a proper arrangement would be allotted accordingly, as provisioned by the gating system administrator. However, to allegories the above-proffered solution, this project work is divided into six sections. The introductory section introduces the project rationale, lists the objectives, explores related works, and introduces how IoT and vehicular systems can be merged. The second section delves into these vehicular systems. It introduces the Automatic License Plate Recognition System (ALRP) and the Raspberry Pi and highlights the merits of the Integrated Vehicular Access Security System. Open-CV and machine learning are also introduced. Section three covers the solution design, while section four is the implementation phase. Section five covers the testing and implementation of the solution. The final section summarizes the project. The project successfully models an automated solution for the security of tenants and vehicle users against unauthorized access to residential estates and buildings.
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Robinson, Alan. "Validating traffic models using large-scale automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) data." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/66238.
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Traditional manual survey methods for collecting reliable origin-destination data to develop large strategic transport model is notoriously expensive and the sample sizes are often relatively small. Arguably, the least reliable data required for the development of strategic traffic models is the origin-destination data. Recent technological advances, such as probe data from on-board devices, have been successful in providing data for some needs such as journey times and routing options. However, varying degrees of success have been achieved in obtaining reliable origin-destination (OD) data from these new technologies. Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) is one if the newer technologies that could be used to collect large-scale data sets over the large study areas that strategic traffic models cover. The aim of this study is to examine ANPR data collected from the Gauteng Freeway Improvement Project's (GFIP) Open Road Tolling (ORT) gantries in terms of its accuracy and uses in the development and improvement of strategic traffic models. Of particular interest is the use of the ANPR data to contribute towards the improvement of the distribution of trips in the OD matrices. This is achieved by developing methodologies to derive comparable gantry to gantry traffic volumes from the ANPR data and the GFIP traffic model. The above comparisons enabled the undertaking of a post opening project evaluation of the GFIP traffic model's 2015 forecasts using as many characteristics of the traffic flows and patterns that can be derived from the ANPR data. Characteristics such as traffic volumes and journey times are directly comparable with standard traffic model outputs. Tracking vehicles between gantries enabled the calculation of the number of trips that travel between gantry pairs giving rise to gantry-to-gantry (G2G) trips, which can be represented in a G2G count matrix. This G2G count matrix has probably the most beneficial data that can be derived from the ANPR systems as it contains an "accurate" element of the trip distribution on the road network. A methodology was developed to derive equivalent trip matrices from a traffic model's select-link trip matrices where the links are those where the gantry (ANPR camera) is located. The sums of the trips in the derived sub-matrices match the G2G counts. This enabled the comparison between the modelled trip distribution represented by the select link to select link (SL2SL) volumes and the actual ANPR G2G counts. This is in fact a comparison of a portion of the model's distribution to actual, comprehensive data. This study demonstrates that ANPR data has the potential to improve strategic traffic models. The automation of the processes to derive the SL2SL assigned volumes from the models and combining it with existing matrix estimation techniques will enhance the trip distribution in the output trip matrix. The current practice of using individual traffic counts in matrix estimation has the adverse tendency to affect the trip distribution. Hence, the recommendation to use traffic counts in matrix estimation to traffic counts with caution.Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Civil Engineering
MEng
Unrestricted
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Haines, Alina. "The role of automatic number plate recognition surveillance within policing and public reassurance." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2009. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/8760/.
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This Thesis examines the role that Automatic Number Plate Recognition surveillance plays within policing and public reassurance. The thesis is improvement orientated, exploring how ANPR could become a more effective policing tool and highlights implications for future policies and practice. The first two chapters set the context for the research, explaining what ANPR is, its place within criminology and gaps in research addressed in the Thesis. The literature review calls for a better understanding of ANPR’s potential and role as an investigative tool and an examination of the public’s views about ANPR surveillance. In the third chapter, reference is made to available methods used to address such objectives. Chapters Four, Five and Six present the results emerging from the empirical work in this Thesis. Chapter Four is concerned with police perceptions regarding current ANPR practice. The thesis highlights the complexity of translating policy into practice in the current political and economic climate, where objectives and priorities dictated by the government are constantly shifting. Continuing its improvement orientation, Chapter Five covers public perceptions about ANPR and outlines ways to address the balance between privacy and security without endangering both. The potential impact of ANPR on crime and ways to measure it is the topic of Chapter Six, which argues that establishing a causal link between ANPR and crime is not a straightforward process. The concluding chapter talks about the implications of the study and any interesting future avenues for research. The emerging findings from this research sit uncomfortably with the opinions and predictions of both supporters and opponents of ANPR alike and shed light not only on the management and use of ANPR by the police in Britain, but also on many of the ethical issues raised by the emergence of new surveillance technologies.
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Johnson, Abioseh Saeley. "Automatic number-plate recognition : an application of computer vision technology to automatic vehicle identification." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300053.
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Gunaydin, Ali Gokay. "A Constraint Based Real-time License Plate Recognition System." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608195/index.pdf.
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License Plate Recognition (LPR) systems are frequently utilized in various access controls and security applications. In this thesis, an experimental constraint based real-time License Plate Recognition system is designed, and implemented in Java platform. Many of the available constraint based methods worked under strict restrictions such as plate color, fixed illumination and designated routes, whereas, only the license plate geometry and format constraints are used in this developed system. These constraints are built on top of the current Turkish license plate
regulations. The plate localization algorithm is based on vertical edge features where constraints are used to filter out non-text regions. Vertical and horizontal projections are used for character segmentation and Multi Layered Perceptron
(MLP) based Optical Character Recognition (OCR) module has been implemented for character identification. The extracted license plate characters are validated against possible license plate formats during the recognition process. The system is tested both with Turkish and foreign license plate images
including various plate orientation, image quality and size. An accuracy of 92% is achieved for license plate localization and %88 for character segmentation and recognition.
