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1
Rochette, Gustavo. "Is the French Nuclear Strategy Lawful Under EU Law? Article 194(2) TFEU and Its Limitations." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 29, Issue 6 (December 1, 2020): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2020047.
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The Fukushima Daishii nuclear disaster lead countries to change their nuclear approaches changed drastically. Although being a traditionally pronuclear country, France followed this tendency by approving a strategy to reduce its nuclear portfolio. Under European law this development is permitted by the right to right to determine its own energy mix include in Article 194(2) of the Treaty of Functioning of the European Union. However, other European legislation that may influence this decision was not considered. This legislation may limit this right and the policy by itself. This article tries to show how, although possible due to the right to determine its own energy mix, the French nuclear strategy may be unlawful under the EU law, namely the European Atomic Energy Community Treaty and the primary and secondary legislation regarding Security of Energy Supply. Nuclear Energy, French Nuclear sector, European Union, Energy mix, TFEU, Euratom, Energy Security, European Energy policy
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Yolcular, S. "Hydrogen Production for Energy Use in European Union Countries and Turkey." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 31, no. 15 (August 14, 2009): 1329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567030802089615.
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Lapinskienė, Giedrė, Kęstutis Peleckis, and Marijus Radavičius. "ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Journal of Business Economics and Management 16, no. 6 (December 24, 2015): 1109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2015.1112830.
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The paper analyses the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between greenhouse gases and main aspects of economic development based on the panel data of 20 countries of the EU, including the data of three Baltic States, in the period 1995–2011. The fixed effect panel model was used as a framework for the analysis. The commonly used models confirmed the presence of the inverse U-shaped relationship. The novel contribution of this paper is that the factor referring to the global financial crisis was tested in expanded EKC model. Higher energy taxes, primary production of nuclear heat and R&D decrease the level of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The size of agriculture, industry and construction, as well as the primary production of solid fuels have a positive sign, which means that a higher value of these indicators is associated with a higher level of GHG. This implies that the analysed set of factors can be applied to adjust the EKC trend in the region and might be useful for the climate change policy adjustment.
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Balat, Mustafa. "Hydropower Systems and Hydropower Potential in the European Union Countries." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 28, no. 10 (June 2006): 965–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908310600718833.
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MAGDA, ROBERT, Norbert Bozsik, and Natanya Meyer. "An evaluation of gross inland energy consumption of six Central European countries." Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR) 6, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v6i2.291.
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The study provides a comprehensive overview of the current structure and utilization of energy production of six Central European countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania) focusing on the dependence on energy imports. The purpose of the article was to analyse the gross inland energy consumption of these six countries and to examine the relationship between renewable energy and non-renewable energy sources. A comparative time series analysis method using data from 2010 to 2016 was utilized. In addition, partial correlation analysis under control variables to determine whether the relationship calculated in the correlation matrix exists or not was applied. Results indicated that in the European Union, the renewables have mainly replaced nuclear energy. A combination of renewables and natural gas replaced the coal in Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Bulgaria. Findings were inconclusive to prove this in Hungary and Romania. The energy production structure of the six Central European countries varies due to the differences in natural endowments. However, the results showed that the renewables mainly replaced coal.
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Vashchyk, Mariana, and Tomasz Siudek. "Ecological Development of Rural Areas in the European Union Member States in 2000-2012." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2014.14.4.85.
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The purpose of research was to analyze ecological development in EU countries during 2000-2012. Six primary variables have been applied, namely: the share of forest area in total land area, emissions of sulphur oxides (SOx) in agriculture, emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in agriculture, electric power consumption per capita, the share of alternative and nuclear energy in total energy use and the share of area under organic farming in total agricultural land area. The authors have developed a synthetic index, which enabled the statement that Latvia, Finland, Austria, Sweden and Estonia are leading EU countries in terms of ecological development; the worst situation is in France, Poland, Malta, Spain and in the United Kingdom.
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Bórawski, Piotr, Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska, Lisa Holden, and Tomasz Rokicki. "The Role of Renewable Energy Sources in Electricity Production in Poland and the Background of Energy Policy of the European Union at the Beginning of the COVID-19 Crisis." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 8771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228771.
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Electricity production in Poland is stable and ranges from 160–170 TWH a year. The share of renewable energy sources (RES) is increasing. Poland increased its share from 6.9% in 2010 to 12.7% in 2019 and 16.1% in 2020. The share of hard and brown coal decreased in Poland from 87.8% in 2010 to 73.5% in 2019. Wind energy (9.2%) and natural gas (9.2%) are the most important sources of RES in electricity production. The purpose of this research is to discover the changes in renewable energy production, and the impact on electricity production in Poland. Our research showed the extent of development of RES in Poland and other countries of the European Union. The share of renewable energy sources in electricity production increased as the effect of energy policy of the European Union. We also evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the renewable energy market and electricity production in Poland, and other countries of the European Union. Because of the shortage of data, we presented changes at the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis in 2019–2020. First, we described the sustainable development and energy policy of the European Union. Then, we described and used methods, including regression analysis, as the most important method. We also found that the power capacity in Poland increased, with the increases coming from solar radiation (11,984%), wind energy (437.8%) and biomass installations (324.7%) in 2010–2020. The biggest electricity producers in the EU are France and Germany. These countries also use nuclear energy, which helps to meet the increasing demand. To check the impact of power installed from renewable energy carriers we conducted a regression analysis. This method provided a correlation between electricity production from renewable energy sources and investments in renewable energy carriers. We wanted to discover the impact of RES installations, and their impact on electricity production in Poland. The statistical analysis was based on data from 2010–2020. Our research points out that the most important factors shaping electricity production were installations using energy from solar radiation and hydropower installations.
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Trontl, Krešimir, Mario Matijević, Dubravko Pevec, and Radomir Ječmenica. "Exploring the Factors Influencing Expansion of Nuclear Energy in Croatia." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 8022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238022.
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Nuclear energy is an option that enables a significant reduction of greenhouse gases emissions at the national and European Union (EU) level. However, it is also an option that is mostly influenced by public opinion and an option that has strong cross-border impact. Croatia does not consider nuclear options, but a possible future turn to nuclear might have an influence on other EU countries. The possibility for such a turn is analyzed, taking into account public opinion as well as historical and economic factors. Based on the results of a public opinion survey, it can be deduced that the Croatian public is not inclined to nuclear energy and considers it a risky option, although nuclear power plants in neighboring countries are not perceived as a high-risk threat. Trust in government as an information source is very low. Despite historical aspects that suggest scientific and expert knowledge capable of handling nuclear build, public opinion and the low economic framework indicate that a turn a to nuclear in Croatia is highly unlikely.
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Sushyk, Olha. "Acquis Communautaire in the Field of Nuclear and Radiation Safety and Ukrainian Legislation: Prospects and Challenges of Harmonization." Studia Iuridica 71 (November 20, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5833.
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Since the Chernobyl disaster, special attention is paid in Ukraine to legislation in the field of nuclear energy and radiation safety. A new stage of enhancing Ukrainian nuclear and radiation safety legislation began with the signing in 2014 of the Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other. In addition, the Ordinance of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 17 September 2014 on the implementation of the Association Agreement on atomic energy between Ukraine from one side and the European Union, the European Community and its member-countries from another side, provided for the development and adoption of new regulations in the energy sector (including nuclear) in order to implement Directives: 1) Council Directive 2014/87/Euratom of 8 July 2014 amending Directive 2009/71/Euratom establishing a Community framework for the nuclear safety of nuclear installations, 2) Council Directive 2006/117/Euratom of 20 November 2006 on the supervision and control of shipments of radioactive waste and spent fuel, 3) Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom of 5 December 2013 laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionizing radiation. Implementation of EU legislation in the field of nuclear and radiation safety will reveal major shortcomings of the current state of affairs and, at the same time, mechanisms to improve Ukraine’s national legislation with the aim of preventing another Chernobyl disaster in the future.
