Journal articles on the topic 'Nuclear Threat Initiative'
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1
Kim, Sung Won, and Si Jin Oh. "Reconsidering the Overlooked Threat of North Korea's Outer Space Activities: Focusing on the Menace of Militarization and Weaponization of Outer Space." Korea Observer - Institute of Korean Studies 55, no. 2 (June 30, 2024): 219–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2024.55.2.219.
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What security implications do North Korea's purported peaceful space activities have? North Korea's recent launch of a reconnaissance satellite not only raises concerns about its nuclear weapons program but also has broader implications for international security. The nuclear threat posed by North Korea is certainly growing. However, there seems to be an overlooked security threat in North Korea's space initiative: the threat of militarization and weaponization of outer space. Therefore, the security policy toward North Korea must be changed comprehensively to address the militarization and weaponization of space, as North Korea's threats can be transformed by the use of space. North Korea's destructive weapons and strategies, such as EMP attacks and space hybrid operations, are not prohibited, even when they appear to be aligned with the outer space legal regime. Hence, rather than concentrating only on nuclear weapons, this study proposes that a fundamental shift in policy is required.
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Borysiewicz, Mieczysław Józef, Karol Kowal, Piotr Andrzej Prusiński, and Marcin Dąbrowski. "AN APPLICATION OF IRIDM IN THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS ON FUEL CONVERSION OF THE MARIA REACTOR." Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 3, no. 3 (July 24, 2013): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.1453.
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Poland, when acceded to GTRI (Global Threat Reduction Initiative) in 2004, has committed to convert the nuclear fuel of the Research Reactor MARIA, operated by the National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ) in Świerk. The conversion means giving up of high enriched uranium fuel containing 36% of U-235, which was used so far, and replacing it with the low enriched uranium fuel (19.7% U-235). This article describes the potential usability of the Integrated Risk Informed Decision Making (IRIDM) methodology in optimization of the fuel conversion procedure.
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Lochard, J. "The recommendations of ICRP Publication 111 in the light of the ICRP dialogue initiative in Fukushima." Annals of the ICRP 45, no. 2_suppl (December 2016): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146645317729800.
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Publication 111, published by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) in 2009, provided the first recommendations for dealing with the long-term recovery phase after a nuclear accident. Its focus is on the protection of people living in long-term contaminated areas after a nuclear accident, drawing on the experience of the Belarus population, Cumbrian sheep farmers in the UK, and Sami reindeer herders in Norway affected by the fallout from Chernobyl. The ICRP dialogue initiative in Fukushima confirmed what had been identified after Chernobyl, namely the very strong concern for health, particularly that of children, loss of control over everyday life, apprehension about the future, disintegration of family life and of the social and economic fabric, and the threat to the autonomy and dignity of affected people. Through their testimonies and reflections, the participants of the 12 dialogue meetings shed light on this complex situation. The ICRP dialogue initiative also confirmed that the wellbeing of the affected people is at stake, and radiological protection must focus on rehabilitation of their living conditions. The challenge is to incorporate the important clarifications resulting from the ICRP dialogue initiative into the updated version of Publication 111 that is currently in development. This paper does not necessarily reflect the views of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.
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Stalin, Ayadoure Srinivasane. "Challenges to India’s Defense Modernization and Moving Forward." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v9i4.4659.
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India is today confronted with tremendous obstacles as it strives to improve its international reputation. India’s strategic location increases the prospect of future challenges (most notably a nuclear threat) with its neighboring country. India’s strategic location and recent geopolitical dynamics in South Asia by China’s Belt and Road Initiative necessitates India’s Defence Modernization to cater to India’s National Security facing threats from traditional and non-traditional actors. This study highlights how India’s self-reliance in dual-use technology production would give a comparative advantage for India’s mandate to achieve modernization of India’s Defence Technology. This study discusses the push, pull, and compelling factors for the Defence Modernization where the latter would draw significant inference from Ricardo’s Comparative Advantage Theory. This study would conclude by arguing that India needs to diversify its weapon and ammunition, which requires considerable policy correction in Defence Acquisition and Procurement Policy to boost indigenous defence weapon production.
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Matviichuk, Andrii. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE REGARDING THE PROTECTION OF NPP AS CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE OBJECTS IN WARTIME." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, no. 124 (2022): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2022/5.124-11.
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Peculiarities of the legal regime of protection of nuclear power plants as objects of critical infrastructure in emergency situations, state of emergency and while martial law are studied. The actual transformation of nuclear power plants captured by the Russian Federation into a military base contradicts the ideological issue and worldview of security and thus can be defined as nuclear terrorism. Any nuclear installations are not designed for operation in combat conditions, and their damage can lead to serious consequences connected with radiation contamination of the surrounding territories not only at the level of countries, but also at the level of continents. It is stipulated that until now the concept of nuclear terrorism was defined as the illegal handling, manufacture, acquisition, storage and use of nuclear or other radioactive materials by persons who do not have legal rights to the specified actions, with the intention of causing harm to human life and health, property or environment. However, for the first time in world practice, the subject of the crime of seizing, disabling and destroying nuclear facilities is the state. And as it turns out, the international community still lacks effective mechanisms to prevent such actions and punish such entities. Until recently, the IAEA and other international organizations were actually limited to "deep concern" and only the real threat of a nuclear disaster at the Zaporizhzhia NPP forced them to become somewhat more active, but drastic changes in their activities regarding the safety of the use of peaceful atoms are needed to protect the world from the global nuclear threat. This provoked incredible challenges and led to the need, in addition to the political solution of the mentioned issue, to review the existing Ukrainian and international legislation on ensuring nuclear and radiation safety. Based on the results of the research, the author's specification of the legislative definition of the concepts: "nuclear terrorism," "threat of nuclear terrorism," and "prevention of nuclear terrorism" were formulated. The necessity of introducing demilitarized zones around nuclear-dangerous objects and the development (on Ukraine's initiative) of the international Convention on ensuring the safety of their functioning in conditions of armed conflicts is substantiated in the paper. The research used the following methods: the general dialectical method, the method of scientific knowledge, the method of interpreting legal norms, the formal legal method, the comparative legal method, and the method of systemic analysis.
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Podberezkin, A. I., and J. Y. Parshkova. "The Threat from European Missile Defence System to Russian National Security." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(34) (February 28, 2014): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-1-34-54-63.
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The article analyses the political and military aspects of progress in the dialogue between Russia and the U.S./NATO on cooperation in missile defense; investigates the past experiences and current state of cooperation between Russia and the Alliance on missile defense issues; examines the technical features of American missile defence systems today; finds a solution to question whether or not the European Missile Defence Program actually threatens Russia's nuclear deterrent and strategic stability in general; identifies both potential benefits and possible losses for Russia stemming from the development of cooperation with the United States and NATO in countering ballistic missile threats, or from refusal to have such cooperation. Evidently, the initiative of creation of a missile defense in Europe surely belongs to the USA. Washington has enormous technological, financial, economic, military and institutional capabilities in the field of a missile defense, exceeding by far other NATO member-states. In February 2010, the President of the United States B. Obama adopted a project "European Phased Adaptive Approach" (EPAA) as an alternative to G. Bush's global strategic missile defense plan. The first two stages of the Phased Adaptive Approach are focused on creating a system capable of intercepting small, medium and intermediate-range ballistic missiles. The possibility of intercepting long-range missiles is postponed to the third (2018) and forth phases (2020). Moscow finds especially troublesome the third and the fourth phases of Washington's project of creating a European segment of the global antiballistic missile system, considering prospective capabilities of the U.S. interceptor missiles 61 and the envisioned areas of their deployment. The U.S. counter-evidence is that phase four interceptors do not exist yet. Russia insists on getting the political and legal guarantees from the U.S. and NATO that their missile defense systems will not slash the efficiency of Russian nuclear deterrence forces.
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Rusetsky, Alexander, and Olga Dorokhina. "Nuclear and radiation threats as resources for modeling the security community on the example of the Abkhaz political crisis." Grani 23, no. 4 (July 5, 2020): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172043.
