Dissertations / Theses: 'Nuclear energy – European Union countries'

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Heffron, Raphael James. "Policy for planned nuclear new build in the European Union and the United States." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607891.

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Shen, Yan Jia. "Understanding why China increases investment in European Union energy sector." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3953581.

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De, Matteis Pietro. "Sino-European energy, environmental and climate change diplomacy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610458.

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Zhu, Feng. "EU energy policy after the Treaty of Lisbon : breakthroughs, interfaces and opportunity." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2580185.

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Palmer, James Robert. "Science and politics in European energy and environmental policy : the wicked problem of biofuels and indirect land-use change (ILUC)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608217.

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BAHMER, Larissa Elisabeth. "Chutes, ladders, snakes and surprises : policy durability and policy flexibility in EU energy and climate governance based on the governance regulation." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/69195.

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Award date: 26 September 2020
Supervisor : Professor Joanne Scott (European University Institute)
Whether the EU will live up to its leadership ambition in mitigating climate change to no little extent depends on whether the Governance Regulation will prove successful or whether it will add to the list of climate and energy policies which aimed high but performed low. This thesis analyses the legal arrangements of the Governance Regulation as embedded in the EU constitutional and administrative law framework in light of policy durability and policy flexibility, with the aim of assessing whether the Governance Regulation promises to build a long-lasting yet adaptable foundation for EU energy and climate governance that facilitates ratcheting up ambition and progress toward a ‘climate neutral’ Union.

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Topcuoglu, Merve Mehlika. "Energy Indicators For Sustainable Development: Comparison Of Turkey And Selected European Union Countries." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613555/index.pdf.

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The aim of this study is to compare the sustainable development perspective of Turkey with selected European Union countries in terms of Energy Indicators for Sustainable Energy between 1980-2008. The study is conducted in a comparative and descriptive way by using energy indicators. The common energy policy priorities of Turkey and European Union are determined in the light of recent literature. An energy indicator set is constructed according to energy priorities, namely, energy efficiency and energy intensity
energy security and fuel mix
and environmental concerns. The analysis of relevant indicators demonstrates that Turkey does not meet the sustainability criteria in terms of energy use. In general, findings of the study indicate that Turkey does not use energy efficiently and energy intensities in the economy do not decrease except for the industry sector, for the period 1980-2008. Import dependency has increased and fuel mix of energy sources is dominantly carbon based. Expectations about increasing renewable energy share do not exhibit a significant trend thus energy security and fuel mix are still important issues for Turkey. Lastly, environmental protection in terms of decreasing GHG emissions, air pollution and deforestation could not be achieved as GHG emissions, air pollution and deforestation have increased in Turkey during 1980- 2008 period.

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Zhong, Xiao Fei. "China and the EU : competition and cooperation in the Caspian region." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555549.

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Yan, Ya Xue. "Interests & interdependency in Sino-EU renewable energy cooperation." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2595814.

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Pourzitakis, Efstratios. "Hedging against energy insecurity: a comparison between China and the EU." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2017. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/423.

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The research compares the energy security approaches and strategies of China and the EU since the early 2000's. It examines the nexus between strategies and approaches of the two actors and it seeks to highlight the importance of domestic issues such as energy security governance and domestic politics. In addition, it sheds light to the notion of hedging which has become recently a buzzword among political scientists. Finally, it takes a critical position towards the mainstream dichotomy between strategic and market-based approaches to energy security. Despite their structural differences, China and the EU share similarities regarding their conceptualization of energy security. Interestingly, both sides have based their perceptions on perceived and contested energy security risks. Hence, in the mid-2000's, the two actors securitized energy due to external factors such as the Russia-Ukraine gas crisis and the so-called "Malacca Strait dilemma". Domestic factors however served as a transmission belt and they determined the process of how these external challenges shaped their energy security perceptions and eventually their strategies. During the last years of the examined period, Beijing and Brussels have adopted more comprehensive and sophisticated approach. Their declared adherence to market-based principles reflects among others their interest in self-identifying as liberal actors. The latter has been a global trend among states. Furthermore, it is concluded that their energy security strategies have distinct differences as well as certain similarities. For many years, issues such as the "Malacca Dilemma" and the European dependence on Russian gas have played an important role to the energy security strategies of China and the EU. Again, the two actors have been incorporating strategic and market-based policies in their energy security strategies that aim at their domestic markets as well as abroad. In order to analyse the energy security perceptions of the two actors, the research assumed that China and the EU have been adopting a hedging strategy. While their behaviour has the characteristics of hedging, a basic difference between the two actors is that for China hedging is a strategic choice while for the EU hedging is a combination of policies adopted by different actors. As a result, while it can be accepted that China has been implementing a hedging strategy the EU has been merely pursuing a hedging behavior. The distinction between hedging strategy and hedging behavior stands as one of the theoretical contributions of this research. Finally, the research chooses the Caspian Sea region as a case-study in order to examine the energy security strategies of China and the EU. Both actors have been seeking access to the Caspian energy resources in order to hedge against their energy insecurities. Their approaches however are fundamentally different as China has established a strong foothold in the region adopting mainly mercantilistic tactics while the EU has been facing important hardships as a result of domestic setbacks that limit the effectiveness of its resource diplomacy as well as due to political incompatibility with the Caspian states. Using the Regional Security Complex Theory as a conceptual starting point, the research approaches the Caspian Sea region as an energy security complex where China and the EU have been also integrated. The research analyses the energy security strategies of China and the EU within the Caspian complex applying the theoretical framework of neoclassical realism. This theoretical novelty can be evaluated as successful and as a result, the research has established an alternative theoretical approach to regional security complexes.