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Setchell, Christopher John. "Applications of computer vision to road-traffic monitoring." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/a79e87e2-8020-45ce-be27-dd9e382d18c7.
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Liaqat, Ahmad Gull. "Mobile Real-Time License Plate Recognition." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, fysik och matematik, DFM, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-15944.
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License plate recognition (LPR) system plays an important role in numerous applications, such as parking accounting systems, traffic law enforcement, road monitoring, expressway toll system, electronic-police system, and security systems. In recent years, there has been a lot of research in license plate recognition, and many recognition systems have been proposed and used. But these systems have been developed for computers. In this project, we developed a mobile LPR system for Android Operating System (OS). LPR involves three main components: license plate detection, character segmentation and Optical Character Recognition (OCR). For License Plate Detection and character segmentation, we used JavaCV and OpenCV libraries. And for OCR, we used tesseract-ocr. We obtained very good results by using these libraries. We also stored records of license numbers in database and for that purpose SQLite has been used.
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JAIN, URVASHI B. "AUTOMATED NUMBER PLATE RECOGNITION SYSTEM." Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/14455.
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ABSTRACT
The strategy of the project is to design automatic system for recognizing the
number plate of the car from image taken by the traffic surveillance system. Thus,
the project is to investigate and construct an application whereby the system will
recognize the car number plate from the image captured of the car. The system will
be based on a personal computer and software packages available, MATLAB
program and a digital camera, which help to capture the images of the car.
The general algorithm involves the following steps:
Ø Image Processing: The image captured is preprocessed and reduction in the
contrast.
Ø Conversion of RGB image to Gray image: Processed image is converted into a
gray image.
Ø Erosion and Dilation: Unwanted noise is removed.
Ø Localization of number plate using Histogram approach: Thresholding is
applied to both the row and column difference vectors obtained.
Ø Smoothening and Filtering: Unwanted rows and columns are removed using
averaging method.
Ø Final extraction of number plate: Final number plate is extracted by selecting
the area having maximum intensity variation between pixels and having
maximum row and column sum of pixel intensity.
Ø Number plate recognition based on OCR method.
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Fang, Jiung-Bin, and 方俊斌. "A Study of Car-Plate Number Recognition System." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74488032540833718528.
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碩士國立成功大學
工程科學系
87
Number plate recognition system requires a series of complex image processing steps. In this thesis, a number plate recognition system had been developed. The system includes three phases called pre-processing , ROI(Region of Interest) selection, and character segmentation & recognition. In the first phase, the gray value contrast of the input image is adjusted properly. In the second phase, the area probably contains the number plate is selected by using line based scanning method. In order to avoid the false selection causing by decoration, one to three Region of Interest areas are held. And the scanning is made from left to right, bottom to top. To decide the ROI area, the property of interleaving of black and white pattern for a number plate is used. In the third phase, the characters of the number plate are firstly segmented out by using the line scanning method. The scanning is made from top to bottom of the ROI and accumulated the number of black pixels for the scanned line. The accumulated number is used to evaluate if the line belongs the member of a character. After the segmentation, the character image is binarized and normalized with size 20*10 pixels. Finally, back propagation neural network is used to recognize the segmented characters. 187 data samples are randomly separately into 93 samples for training and 94 samples for testing. Then extra 101 images are used to evaluate the system. The successful rate is about 98%, and the average processing time is 0.7sec for each plate’s recognition.
Books on the topic "NUMBER PLATE RECOGNITION SYSTEM"
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Henderson, Charlie. Driving Crime Down,Denying Criminals the Use of the Road, [Automatic Number Plate Recognition (Anpr)]. Stationery Office, The, 2004.
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Reader, Jocelyn, Sarah Lynam, Amy Harper, Gautam Rao, Maya Matheny, and Dana M. Roque. Ovarian Tumor Microenvironment and Innate Immune Recognition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190248208.003.0004.
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Ovarian adenocarcinoma is typified by detection at late stages with dissemination of cancer cells into the peritoneal cavity and frequent acquisition of chemoresistance. A number of studies show the importance of the tumor microenvironment and innate immune recognition in tumor progression. Ovarian cancer cells can regulate the composition of their stroma to promote the formation of ascitic fluid rich in cytokines and bioactive lipids such as PGE2, and to stimulate the differentiation of stromal cells into a pro-tumoral phenotype. In response, cancer-associated fibroblasts, cancer-associated mesenchymal stem cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and other peritoneal cells can act through direct and indirect mechanisms to regulate tumor growth, chemoresistance via alteration of class III β tubulin, angiogenesis and dissemination. This chapter deciphers the current knowledge about the role of stromal cells, associated secreted factors, and the immune system on tumor progression. This suggests that targeting the microenvironment holds great potential to improve the prognosis of patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma.
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Ricketson, Sam. The Emergence and Development of the International Intellectual Property System. Edited by Rochelle Dreyfuss and Justine Pila. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758457.013.14.
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This Chapter identifies and describes the principal features of the international arrangements for protecting intellectual property rights (IPRs) in countries other than those of their originator or creator. In the case of national or regional IP laws, these connections are readily identifiable. At the international level, however, they are less obvious, and many gaps and inconsistencies arise. Nonetheless, the Chapter argues that a ‘system’ for the international recognition and protection of IPRs is still clearly discernible and can be described. It begins with a brief account of the objectives of that system and its principal organizing principles, and then moves to consider its principal actors and the means by which its protection is achieved, namely through a series of international conventions or treaties of varying content and particularity. The Chapter concludes by noting a number of pressures, both internal and external, to which the system thus comprised is subject.