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This article is part of a research conducted as part of the Support Program for Doctoral Studies of Shota Rustaveli Georgian National Science Foundation.Name of the research – “Interdisciplinary analysis of the complex system of the Abkhazian conflict by the method 4D-RAV-17 (grant number – PHDF–18–1147).As part of the study, the task was to assess those political technologies that were not used in the process of resolving the Abkhazian conflict. The study identified that such a peacemaking resource as the recognition by the conflicting parties of “common threats” and the consolidation of common efforts to prevent or eliminate them, was not used to an adequate extent. Based on this, the Concept of Awareness of the Common Threat System (CACTS) were formulated and presented as a methodological basis for reinforcing the Security Community Theory created by Karl Deutsch.CACTS was described in the article “Abkhazian crisis: from the Concept of Awareness of Common Threats to the Building of an “Abkhazian Security Community”” published in the Scientific and Theoretical Almanac "Grani", Volume 23 №3, 2020.As a basis for creating an initial level of trust between the parties to the conflict, we take their policy of recognizing the system of common threats and identifying ourselves (and each other) with possible victims of these threats. The level of trust can grow as both parties gain satisfaction from the process of cooperation.In this article, which is the second of a series of articles devoted to the recognition of common threats and the construction of a security community by the parties to the conflict, we present one of the practical possibilities for strengthening the modeling process of a new multidimensional peacemaking format.In particular, this is the development of cooperation between the participants in the Abkhazian political crisis to reduce nuclear and radioactive threats. The research drew attention not only to physical, but also to psychological dangers posed by nuclear and radiation threats. Based on the analysis, a number of specific initiatives were identified for the possible development of cooperation between participants in the multidimensional Abkhazian political crisis.Particular attention in the article is paid to the role of scientific diplomacy in the positive transformation of the crisis and the integration into the peacemaking process representatives of natural sciences, in particular physicists, power engineers and ecologists.As one of the resources of the peace process, the prospects of cooperation between civil society institutions expressing the interests of victims of nuclear and radiation disasters from different sides of the conflict community are considered.The article focuses on the creation of common approaches on energy policy for the countries of the Caucasus region, especially, regarding nuclear energy. Despite the fact that the initiative is aimed at resolving the Abkhazian conflict, the measures to bring the parties closer, presented in the framework of this project, could positively affect the development of the level of trust in other conflicts of the post-Soviet space.The work is based on a holistic approach, which involves revising the reductionist approach that dominates the scientific and political discourses, distorting the real picture of the conflict and reducing its image to the quasi-scientific concept of the “Abkhaz-Georgian” resolution. Our vision of the complex and multidimensional structure of the Abkhazian political crisis is given in the first article of the mentioned cycle.The structure of this article consists of three main parts.The first part of the article is an introduction, which presents the idea of anti-nuclear and anti-radiation consolidation of participants in the Abkhazian political crisis on the basis of the Concept of Awareness of the Common Threat System (CACTS) and the concept of Karl Deutsch, adapted for the Abkhazian Security Community (ASB). One of the CACTS subsystems (in this article) is nuclear, radiation, and related to them information-psychological threats.The second part of the article presents an analysis of the situation associated with nuclear, radiation, information and psychological threats. This analysis aims to demonstrate the importance of the topic under consideration and the variety of real threats.Nuclear threats. The authors divide them into threats of a military nature, as well as threats associated with the construction, operation, conservation and liquidation of reactors and other nuclear facilities.Radiation threats. Statistics of incidents related to illegal operations in the transportation/sale of radiation/radioactive substances based on open sources are proposed. Examples of threats associated with the illicit trade of irradiated food products are given.Information and psychological threats. When considering information and psychological threats related to nuclear and radiation threats, special attention is paid to such a question as hiding of reliable information from citizens or manipulating information, which is the basis for the formation of distrust towards one’s own state and the psychosomatic problems arising from this.The third part of the article offers a model of a fragment of the peacemaking process to resolve the Abkhazian political crisis, in which a component is involved that includes a discussion of (CACTS) on nuclear and radiation safety and the construction of the Abkhazian Security Community as a subsystem of the Caucasian and Black Sea-Caspian Sea Security Community.
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Muravska, Svitlana, and Oksana Hodovanska. "Organization of museums of western Ukraine after the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation." Museologica Brunensia, no. 2 (2023): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/mub2023-2-2.
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During the war Russian troops are carrying out a targeted and systematic destruction of cultural and religious monuments of Ukraine with the help of various types of weapons and aviation. UNESCO World Heritage sites in Ukraine are under threat of destruction. In the course of modern war, the entire territory of Ukraine is in danger. At the same time, the western Ukrainian regions are considered to be a relatively safe territory. The population from the front-line areas, museum collections are evacuated here. One of the first initiatives to save Ukrainian museums was the Museum Crisis Center, the Heritage Emergency Response Initiative and the Western Ukrainian Union of Museums is based on substantial international assistance. Foremost due to international support, it was possible to receive grants for generators, power banks, as well as the purchase of personal protective equipment for museum workers in case of chemical and nuclear attacks. The activity of Western Ukraine museums was focused on two main directions. Firstly, on financial assistance to colleagues and organizing the evacuation of museum collections from the zone of hostilities or occupation. And secondly, on the preservation of museum valuables in the museums of Western Ukraine by digitizing them and filling the museum funds with the necessary amount of packaging materials. On the other hand, as it follows from the short field study of the master’s degree students, there were only minor fears or worries about possible military actions of the Russian Federation in the museum environment. At the same time there were no government instructions, explanations or warnings about the preparation for the possible evacuation of museum valuables or their more reliable storage. Unfortunately, letters from the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine belatedly responded to the current situation after February 2022 having left the main initiative to non-governmental unions and organizations. In the museum environment after the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation only personal initiatives were the most efficient in forming support and assistance for museum workers.
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Shcherbak, Igor. "The OSCE in the Era of a Threat to the European Security ‒ Challenges and Prospects." Contemporary Europe 107, no. 7 (December 31, 2021): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope72021144151.
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The article analyses the fundamental research “Multilateralism in Transition: Challenges and Opportunities for the OSCE”, prepared by a team of Swiss experts under the leadership of the renowned Swiss diplomat Thomas Greminger (the Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the OSCE, the UN and the International Organizations in Vienna). The fact that T. Greminger served as Secretary General of the OSCE from 2017 to 2020 gives added value to the research. This created a unique opportunity to combine in the research his vast experience, personal impressions from the observance of the “internal kitchen” of the Organization and his analyses of the main directions of the work of the OSCE. The research focuses on the central problems of the OSCE’s activities- preservation of the European security, prevention and regulation of conflicts, new challenges to the European security, strategic partnership of the OSCE with major international organizations, introduction of modern technologies to the operational activities of the Organization, reformation and modernization of the OSCE’ s management system and operational functions. Special attention is payed to the revitalization of the OSCE Structured Dialogue ‒ the main platform for discussions of the most important politico-military problems and confidence-building measures, exchange of information on current perceptions of threat, military capacity, de-escalation measures, best practices for the prevention and improved management of military incidents. The book contains a positive assessment of the concept of cooperative actions aimed at a collective response to the new challenges to the European security: climate change and environment destruction, impact of technology on the societies, illegal migration, pandemics, cross- border organised crime, cyber threats, nuclear security. The authors of the book consider that the collective security initiative could stimulate trust, convergence of interests of participating states and finally would improve European security through cooperation. They also bring to attention the problems of the longstanding reform of the OSCE through presentation of the ten-point reform agenda, including management reform of the OSCE Secretariat, reform of the budget cycle, information security and automating work processes. leveraging partnerships with international and regional organizations.
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Skira, C. A., and M. Agnello. "Control Systems for the Next Century’s Fighter Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906652.
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The paper describes a conceptual control system design based on advanced technologies currently in the exploratory development phase, and, in some cases, emerging into the advanced development phase. It explores future propulsion control systems that focus on improvements in three areas: (1) significantly reducing control system weight; (2) enhancing engine performance (thrust, sfc, etc.); and (3) improving control system reliability and tolerance to high-threat environments (temperature, vibration, EMI, EMP, etc.). The factors that will influence the design and hardware configuration of future propulsion control systems are described. Design goals for future systems, based on the DOD/NASA IHPTET Initiative, and projections of emerging technology capability (and availability) form the basis for future propulsion control system design requirements and for estimating future hardware configurations.
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MAJID, MARINA ABDUL. "A GENE SYNTHESIS REGIME FOR MALAYSIA TO EMULATE IN SECURING FUTURE BIOPRINTED VACCINES." MALIM: JURNAL PENGAJIAN UMUM ASIA TENGGARA (SEA JOURNAL OF GENERAL STUDIES) 21, no. 1 (November 10, 2020): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/malim-2020-2101-07.
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The merger between synthetic biology and bioprinting will someday enable vaccines to be bioprinted utilising genetic material. Unregulated gene synthesis companies may unwittingly supply genetic material to a terrorist if there is no verification of purchasers’ personal identity and affiliation with a legitimate research organisation. This study has the objective of focusing on whether Malaysia regulates and conducts Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) sequence screening among gene synthesis companies which are meant for bioprinting vaccines that can be misused for bioterrorism. This study is qualitative. Gene synthesis guidelines from the United States (US), the International Gene Synthesis Consortium (IGSC), the Nuclear Threat Initiative-World Economic Forum (NTI-WEF) Biosecurity Innovation and Risk Reduction report were referred as examples for changes in Malaysia’s draft National Code of Conduct for Biosecurity [thereafter known as Code]. These soft law documents constitute the regime for gene synthesis and a form of transnational new governance. The findings indicate that in the absence of a specific binding regulation, Malaysia’s draft Code must be amended to incorporate the need to screen customers, genetic sequences and address the cyberbiosecurity of biological life in digitalised form besides the physical biosecurity of laboratories which houses seedstocks from being stolen for malicious intent.
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Casolari, Federico. "Italy’s Contribution to a More Robust International Architecture for the cbrn Legal Landscape." Italian Review of International and Comparative Law 2, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 68–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27725650-02010004.