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Durcansky, Peter, Radovan Nosek, Richard Lenhard, and Branislav Zvada. "Hydrogen Production Possibilities in Slovak Republic." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 3525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073525.
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Slovak Republic is a member of the European Union and is a part of the European energy market. Although Slovakia contributes only marginally to global emissions, there is an effort to meet obligations from the Paris climate agreement to reduce greenhouse gases. As in many countries, power industry emissions dominate Slovakia’s emissions output but are partly affected and lowered by the share of nuclear energy. The transition from fossil fuels to renewables is supported by the government, and practical steps have been taken to promote the wide use of renewable resources, such as biomass or solar energy. Another step in this transition process is the support of new technologies that use hydrogen as the primary energy source. The European Union widely supports this effort and is looking for possible sources for hydrogen generation. One of the main renewable resources is hydropower, which is already used in the Slovak Republic. This article presents the current situation of the energy market in Slovakia and possible developments for future hydrogen generation.
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Lovas, Dóra. "Relevance of the Court Decision on the Hinkley Point Nuclear Power Plant in Relation to Paks II." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.2.305-317.
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<p>The aim of the article is to present the ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the case of the Hinkley Point C nuclear power plant. This investment can also be related to the Paks II nuclear power plant investment, therefore the two investments are compared too. Both projects were examined by the European Commission, which take an important part when the national aid was awarded to Hinkley Point C and Paks II projects, and the decision of the CJEU also had influence on it. The author considers the European Commission’s aid conception positive, because the less developed countries are not forced to use only the renewables, but the environmental and security aspects of nuclear energy are also allowed (e.g. Hinkley Point C and Paks II nuclear power plants). The subsidy was allowed in both cases, but the reasons are different. In these cases, the limits of the EU energy politics can be seen, i.e. the right to select the package and the priority of the energy security and sustainable development. To mention an example for the difference, in Great Britain the energy sector was divided among the participants on the market but in Hungary the nuclear energy remained under state control. In the first option the state wanted to prove that it grants offset for the help to the general market services and in the second option the market investor principle was highlighted in order to show no other market participant act in other way. These points were not accepted, the state aid was provided both cases with permissible reasons because the projects condescend the goals of environmental policy and energy security. The decisions show that as a result of the efforts to protect the environment the dependency on energy increased and it cannot be solved only be encouraging the usage of the renewables. The permissive attitude of the European Commission can be found here and it is influenced by the increased state regulative roles. According to the author, it also appears in the environmentally friendly decisions which refers to the Paris Agreement’s fulfilment and the involvement of environmental requirements into politics. Moreover, the European Union tries to maintain its leader role in economics, which can be reached by the decrease of energy dependency and the exclusive usage of renewable energies is not the appropriate solution. The CJEU judgement is relevant in several respects. The article focuses primarily on the issue of environmental protection, state aid and the relation between the Euratom Treaty and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.</p>
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BUCHNEV, ALEXANDER. "Ecological features of the use of renewable energy in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals." Public Administration 23, no. 4 (2021): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2070-8378-2021-23-4-51-58.
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The article discusses the environmental features of the active use of renewable energy and its impact on the decarbonization process on the example of the EU countries to achieve sustainable development goals. The materials consider the comparative assessment of environmental impacts of renewable and nuclear energy in the context of assessing the carbon footprint of these types of energy, comparative analysis of harmful substances over the life cycle of an electric power generator, and the possibility of referring nuclear energy to renewable energy sources. The article discusses the stimulating role of the EU Taxonomy regulatory document, which was specially developed in the European Union. The document is part of the state regulatory policy in the conjugate development of renewable and non-renewable energy; the paper provides active support to subjects of innovation and investment activities, demonstrating the best performance in their segment or industry in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, and does not prevent the development and implementation of new low-carbon alternatives, including based on ESG. Particular attention is paid to the disposal of end-of-life equipment, including such promising areas as solvolysis technology. The author offers a number of recommendations for further improvement in this area of activity. The article shows the role of environmental costs in the tariffs for electricity production from different types of primary energy sources. The author examines the contribution of national economies of countries outside the European Union that have stabilized and reduced carbon dioxide emissions on a global scale.
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Campbell, R. J., and G. J. Vaughan. "Assistance to Nuclear Safety Regulatory Bodies in the Central and Eastern European countries and the Former Soviet Union." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 209, no. 2 (May 1995): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_025_02.
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The Regulatory Bodies of the former Eastern Bloc countries are striving towards the adoption of internationally recognized regulatory practices. This paper provides some background and an update on the assistance being provided to them by the Western regulatory community.
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Miciuła, Ireneusz, Henryk Wojtaszek, Marek Bazan, Tomasz Janiczek, Bogdan Włodarczyk, Judyta Kabus, and Radomir Kana. "Management of the Energy Mix and Emissivity of Individual Economies in the European Union as a Challenge of the Modern World Climate." Energies 13, no. 19 (October 5, 2020): 5191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195191.
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The aim of the article is to present the most important elements to be implemented in the European Union energy policy in the 2030 perspective in the context of sustainable development of the Member States. The solution to the too high emissivity of individual economies in the European Union is the energy mix, which will establish a compromise in the so-called the triad of EU policy goals. This is undoubtedly a current climate challenge for the modern world, which also has a direct impact on the economic situation of EU countries. The basis of the presented considerations and recommendations is a literature review on the subject and a statistical analysis of empirical data of the largest statistical organizations in the EU and the world. The starting point for the analysis is the assessment of the state of the energy sector in the EU. Therefore, the goals and tasks until 2030 result from many conditions of the energy sector. The article provides recommendations for the EU on future climate and energy policy, analysing the practices of member countries empirical and data compiled by the world’s largest organizations and institutions, such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the World Nuclear Association (WNA), Eurostat, and the International Energy Agency (IEA). The strategic goals of the EU climate and energy policy presented in the study show the necessary challenges for the implementation of sustainable development in the analyzed sector, which is the driving force of world economies. The conclusions were presented in accordance with the current economic efficiency of various energy sources and the necessity to seek a compromise among the so-called a triad of goals defined in EU policy.
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Daroń, Marta, and Marlena Wilk. "Management of Energy Sources and the Development Potential in the Energy Production Sector—A Comparison of EU Countries." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030685.
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Appropriate management of energy sources is one of the basic undertakings in the energy sector. Climate policy changes and the development of technologies enabling the acquisition of energy in a way to reduce the negative impact on the natural environment lead to diversity in the structure of the energy sources being used. Therefore, it is important to assess the impact of these changes on the development of energy sectors by particular countries. The article contains the analysis of various energy sources utilization by European Union (EU) countries and the assessment of the energy production sector potential, and the development of this potential in relation to changes in the energy sources structure. For this purpose, a multidimensional comparative analysis was used. The data for the analysis are derived from the Eurostat database for the years 2017 and 2019 for 28 EU countries and they concern the use of energy sources such as combustible fuels, coal and manufactured gases, natural gas, oil and petroleum products (excluding biofuel portion), hydro/hydropower, wind power, solar photovoltaic, nuclear fuels and other fuels n.e.c. As a result of the research, it was proved that in most EU countries the changes introduced in the structure of the use of various energy sources, according to EU climate policy, have a positive impact on the development of particular energy sectors.