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Donald R, Rothwell, Elferink Alex G Oude, Scott Karen N, and Stephens Tim, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Law of the Sea. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198715481.001.0001.
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Human activities have taken place in the world's oceans and seas for most of human history. With such a vast number of ways in which the oceans can be used for trade, exploited for natural resources and fishing, as well as concerns over maritime security, the legal systems regulating the rights and responsibilities of nations in their use of the world's oceans have long been a crucial part of international law. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea comprehensively defined the parameters of the law of the sea in 1982, and since the Convention was concluded it has seen considerable development. This book provides an analysis of its current debates and controversies, both theoretical and practical. It consists of forty chapters divided into six parts. First, it explains the origins and evolution of the law of the sea, with a particular focus upon the role of key publicists such as Hugo Grotius and John Selden, the gradual development of state practice, and the creation of the 1982 UN Convention. It then reviews the components which comprise the maritime domain, assessing their definition, assertion, and recognition. It also analyzes the ways in which coastal states or the international community can assert control over areas of the sea, and the management and regulation of each of the maritime zones. This includes investigating the development of the mechanisms for maritime boundary delimitation, and the decisions of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. The book also discusses the actors and intuitions that impact on the law of the sea, considering their particular rights and interests, in particular those of state actors and the principle law of the sea institutions. Then it focuses on operational issues, investigating longstanding matters of resource management and the integrated oceans framework. This includes a discussion and assessment of the broad and increasingly influential integrated oceans management governance framework that interacts with the traditional law of the sea. It considers six distinctive regions that have been pivotal to the development of the law of the sea, before finally providing a detailed analysis of the critical contemporary issues facing the law of the sea. These include threatened species, climate change, bioprospecting, and piracy.
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Livermore, Roy. The Tectonic Plates are Moving! Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717867.001.0001.
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Written in a witty and informal style, this book explains modern plate tectonics in a non-technical manner, showing not only how it accounts for phenomena such as great earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions, but also how it controls conditions at the Earth’s surface, including global geography and climate, making it suitable for life. The book presents the advances that have been made since the establishment of plate tectonics in the 1960s, highlighting, on the fiftieth anniversary of the theory, the contributions of a small number of scientists who have never been widely recognized for their discoveries. Beginning with the publication of a short article in Nature by Vine and Matthews, the book traces the development of plate tectonics through two generations of the theory. First-generation plate tectonics covers the exciting scientific revolution of the 1960s, its heroes, and its villains. The second generation includes the rapid expansions in sonar, satellite, and seismic technologies during the 1980s and 1990s that provided a truly global view of the plates and their motions, and an appreciation of the role of their within the Earth system. Arriving at the cutting edge of the science, the latest results from studies using techniques such as seismic tomography and mineral physics to probe the deep interior are discussed and the prospects for finding plate tectonics on other planets assessed. Ultimately, the book leads to the startling conclusion that, without plate tectonics, the Earth would be as lifeless as Venus.
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Wright, A. G. Secondary emission and gain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0005.
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Secondary-electron emission generates gain in conventional vacuum photomultipliers with discrete dynodes. This is a cascade process involving between 6 and 20 elements. Generally, the higher the number of stages, the higher is the gain and similarly for applied voltage. Gain is dependent on the composition of the dynodes, with SbCs and activated BeO being the most common materials. There are ten different dynode types, each of which serves a particular purpose: for example, operation in high magnetic fields and high temperature. The continuous channel dynode is available as a single unit and as a multichannel structure, the microchannel plate. The quality of a dynode system is described by its single-electron response. Discrete dynodes produce a spread in output size whereas the channel devices are generally operated in saturation. Gain may be quoted as DC, G, and pulsed ‹g› and methods for measuring these parameters are given.
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Voll, Reinhard E., and Barbara M. Bröker. Innate vs acquired immunity. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0048.
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The innate and the adaptive immune system efficiently cooperate to protect us from infections. The ancient innate immune system, dating back to the first multicellular organisms, utilizes phagocytic cells, soluble antimicrobial peptides, and the complement system for an immediate line of defence against pathogens. Using a limited number of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors including the Toll-like, RIG-1-like, and NOD-like receptors, the innate immune system recognizes so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs are specific for groups of related microorganisms and represent highly conserved, mostly non-protein molecules essential for the pathogens' life cycles. Hence, escape mutants strongly reduce the pathogen's fitness. An important task of the innate immune system is to distinguish between harmless antigens and potentially dangerous pathogens. Ideally, innate immune cells should activate the adaptive immune cells only in the case of invading pathogens. The evolutionarily rather new adaptive immune system, which can be found in jawed fish and higher vertebrates, needs several days to mount an efficient response upon its first encounter with a certain pathogen. As soon as antigen-specific lymphocyte clones have been expanded, they powerfully fight the pathogen. Importantly, memory lymphocytes can often protect us from reinfections. During the development of T and B lymphocytes, many millions of different receptors are generated by somatic recombination and hypermutation of gene segments making up the antigen receptors. This process carries the inherent risk of autoimmunity, causing most inflammatory rheumatic diseases. In contrast, inadequate activation of the innate immune system, especially activation of the inflammasomes, may cause autoinflammatory syndromes.
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Cukierman, Alex. Central Banks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.64.