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Abstract During the last decades, the landscape of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (“cbrn”) threats has significantly evolved. In the light of this, it does not come as a surprise that several initiatives have recently been put in place both at universal and regional level to deal with such threats, trying to introduce a more robust legal framework for cbrn events. The present article provides a global assessment on the role played by Italy in identifying and/or strengthening international obligations related to cbrn events. In the light of the piecemeal cbrn legal landscape, the article will not discuss each and every initiative put in place by Italy; rather, the analysis will be focused on the contribution given by Italy to multilateral initiatives which are likely to produce cross-cutting or horizontal impacts on the discipline.
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HUNTLEY, WADE L. "Threats all the way down: US strategic initiatives in a unipolar world." Review of International Studies 32, no. 1 (January 2006): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210506006929.
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This essay critically assesses the Bush Administration’s strategic and nuclear weapons policy initiatives in historical context. The assessment first delineates the genuinely original elements of the 2002 Nuclear Posture Review. The analysis then considers the potential impact of tactical nuclear weapons planning on prospects for deterring WMD attacks by both ‘rogue’ states and non-state (terrorist) groups, and explores how this planning risks creating ‘commitment traps’ increasing pressures to follow through on nuclear threats. The essay concludes that Bush Administration strategic policy initiatives are less explicable by ‘realist’ criteria than by a more ‘idealist’ strategy premising a militantly active US global role.
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Cherkasova, E. "Spain’s Energy Security in the Context of the Algerian-Moroccan Conflict." World Economy and International Relations 67, no. 9 (2023): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2023-67-9-48-57.
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The energy crisis experienced by the European Union and representing a serious non-military threat to its security has not bypassed Spain. This is a country with a high degree of dependence on hydrocarbon imports. However, the energy crisis there has a number of specific features. It began in autumn 2021, when Algeria – the main supplier of gas to Spain – severed diplomatic relations with Morocco and closed the gas pipeline GME passing through its territory. In March 2022, yielding to the pressure of Rabat, Madrid changed its position on Western Sahara, de facto recognizing its belonging to Morocco. Since the start of the special military operation in Ukraine and before the acceptance of the Moroccan autonomy plan, everything indicated that Spain could play a key role in meeting the EU new energy security needs through its privileged relationship with Algeria. Having temporarily normalized its relations with Morocco, Spain missed the opportunity to become a European gas hub, ceding this role to Italy. Currently, the very structure of the Spanish energy sector is changing, and the country is going to close all operating nuclear power plants. Madrid is betting on diversifying energy supplies, the Algerian gas is being replaced by the American LNG. Russian gas supplies to Spain, previously not so significant, continue to decrease. The country is set to make a serious contribution to the energy transition since it has numerous renewable energy sources, technologies, production capacities and developed infrastructure. Events in Ukraine have accelerated the already existing energy crisis. As energy prices increased, Spain put forward the initiative for the European Union to approve emergency measures to deal with it. The solution, according to Madrid, is the acceleration of the energy transition. Brussels has actually allowed Spain to set top prices for gas that is used to generate electricity, thus lowering the bills for customers. Within the EU framework Madrid has achieved recognition of the special energy status of the Iberian Peninsula, and together with France and Portugal intends to build a new gas pipeline that will supply Europe with green hydrogen and, in the transition period, with natural gas. In general, Spain, although not without difficulties, is rather successfully coping with the current energy crisis.
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Kim, Youngshik, and Chonghee Han. "Trump Administration’s Initiatives in Resolving North Korea’s Nuclear Problem: Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Approach." International Journal of Emerging Trends in Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (2018): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/2001.22.41.51.
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Becker, Steven M. "Improving Risk Communication for Radiological/Nuclear Threats: Recent Research and New Initiatives." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25, S1 (February 2010): S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00021737.
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Zahoor Ahmad Mir and Adil Bashir Parry. "India’s Nuclear Security Vulnerabilities and Commitments : Considering Cyber Threats and Nuclear Material Trafficking." East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 1, no. 7 (August 31, 2022): 1195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/eajmr.v1i7.790.
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Nuclear security refers to the prevention and detection of illegal or purposeful unauthorised acts with nuclear material, other radioactive material, associated facilities, or associated activities, as well as the reaction to such criminal or intentional acts. The nuclear domain is constantly confronted with the problems posed by existing and developing dangers related to nuclear security. After the September 11 terrorist attacks in the United States, public perceptions of nuclear security concerns grew significantly. The advancement of technology has increased the number of security breaches. This is evidenced by the increasing number of cyberattacks on nuclear power plants. After this point in time, the global nuclear community has channelled its efforts toward the establishment and strengthening of global institutions and norms, as well as international regimes, in order to establish and/or maintain robust and protective mechanisms in the domain of nuclear security. Ultimately, the individual sovereign nation has the burden of responsibility for nuclear security, with India being one such responsible nuclear actor. There are a variety of reasons why nuclear security is crucial for India. Due to its extensive nuclear programme and the dispersion of its atomic energy installations around the country, India has a huge vulnerability. Additionally, given India’s unfriendly immediate neighbours, the country is particularly vulnerable to nuclear terrorism, cyberattacks, and other new threats. The study examines India’s nuclear security initiatives, the dangers they confront, and the possible means to counter the threats.
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Greiman, Virginia. "Nuclear Cyber Attacks: A Study of Sabotage and Regulation of Critical Infrastructure." International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security 18, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/iccws.18.1.1042.
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As of 2021, the World Nuclear Association reports 440 Nuclear reactors are in operation worldwide in 30 countries generating capacity of 390 (GW) which is equivalent to about 10% of the world’s electricity. After Hydroelectric power, nuclear is the world's second largest source of low-carbon power. Important new nuclear technologies including the Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are being developed globally creating more efficient and safer reactors that can be reproduced off site.
While governments redoubled their commitments to reducing greenhouse gas emissions at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) in Glasgow, the recovery of economies following the harsh impacts of COVID-19 led to a surge in energy demand that surpassed the growth in production from clean sources including nuclear. The safety and security of nuclear power has received renewed attention since the Russian invasion of Ukraine presenting growing concern about the potential threat of increased malevolent cyber activity against Ukraine’s critical infrastructure. Moreover, there have been more than 20 known cyber incidents worldwide at nuclear facilities since 1990.
To address these concerns this paper focuses on the progress of cyber security and cyber resilience in the nuclear industry globally. The 2015 cyber-attack on the Ukrainian Kyivoblenergo, a regional electricity distribution company was analyzed by multiple sources including private companies, investigators in Ukraine, and the U.S. government. The analysis revealed many opportunities to stop or prevent this attack, however, the nuclear industry continues to face serious challenges in protecting against cyber threats. This research will investigate through a comparative analysis the recent government regulations, rules and standards, for nuclear cyber security safety in the United States and internationally to determine whether these laws adequately protect energy infrastructure from cyberattacks and hold responsible parties accountable. Recent initiatives by government and the private sector to enhance the opportunities for improving cyber security in the nuclear sector will be reviewed to determine best practices for improving nuclear safety and cyber resilience.
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Shrestha, Kamal Krishna. "Nuclear Aspects of the Russia-Ukraine War and its Implications for Nepal." NCWA Annual Journal 55, no. 01 (March 6, 2024): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ncwaj.v55i01.62977.
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Nearly two years old Russia-Ukraine war seems to go on for a long period. The United States and European Union are supporting Ukraine’s offensive to regain their lost land. The Russian threat to use nuclear bombs at the outset has taken the world by great surprise. The use of a megaton nuclear bomb could lead to unimagined catastrophe killing a billion people, and a nuclear winter could set in leading to a worldwide famine that could kill millions more. The nuclear watchdog of the United Nations - the International Atomic Energy Agency, is keeping track of Europe’s largest nuclear power plant in Ukraine. Nuclear-related international treaties are fast becoming ineffective and World War III could be possible. This war is, however, coming to a stalemate. Peace initiatives taken are ineffective so far. This war must end soon and nuclear weapons should remain as deterrence and should not and never be used to save mankind.
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Ball, J., I. Dimayuga, I. Summerell, M. Totland, G. Jonkmans, J. Whitlock, A. El-jaby, and E. Inrig. "CANADIAN NATIONAL NUCLEAR FORENSICS CAPABILITY PROJECT." AECL Nuclear Review 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12943/anr.2015.00043.
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Following the 2010 Nuclear Security Summit, Canada expanded its existing capability for nuclear forensics by establishing a national nuclear forensics laboratory network, which would include a capability to perform forensic analysis on nuclear and other radioactive material, as well as on traditional evidence contaminated with radioactive material. At the same time, the need for a national nuclear forensics library of signatures of nuclear and radioactive materials under Canadian regulatory control was recognized. The Canadian Safety and Security Program, administered by Defence Research and Development Canada's Centre for Security Science (DRDC CSS), funds science and technology initiatives to enhance Canada's preparedness for prevention of and response to potential threats. DRDC CSS, with assistance from Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, formerly Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, is leading the Canadian National Nuclear Forensics Capability Project to develop a coordinated, comprehensive, and timely national nuclear forensics capability.
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Meyer, Paul. "Overcoming the NPT’s “institutional deficit”: A Canadian saga." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 75, no. 1 (March 2020): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020702020915634.