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Veiderma, Mihkel. "Common Baltic Energy Systems – A Precondition for Sustainable Development." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 14, no. 2 (April 1996): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879601400203.
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The Baltic Sea is turning to be an inland sea of the European Union. Interlinking the energy systems of the Baltic Sea countries and the relevant EU networks should concur with the process of unification of the states. The primary strategic goal is to create a common free energy market based on regional energy systems around the Baltic Sea – the Baltic Ring. This common energy system must cover both electricity transmission lines and natural gas pipelines. The Baltic Ring project is of major importance for the economic interaction and growth, sustainable development and security of the energy supply of Baltic Sea states.
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Woo, June-Mo, and Yoon Lee. "Nuclear Power as a Response to the Climate Crisis: Focusing on the Development and Cooperation of the Nuclear Industry in Russia and France." East European and Balkan Institute 46, no. 2 (May 31, 2022): 163–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2022.46.2.163.
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Concerns about global climate change such as ‘global warming’ and ‘greenhouse effects’ have evolved into a desperate expression “climate crisis” in today. Accordingly, the UN adopted the ‘Paris Agreement’ in 2015, and calling for all countries to implement concrete action plans and practices to realize the goal of the ‘Net Zero’(Carbon Neutral 2050). This is the reason why the voices claiming the usefulness of nuclear power generation or the inevitability of nuclear power generation are increasing at home and abroad in recent years. The European Union classified nuclear power plants as a green taxonomy, and the United States is reconsidering its interest in nuclear power plants. Korea has been pursuing a policy to phase out nuclear power for the past five years, but the new government is foreshadowing a policy shift to actively utilize nuclear power.
This study examines the nuclear industry, which is attracting attention again as a way to cope with the climate crisis and meet realistic energy demand, through the cases of Russia and France. As of 2022, Russia is evaluated as a country with the world's best capabilities and competitiveness in the nuclear sector. The EU's nuclear powerhouse France has developed a nuclear industry as a driving force for its energy security and economic development.
Furthermore, the two countries are highly trusted and boast the highest competitiveness as suppliers of nuclear power plants to emerging countries seeking to introduce nuclear power plants. Korea also has experience in exporting nuclear power plants to the UAE and is seeking to export more nuclear power plants at the national level. This is why this study examines the nuclear power plant industry and competitiveness of Russia and France. This study analyzes both instrumental nuclear power plants as a countermeasure against the climate crisis and nuclear power plants as the basis for national economic development.
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Krikštolaitis, Ričardas, Vincenzo Bianco, Linas Martišauskas, and Sigita Urbonienė. "Analysis of Electricity and Natural Gas Security. A Case Study for Germany, France, Italy and Spain." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 29, 2022): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031000.
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This work aims to present an analysis of electricity and natural gas supply security in the four European Union countries with the highest level of consumption, namely Germany, France, Italy, and Spain. The goal of the study is to use and adapt a set of 22 indicators for estimating the level of energy security. The evaluation of an index called “Energy Security Level”, measuring the overall energy security, is performed for the period 2006–2018 in order to compare its evolution in each of the analyzed countries. The application of the proposed indicator system demonstrates which measures weakened or strengthened energy security in the past. The analysis of the energy security level demonstrates that Germany and France perform better than Italy and Spain in terms of energy security assurance. The main factors for these differences are the rich energy mix for Germany and the massive presence of nuclear power in France. These two elements make German and French energy systems more resilient than the Italian and Spanish ones. The results of sensitivity and uncertainty analysis demonstrate that the initial values of indicator weights have low impact on the uncertainty of energy security level estimations.
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Iankova, Elena A., and Atanas G. Tzenev. "Determinants of Sovereign Investment Protectionism: the Case of Bulgaria’s Nuclear Energy Sector." Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 35–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/omee.2015.6.2.14221.
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Foreign direct investment (FDI) by entities controlled by foreign governments (especially state-owned enterprises) is a new global phenomenon that is most often linked to the rise of emerging markets such as China and Russia. Host governments have struggled to properly react to this type of investment activity especially in key strategic sectors and critical infrastructure that ultimately raise questions of national security. Academic research on sovereign investment as a factor contributing to the new global protectionist trend is very limited, and predominantly focused on sovereign investors from China. This study explores the specifics of Russian sovereign investment in the former Soviet Bloc countries, now members of the European Union, especially in strategic sectors such as energy. We use the case of Bulgaria’s nuclear energy sector and the involvement of Russia’s state-owned company Rosatom in the halted Belene nuclear power plant project to analyze the dynamics of policy and politics, political-economic ideologies and historical legacies in the formation of national stances towards Russia as a sovereign investor. Our research contributes to the emerging literature on FDI protectionism and sovereign investment by emphasizing the significance of political-ideological divides and the heritage of the past as determinants of sovereign investment protectionism.
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Bortolini, Marco, Mauro Gamberi, Alessandro Graziani, Cristina Mora, and Alberto Regattieri. "Multi-parameter analysis for the technical and economic assessment of photovoltaic systems in the main European Union countries." Energy Conversion and Management 74 (October 2013): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.04.035.
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Kuklin, O. V., R. F. Pustoviit, and M. Y. Kryvoruchko. "The European Integration Challenges of Ukraine." Business Inform 10, no. 513 (2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-10-14-21.
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The article is concerned with an analysis of Ukraine’s European integration challenges, which are considered from the position of the effectiveness of foreign trade, as well as in light of the institutional challenges of the European integration course. According to the results of research, both the dynamics and the structure of Ukraine’s foreign trade relations with the EU Member States, the CIS and Asia countries are analyzed. It is defined that the focus on the European Union market prevented domestic exporters from reaching the pre-crisis levels of 2013. The resource nature of the national exports to the EU is underlined. The high level of interdependence in the sphere of foreign trade relations with former partners of Ukraine in the CIS – the Russian Federation and Belarus, especially in the field of imports of fuel and energy resources, and export of nuclear reactors, boilers, machines, railway locomotives, products of inorganic chemistry, is emphasized. It is determined that Ukraine’s implementation of the Ukraine-EU Association Agreement is at a low level of 43%. The authors characterize the main tendencies in Europe as to the quality of life of the population on the basis of two indicators - the proportion of households that barely make ends meet (Bulgaria, Greece, Croatia, Cyprus, Portugal, Romania), and have unsatisfactory living conditions (Cyprus, Latvia, Hungary, Portugal, Slovenia) - the values of which are much higher compared to the average level in the EU. The general conclusion on the ambiguity of the issue of the effectiveness of the national economy’s orientedness toward the market of the European Union has been drawn. The need to take into account the multi-vector nature of the modern globalized world in the process of researching the impact of European integration on the economic development of Ukraine is reasoned.
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Shugailo, A., G. Plachkov, Yu Grebenyuk, I. Shevchenko, О. Dybach, O. Zeleny, and R. Moskalyshyn. "The Main Results of Ageing Management State Analysis of Ukrainian NPPs." Nuclear and Radiation Safety, no. 3(79) (August 28, 2018): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2018.3(79).01.