Full textAbstract:
The first CBs were private institutions that were given a monopoly over the issuance of currency by government in return for help in financing the budget and adherence to the rules of the gold standard. Under this standard the price of gold in terms of currency was fixed and the CB could issue or retire domestic currency only in line with gold inflows or outflows. Due to the scarcity of gold this system assured price stability as long as it functioned. Wars and depressions led to the replacement of the gold standard by the more flexible gold exchange standard. Along with restrictions on international capital flows this standard became a major pillar of the post–WWII Bretton Woods system. Under this system the U.S. dollar (USD) was pegged to gold, and other countries’ exchange rates were pegged to the USD. In many developing economies CBs functioned as governmental development banks.Following the world inflation of the 1970s and the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, eradication of inflation gradually became the explicit number one priority of CBs. The hyperinflationary experiences of the first half of the 20th century, which were mainly caused by over-utilization of the printing press to finance budgetary expenditures, convinced policymakers in developed economies, following Germany’s lead, that the conduct of monetary policy should be delegated to instrument independent CBs, that governments should be prohibited from borrowing from them, and that the main goal of the CB should be price stability. During the late 1980s and the 1990s numerous CBs obtained instrument independence and started to operate on inflation targeting systems. Under this system the CB is expected to use interest rate policy to deliver a low inflation rate in the long run and to stabilize fluctuations in economic activity in the short and medium terms. In parallel the fixed exchange rates of the Bretton Woods system were replaced by flexible rates or dirty floats. The conjunction of more flexible rates and IT effectively moved the control over exchange rates from governments to CBs.The global financial crisis reminded policymakers that, of all public institutions, the CB has a comparative advantage in swiftly preventing the crisis from becoming a generalized panic that would seriously cripple the financial system. The crisis precipitated the financial stability motive into the forefront of CBs’ policy concerns and revived the explicit recognition of the lender of last resort function of the CB in the face of shocks to the financial system. Although the financial stability objective appeared in CBs’ charters, along with the price stability objective, also prior to the crisis, the crisis highlighted the critical importance of the supervisory and regulatory functions of CBs and other regulators. An important lesson from the crisis was that micro-prudential supervision and regulation should be supplemented with macro-prudential regulation and that the CB is the choice institution to perform this function. The crisis led CBs of major developed economies to reduce their policy rates to zero (and even to negative values in some cases) and to engage in large-scale asset purchases that bloat their balance sheets to this day. It also induced CBs of small open economies to supplement their interest rate policies with occasional foreign exchange interventions.
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Kulak, Dariusz. Wieloaspektowa metoda oceny stanu gleb leśnych po przeprowadzeniu procesów pozyskania drewna. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-28-1.
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Presented reasearch aimed to develop and analyse the suitability of the CART models for prediction of the extent and probability of occurrence of damage to outer soil layers caused by timber harvesting performed under varied conditions. Having employed these models, the author identified certain methods of logging works and conditions, under which they should be performed to minimise the risk of damaging forest soils. The analyses presented in this work covered the condition of soils upon completion of logging works, which was investigated in 48 stands located in central and south-eastern Poland. In the stands selected for these studies a few felling treatments were carried out, including early thinning, late thinning and final felling. Logging works were performed with use of the most popular technologies in Poland. Trees were cut down with chainsaws and timber was extracted by means of various skidding methods: with horses, semi-suspended skidding with the use of cable yarding systems, farm tractors equipped with cable winches or tractors of a skidder type, and forwarding employing farm tractors with trailers loaded mechanically by cranes or manually. The analyses also included mechanised forest operation with the use of a harvester and a forwarder. The information about the extent of damage to soil, in a form of wheel-ruts and furrows, gathered in the course of soil condition inventory served for construction of regression tree models using the CART method (Classification and Regression Trees), based on which the area, depth and the volume of soil damage under analysis, wheel-ruts and furrows, were determined, and the total degree of all soil disturbances was assessed. The CART classification trees were used for modelling the probability of occurrence of wheel-ruts and furrows, or any other type of soil damage. Qualitative independent variables assumed by the author for developing the models included several characteristics describing the conditions under which the logging works were performed, mensuration data of the stands and the treatments conducted there. These characteristics covered in particular: the season of the year when logging works were performed, the system of timber harvesting employed, the manner of timber skidding, the means engaged in the process of timber harvesting and skidding, habitat type, crown closure, and cutting category. Moreover, the author took into consideration an impact of the quantitative independent variables on the extent and probability of occurrence of soil disturbance. These variables included the following: the measuring row number specifying a distance between the particular soil damage and communication tracks, the age of a stand, the soil moisture content, the intensity of a particular cutting treatment expressed by units of harvested timber volume per one hectare of the stand, and the mean angle of terrain inclination. The CART models developed in these studies not only allowed the author to identify the conditions, under which the soil damage of a given degree is most likely to emerge, or determine the probability of its occurrence, but also, thanks to a graphical presentation of the nature and strength of relationships between the variables employed in the model construction, they facilitated a recognition of rules and relationships between these variables and the area, depth, volume and probability of occurrence of forest soil damage of a particular type. Moreover, the CART trees served for developing the so-called decision-making rules, which are especially useful in organising logging works. These rules allow the organisers of timber harvest to plan the management-related actions and operations with the use of available technical means and under conditions enabling their execution in such manner as to minimise the harm to forest soils. Furthermore, employing the CART trees for modelling soil disturbance made it possible to evaluate particular independent variables in terms of their impact on the values of dependent variables describing the recorded disturbance to outer soil layers. Thanks to this the author was able to identify, amongst the variables used in modelling the properties of soil damage, these particular ones that had the greatest impact on values of these properties, and determine the strength of this impact. Detailed results depended on the form of soil disturbance and the particular characteristics subject to analysis, however the variables with the strongest influence on the extent and probability of occurrence of soil damage, under the conditions encountered in the investigated stands, enclosed the following: the season of the year when logging works were performed, the volume-based cutting intensity of the felling treatments conducted, technical means used for completion of logging works, the soil moisture content during timber harvest, the manner of timber skidding, dragged, semi-suspended or forwarding, and finally a distance between the soil damage and transportation ducts. The CART models proved to be very useful in designing timber harvesting technologies that could minimise the risk of forest soil damage in terms of both, the extent of factual disturbance and the probability of its occurrence. Another valuable advantage of this kind of modelling is an opportunity to evaluate an impact of particular variables on the extent and probability of occurrence of damage to outer soil layers. This allows the investigator to identify, amongst all of the variables describing timber harvesting processes, those crucial ones, from which any optimisation process should start, in order to minimise the negative impact of forest management practices on soil condition.