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Ever since the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was indefinitely extended in 1995, Canada has promoted the concept of “permanence with accountability.” Canada led on an ambitious initiative to enhance accountability via a reform package to overcome the NPT’s “institutional deficit.” Launched prior to the failed 2005 Review Conference, the effort was sustained for a decade. The priority goals were to establish annual meetings of states parties; to create a standing body of past, present, and future chairs; and to provide for the convening of extraordinary meetings. These ideas attracted support, but also opposition, from quarters less interested in having more effective tools of accountability put into place. The history of this initiative sheds light on the dynamics of multilateral diplomacy in the nuclear realm and on weaknesses in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty process that continue to threaten the authority of the treaty.
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Wulff, Petter. "Experts and Evidence: Sweden’s Nuclear Decision-Making in the 1970s." Journal of the International Committee for the History of Technology 29, no. 1 (June 15, 2024): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.11590/icon.2024.1.03.
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The role of nuclear power was intensely debated in Sweden in the 1970s. Experts took an active part in the debate and many of them presented their views in books and booklets. The experts were divided in their view of Sweden’s nuclear future. This should be a good ground for getting a well-informed public and seeing the nuclear decision-making as both democratic and rational. However, the anti-nuclear side had a tendency to argue against nuclear power as part of a larger system of hard technology and big power dominance, standing against local initiatives and ecology. They were disinclined to take up a discussion that could have moderated the perceived threats and risks of nuclear power. This disinclination even led to a rather misleading argument about the relationship between nuclear power and nuclear weapons. Amazingly, it was spread by the most prestigious of all the experts involved.
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Averianov, Serhii. "Security aspect of Asean-China relations in South-East Asia." Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: History. Political Studies 10, no. 28-29 (2020): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2020-10-28-29-133-143.
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The article analyzes the the People's Republic of China (PRC) influence on the activities of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in the security sector. It outlines the specifics of the foreign policy of the People's Republic of China in the region and its connection to the formation of the Southeast Asia (SA) security architecture processes. The article highlightes modern trends and tendencies of China's geostrategic positioning in the region, the pros and cons of the Chinese foreign policy concept at both regional and global levels. For many years China was seen as a threat to Southeast Asian countries due to its political ideology and active support for the uprisings in those countries. In 1967, when ASEAN was founded, China had serious doubts about the motives of this newly formed international union. Beijing was deeply concerned that the organization could have a hidden military connotation that would consolidate anti-Chinese sentiment in Southeast Asia. Formal relations between China and the Association were established in 1991. In July 1994 China became a «consultative partner» within ASEAN Regional Forum on Peace and Security. In 1996 by signing the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation of 1976 China became a full dialogue partner. The transformation of the system of international relations, as well as the global rebalance of power in the post-bipolar era have contributed to the strengthening of China`s positions in world politics. On the one hand the end of the Cold War minimized the risks of a nuclear catastrophe, but at the same time it actualized and accelerated trade and economic cooperation tendencies. In such circumstances most of ASEAN member states sought brand new approach towards China, willing to benefit from its economic upswing. For its part, China's growing dependence on energy forces it to engage in solving regional security issues more actively. Nowadays China's foreign policy is represented by the Belt and Road Initiative, formerly known as the One Belt One Road. It is a global infrastructure development strategy that includes 2 large-scale projects: the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. Participating in those projects seems lucrative for most Southeast Asia countries, due to their close economic ties with China being nearly the main driver of their own economies. After all, China still remains a key trading partner among ASEAN member states. However, on the other hand, many of the political elites fear that participation in China's projects will put them in a position of dependence on Beijing. That`s why ASEAN tries to maintain the SA as a peaceful, neutral region, free from the dominance of any regional or non-regional state.
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Miller, Nicholas L. "The Secret Success of Nonproliferation Sanctions." International Organization 68, no. 4 (2014): 913–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818314000216.
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AbstractBuilding on the rationalist literature on sanctions, this article argues that economic and political sanctions are a successful tool of nonproliferation policy, but that selection effects have rendered this success largely hidden. Since the late 1970s—when the United States made the threat of sanctions credible through congressional legislation and began regularly employing sanctions against proliferating states—sanctions have been ineffective in halting ongoing nuclear weapons programs, but they have succeeded in deterring states from starting nuclear weapons programs in the first place and have thus contributed to a decline in the rate of nuclear pursuit. The logic of the argument is simple: rational leaders assess the risk of sanctions before initiating a nuclear weapons program, which produces a selection effect whereby states highly vulnerable to sanctions are deterred from starting nuclear weapons programs in the first place, so long as the threat is credible. Vulnerability is a function of a state's level of economic and security dependence on the United States—states with greater dependence have more to lose from US sanctions and are more likely to be sensitive to US-sponsored norms. The end result of this selection effect is that since the late 1970s, only insulated, inward-looking regimes have pursued nuclear weapons and become the target of imposed sanctions, thus rendering the observed success rate of nonproliferation sanctions low. I find support for the argument based on statistical analysis of a global sample of countries from 1950 to 2000, an original data set of US nonproliferation sanctions episodes, and qualitative analysis of the South Korean and Taiwanese nuclear weapons programs.
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Hutchison, C. J., J. M. Bridger, L. S. Cox, and I. R. Kill. "Weaving a pattern from disparate threads: lamin function in nuclear assembly and DNA replication." Journal of Cell Science 107, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 3259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.107.12.3259.
Full textAbstract:
The major residual structure that remains associated with the nuclear envelope following extraction of isolated nuclei or oocyte germinal vesicles with non-ionic detergents, nucleases and high salt is the lamina (Fawcett, 1966; Aaronson and Blobel, 1975; Dwyer and Blobel, 1976). The nuclear lamina is composed of intermediate filament proteins, termed lamins (Gerace and Blobel, 1980; Shelton et al., 1980), which polymerise to form a basket-weave lattice of fibrils, which covers the entire inner surface of the nuclear envelope and interlinks nuclear pores (Aebi et al., 1986; Stewart and Whytock, 1988; Goldberg and Allen, 1992). At mitosis, the nuclear envelope and the lamina both break down to allow chromosome segregation. As a consequence, each structure has to be rebuilt during anaphase and telophase, allowing cells an opportunity to reposition chromosomes (Heslop-Harrison and Bennett, 1990) and to reorganise looped chromatin domains (Franke, 1974; Franke et al., 1981; Hochstrasser et al., 1986), which may in turn control the use of subsets of genes. Because of the position that it occupies, its dynamics during mitosis and the fact that it is an essential component of proliferating cells, the lamina has been assigned a number of putative roles both in nuclear metabolism and in nuclear envelope assembly (Burke and Gerace, 1986; Nigg, 1989). However, to date there is little clear cut evidence that satisfactorily explains the function of the lamina in relation to its structure. In this Commentary we will describe some of the recent work that addresses this problem and attempt to provide a unified model for the role of lamins in nuclear envelope assembly and for the lamina in the initiation of DNA replication.
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Teremetskyi, Vladyslav, Yevheniia Duliba, Alla Kiryk, Anna Sukharieva, Pavlo Gorinov, and Viktor Vasylenko. "Ensuring Nuclear Safety in Ukraine in Conditions of War." Archives des Sciences 74, no. 1 (March 10, 2024): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.62227/as/74105.
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The ongoing war in Ukraine has significantly raised concerns about the safety of nuclear power plants (NPPs), especially in the context of the Zaporizhzhia NPP. This precarious situation has revealed substantial weaknesses in the existing global nuclear safety framework, emphasizing the need for sweeping reforms in international law. While the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has played a commendable role in advocating for nuclear safety through various resolutions, missions, and safety principles, the effectiveness of these efforts is compromised by Russia’s non-compliance and its ability to exercise veto power in the UN Security Council. Confronting these challenges requires a diverse and comprehensive approach from the international community. This includes revising international legal structures, conducting in-depth studies on nuclear safety in conflict zones, and considering diplomatic initiatives like establishing safety zones around nuclear facilities. Another possible strategy is the deployment of peacekeeping forces, though geopolitical factors currently limit its viability. Resolving the nuclear safety concerns intensified by the Russia-Ukrainian war demands robust legal and political actions, coupled with innovative solutions and global cooperation. Immediate and focused attention is crucial to avert any further escalation that risks a nuclear incident, posing dire threats not only to Ukraine but to the entire international community.
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Ali, Muhammad, Suwaibah Qadri, and Rizwana Jabeen. "THE ROAD TO CHAGHI: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON PAKISTAN’S NUCLEAR PROGRAM." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 57, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v57i2.36.
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Nuclearization of South Asia always remains the most imperative concern for the international community particularly when In May 1998, India and Pakistan tested their nuclear devices which plunged South Asia into a relentless nuclear arms race. Since then, the nuclearization of South Asia has been a reality but the region is as insecure as it was before. Historically, Pakistan’s nuclear program has been a subject of contention with the Western world. Pakistan has worked hard and successfully to build diverse nuclear capabilities. It will preserve these capabilities for the predictable future as a necessary deterrent against perceived existential threats from India. The objective of this study is to provide historical background of the initiatives undertaken by Pakistan towards the development of its nuclear program and highlight the major challenges and hurdles that stood in the way of achieving this goal. Paper conclude that under the present turbulent regional and international environment, Pakistan should carefully weigh its options to become an internationally acceptable normal nuclear state without compromising its genuine security concerns. It is hoped that the finding of this qualitative work would not only facilitate scholars and experts of international relations, but also be a massive contribution for the students in this field.