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The issues of ageing management (AM) are regarded as ones of the most important factors for safety ensurance of nuclear installations at the design and longterm operation stages. For Ukrainian NPPs units, the design lifetime (30 years) has either expired, or is at the ending stage. The Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2035 “Safety, Energy Efficiency, Competitiveness” underlines the Long Term Operation (LTO) based on periodic safety review as one of the high priority areas of nuclear energy development. Thus, the analysis of ageing management issue is paid respective attention in Ukraine and abroad. Ageing management became a subject of first thematic peer review organized by European Commission based on Western European Nuclear Regulatory Authorities (WENRA) proposal. European Union countries took place in this peer review and Ukraine has joined this process as well. Based on the results of topical peer review each country has developed a National report on ageing management. This article is dedicated to main analysis results of ageing management issues at Ukrainian NPPs covering the components such as reactor vessel, containment, electric cables and embedded piping.Based on the results of independent verifications carried out by Western experts in the framework of international projects, the level of Ukrainian existing regulatory framework is in compliance with the level of the IAEA and WENRA documents and safety recommendations in the part of ageing management requirements. In addition, ageing management has a system basis. The areas of further activities on improvement of the regulatory framework taking into account the best practices and and experience, development of regulatory documents for research nuclear reactors, improvement of activities on assessment of the technical state and lifetime extension of reactor vessel along with the extension of the representative data based on the results of surveillanve specimens testing, conducting international peer reviews with the participation of the IAEA SALTO mission have been defined.
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Galvin, Ray. "Letting the Gini out of the fuel poverty bottle? Correlating cold homes and income inequality in European Union countries." Energy Research & Social Science 58 (December 2019): 101255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101255.
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Han, Zhong, Wenkai Wu, Yan Sun, and Yun Shi. "Calculation and Decomposition Analysis of Embodied Energy and Embodied Carbon Emissions in China’s Foreign Trade Based on Value-Added Trade." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 25, no. 5 (September 20, 2021): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2021.p0521.
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Under the new mode of labor division for global production, the method of calculating a country’s energy consumption and carbon emissions is based on a “production side” principle that disregards the embodied energy and carbon emissions caused by international trade. This method is unfair to China and other large, exporting countries. From the perspective of value-added trade, the multiregional input–output model based on the world input–output table and environmental account from the World Input–Output Database are used to measure the scale of China’s value-added trade; subsequently, the import and export net values of China’s foreigntraderelated embodied energy and carbon emissions are calculated. The results show that: (1) China’s value-added exports in 2009 amounted to US $1,045.37 billion, which constitutes 21% of China’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in that year. Nearly half of the value-added exports are to fulfill the final demand from North America and European Union countries; manufacturing and service are the main value-added export industries of China. (2) China has a relatively high unit coefficient for value-added energy consumption and carbon emissions, both representing a net export of embodied energy and embodied carbon emissions in foreign trade. In this regard, energy and mid-level technology manufacturing industries, such as coke, refined oil, and nuclear fuel processing, are the main exporters of embodied energy and embodied carbon.
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Kuryndin, A. V., A. S. Shapovalov, N. B. Timofeev, and A. L. Vernik. "On the Regulation of Liquid and Airborne Radioactive Discharges of the Industrial Enterprises that do not Use Atomic Energy." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 1 (January 2021): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-1-88-93.
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In accordance with the legislative framework of the system for regulating liquid and airborne discharges of radioactive substances into the environment in force in the Russian Federation, this system is equally designed to regulate discharges of the radionuclides of both artificial and natural origin. The mechanisms of radiological impact of the discharges of natural origin radionuclides on the environment and population do not have any specificity in comparison with the ones of artificial origin radionuclides. Nevertheless, to date, the law enforcement of the Russian system for regulating discharges of the radioactive substances is applied only in relation to the discharges of the radionuclides of artificial origin carried out by nuclear facilities. At the same time, regulation of the discharges of natural origin radionuclides, in accordance with the safety standards of the International Atomic Energy Agency, is the best practice in the field of environmental protection, and the levels of radiation exposure, which characterize such discharges, are not low enough to be neglected. Regulation of the discharges of natural origin radionuclides is provided for in the norms of the European Union and is practically applied in the number of countries of the European Union, where the legislation provides for the regulation of activities, in which the raw materials containing radionuclides of natural origin are used, and the types of economic and other activities subject to this regulation are determined. The Russian system of regulation of discharges of the radioactive substances into the environment is built on the same basic principles and criteria that underlie foreign regulation systems, and which are recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The regulatory and methodological base formed to date in the Russian Federation contains all the required legal mechanisms for the regulation of discharges of the radioactive substances from nuclear facilities, is based on the best international practices and fully complies with the standards of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
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Yarova, Alla. "THEMATIC PATTERNS OF RUSSIAN DISINFORMATION." Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences, no. 4 (January 2, 2023): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2592-8813-2022-4-19.
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The article presents a description of a text collection representing disinformation messages about the war in Ukraine published on one of the Telegram channels in order to influence the Russian-speaking community in Germany. The main subjects that Russian propaganda used at the beginning of its full-scale invasion of Ukraine were determined on the basis of deductive thematic analysis, content analysis, and semantic and stylistic analysis of the texts. It has been established that the similarity of the subjects of Russian disinformation and the identity of their coverage in different countries allows us to talk about a full-fledged system of moderation by official Russia not only traditional media, but also social networks; a special news selection for commenting, the so-called agenda, and a certain way of commenting them. The same type set of topics and the identity of their coverage in different countries gives reason to conclude that they have been transformed into peculiar patterns, according to which a carefully constructed image unfolds through the story. The task: to compromise Ukraine, as well as European countries and politicians who did not support the Kremlin's military aggression; to impose a favorable for Russian vision of its attack on Ukraine; to cause panic with threats of global military conflict with the use of nuclear weapons among European citizens, and an energy and food crisis in Europe; to destabilize the domestic political situation within Germany; to demonize the image of the US to divert attention from the real aggressor and to compromise the partnership between the European Union and the US.
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Diaconu, D., I. Ivanov, N. Železnik, M. Kralj, and G. Zakrzewska. "Overview of less advanced programmes and their requirements." Mineralogical Magazine 79, no. 6 (November 2015): 1599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2015.079.6.35.
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AbstractGeological disposal (GD) of radioactive waste is close to becoming a reality for Finland, Sweden and France. High-technology development and advanced knowledge has made it possible to defend the feasibility and the safety of such facilities, making the European Union a leader in the field. Other European countries are closely behind, developing high competence through advanced research programmes, research infrastructures and public engagement.At the other extreme, there are countries whose GD programmes are at an early stage and no systematic research programmes exist. These include several new Member States but not the Czech Republic and Hungary, both of which have already initiated a siting process.There are several common reasons for this delay in schedule: small and relatively younger nuclear energy programmes, return of the spent fuel (especially from research reactors) to the countries of origin, open fuel cycle concept (requiring at least 50 years of wet and dry storage). In this context, there has been little pressure on setting up an early GD programme. Currently their disposal concepts are only generic and in most of these countries need updating, taking into account the current socio-economic context.However, some of these new Member States still aim to have a GD in operation within several decades, e.g. 2055 in Romania and 2067 in Slovenia. Strategic planning based on the experience of more advanced programmes shows the GD process should start immediately in order to be able to achieve these deadlines.In this context, the implementation of the EC Directive 70/2011 gives the opportunity to progress the advancement of the GD process in these countries.