Book chapters on the topic "NUMBER PLATE RECOGNITION SYSTEM"
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Obagbuwa, Ibidun Christiana, Vincent Mohale Zibi, and Mishi Makade. "Vehicle Number Plate Recognition System." In Computational Intelligence in Pattern Recognition, 36–42. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3089-8_4.
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Chavan, Satishkumar S., and Satishkumar L. Varma. "Vehicle Number Plate Recognition for Toll System." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 178–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4851-2_19.
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Al Awaimri, Mohammed, Sallam Fageeri, Aiman Moyaid, Christopher Thron, and Abdullah ALhasanat. "Automatic Number Plate Recognition System for Oman." In Artificial Intelligence for Data Science in Theory and Practice, 155–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92245-0_8.
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Anekar, Shreya, Samrudhi Yeginwar, and Harsha Sonune. "Automated Gate System Using Number Plate Recognition (NPR)." In ICT Systems and Sustainability, 413–20. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5987-4_42.
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Meena, Seema, and Bipul Kumar. "Number Plate Recognition: Concept and Its Applications." In Algorithms for Intelligent Systems, 667–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6707-0_65.
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Mahamad, Abd Kadir, Sharifah Saon, and Sarah Nurul Oyun Abdul Aziz. "A Simplified Malaysian Vehicle Plate Number Recognition." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 379–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07692-8_36.
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Vaishnav, Arun, and Manju Mandot. "Template Matching for Automatic Number Plate Recognition System with Optical Character Recognition." In Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development, 683–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7166-0_69.
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Amzad Hossain, Md, Istiaque Ahmed Suvo, Amitabh Ray, Md Ariful Islam Malik, and M. F. Mridha. "Number Plate Recognition System for Vehicles Using Machine Learning Approach." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 799–814. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5148-2_69.
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Suneetha, K., and K. Mounika Raj. "Automatic Vehicle Number Plate Recognition System (AVNPR) Using OpenCV Python." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 487–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1941-0_49.
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Alias, Mohd Fauzi, Fahmi Fitri Abdul Rahim, Mohamad Rosyidi Ahmad, Mohamed Yusof Radzak, Mohd Suyerdi Omar, and Muhamad Husaini Abu Bakar. "Development of a Malaysian Plate Number Recognition System for Parking Violation." In IT Applications for Sustainable Living, 43–57. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40751-2_6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "NUMBER PLATE RECOGNITION SYSTEM"
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Fajas, F., Farhan Yousuf, P. R. Remya, Adarsh P. Pavanan, Sajan Ambadiyil, and Varsha Swaminathan. "Automatic Number Plate Recognition for indian standard number plates." In 2012 IV International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icumt.2012.6459645.
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Sasi, Anumol, Swapnil Sharma, and Alice N. Cheeran. "Automatic car number plate recognition." In 2017 4th International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciiecs.2017.8275893.
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Deng, Lunman, and Jeong-Young Song. "A Number Plate Recognition System for Abnormal Data." In 2008 Second International Conference on Future Generation Communication and Networking (FGCN). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fgcn.2008.134.
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Patil, Prashanth, C. Kanagasabapathi, and Siva S. Yellampalli. "Automatic number plate recognition system for vehicle identification." In 2017 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computer, and Optimization Techniques (ICEECCOT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceeccot.2017.8284543.
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Rajathilagam, R., K. Sivamani, R. Seetharaman, and D. Nedumaran. "Neural Network based Vehicle Number Plate Recognition System." In 2019 2nd International Conference on Power and Embedded Drive Control (ICPEDC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpedc47771.2019.9036497.
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Arora, Preeti, Vinod M. Kapse, Sapna Sinha, and Saksham Gera. "Number Plate Recognition System Using Convolutional Neural Network." In 2021 9th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future Directions) (ICRITO). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icrito51393.2021.9596134.
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Rawat, Anurag Singh, Himanshu Devrani, Aman Yaduvanshi, Manvi Bohra, Indrajeet Kumar, and Teekam Singh. "Surveillance System using Moving Vehicle Number Plate Recognition." In 2023 2nd International Conference on Edge Computing and Applications (ICECAA). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecaa58104.2023.10212426.
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Yousef, Khalil M. Ahmad, Maha Al-Tabanjah, Esraa Hudaib, and Maymona Ikrai. "SIFT based automatic number plate recognition." In 2015 6th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems (ICICS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iacs.2015.7103214.
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Zhai, Xiaojun, Faycal Bensaali, and Klaus McDonald-Maier. "Automatic Number Plate Recognition on FPGA." In 2013 IEEE 20th International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems (ICECS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecs.2013.6815420.