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Zsámba, Renáta. "Detecting Post-Nuclear Crisis in Hanna Jameson’s The Last." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 13, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausp-2021-0004.
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Abstract Hanna Jameson’s post-apocalyptic detective novel, The Last (2019), addresses contemporary issues that affect us on both a collective and an individual level. The author diagnoses the denial of nuclearism and calls for an awareness of the nuclear age combined with the looming threat of climate change. The novel negotiates alternative strategies for the treatment of crisis brought about by the nuclear attack and borrows many of the thematic and structural elements from twentieth-century nuclear fictions in which the apocalypse is not necessarily regarded in negative terms but as a chance for regeneration. The events of the post-nuclear months in a Swiss hotel are narrated by an American historian whose written account serves several goals. It gives the illusion of delaying crisis, but it also reveals his fears and traumas conjured up by radioactive spectres. There are two different types of narratives at work, the narrative of the crisis and that of the investigation. The narrator-protagonist becomes obsessed with finding the solution to a murder mystery, which in a metaphorical sense is to give a soothing answer to the death of millions. However, this attempt keeps failing, and thus the narrative of the crisis devours all kinds of rational initiatives to resolve chaos. In order to elaborate on the psychological impact of the post-nuclear crisis in subject construction, I do not only examine the character of the amateur detective of the whodunit whose intervention aims to restore order, but I also apply Gabriele Schwab’s concepts of post-nuclear subjectivity and nuclear hauntology.
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Gisondi, Andrew, and Camille Palmer. "Risk-Informed Performance-Based methods for cyber-attack on nuclear power facilities." Nuclear Science and Technology Open Research 2 (April 8, 2024): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/nuclscitechnolopenres.17523.1.
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A new approach is described that offers a Risk-Informed Performance-Based (RIPB) framework for quantifying the risk associated with a cyber-attack on a nuclear power-generating facility. The first part of the method involves 1) the creation of a simplified 10 CFR 73.54 compliant cyber infrastructure, 2) modeling of design basis threats against the network and passive defense of the network and 3) applying the model metrics as inputs into a Bayesian analysis to calculate the exploit probability of a plant controller. The RAVEN code package was used to perform a stochastic calculation to quantify the aleatory uncertainty associated with exploiting a plant controller and produce basic statistics associated with those outputs, such as the standard deviation and standard error. Other tools, such as ADAPT, were also explored, which could be leveraged for direct DPRA analysis of network topology, such that new failure modes or initiating events could be discovered. The second aspect of the RIPB method considers the impact of the controller on the physical plant. This evaluation was conducted by postulating an accident scenario possibly caused by the dynamics of an exploited process controller, initiating that event in a RELAP5 model controlled by the RAVEN risk analysis package, and demonstrating the types of algorithms that can be used to quantify the consequences of the accident scenario. The new two-part method explored in this work provides the uncertainty associated with a cyber-initiating event and the associated consequences of a postulated accident resulting from that exploit, as well as example tools and algorithms for performing the analysis.
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Briggs, Emma, Kathryn Crouch, Leandro Lemgruber, Graham Hamilton, Craig Lapsley, and Richard McCulloch. "Trypanosoma brucei ribonuclease H2A is an essential R-loop processing enzyme whose loss causes DNA damage during transcription initiation and antigenic variation." Nucleic Acids Research 47, no. 17 (July 27, 2019): 9180–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz644.
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Abstract Ribonucleotides represent a threat to DNA genome stability and transmission. Two types of Ribonuclease H (RNase H) excise ribonucleotides when they form part of the DNA strand, or hydrolyse RNA when it base-pairs with DNA in structures termed R-loops. Loss of either RNase H is lethal in mammals, whereas yeast survives the absence of both enzymes. RNase H1 loss is tolerated by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei but no work has examined the function of RNase H2. Here we show that loss of T. brucei RNase H2 (TbRH2A) leads to growth and cell cycle arrest that is concomitant with accumulation of nuclear damage at sites of RNA polymerase (Pol) II transcription initiation, revealing a novel and critical role for RNase H2. Differential gene expression analysis reveals limited overall changes in RNA levels for RNA Pol II genes after TbRH2A loss, but increased perturbation of nucleotide metabolic genes. Finally, we show that TbRH2A loss causes R-loop and DNA damage accumulation in telomeric RNA Pol I transcription sites, also leading to altered gene expression. Thus, we demonstrate separation of function between two nuclear T. brucei RNase H enzymes during RNA Pol II transcription, but overlap in function during RNA Pol I-mediated gene expression during host immune evasion.
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Howlett, Susan. "Prevention is the Only Cure: Health Effects of the Uranium Cycle on Women, Fetuses and Children." Canadian Journal of Midwifery Research and Practice 9, no. 3 (May 22, 2024): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22374/cjmrp.v9i3.134.
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There are many sources of potential contamination throughout the uranium cycle, which can affect the health of families for generations to come. Children and fetuses are especially vulnerable due to rapid cell division during physical growth. This is documented internationally through outcomes such as increased incidence in spontaneousabortions,childhoodleukemiaandotherchildhoodcancers. Researchonthistopicaroseoutofa local concern in eastern Ontario due to proposed uranium mines at the watershed of major rivers, which may pose arisktomidwiferyclients wholiveneartailingponds,incommunitieswhorelyontheriversfortheirsourceof water, or who work in reprocessing and nuclear power plants. As Canada is the world's largest producer and exporter of uranium, the health impacts extend to the most recent use of depleted uranium in weapons abroad. As primary health practitioners, midwives can play a role in promoting public health through becoming better informed, and supporting local and international initiatives which address the threat posed to human and environmental health by the uranium cycle.
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Kaliuzhna, Yuliia. "Impact of eurointegration on the transformation of the political-legal system of Ukraine in the field of nuclear safety." Reality of Politics 25, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/rop2023302.
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This article deals with the most pressing issues in the modern political-legal and security information agenda. The active hostilities on the territory of Ukraine have placed the world, and in particular the European Union, under the threat of a new artificial nuclear catastrophe, which could be provoked by the provocative actions of the Russian army at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant. Considering the relevance of the issue, the object of study is the political and legal system of Ukraine in the context of nuclear safety, which has undergone significant changes under the influence of European integration. For comprehensive coverage of the issue, the study examines the evolution of nuclear safety both in Ukraine and the European Union. Particular attention is paid to both the development of legislation and the formation of regulatory authorities. An important component of this study is a detailed analysis of the legal framework of both Ukraine and the European Union. Due to this, it was possible to clearly determine the scale of influence of the specific legislative acts. The study confirmed the impact of European integration on the main laws of Ukraine related to nuclear safety and the need to bring Ukrainian nuclear safety regulatory documents into line with the legislation of the European Union. This article deals with the EU supranational regulators such as WENRA and ENSREG have a significant impact on the regulatory and legal framework for nuclear safety. Ukraine made many commitments to improve control and develop its own regulatory body – the State Regulatory Inspectorate, which received significant autonomy under the influence of European initiatives. It should be stated that the influence of European integration as a political process is so profound that it leads to conceptual changes in the legislative and even institutional framework. The conclusions provide a few suggestions for improving the response system to factors such as hostilities, including at the legal level.
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MORAES, LEANDRO J. C. L., DÉLIO BAÊTA, RENATA C. AMARO, ALEXANDRE C. MARTENSEN, and DANTE PAVAN. "Rediscovery of the rare Phrynomedusa appendiculata (Lutz, 1925) (Anura: Phyllomedusidae) from the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil." Zootaxa 5087, no. 4 (January 10, 2022): 522–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.4.2.
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The genus Phrynomedusa Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923 comprises rare and little known phyllomedusid species from southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Phrynomedusa appendiculata (Lutz, 1925) is known from three localities since its description and considered a “lost species” because it was last sighted 51 years ago. This pervasive lack of knowledge raised a significant concern about its threat status. Here, we present the rediscovery of P. appendiculata from a breeding population in the Atlantic Plateau forests of the state of São Paulo. This new record allowed the gathering of novel ecological, acoustic and morphological data for this species. Most of the novel data agreed with the variation historically reported for the species, but we found subtle divergences that we interpret as intraspecific variation. Moreover, this record also allowed a reassessment of geographic distribution of the species, and the first inference of its phylogenetic relationships based on molecular data (mitochondrial and nuclear DNA). The resulting phylogeny corroborated the generic placement and evolutionary distinctiveness of P. appendiculata, evidencing the species as sister to the clade P. marginata + P. dryade. Based on novel and historical data, we discuss some putative factors influencing the rarity of P. appendiculata and its congeners, and provide conservation perspectives. We expect that the novel data can support further assessments of threat status for this rare species, as well as initiatives aiming its conservation.
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Savel'ev, A. "Nuclear Deterrence during the Period of Confrontation." World Economy and International Relations, no. 10 (2015): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-10-30-39.