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MITCHELL, NEIL J., KERRY G. HERRON, HANK C. JENKINS-SMITH, and GUY D. WHITTEN. "Elite Beliefs, Epistemic Communities and the Atlantic Divide: Scientists' Nuclear Policy Preferences in the United States and European Union." British Journal of Political Science 37, no. 4 (September 18, 2007): 753–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123407000403.
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Do elites with scientific expertise hold similar policy preferences in technical policy areas irrespective of their ideological and national background? It is expected that elite beliefs will exhibit a higher level of ideological constraint than mass beliefs do, yet we do not know much about the role of ideology and national context in shaping more specific policy preferences. In this research note, we report the findings of an analysis of the influence of ideology and national context on the policy beliefs of scientific elites in the member countries of the European Union and in the United States.Recent research on epistemic communities, or ‘networks of knowledge-based experts’, suggests that scientific elites will achieve transnational convergence on policy positions, particularly over complex and technical policy questions: ‘to the extent that epistemic communities make some of the world's problems more amenable to human reason and intervention, they can curb some of the international system's anarchic tendencies, temper some of the excesses of a purely state-centric order, and perhaps even help bring about a better international order’. Nuclear security issues and environmental issues are policy areas identified as amenable to an epistemic communities approach. Earlier research is divided over the degree to which ideology influences scientists' policy beliefs. But there have been no systematic cross-national analyses of the influence of scientific training in suppressing ‘state-centric’ and ideological concerns in the determination of policy preferences.With a substantive focus on scientific elites' beliefs and preferences on security and energy policy issues, our aim is to extend this research to a comparative setting and provide a preliminary understanding of the extent to which knowledge and scientific training provide insulation from ideology, patriotism and ‘state-centric’ concerns.
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Mitroczuk, Igor J. "Energy Transformation: Challenges and Opportunities — The Polish Case." Environmental Protection and Natural Resources 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2022-0010.
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Abstract The article, meant as the first in a series, tries to answer some questions around the future desired shape of the new Polish electro-energy mix in relation to the one described in the national energy policy document PEP 2040 (Energy Policy of Poland till 2040) and as compared with the targets set up in the newest UE legislative package, ‘Fit-for-55’. In this article, I first present the rich overview of literature as well as economic theory behind the analysis of the energy transformation and energy-mix decarbonisation, in order to show how the energy mix should evolve in a way that will guarantee the biggest net gain to the society. Second, some comparable cost calculations on selected electro-energy sources, both LCOE (levelized cost of energy) and external costs are presented; these are modifications of my previous work as a co-author. Finally, the comparison of the 2040 electro-energy mix, as designed in the official governmental programme PEP 2040, with the two alternative scenarios, both of which exclude coal, and one also neglects the possibilities for nuclear energy to be included in the mix are presented. The alternative scenarios built into the paper are based on European Union (EU) plans to decarbonise Europe quickly. Recent geopolitical considerations related to the war in Ukraine, however, make it necessary to consider energy security as an important part of the plan. That would mean that nuclear energy would be a necessary component of the future mix in Poland. Security considerations are left to be analysed in the coming months, after a series of articles on lessons learnt by other developed countries in the process of making their energy-mix transformations and will complete the final recommendations for the future of the Polish energy mix.
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Tomšić, Željko, Ivan Rajšl, and Matea Filipović. "Possible Role of NPP in Long Term Low Carbon Development Strategy – Case Study Croatia." Journal of Energy - Energija 65, no. 1-2 (June 27, 2022): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2016651-2123.
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The term low – emission development strategies (LEDS) was developed on the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2008. LEDS is used to describe a longterm national economic development plans or strategies that include low emissions and economic growth resistant to climate change. The concept of Low Carbon Development Strategies (LCDS) has been introduced by the Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC as a common but differentiated approach to meet the overall emissions reduction objectives: “All countries shall prepare Low Emission Development Strategies …nationally-driven and represent[ing] the aims and objectives of individual Parties in accordance with national circumstances and capacities” (Cancun Agreement). Low Carbon Development Strategies (LCDS) in this way become an overarching framework to design and achieve Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) reflecting the Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) of all countries. For Long-Term National Strategy and Action Plan for Low-Carbon Development the main objective of this programme is the development of a long-term national strategy and action plan for low-carbon development to enable country to fulfil its commitment to carbon obligations. Low-carbon development strategy will become the fundamental for the development of the energy sector with low rate of carbon, but also for the entire economy. European Union is the leader in the effort to reduce emissions especially in the energy sector – sector with the highest rate of emission. With the goal of reducing emissions, necessary measures are accentuated for energy in the EU Countries, as well as in Croatia. The possibilities for realization of Croatian low-carbon development and particularly possible role and barriers for Nuclear power plants for Low carbon emissions development in the electricity sector until 2050 will be presented in this paper.
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Pradhan, Ramakrushna. "Petropolitics and Pipeline Diplomacy in Central Asia: Can India Afford to Wait in the Wings?" India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 75, no. 4 (December 2019): 472–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928419874549.
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The fight for hegemony in Central Asia has existed for ages. Strategically placed between two nuclear powers—Russia and China—and geopolitically located at the heart of Eurasia, Central Asia has always remained in global limelight. Even after the disintegration of the USSR, the geopolitical importance of Central Asia never waned down, instead emerged as a grand chessboard for regional and extra-regional player for the immense opportunities it has offered in the form of widely untapped natural resources and geostrategic leverages. Importantly, it has emerged as the latest geological landscape for the energy crunch countries as potentially new and non-OPEC source of oil and natural gas. In the quest for energy security and diversity of supply sources by the energy consumers, the heartland region has witnessed a new great game in the scramble for resources. This accentuated struggle for oil and energy in the region has further led to aggressive foreign policy formulations and strategic calculation by countries like the United States, China, European Union, Japan, Israel, Iran, Pakistan and India, to which many now call as the New Great Game for not just controlling but administering the energy resources of the region. The bottom line of the New Great Game unlike the previous version is essentially played out around petropolitics and pipeline diplomacy. It is in this context this research article makes a modest attempt to examine the energy factor in the geopolitics of Central Asia and tries to figure out the position of India in the epic quest for oil in the traditional bastion of Russia and the new grand chessboard of China and the United States.
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Shapor, M. A., and A. R. Ilyasova. "Evaluation of the effi ciency of Russia’s trade with the countries of the EU based on the use of regression analysis techniques and the import demand function." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 624–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2209-01.
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The article is devoted to the study of approaches to assessing the effectiveness of the country’s foreign trade. In the course of the study, the authors analyze the dynamics of Russia’s mutual trade with the countries of the European Union in 2007–2020. This time interval was chosen due to the alternation of relatively stable and crisis periods: relatively stable for Russia and the world, 2005–2007 became a time of steady growth in world energy prices, followed by the global crisis of 2008, the debt crisis in the EU 2010–2012, sanctions confrontation EU-RF starting in 2014 and finally the COVID-19 pandemic. The novelty of the presented approach lies in the method proposed by the authors for forecasting the dynamics of integral indicators of export and export volumes in terms of commodity for the following commodity groups: nuclear reactors, boilers, equipment and mechanical devices, plastics and plastic products, mineral fuel, oil and distillation products, rubber and rubber, as well as products from them and ferrous metals for the EU-RF pair. The following macroeconomic indicators were used as tools: GDP, inflation and unemployment, the dynamics of world prices for hydrocarbon energy carriers, as well as the possibility proposed by the authors to test the demand function for imported products, developed by the research team of the Institute for Applied Economic Research of the RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation on the basis of the available foreign and Russian experience on this issue.