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Gupta, Smita, Anshu Choudhary, Sudhir Bussa, Girish Lakhera, Harshita Tuli, and K. Divya Vani. "An Automated Number Plate Recognition System based on Optical Character Recognition." In 2022 5th International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ic3i56241.2022.10073424.
Full textReports on the topic "NUMBER PLATE RECOGNITION SYSTEM"
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Thomas, Michael J. Combining Facial Recognition, Automatic License Plate Readers and Closed Circuit Television to Create an Interstate Identification System for Wanted Subjects. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1009302.
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Houck, Marilyn, Uri Gerson, and Robert Luck. Two Predator Model Systems for the Biological Control of Diaspidid Scale Insects. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570554.bard.
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Hemisarcoptes (Acari: Hamisarcoptidae) is a parasite of scale insects (Diaspididae), tenacious pests of vascular plants. Hemisarcoptes also has a stenoxenic phoretic (dispersal) relationship with Chilocorus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Chilocorus feeds on diaspidids, transports mites as they feed, and has been applied to the control of scales, with limited success. U.S.-Israeli cooperation focused on this mite-beetle interaction so that a two-component system could be applied to the control of scale insects effectively. Life history patterns of Hemisarcoptes were investigated in response to host plant type and physical parameters. Field and lab data indicated that mites attack all host stages of scales tested, but preferred adult females. Scale species and host plant species influenced the bionomics of Hemisarcoptes. Beetle diet also influenced survival of phoretic mites. Mites use a ventral sucker plate to extract material from Chilocorus, that is essential for development. Seven alkaloids were found in the hemolymph of Chilocorus and three were characterized. Examination of the subelytral surface of Chilocorus indicated that microsetae play a role in the number and distribution of mites a beetle transports. While Hemisarcoptes can be innoculatd into agroecosystems using various indigenous or imported Chilocorus species, the following are preferred: C. bipustulatus, C. cacti, C. distigma, C. fraternus, C. orbus, and C. tristis.
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Robinson, Andy. Monitoring and Evaluation for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Framework. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.027.
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The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Guidelines and Framework presented in this document (and in the accompanying M&E Indicator Framework) aim to encourage stakeholders in the rural sanitation and hygiene sector to take a more comprehensive, comparable and people focused approach to monitoring and evaluation. Many M&E frameworks currently reflect the interests and ambitions of particular implementing agencies – that is, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) interventions focused on open-defecation free (ODF) outcomes in triggered communities; market-based sanitation interventions focused on the number of products sold and whether sanitation businesses were profitable; and sanitation finance interventions reporting the number of facilities built using financial support. Few M&E frameworks have been designed to examine the overall sanitation and hygiene situation – to assess how interventions have affected sanitation and hygiene outcomes across an entire area (rather than just in specific target communities); to look at who (from the overall population) benefitted from the intervention, and who did not; to report on the level and quality of service used; or examine whether public health has improved. Since 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have extended and deepened the international monitoring requirements for sanitation and hygiene. The 2030 SDG sanitation target 6.2 includes requirements to: • Achieve access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all • Achieve access to equitable sanitation and hygiene for all • End open defecation • Pay special attention to the needs of women and girls • Pay special attention to those in vulnerable situations The 2030 SDG sanitation target calls for universal use of basic sanitation services, and for the elimination of open defecation, both of which require M&E systems that cover entire administration areas (i.e. every person and community within a district) and which are able to identify people and groups that lack services, or continue unsafe practices. Fortunately, the SDG requirements are well aligned with the sector trend towards system strengthening, in recognition that governments are responsible both for the provision of sustainable services and for monitoring the achievement of sustained outcomes. This document provides guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of rural sanitation and hygiene, and presents an M&E framework that outlines core elements and features for reporting on progress towards the 2030 SDG sanitation target (and related national goals and targets for rural sanitation and hygiene), while also encouraging learning and accountability. Given wide variations in the ambition, capacity and resources available for monitoring and evaluation, it is apparent that not all of the M&E processes and indicators described will be appropriate for all stakeholders. The intention is to provide guidelines and details on useful and progressive approaches to monitoring rural sanitation and hygiene, from which a range of rural sanitation and hygiene duty bearers and practitioners – including governments, implementation agencies, development partners and service providers – can select and use those most appropriate to their needs. Eventually, it is hoped that all of the more progressive M&E elements and features will become standard, and be incorporated in all sector monitoring systems.
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Robinson, Andy. Monitoring and Evaluation for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Framework. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.025.