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The article focuses on the main aspects of nuclear deterrence concept, including the mechanism of its application during the period of international tension. The author pays attention to the strategic triad configuration which makes nuclear deterrence more effective and reliable. Along with it the credibility of nuclear deterrence is also under consideration as a very important element of the overall problem analysis. The central part of the article is devoted to the problem of nuclear targeting and possible application of nuclear weapons in case the deterrence failed, and the decision to use these weapons were taken. The author argues that there is no rational variant to apply nuclear weapons without unpredictable and deadly reaction from the opposite side. There is no hope to achieve any positive result after the first use of nuclear weapons – whether strategic or tactical. Thus, a massive counterforce strike cannot prevent from a massive retaliation resulting in the complete annihilation of the rivalries. A limited strike against strategic offensive forces of the opponent can be interpreted as a massive strike ending with massive retaliation. A single strike cannot solve any military problem and, moreover, may give strategic initiative to the opponent. Tactical nuclear forces can be used in different, but generally “unproductive” ways – whether against the own territory, or by solving only limited tasks, while producing an unpredictable reaction from the opponent. The author comes to a conclusion that the nuclear weapon is only an instrument of self-destruction which cannot solve any security problem. It can only play a symbolic role in terms of the country's prestige, and nothing else. Finally, the author insists that the strategic stability concept started to play a counter-productive role in the U.S.-Russia strategic relations, and must be substituted by a new approach to security. This approach should reject the central idea of strategic stability which calls for preserving a powerful retaliatory potential. Acknowledgements. The publication is prepared with financial support of the Russian Foundation for Humanities; Project № 15-37-11136 “The Influence of Technological Factors on the Spectrum of Threats to National and International Security, Military Conflicts and Strategic Stability”.
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Lansdowne, Krystal, Christopher G. Scully, Loriano Galeotti, Suzanne Schwartz, David Marcozzi, and David G. Strauss. "Recent Advances in Medical Device Triage Technologies for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Events." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 30, no. 3 (April 14, 2015): 320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x15004641.
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AbstractIn 2010, the US Food and Drug Administration (Silver Spring, Maryland USA) created the Medical Countermeasures Initiative with the mission of development and promoting medical countermeasures that would be needed to protect the nation from identified, high‐priority chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) threats and emerging infectious diseases. The aim of this review was to promote regulatory science research of medical devices and to analyze how the devices can be employed in different CBRN scenarios. Triage in CBRN scenarios presents unique challenges for first responders because the effects of CBRN agents and the clinical presentations of casualties at each triage stage can vary. The uniqueness of a CBRN event can render standard patient monitoring medical device and conventional triage algorithms ineffective. Despite the challenges, there have been recent advances in CBRN triage technology that include: novel technologies; mobile medical applications (“medical apps”) for CBRN disasters; electronic triage tags, such as eTriage; diagnostic field devices, such as the Joint Biological Agent Identification System; and decision support systems, such as the Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management Intelligent Syndromes Tool (CHEMM-IST). Further research and medical device validation can help to advance prehospital triage technology for CBRN events.LansdowneK, ScullyCG, GaleottiL, SchwartzS, MarcozziD, StraussDG. Recent advances in medical device triage technologies for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear events. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(3):1-4
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Leksyutina, Yana Valeryevna. "China in D. Trump’s Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 19, no. 1 (December 15, 2019): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-1-22-34.
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With Trump as a president of the US from January 2017 and his decisive actions, which have undermined many agreements reached by previous American administrations (like withdrawal from the TTP, the Paris climate agreement, the Iran nuclear deal, the UNESCO, etc.), the international system and regional subsystems are under serious reconfiguration and readjustments. This accentuates the necessity to systemize Trump’s actions and initiatives in the realm of foreign policy and foreign trade, to interpret these actions’ logic, and to evaluate the changes that Trump’s policies have brought about. It is of high importance to analyze Trump’s strategy in the Indo-Pacific which is the priority region in his foreign policy agenda and the region where two major threats to the US and its allies are coming from - the rise of China as a country that pursues unfair trade and economic policies and reveals assertiveness in securing its core interests, and the threat from the North Korea. The aim of the article is to analyze China’s place in Trump’s Indo-Pacific strategy. By studying American conceptual documents, Trump’s and other American high-level officials’ speeches, the article characterizes Trump’s free and open Indo-Pacific strategy, reveals its commonalities and peculiarities vis-à-vis Obama’s rebalancing to the Asia-Pacific strategy. The article also addresses the issue of Trump’s policies in the region on the economic front, because this is where Trump administration has introduces dramatic changes. Trump’s Indo-Pacific strategy is examined in the article in the context of its impact on the US-China relations. The relations between the two countries - without exaggeration, one of the most consequential for the world - may seriously deteriorate due to not only the evolving US-China trade war, but also contradictions between them over various issues in the IndoPacific region. The article analyzes the aggravation of tensions between the US and China in 2017-2018 over South and East China Seas, Taiwan issue, and North Korea issue.
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Ishaq, Zaryab, Abdul Basit Khan, and Rifat Rafeeq. "From Shaheen-II to China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Pakistan-China Military and Economic Relations (2013-2023) At A Glance." Journal of Asian Development Studies 13, no. 2 (May 28, 2024): 1033–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.62345/jads.2024.13.2.82.
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For decades, Pakistan and China enjoyed cordial diplomatic relations, which have now been transformed into a long-standing strategic and economic partnership. The historic silk trade route, development of the Gwadar port, Chashma nuclear power plant, and manufacturing of JF-17 thunder fighter jets were some of the instances of this partnership from the past. In recent years, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), formally agreed upon in 2013, represents a joint commitment to cooperation and development by both states. Following China's "Belt and Road Initiative" (BRI), this project aims to utilize the Eurasian land bridge to connect Pakistan with Central Asia. Despite enormous challenges and threats to Pakistan-China relations posed by Pakistan's border issues, the CPEC is now partially functional, and both states are working on expanding it. With a particular emphasis on strategic and economic aspects, the current study analytically explores the nature of the Pakistan-China relationship. The qualitative approach is applied to identify the relationship changes between countries during 2013 and 2023. Primary and secondary data types will be relied on and utilized to explore the study's findings.
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Paramuzova, O. G. "International Legal Regulation of the Problem of Protecting the Environment from Radioactive Contamination." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 17, no. 3 (October 3, 2023): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2023-03-109-119.
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This article deals with modern actual international legal problems of ecological and nuclear law. In the frames of conducted research the special emphasis was made on, that in the modern interstate system is required a new codification of common international law norms, as well as initiation of the process of regional rulemaking.Aim. The main intention of research is search for solutions the problems protecting the environment from radioactive contamination in the context of increasing the effectiveness of the mechanism of international legal regulation in the epoch of modern international relations.Tasks. To determine the relevance and specificity the actual international legal problems of protecting the environment from radioactive contamination in the context of increasing the effectiveness of the mechanism of international legal regulation in the 21th century.Methods. Within the framework of this study, using the methods of studying normative legal acts and international legal doctrines, as well as content analysis, the features of the functioning of the mechanism of international legal regulation in the field of environmental protection from radioactive contamination are revealed.Results. During the study, the author concludes, that in the light of today’s threats and challenges, it is necessary to try to develop legally significant ways out of the crisis associated with solving international legal environmental problems of preventing nuclear damage, as well as eliminating and reducing the negative consequences of its impact on the state of the natural environment. On of the justified ways to solve threes problems is the reform of international legal consciousness in general and in the areas of international environment law and nuclear law, in particular. In the modern interstate system, it seem that a new codification of the norms of general international law is to required, as well as the initiation of a process of regional law-making.Conclusion. Summing up the results of the study, the author of investigation gives his findings and conclusions regarding the resolution of these problems in this area of international legal regulation. In particular, the article determines the validity of the assertion that in the context of modern threats and exports to international peace and security in the 21st century, a qualitative renewal of international legal consciousness, its enrichment and nourishment with new scientific ideas and well-thought-out concepts that can bring international law out of crisis since the legal consciousness that exists today does not meet modern realities and, relying on it, it will be extremely difficult to ensure the effectiveness of the well-coordinated work out of international interstate system.
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Khan, Dilaware, Jan Frederick Cornelius, and Sajjad Muhammad. "The Role of NF-κB in Intracranial Aneurysm Pathogenesis: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 18 (September 18, 2023): 14218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814218.
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Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) are abnormal dilations of the cerebral vessels, which pose a persistent threat of cerebral hemorrhage. Inflammation is known to contribute to IA development. The nuclear factor “kappa-light-chain-enhancer” of activated B-cells (NF-κB) is the major driver of inflammation. It increases the expression of inflammatory markers and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which contribute heavily to the pathogenesis of IAs. NF-κB activation has been linked to IA rupture and resulting subarachnoid hemorrhage. Moreover, NF-κB activation can result in endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the arterial wall, which subsequently leads to the initiation and progression of IAs and consequently results in rupture. After a systematic search, abstract screening, and full-text screening, 30 research articles were included in the review. In this systematic review, we summarized the scientific literature reporting findings on NF-κB’s role in the pathogenesis of IAs. In conclusion, the activation of the NF-κB pathway was associated with IA formation, progression, and rupture.
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Demidov, O. V. "PREVENTING CYBER ATTACKS ON CRIRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE: A NEW PRIORITY FOR THE RUSSIAN PUBLIC DIPLOMACY?" MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(32) (October 28, 2013): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-5-32-58-61.