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Andreeva, T. "The Problem of the UK Energy Security Before the Referendum on Brexit." Analysis and Forecasting. IMEMO Journal, no. 4 (2022): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/afij-2022-4-24-34.
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The article is devoted to the problem of ensuring the UK energy security since the 90s of the 20th century to the date (June 23, 2016) of referendum on the UK exit from the European Union (Brexit). The problem is considered in its evolution: from the moment of its emergence during the conservative government of John Major, via the attempts to define the different aspects of the problem and to outline ways to solve it by labour cabinets of Tony Blair (1997–2007) and Gordon Brown (2007–2010), and up to formulating the notion of ‘energy security’ and making concrete steps to strengthen the UK energy security during David Cameron – Nick Clegg coalition cabinet (2010–2015) and the conservative cabinet of David Cameron (2015–2016). The problem is scrutinized with the help of vast number of the official documents and White Papers on energy policy of British governments, the UK Ministry of Energy and Climate Change and the Foreign Office. The article shows that the problem of reducing greenhouse gases emissions as an important part of the international efforts for containment of global climate changes is one of the main challenges for the UK energy security and the key driving force behind diversification of the British energy sector. The author considers the rising dependence of the UK economic development, the prosperity of British consumers and industry on the guaranteed, affordable, secure supply of fossil fuels from the unstable countries of the world as the second important challenge in strengthening the UK energy security. The transition of the United Kingdom’s energy balance towards rapid implementation of the low-carbon technologies (the nuclear power and the renewable energy sources [RES]) is seen in the article as the way to meet two above-mentioned challenges and to strengthen the UK energy security.
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Podriez, Yulia, and Alexander Zhukov. "STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN CHINA, THE EU AND THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (2000 - 2016)." КОНСЕНСУС, no. 2 (2022): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31110/consensus/2022-02/067-076.
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The energy policy of the EU, China and the USA during 2000–2016 before the presidency of Donald Trump was analysed in the article. The common feature of the energy policy is its focus on strengthening integration processes to create a common energy policy, single market and sustainable development of countries. The EU’s energy policy is based on the priorities related to a guaranteed and secure supply of gas, oil and electricity. The author proposes six priority areas for cooperation: the formation of a single energy market, security of supply, diversification of energy resources, climate change issue, development of new technologies and formation of a common foreign policy as well as approaches to energy. In our opinion China adheres to the similar policy of reducing energy consumption and harmful emissions while increasing the share of «green energy», but it goes along with some differences, namely, China will continue to build nuclear power plants (NPP) and will not abandon coal-fired power plants (CFPP) for at least the next 20 years. Today, the European Union is one of China’s most important partners. In view of the above, the article also considers the process of trade and economic cooperation between the two parties. This study also presents the cooperation of American and Chinese companies in the energy sector, which differentiated the views of American analysts on the future of the relations between China and the USA. «Pessimists» believe that it is difficult for superpowers to coexist when their interests clash with vital natura l resources. According to them, it is almost impossible to avoid a future confrontation between China and the USA. «Optimists» are sure that the huge Chinese market is so vital to the American economy that the USA is interested in the Chinese economy to grow steadily, providing new opportunities for potential American investors.
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PELZMAN, JOSEPH. "THE SPILLOVER EFFECTS OF THE RE-IMPOSED UNITED STATES SANCTIONS ON IRAN ON MENA, THE PRC, RUSSIA, AND TURKEY." Global Economy Journal 20, no. 01 (March 2020): 2050003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2194565920500037.
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Iran has faced US sanctions in one form or another since its invasion of the US Embassy in Iran in 1979. The 2007-08 period marked the initiation of heightened international sanctions on Iran imposed by the UN Security Council in reaction to Iran’s nuclear program. These sanctions were tightened in 2010, when the UN Security Council, the US Congress, and the European Union all implemented separate sets of sanctions targeting either the Iranian nuclear program or the energy and banking sectors. Under the Obama Administration the Joint Plan of Action (JPOA) was signed in late 2013 and within months the United States and the EU took steps to waive specific sanctions. In 2015 the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) was signed, which lifted nuclear-related sanctions by the UN, EU and US. The Trump Administration on May 8, 2018 announced the US withdrawal from the JCPOA and directed federal agencies to begin to take steps to re-impose the sanctions established under U.S. law that were lifted or waived in order for the United States to meet its commitments in the JCPOA. On November 5, 2018, all pre-JCPOA - U.S. sanctions on foreign firms that conduct transactions in all of Iran’s core economic sectors, including energy, banking, shipping, and manufacturing, went back into effect. These include sanctions on “petroleum-related transactions” and transactions by foreign banks with Iran’s Central Bank. In addition,700 Iranian and third country entities have again been designated by the United States as sanctioned entities, meaning that foreign firms that transact business with these entities could face virtual exclusion from the U.S. economy. With the re-imposition of sanctions on Iran, in 2018, the US finds itself as a lone player in a world where the EU, the PRC, Russia and a group of MENA countries have no intentions to comply with these re-imposed sanctions. The purpose of this paper, consequently, is to assess the spillover effects which can be expected to result from the US re-imposition of Iran sanctions on relevant MENA countries, the PRC, Russia and Turkey.
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Matiichuk, Liubomur. "STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING SYSTEM OF THE FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX OF UKRAINE." Innovation and Sustainability, no. 4 (January 9, 2023): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/ins.2022.4.109.118.
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The energy potential of Ukraine under wartime conditions has been clarified. The work of scientists, researchers, and practitioners regarding the goals and strategies of developing the fuel and energy potential system is analyzed. The main approaches to its formation and structure are outlined. Significant flaws in the organizational and territorial significance of the fuel and energy complex of Ukraine are outlined. It became known that the energy and hydropower industries lagged the main branches of fuel and energy resources relative to the broad scale of the increase in energy consumption. This, in turn, provoked a shortage of coal mass consumption at the state electric and thermal capacities. It was determined that after the collapse of the USSR, in Ukraine, the energy system occupied the first place in the state economy. Its priority was the satisfaction of the potential of the domestic energy demand, as well as exports to the countries of the European Union. This process supplies primary energy resources, including oil products, natural gas, oil, and nuclear fuel. At the same time, Ukraine somehow failed to form an adequate basis for the implementation of energy policy with the aim of stable and balanced development of the energy sector and the formation of a system of energy independence from foreign suppliers. It is known that once, the energy industry of Ukraine became the leading supplier of energy raw materials for other countries. As a result of the analysis of indicators regarding the income of companies in various industries, it can be stated that in 2021, the Ukrainian economy will remain raw-based and will continue. Even though the solution to the problems of the existence of the fuel and energy complex of Ukraine is aimed at achieving national goals, at the same time, there are minor problems. Therefore, in our opinion, the short-term and long-term stages of its implementation should be considered when developing an appropriate strategy. As for the effectiveness of the mentioned strategy, it is worth justifying the necessary conceptual toolkit and the methodological directions for further generalization. Considering the content of the Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2035, "Security, energy efficiency, competitiveness," we believe it is worth developing appropriate types of energy strategies regarding the increasing level of energy efficiency, strengthening the norms and principles of energy security.
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Cheban, O. Y., and A. S. Kraskova. "PROBLEMS OF EU-CHINA RELATIONS IN SOLVING THE IRANIAN NUCLEAR PROGRAM'S ISSUE." International and Political Studies, no. 34 (October 21, 2021): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2707-5206.2021.34.229944.