Full textAbstract:
The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Guidelines and Framework presented in this document (and in the accompanying M&E Indicator Framework) aim to encourage stakeholders in the rural sanitation and hygiene sector to take a more comprehensive, comparable and people focused approach to monitoring and evaluation. Many M&E frameworks currently reflect the interests and ambitions of particular implementing agencies – that is, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) interventions focused on open-defecation free (ODF) outcomes in triggered communities; market-based sanitation interventions focused on the number of products sold and whether sanitation businesses were profitable; and sanitation finance interventions reporting the number of facilities built using financial support. Few M&E frameworks have been designed to examine the overall sanitation and hygiene situation – to assess how interventions have affected sanitation and hygiene outcomes across an entire area (rather than just in specific target communities); to look at who (from the overall population) benefitted from the intervention, and who did not; to report on the level and quality of service used; or examine whether public health has improved. Since 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have extended and deepened the international monitoring requirements for sanitation and hygiene. The 2030 SDG sanitation target 6.2 includes requirements to: • Achieve access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all • Achieve access to equitable sanitation and hygiene for all • End open defecation • Pay special attention to the needs of women and girls • Pay special attention to those in vulnerable situations The 2030 SDG sanitation target calls for universal use of basic sanitation services, and for the elimination of open defecation, both of which require M&E systems that cover entire administration areas (i.e. every person and community within a district) and which are able to identify people and groups that lack services, or continue unsafe practices. Fortunately, the SDG requirements are well aligned with the sector trend towards system strengthening, in recognition that governments are responsible both for the provision of sustainable services and for monitoring the achievement of sustained outcomes. This document provides guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of rural sanitation and hygiene, and presents an M&E framework that outlines core elements and features for reporting on progress towards the 2030 SDG sanitation target (and related national goals and targets for rural sanitation and hygiene), while also encouraging learning and accountability. Given wide variations in the ambition, capacity and resources available for monitoring and evaluation, it is apparent that not all of the M&E processes and indicators described will be appropriate for all stakeholders. The intention is to provide guidelines and details on useful and progressive approaches to monitoring rural sanitation and hygiene, from which a range of rural sanitation and hygiene duty bearers and practitioners – including governments, implementation agencies, development partners and service providers – can select and use those most appropriate to their needs. Eventually, it is hoped that all of the more progressive M&E elements and features will become standard, and be incorporated in all sector monitoring systems.
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Perera, Duminda, Ousmane Seidou, Jetal Agnihotri, Mohamed Rasmy, Vladimir Smakhtin, Paulin Coulibaly, and Hamid Mehmood. Flood Early Warning Systems: A Review Of Benefits, Challenges And Prospects. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/mjfq3791.
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Floods are major water-related disasters that affect millions of people resulting in thousands of mortalities and billiondollar losses globally every year. Flood Early Warning Systems (FEWS) - one of the floods risk management measures - are currently operational in many countries. The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction recognises their importance and strongly advocates for an increase in their availability under the targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, despite widespread recognition of the importance of FEWS for disaster risk reduction (DRR), there’s a lack of information on their availability and status around the world, their benefits and costs, challenges and trends associated with their development. This report contributes to bridging these gaps by analyzing the responses to a comprehensive online survey with over 80 questions on various components of FEWS (risk knowledge, monitoring and forecasting, warning dissemination and communication, and response capabilities), investments into FEWS, their operational effectiveness, benefits, and challenges. FEWS were classified as technologically “basic”, “intermediate” and “advanced” depending on the existence and sophistication of FEWS` components such as hydrological data = collection systems, data transfer systems, flood forecasting methods, and early warning communication methods. The survey questionnaire was distributed to flood forecasting and warning centers around the globe; the primary focus was developing and least-developed countries (LDCs). The questionnaire is available here: https://inweh.unu.edu/questionnaireevaluation-of-flood-early-warning-systems/ and can be useful in its own right for similar studies at national or regional scales, in its current form or with case-specific modifications. Survey responses were received from 47 developing (including LDCs) and six developed countries. Additional information for some countries was extracted from available literature. Analysis of these data suggests the existence of an equal number of “intermediate” and “advanced” FEWS in surveyed river basins. While developing countries overall appear to progress well in FEWS implementation, LDCs are still lagging behind since most of them have “basic” FEWS. The difference between types of operational systems in developing and developed countries appear to be insignificant; presence of basic, intermediate or advanced FEWS depends on available investments for system developments and continuous financing for their operations, and there is evidence of more financial support — on the order of USD 100 million — to FEWS in developing countries thanks to international aid. However, training the staff and maintaining the FEWS for long-term operations are challenging. About 75% of responses indicate that river basins have inadequate hydrological network coverage and back-up equipment. Almost half of the responders indicated that their models are not advanced and accurate enough to produce reliable forecasts. Lack of technical expertise and limited skilled manpower to perform forecasts was cited by 50% of respondents. The primary reason for establishing FEWS, based on the survey, is to avoid property damage; minimizing causalities and agricultural losses appear to be secondary reasons. The range of the community benefited by FEWS varies, but 55% of FEWS operate in the range between 100,000 to 1 million of population. The number of flood disasters and their causalities has declined since the year 2000, while 50% of currently operating FEWS were established over the same period. This decline may be attributed to the combined DRR efforts, of which FEWS are an integral part. In lower-middle-income and low-income countries, economic losses due to flood disasters may be smaller in absolute terms, but they represent a higher percentage of such countries’ GDP. In high-income countries, higher flood-related losses accounted for a small percentage of their GDP. To improve global knowledge on FEWS status and implementation in the context of Sendai Framework and SDGs, the report’s recommendations include: i) coordinate global investments in FEWS development and standardise investment reporting; ii) establish an international hub to monitor the status of FEWS in collaboration with the national responsible agencies. This will support the sharing of FEWS-related information for accelerated global progress in DRR; iii) develop a comprehensive, index-based ranking system for FEWS according to their effectiveness in flood disaster mitigation. This will provide clear standards and a roadmap for improving FEWS’ effectiveness, and iv) improve coordination between institutions responsible for flood forecasting and those responsible for communicating warnings and community preparedness and awareness.