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The article analyses the problem of cyber attacks on critical infrastructure, including facilities of the nuclear industry. At present there is almost no international legal regulation of the possible usage of information technologies in order to information systems used by object of the critically important infrastructure. Still, there has been an unprecedented growth in the information threats in recent years. As it was revealed in 2010, several Middle East States, first of all Iran in 2008, were the target for a series of systematic and sophisticated computer attacks, whose initiators remain unknown, which were aimed at the collection of information about the objects of critical information infrastructure of these states and its program intrusion. The author supports the thesis of the need for early development of international legal instruments to prevent and prohibit such cyber attacks. At the same time the leadership in the formulation and solution of this problem on the international scene can assume the Russian Federation, whose initiatives have since 1998 shaped the global agenda in terms of regulating the behavior of states in cyberspace. Despite the significant differences of different countries in this area, their positions on ensuring protection against cyber attacks peaceful nuclear infrastructure are the closest to a consensus, creating a window of opportunity for practical progress on this issue in 2013-2014.
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Scherthan, H., S. Weich, H. Schwegler, C. Heyting, M. Härle, and T. Cremer. "Centromere and telomere movements during early meiotic prophase of mouse and man are associated with the onset of chromosome pairing." Journal of Cell Biology 134, no. 5 (September 1, 1996): 1109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.134.5.1109.
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The preconditions and early steps of meiotic chromosome pairing were studied by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosome-specific DNA probes to mouse and human testis tissue sections. Premeiotic pairing of homologous chromosomes was not detected in spermatogonia of the two species. FISH with centromere- and telomere-specific DNA probes in combination with immunostaining (IS) of synaptonemal complex (SC) proteins to testis sections of prepuberal mice at days 4-12 post partum was performed to study sequentially the meiotic pairing process. Movements of centromeres and then telomeres to the nuclear envelope, and of telomeres along the nuclear envelope leading to the formation of a chromosomal bouquet were detected during mouse prophase. At the bouquet stage, pairing of a mouse chromosome-8-specific probe was observed. SC-IS and simultaneous telomere FISH revealed that axial element proteins appear as large aggregates in mouse meiocytes when telomeres are attached to the nuclear envelope. Axial element formation initiates during tight telomere clustering and transverse filament-IS indicated the initiation of synapsis during this stage. Comparison of telomere and centromere distribution patterns of mouse and human meiocytes revealed movements of centromeres and then telomeres to the nuclear envelope and subsequent bouquet formation as conserved motifs of the pairing process. Chromosome painting in human spermatogonia revealed compacted, largely mutually exclusive chromosome territories. The territories developed into long, thin threads at the onset of meiotic prophase. Based on these results a unified model of the pairing process is proposed.
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Ghods, Sepideh, Elias Khalili Pour, Hamid Riazi-Esfahani, Hooshang Faghihi, and Bahman Inanloo. "Closantel Retinal Toxicity: Case Report and Literature Review." Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine 2021 (May 21, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4832965.
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A 57-year-old shepherd was referred with a 2-week history of decreased visual acuity in both eyes. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) revealed diffuse outer nuclear layer hyperreflectivity and indistinguishable external limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone. The patient announced to us that he took two 500 mg of closantel tablets (15.15 mg/kg) three days before the initiation of visual problems for sore throat as an antibiotic. Electroretinography displayed severely attenuated responses in both eyes. We decided to admit the patient with the presumed diagnosis of closantel retinal toxicity and treated him with intravenous methylprednisolone 1 g per day and intravenous erythropoietin 10000 IU twice a day, and reevaluation of the patient proved no change in his visual acuity on the third day of admission. Closantel is a veterinary drug with serious side effects in the human retina and central nervous system even in previously reported doses. Public awareness and appropriate drug labeling about its side effects could prevent accidental toxicity. OCT is a noninvasive and rapid diagnostic modality that should be done in suspected toxic retinopathy.
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Kenar, L., M. Ortatatli, Z. I. Kunak, A. Oztuna, and I. Arziman. "(P1-73) Medical CBRN Training for Military Health Staff and Its Benefits." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11004055.
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ObjectiveThe increasing threat of the use of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) agents requires significant military medical preparedness and response, including training. The initiatives for CBRN training by Gulhane Military Medical Academy, which is under the Health Command of the Turkish Armed Forces, will be discussed, and the training program and educational model for medical CBRN defense will be highlighted.MethodThe training is given to military hospital staff once or twice a year. Hospital staff is trained over a period of five days, with practical issues regarding medical CBRN defense covered during the last two days. A questionnaire is given to trainees at the beginning and at the end to ascertain the adequacy of the course.ResultsSo far, this medical CBRN training has been given to 150 military health staff including physicians, nurses, and medical non-commissioned officers. According to the survey, they benefited greatly from this training, and there was a statistically significant increase in CBRN knowledge when the initial and final scores of the survey were compared (x2 = 3.089; p = 0.002).ConclusionThrough this planned trainings, staff are trying to become well-trained in detection, personal protection, decontamination, and the organization aspects of CBRN defense to apply the proper prophylactic measures, diagnosis, and treatment. Feedback suggests this program also helped “train the trainers”, providing extensive information to other staff working in military hospitals.
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Prodanchuk, M. G., O. P. Kravchuk, N. V. Kurdil, L. A. Ustinova, A. P. Hrynko, P. V. Aleynov, and V. S. Mykhailov. "On the results of international cooperation of the research center in the field of chemical, biological, radiologycal and nuclear safety (2017-2021)." One Health and Nutrition Problems of Ukraine 56, no. 1 (November 11, 2022): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-9726-2022-56-1-62-73.
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Abstract. The scale and nature of the existing external and internal threats form the directions of international security cooperation for Ukraine, which today focus on a range of topical issues in the field of chemical, biological and radiation safety. Aim. Evaluation of the results of international cooperation of the Scientific Center in the field of chemical safety, in particular in matters related to the identification of controlled and toxic chemical substances. Materials and Methods. The results of the international activity of the Scientific Center in the field of chemical safety for the past 5 years are summarized; cooperation with international donors, representatives of the government of Ukraine, scientists and non-governmental organizations is summarized. Results. A key event in the field of international cooperation was participation in G-7 Regular Meeting within the framework of the Global Partnership (Munich, Germany, 2014), where Ukraine presented about 90 projects in three areas: chemical, biological and physical nuclear safety. The results of the implementation of OSCE Project Coordinator in Ukraine: "Integrated Chemical Safety and Security Program in Ukraine (ICSSP) (2014-2019) and "Enhancing Ukraine's Chemical Emergency Response Capacity) (2020-2021) are highly appreciated. Participation in Project Project 57: Strengthening crime scene forensics capabilities in investigating CBRN incidents in the South East and Eastern Europe Centers of Excellence Region (2018-2020) and "South East and Eastern Europe CBRN Risk Mitigation and Security Governance Program (UNICRI) (2021) had significant scientific and practical results. Conclusions. Participation in the work of international projects is invaluable in shaping the professional worldview of scientists and specialists whose activities belong to the sphere of CBRN security. The joint implementation of international initiatives provides a real opportunity for the operational implementation of new experience in practice, which is reflected in the plans of scientific works, the content of trainings and educational programs for the training of specialists who, according to their professional duties, need modern knowledge in the field of managing the consequences of CBRN threats. Key Words: chemicals, chemical safety, toxicology.
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Khorishko, Liliia. "POLAND'S ENERGY SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL INITIATIVES." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 7, no. 4 (September 27, 2021): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-4-226-230.
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The current conditions of global development actualize the need for political actors to form a high level of energy security. It expands the state's ability to ensure the sustainability of economic development and the ability to withstand likely threats. The issue of energy security and sovereignty are key on the agenda of the EU, which seeks to implement a strategy of global leadership. The environmental modernization of the EU energy sector and each member state must comply with the main goal of «The European Green Deal», which is to reduce carbon emissions by 55% before 2030. The subject of the study is the substance and peculiarities of the formation of energy security in Poland. The aim of the study is to analyze the mechanisms of energy security of Poland in the context of EU environmental initiatives. Research methodology: systematic approach, method of analysis and comparison. The issue of energy security is recognized as key in achieving sustainable economic development in Poland. The content and basic principles of state energy security are presented in the National Security Strategy and detailed in the Energy Policy. Among the main directions of ecological modernization of the energy sector the following have been identified: efficient consumption of national energy resources; modernization of the energy sector and infrastructure; diversification of natural gas, oil, liquid fuel supplies; optimization of energy market functioning; construction of nuclear power plants; expansion of alternative energy sources; modernization of heating and co-generation energy systems; increasing energy efficiency. Polish officials have emphasized the need for a three-phase energy transition, involving a reduction in the production and use of coal, a gradual increase in the share of natural gas and the expansion of opportunities to use energy from alternative sources. The modernization of Poland's energy sector correlates with the implementation of «The European Green Deal» and other EU environmental initiatives. Energy sovereignty is secured through domestic and foreign financial assistance. The National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management of Poland attracts investments in environmental projects related to the development of geothermal energy and improvement of infrastructure energy efficiency. EU special funds (European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund, Cohesion Fund, Just Transition Fund and Modernization Fund) provide funding for national or regional projects aimed at the comprehensive modernization of the Polish energy sector and the implementation of commitments to achieve climate neutrality. Poland pursues an active policy of cooperation in the energy sphere with other states – Denmark, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Projects such as "Baltic Pipe" and "The Baltic Synchronisation Project" are in the active implementation phase. The results of the study: energy security is a key factor in the sustainability of economic development of Poland, the implementation of the modernization of the national energy complex correlates with the EU environmental initiatives, which contributes to the attraction of domestic and foreign investment, as well as the resources of public diplomacy.