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It is proven in the paper that the chosen topic is relevant due to the impact of China and the EU on the negotiations about the regulation of the Iranian nuclear program’s issue. In the article, it is done a comparative analysis of the policy of the EU and China regarding the regulation of the Iranian nuclear program’s problem. It is also mentioned in the paper that since the time of the US presidential administration of Donald Trump, the EU and China have been seen as valuable actors in resolving the Iranian nuclear program’s issue. For this reason, the main purpose of the work is a review of the influence that China’s and EU’s policies regarding the development of the nuclear program of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) exert on European security. The history of China-Iran relations in the nuclear sphere and the important role of China in the development of the Iranian nuclear program is mentioned in the paper. It is also noted that the fact that the EU countries are partners or allies of the United States, which is the main rival of the IRI, has complicated the dialogue between the European Union and Iran. It is shown in the paper that during Mahmud Ahmadinejad’s presidency, the Iranian nuclear program was not controlled by the international community, and because of that China supported sanctions of the UN Security Council against Iran. As it is mentioned in the article, until the end of the 2000s, the EU, as well as the People’s Republic of China (PRC), did not support the US policy toward Iran. The Iranian-Chinese relations in the nuclear field were studied. It is mentioned that despite the fact that China is interested in exporting Iranian energy resources, Beijing will never accept Iran’s possession of nuclear weapons. It is assumed that the fact that China does not support the nuclear weapons status of Iran gives it the opportunity to cooperate with the EU in case Iran decides to acquire nuclear weapons. It is noticed that China had a major impact on the negotiations related to signing the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), i. e. the nuclear agreement with Iran. The further actions of the EU and the PRC after the dissolution of the JCPOA are mentioned in the paper. The scenarios of further development of the situation around the Iranian nuclear program were reviewed. As a result of the research, it is concluded that China and the EU have played a significant role in achieving the JCPOA and conducting diplomatic negotiations with Iran. The strengthening of Beijing’s role as a key partner of Teheran and the decrease of the EU’s impact on Iran’s foreign policy were mentioned in the paper.
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Androniceanu, Armenia, and Oana Matilda Sabie. "Overview of Green Energy as a Real Strategic Option for Sustainable Development." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 8573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228573.
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The global renewable energy landscape is changing rapidly. Green energies reduce greenhouse gas emissions, diversify the energy supply, and lower dependence on volatile and uncertain fossil fuel markets. The future looks promising for green energy sources, which are taking on an increasingly important role, especially in the current context, as governments are trying to identify viable solutions to the energy crisis and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Worldwide, there is a growing interest in and support for green energy sources, a factor that could help accelerate the current energy transition. Despite these positive developments, much remains to be done globally to make the energy transition a reality. In this respect, the European Union member states have committed to a wide neutrality target by establishing an increase in the total share of energy from renewable sources to 55% (by 2030) and, at the same time, reducing the net greenhouse gas effect emissions by at least 55% until 2030 to reach the neutrality target by 2050. Green energy sources are essential for long-term efforts to mitigate climate change and will play an important role in improving energy security and accessibility. The efforts of every country to strengthen the energy sector through the development of green energies will reduce geopolitical risks and disproportionate external costs for society. The large-scale use of green energies will contribute to sustainable development. The objective of our research is to review the literature on green energy in the context of sustainable development by analyzing research conducted by various authors and international organizations on these topics. The period considered for this study is 2011–2020. Our research focused on the EU 27, but the review also took into account the results obtained by other countries worldwide, such as China, the USA, Norway, and Iceland. The main research method used was the analysis of scientific papers, studies developed by international organizations, and a wide set of agreements and political commitments assumed by different states for developing green energy as a solution for sustainable development. The obtained results show an interesting international debate about green energies and how they can contribute to sustainable development. This paper’s results also show that in 2019 at the global level, low-carbon energy sources, including nuclear power and renewable energy, accounted for 15.7% of primary energy (solar, wind, hydropower, bioenergy, geothermal and wave and tidal), while in 2021, for the EU 27, the share of energy from renewable sources reached 22%. According to international statistics, more than 90% of the governments of many countries are making investments to efficiently capitalize on green energy sources and to design new models of sustainable economic and social development, in order to lower pollution levels, reduce the dependence on fossil fuel imports and limit the climate change impact.
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Luzyanin, Sergey G. "Russian-Chinese “borders” of security. What does the Beijing’s message of V.V. Putin and Xi Jinping mean?" Asia and Africa Today, no. 2 (2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750018790-1.
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The signing on February 4, 2022 in Beijing of a joint Russian-Chinese statement "On international relations entering a new era and global sustainable development" and a block of bilateral trade, economic and energy agreements means a qualitative expansion of the scope of the strategic partnership between the two countries. Russia and China politically position themselves not only as a global and regional center of power and security, but also as powers that offer the world the development of common human values and concepts - democracy, indivisible security, openness and equality, oppose the politicization of sports, for the expansion of anti-pandemic measures to combat the common evil of COVID-19. China supported the proposals put forward by Russia on its security guarantees in Europe, which helps to further form a common strategic space of Eurasian security from the western part of the Pacific Ocean to the Eastern European conditional line "Black Sea - Belarus". There is no need to reformat the Russian-Chinese strategic partnership into a military alliance in modern conditions. The economic block of cooperation is based on systemic and mutually beneficial energy cooperation, which is implemented in the increase in successful gas contracts, including transactions for the sale of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and pipeline gas, oil projects and sales, the construction of new power units by Russia at Chinese nuclear power plants (NPPs), and the expansion of supplies coal, etc. In the context of a significant increase in the volume of Russian-Chinese trade in 2021 by a third compared to 2020, the expansion of the practice of settlements in national currencies (ruble - yuan), bypassing the dollar, acquires additional importance. In the face of American threats to shut down the SWIFT international payment system, it is relevant to create an independent Russian-Chinese payment system for transactions that provides not only energy transactions, but also the entire range of bilateral trade, economic and interbank transactions. The formation of the Greater Eurasian Partnership involves a wide range of trade, economic, investment, transport and institutional measures to deepen Eurasian cooperation. The key component in this area is to increase the efficiency of the process of interface between the projects of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Chinese initiative "One Belt and One Road", the implementation of joint mutually beneficial infrastructure projects.
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Bilohur, Vlada, and Roman Oleksenko. "THE EUROPEAN SPORT MODELS MANAGEMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES EUROPEAN UNION." HUMANITIES STUDIES 90, no. 13 (2022): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26661/hst-2022-13-90-07.
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Hsieh, Jin-chi, Ching-cheng Lu, Ying Li, Yung-ho Chiu, and Ya-sue Xu. "Environmental Assessment of European Union Countries." Energies 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020295.
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This study utilizes the dynamic data envelopment analysis (DEA) model by considering time to measure the energy environmental efficiency of 28 countries in the European Union (EU) during the period 2006–2013. There are three kinds of variables: input, output, and carry-over. The inputs are labor, capital, and energy consumption (EC). The undesirable outputs are greenhouse gas emissions (GHE) and sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions, and the desirable output variable is gross domestic product (GDP). The carry-over variable is gross capital formation (GCF). The empirical results show that first the dynamic DEA model can measure environment efficiency and provide optimum improvement for inefficient countries, as more than half of the EU countries should improve their environmental efficiency. Second, the average overall scores of the EU countries point out that the better period of performance is from 2009 to 2012. Third, the output variables of GHE, SOx, and GDP exhibit a significant impact on environmental efficiency. Finally, the average value of others is significantly better than high renewable energy utilization (HRE) with the Wilcoxon test. Thus, the EU’s strategy for environmental energy improvement should be to pay attention to the benefits of renewable energy (RE) utilization, reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHE), and enhancing the development of RE utilization to help achieve the goal of lower GHE.