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Coplin, David, Isaac Barash, and Shulamit Manulis. Role of Proteins Secreted by the Hrp-Pathways of Erwinia stewartii and E. herbicola pv. gypsophilae in Eliciting Water-Soaking Symptoms and Initiating Galls. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580675.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Many bacterial pathogens of plants can inject pathogenicity proteins into host cells using a specialized type III secretion system encoded by hrpgenes. This system deliver effector proteins, into plant cells that function in both susceptible and resistant interactions. We have found that the virulence of Erwinia stewartii(Es; syn. Pantoea stewartii) and Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae (Ehg, syn. Pantoea agglomerans), which cause Stewart's wilt of corn and galls on Gypsophila, respectively, depends on hrpgenes. The major objectives of this project were: To increase expression of hrpgenes in order to identify secreted proteins; to identify genes for proteins secreted by the type-III systems and determine if they are required for pathogenicity; and to determine if the secreted proteins can function within eukaryotic cells. We found that transcription of the hrp and effector genes in Es and Ehg is controlled by at least four genes that constitute a regulatory cascade. Environmental and/or physiological signaling appears to be mediated by the HrpX/HrpY two component system, with HrpX functioning as a sensor-kinase and HrpY as a response regulator. HrpYupregulateshrpS, which encodes a transcriptional enhancer. HrpS then activates hrpL, which encodes an alternate sigma factor that recognizes "hrp boxes". All of the regulatory genes are essential for pathogenicity, except HrpX, which appears only to be required for induction of the HR in tobacco by Es. In elucidating this regulatory pathway in both species, we made a number of significant new discoveries. HrpX is unusual for a sensor-kinase because it is cytoplasmic and contains PAS domains, which may sense the redox state of the bacterium. In Es, a novel methyl-accepting protein may function upstream of hrpY and repress hrp gene expression in planta. The esaIR quorum sensing system in Es represses hrp gene expression in Es in response to cell-density. We have discovered six new type III effector proteins in these species, one of which (DspE in Ehg and WtsE in Es) is common to both pathogens. In addition, Es wtsG, which is a homolog of an avrPpiB from P. syringae pv. pisi, and an Ehg ORF, which is a homolog of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola AvrPphD, were both demonstrated to encode virulence proteins. Two plasmidborne, Ehg Hop proteins, HsvG and PthG, are required for infection of gypsophilia, but interestingly, PthG also acts as an Avr elicitor in beets. Using a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase (cyaA) reporter gene, we were successful in demonstrating that an HsvG-CyaA fusion protein can be transferred into human HeLa cells by the type-III system of enteropathogenic E. coli. This is a highly significant accomplishment because it is the first direct demonstration that an effector protein from a plant pathogenic bacterium is capable of being translocated into a eukaryotic cell by a type-III secretion system. Ehg is considered a limiting factor in Gypsophila production in Israel and Stewart’s Wilt is a serious disease in the Eastern and North Central USA, especially on sweet corn in epidemic years. We believe that our basic research on the characterization of type III virulence effectors should enable future identification of their receptors in plant cells. This may lead to novel approaches for genetically engineering resistant plants by modifying their receptors or inactivating effectors and thus blocking the induction of the susceptible response. Alternatively, hrp gene regulation might also provide a target for plant produced compounds that interfere with recognition of the host by the pathogen. Such strategies would be broadly applicable to a wide range of serious bacterial diseases on many crops throughout the USA and Israel.
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Global Food 50/50: Hungry for gender equality. Global Health 50/50, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56649/wiqe2012.
Full textAbstract:
Across the world, populations are facing severe threats and rising inequalities due to a combination of climate change, environmental degradation, COVID-19 and conflict. Food systems, as a result, are in crisis and people are increasingly feeling the impact on their everyday lives. For women, globally and across regions, the impact of the food systems crisis is more severe than for men, and women are more food insecure than men. Women, historically and now, have less access to healthy food, land ownership and resources for food production than men. Gender inequalities are woven through food systems, and contribute to unjust food production, access and consumption. Global food systems organizations are working to address some of the critical issues facing populations’ access to food and nutrition. The second annual Global Food 50/50 Report assesses whether and how such organizations are integrating gender and equality considerations in their work. It reviews the policies and practices of 51 organizations as they relate to two interlinked dimensions of inequality: inequality of opportunity in career pathways inside organizations and inequality in who benefits from the global food system. The primary aim of the Global Food 50/50 Report is to encourage food systems organizations to confront and address gender inequality both within their organizations and governance structures, and in their programmatic approaches across food systems. A second aim is to increase recognition of the role that gender plays in who runs and benefits from food systems for everybody: women and men, including transgender people, and people with nonbinary gender identities. Key findings from this year’s report show that gender and geographic diversity are severely lacking in the boards of major global food organizations, with leadership positions dominated by men from the global north. This matters because representation from a narrow section of the global population will not result in policies and programmes that meet the needs and interests of all people, across all regions, including women. The review of board composition of 51 organizations showed that more than 70% of board seats are held by nationals of high-income countries. Just 8% of board seats are held by women from low- and middle-income countries. However, there is room for hope. Our findings show an increase in women board chairs from 26% in 2021 to 35% in 2022. More organizations are publishing board diversity policies—policies were found in 30% of organizations, a 10% increase since 2021. Moreover, the review located five new board diversity policies across the sample. A high proportion of organizations (49/52) have made formal and public commitments to gender equality and this has increased since 2021. In 2022, there was an increase of five organizations with gender-transformative programmatic approaches, from 60% to 70% and a decrease in the number of organizations with gender-blind approaches. Despite some advances among some global food systems organizations, the sector has a long way to go to achieve gender equality in the boardroom, in the workplace and in who benefits from their work. The data in this report can equip leaders at all levels—from communities to workforces to boards—to take action, drive change, measure progress, and hold those in power accountable to their commitments to advance gender equality and transform food systems. A fairer, more gender-equal system will be best placed to end hunger, poverty, and inequality around the world.