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Zvozdetska, Oksana. "NATO’s new strategic concept in cybersecurity issues in the context of up-to-the date vulnerability and threat information." Mediaforum : Analytics, Forecasts, Information Management, no. 6 (December 17, 2018): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2018.6.71-93.
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The focus of the article revolves around NATO’s roadmap of smart defense against cyber attacks as the bedrock of Euro-Atlantic security. The author discloses NATO’S new policy and cutting-edge technical initiatives, aimed at focusing on countering global threats and cyber security challenges. It is stressed out, that new ideas towards a more synergetic approach between all the NATO Cyber Defense agencies should be explored to develop a shared framework for cybersecurity that might provide up-to-the date intelligence in order to ensure the development, acquisition and maintenance of the necessary military capabilities. The research highlights the core aspects of the 2010 Lisbon Summit that adopted NATO’s Strategic Concept ‘Active Engagement, Modern Defense: Strategic Concept for the Members of the North Atlantic. Treaty Organization’, that recognizes Cyber Defense as one of its strategic priorities. In particular, to foster Allied Nations’ cooperative efforts to counter terrorism, cyber attacks, prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction (WMD), Reinforce energy security and environmental constraints. Develop the capacity to contribute to energy security, including protection of critical energy infrastructure and transit areas and lines, cooperation with partners, and consultations among Allies on the basis of trategic assessments and contingency planning; In July 2011, NATO Defense Ministers adopted revised NATO Policy on Cyber Defense, which highlighted three areas: • The principles of subsidiarity and proportionality, which involve the assistance provided only upon request, in any other cases, the principle of selfresponsibility of sovereign states is applied; • Avoiding unnecessary duplication of the structures or capabilities and approaches on the international, regional and national levels; • Collaboration based on trust, with regard to the potential sensitivity and vulnerability of the system, the access to which has to be given. After the 2014 Wales Summit, in the revised NATO Cyber Defense Policy, cyber threats were identified as a potential prerequisite for collective defense under the Article 5 of the NATO Treaty. Noteworthy, Cyber Security is responsible for providing the broad spectrum of services in the following specialist security areas: CIS Security, Cyber Defense, Information Assurance, and Computer & Communications Security. Cyber defense is provided by many Alliance bodies: any NATO response concerning collective defense against cyber attacks will be subordinated to the North Atlantic Council (NAC), The Cyber Defense Committee (CDC) – the leading advisory body of the NAC. The executive level is represented by The Cyber Defense Management Board (CDMB), NATO Communications and Information Agency (NCI Agency), Cyber Security incorporates the NATO Computer Incident Response Capability (NCIRC) Technical Centre, providing specialist services to prevent, detect, respond to and recover from cyber security incidents.
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Lysenko, M. N. "Legal Issues and Prospects for No Placement of Weapons in Outer Space." Journal of Law and Administration 15, no. 2 (October 10, 2019): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2019-2-51-29-37.
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Introduction. The article analyzes the current situation in the use of outer space, which is characterized by the expansion of outer space activities, increased competition and a dangerous trend of the possible placement of weapons in outer space. After examining the existing international outer space law, the author identifies gaps in international treaties that must be addressed in order to prevent the deployment of weapons in outer space. Particular emphasis is placed on the study on the assessment of effectiveness of international legal efforts of the Russian diplomacy in dealing with this urgent task.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study comprises general scientific methods of knowledge: analysis, synthesis, induction/deduction, analogy, as well as special scientific methods: comparative legal, formal legal and statistical methods.Results of the study. It was revealed that international outer space law has been developing from the beginning in the logic of limitations on the military use of outer space. However, they are selective and permit the deployment in outer space of non-nuclear weapon systems. There is a real threat of weapons being deployed in outer space especially because the USA is not even hiding such an intention. A number of negotiating bodies exist to eliminate this threat by international legal means. Russia continues an active diplomatic work in the UN, at the Conference on Disarmament and other locations. The author demonstrates that support for Russian initiatives is growing, but they are persistently confronted by the United States and their allies.Discussion and conclusion. Based on the results of the analysis and expert opinions the author advances specific proposals in support of Russia’s diplomatic efforts to prevent confrontation in outer space. It is recommended that the number of countries which pledged not to be the first to place weapons in outer space should be expanded; that this subject should be included in the BRICS documents; that the second conference on peaceful use of outer space dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the Yuri Gagarin space flight should be to be held in Moscow in 2021.
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Zaidi, Syed Muhammad Saad, and Dr Adam Saud. "President Trump’s China Policy: An Offensive Realist Strategy?" Volume-04 Issue-1 04, no. 01 (June 30, 2020): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36968/jpdc-v04-i01-06.
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Over the years, where the United States’ (US) foreign policy has predominantly propagated ideas towing the liberal line, such as peace and prosperity, stability and security, democracy and defense; the manifestation of these principles have always been conducted through hardcore realist traditions; might makes right, shrewd military dominance and economic strong-arming. Though, the US foreign policy always had a soft tone to it, as if it was serving the greater good. Thus, was overwhelmingly accepted by other states. However, for the first time in history, under President Trump, the US has adopted a foreign policy regime which clearly tows the offensive realist principles, especially vis-à-vis China. Now, the US has adopted ‘economic isolation,’ deliberately instigated a trade-war, opted out of meticulously negotiated multilateral agreements; Trans-Pacific Partnership, Paris Agreement, Iran Nuclear Deal etc., threaten to disband NATO, and purposely escalated tensions with China; which all negate the soul of the liberal world order, which the US promulgated and intends to sustain. This paper shed lights on the foreign policy initiatives undertaken by the Trump regime vis-à-vis China, especially how they negate the preceding US strategies.
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Sultan, Mohammed Ali Salem, Jarle Løwe Sørensen, Eric Carlström, Luc Mortelmans, and Amir Khorram-Manesh. "Emergency Healthcare Providers’ Perceptions of Preparedness and Willingness to Work during Disasters and Public Health Emergencies." Healthcare 8, no. 4 (October 29, 2020): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040442.
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This study evaluates the perceptions of preparedness and willingness to work during disasters and public health emergencies among 213 healthcare workers at hospitals in the southern region of Saudi Arabia by using a quantitative survey (Fight or Flight). The results showed that participants’ willingness to work unconditionally during disasters and emergencies varied based on the type of condition: natural disasters (61.97%), seasonal influenza pandemic (52.58%), smallpox pandemic (47.89%), SARS/COVID-19 pandemic (43.56%), special flu pandemic (36.15%), mass shooting (37.56%), chemical incident and bombing threats (31.92%), biological events (28.17%), Ebola outbreaks (27.7%), and nuclear incident (24.88%). A lack of confidence and the absence of safety assurance for healthcare workers and their family members were the most important reasons cited. The co-variation between age and education versus risk and danger by Spearman’s rho confirmed a small negative correlation between education and danger at a 95% level of significance, meaning that educated healthcare workers have less fear to work under dangerous events. Although the causes of unsuccessful management of disasters and emergencies may vary, individuals’ characteristics, such as lack of confidence and emotional distractions because of uncertainty about the safety issues, may also play a significant role. Besides educational initiatives, other measures, which guarantee the safety of healthcare providers and their family members, should be established and implemented.
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Vasil’ev, N. V., S. N. Vavilov, and Yu A. Zeigarnik. "Visualization of the Processes Occurring during Spontaneous Triggering of a Vapor Explosion." Scientific Visualization 15, no. 2 (June 2023): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26583/sv.15.2.04.
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The vapor explosion process is an explosive increase in the volume of vapor, accompanied by a sharp rise in pressure when a hot melt enters a cold liquid medium with a temperature above its limiting superheat temperature. This phenomenon incurs the threat of great destruction and human casualties in certain types of accidents in the nuclear, metallurgical, pulp and paper industries. Nevertheless, there are still many insufficiently studied aspects of this phenomenon, one of which is the initiation (triggering) of the process. There are a number of logically fairly consistent descriptions of the processes occurring at a given stage of a vapor explosion. However, almost all of them are based on experiments carried out with external (forced) triggering. The article describes the data obtained during spontaneous triggering, i.e. under conditions much closer to reality. In this paper, using high-speed video recording (with a frame rate of up to 180 kHz and an exposure time of up to 2 μs), the first visualization of the processes occurring during spontaneous triggering of a vapor explosion on molten NaCl salt drops in distilled water subcooled to saturation temperature is presented. It is shown that when several drops of the NaCl melt interact with water, the micro vapor explosion that occurred on one drop, with an interval of several tens of microseconds, causes explosive vaporization on neighboring drops as well. Thus, the logical descriptions of the processes received instrumental confirmation.