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Vavrek, Roman, and Jana Chovancová. "Energy Performance of the European Union Countries in Terms of Reaching the European Energy Union Objectives." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 5317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205317.
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European energy policy, especially the project of the Energy Union, is one of the most rapidly developing areas of the EU, and one through which European institutions are obtaining gradually more extensive power over the performance of the national energy sectors. The paper focuses on an analysis of the energy performance of EU member states (MS) with regard to the priorities of the European Energy Union. For an assessment of the energy performance of EU countries, the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was chosen, using the Coefficient of Variation method (CV) as an objective method for determining the weights of eight input indicators, including CO2 intensity, electricity and gas price, energy productivity, energy dependence, consumption of renewables and research and development. The analysis for the period from 2008 to 2016 showed significant changes in the input indicators, which directly influenced the results of both methods mentioned above. Long-term differences between the best- and worst-rated countries are seen mainly in CO2 emissions, energy imports and total consumption of renewable energy sources. It is these aspects of comprehensive energy performance and their convergence at the level of EU countries that we believe should be addressed in the near future.
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Papanikos, Gregory T. "Energy Security, the European Energy Union and the Mediterranean Countries." ATHENS JOURNAL OF MEDITERRANEAN STUDIES 3, no. 4 (September 30, 2017): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajms.3-4-3.
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Zharonkina, E. A., and A. A. Goltseva. "European Union Renewable Energy Strategy." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 24, no. 3 (June 15, 2022): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2022-24-3-299-308.
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The renewable energy sector is becoming increasingly important in the global energy balance. This process can be explained by the depletion of fossil resources and the global environmental concern. Economies need more energy-efficient technologies to meet the growing volume of energy consumption. In the last quarter of the century, the European Union has seen a rapid development of renewable energy sources. Its aim is not only to diversify energy consumption, but to switch to renewable sources in order to reduce its dependence on traditional energy imports. The article examines the strategy of the European Union in the field of renewable energy technologies and their prospects. In the European Union, the renewable energy sector is regulated both at the organizational and national levels. The current regulatory framework is being improved; it establishes uniform requirements for all member states. However, each country has adopted its own national plans for renewable energy development. The European Union countries can independently determine the measures of state stimulation and support of renewable energy development. The most effective of them are: tax incentives, green tariffs, grants and loans. Despite certain difficulties, including those associated with the current level of technology development, renewable energy has a very high potential for further development, and the share of energy generated from renewable sources is increasing every year.
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Jovanović, L., V. Radović, and M. Lukinović. "Significance of energy efficiency for energy security." Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 28, no. 4 (September 1, 2018): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2018.4.08.
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Energy security of the European Union is one of the most important parameters that determine the present and the future on the world's geopolitical scene. EU countries are characterized by: insufficient fossil fuels from their own sources, continuous increase in consumption and strict environmental regulations (which limit the use of coal and oil). From all of the above, it follows that the long-term energy security of the European Union can be ensured by increase of gas supply capacity and diversification of sources of supply. The main objective of the paper is to analyze the situation and perspective of optimizing energy efficiency in the countries of the European Union through the application of resource of energy saving and new and innovative technologies of renewable resources.
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İyıt, N., H. Yonar, and A. Genç. "Generalized Linear Models for European Union Countries Energy Data." Acta Physica Polonica A 130, no. 1 (July 2016): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.130.397.
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Kaveshnikov, N. Y. "European Union Energy Saving Policy." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(37) (August 28, 2014): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-4-37-109-115.
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This article analyses methods of energy efficiency stimulation in the European Union. The author investigates basic areas of the EU activity; in particular, the author estimates results of implementation of the Energy Star program, new provisions of labeling of energy-using products, measures to increase energy efficiency in buildings. The paper also analyzes the provisions of the Directive 2012/27 that is the first EU document, providing for a comprehensive approach to energy saving at all stages: production, transformation and consumption. Today EU policy includes: 7) a general political and regulatory framework laid down by the European action plan on energy efficiency and Directive 2012/27; 2) national action plans on energy efficiency, which should be in line with indicative targets set at the EU level; 3) special EU documents in key areas of energy efficiency (buildings, energy-consuming equipment etc.); 4) accompanying instruments, such as target funding, information dissemination, support of specialized networks. The paper gives a comprehensive analysis of the key methods of implementation of EU policy in the area of energy saving. The author concludes that EU operates within the framework of the open method of coordination. The system of mandatory/voluntary technical standards has allowed to achieve significant success, but indicative planning and monitoring of national actions are not completely effective. In the long term EU policy in the area of energy efficiency is restrained by member states unwillingness to delegate to the European Union a more detailed powers in this field and to give the EU bodies facilities to execute more strict control. In the short term - in conditions of economic crisis, the EU countries are not ready to invest significant budget funds in projects with long payback period.
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Mikuła, Aneta, Małgorzata Raczkowska, and Monika Utzig. "Pro-Environmental Behaviour in the European Union Countries." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 5689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185689.
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The purpose of the presented research is to assess pro-environmental behaviour (PEB) in European Union countries in 2009 and 2019. The study used a synthetic measure developed using the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) benchmark method. This method enables distinguishing classes and ranks of countries depending on the adopted characteristics. Basic measures of descriptive statistics, i.e., average, standard deviation and the coefficient of variation, were used in the analysis of the data set. The main research question addressed in this study concerns the relationship between the level of PEB and economic, demographic, and educational factors—not only on a micro scale but also from the macroeconomic perspective. The research has revealed a wide variety throughout the European Union (EU-27) countries in terms of pro-environmental behaviour. Sweden, Finland, and Denmark top the ranking, while Malta, Greece, Spain, and Romania are at the bottom of it. Northern European countries can therefore be identified as a group that represents a positive benchmark in terms of PEB across the European Union (EU-27). The correlation between PEB and selected economic, demographic, and education-related variables was also investigated. Country-level PEB is correlated with demographic and economic variables, but it is not correlated with education-related variables.
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Kariuk, Alla, Roman Mishchenko, Volodymyr Pents, and Vira Shchepak. "Energy performance of buildings in European Union countries and Ukraine." ACADEMIC JOURNAL Series: Industrial Machine Building, Civil Engineering 1, no. 52 (July 5, 2019): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/znp.2019.52.1695.
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Complex comparative analysis of building energy performance rates in EU countries and Ukraine has been carried out.The relation between building insulation rates and European countries climate condition has been investigated. It is illustratedthat there is a significant gap between building energy efficiency characteristics in Ukraine and in most of the EU countries.Economically justified rates of building envelope heat exchange resistance which can lead Ukraine to common Europeanlevel based on optimized calculations are suggested. The necessity for further increase in building envelope heat exchange resistancerates in order to raise building energy efficiency and put Ukrainian building regulations in harmony with EU countriescorresponding norms is proved.
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Janiszewska, Dorota. "Diversification of energy production and consumption in European Union countries." Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal 22, no. 2 (June 24, 2019): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33223/epj/109338.
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