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Marengo, Umberto. "The European Union in the international energy regime and relations with the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council, 1981-2013." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709420.

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Gong, Xi. "Explaining EU-US strategic difference after the Cold War : the case of Iran's nuclear issue." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555593.

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Belyi, Andrei. "La dimension énergétique de la Sécurité pan-européenne et son impact sur la politique extérieure de l'Union européenne." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211092.

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Ulrici, Mark. "Bioenergy adoption barriers across 7 EU countries : A comparison of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254803.

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Europe is trying to switch away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy. Bioenergy is well positioned to play a large role in this. However, bioenergy as a share of total energy used differs substantially between European countries. What causes these differences and what the barriers are to bioenergy implementation is researched in this thesis for seven EU countries: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the UK. The systemic barriers to bioenergy implementation are categorised in the five categories, infrastructure, market problems, interactions, institutions, and capabilities. A literature review gives the first insight into the barriers, which is then followed by ananalysis of current policy in the seven countries. Afterwards, industry specialists are interviewed from five of the seven countries. The interviews mainly took place by email. However, one was over the phone. A semi-structured approach was used in the interviews. Lastly, voting behaviour of MEPs and the influence of the oil industry are analysed. This was done by using the Forbes most valuable companies list and ranking the biggest European oil and gas companies. These were then compared to the voting behaviour by members of the EU parliament of the countries where the companies are domiciled. The results show no systemic barriers for Denmark and Sweden. In every country a different set of problems was in the way of bioenergy. Negative public opinion may start playing an increasing role in the implementation of bioenergy in western European countries, such as the Netherlands and Germany. Currently, the UK and Belgium have policy barriers to bioenergy implementation, while France’s bioenergy sector struggles with infrastructure, market and capability problems. Germany also suffers from market problems. The oil industry does not seem to influence the behaviour of politicians significantly concerning bioenergy. Politicians from countries with large oil industry did not vote morenegatively on bioenergy directives in the EU parliament than those from countries without a large oil industry. Moreover, the public opinion towards bioenergy can have large effects on the implementation, as was observed in the Netherlands. Where this negative public opinion on bioenergy comes from is not clear. No final conclusion can be drawn on what causes the difference in bioenergy adoption in the seven countries. More research is needed into what influences the public opinion in these countries concerning bioenergy.
Europa försöker göra en omställning från fossila bränslen till förnybar energi. Bioenergi är väl positionerat för att spela en viktig roll i detta. Bioenergi är en mindre intermittent energikälla än vind och solenergi och kan därmed komplettera dessa. Bioenergi som andel av den totala energianvändningen skiljer sig emellertid väsentligt mellan europeiska länder. Vad som orsakar dessa skillnader och vilka hinder som finns för implementering av bioenergi undersöks i denna rapport för sju EU-länder: Belgien, Danmark, Frankrike, Tyskland, Nederländerna, Sverige och Storbritannien. Hindren på systemnivå för implementering av bioenergi kategoriseras i de fem kategorierna, infrastruktur, marknadsproblem, interaktioner, institutioner och kapacitet. En litteraturöversikt ger den första insikten om hinder, som sedan följs av en utläggning gällande den nuvarande lagstiftningen i de sju länderna. Efter det intervjuas branschspecialister från fem av de sju länderna. Slutligen analyseras röstbeteende i Europaparlamentet och oljeindustrins inflytande. Resultaten visar att oljebranschen inte verkar påverka politikernas beteende i betydande utsträckning beträffande bioenergi. Politiker från länder med stor oljeindustri röstade inte mer negativt gällande bioenergidirektiv i EU-parlamentet än de från länder utan stor oljebransch. Däremot kan den allmänna opinionen mot bioenergi få stora effekter på genomförandet, vilket observerades i Nederländerna. Ingen slutsats kan dras gällande varför utbredningen av bioenergi skiljer sig åt mellan de sju länderna. I varje land fanns det en rad olika hinder i vägen för implementering av bioenergi. Sverige och Danmark har inga systemproblem för implementering av bioenergi. Om den allmänna opinionen är negativt inställd till bioenergi kan det börja spela en större roll för utbredningen av bioenergi i västeuropeiska länder, som Nederländerna och Tyskland.

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Rentrop, Timm U. W. "Legal ways and means the european community law can provide for the promotion of green fuels." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211960.

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Cette thèse explore les possibilités en droit européen pour promouvoir les carburants et combustibles d'origine agricole et forestier. Ce sujet est d'intérêt pour l'Europe, parce qu'il peut à la fois offrir une source d'énergie plus propre (c'est une source d'énergie renouvelable pouvant réduire les émissions en gaz à effet de serre et des gaz polluants), un nouveau déboucher pour la surcapacité de l'agriculture européenne et réduire la dépendance énergétique de l'Europe et ainsi sa sécurité d'approvisionnement.

La thèse commence en présentant brièvement les différentes politiques de l'Union Européenne qui concernent les biocarburants et -combustibles et en énumérant les mesures déjà pris dans le cadre de ces politiques qui donnent du soutien à cette technologie. Ceci inclut les différentes programmes de financement de recherche ou du développement régionale, les mesures de protection de l'environnement concernés, le traitement de cette source d'énergie par les systèmes fiscales réglés au niveau européen (accises et TVA)et surtout les actions dans le cadre de la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC), avec son soutien pour les différentes secteurs agricoles qui peuvent fournir les matières premières pour ces carburants/combustibles. Ceci révèle que l'action actuelle en faveur de cette technologie n'est pas une action intégrée mais de caractère ponctuel et ancillaire. En fait avec beaucoup des mesures existantes, la promotion des biocarburants/biocombustibles n'est pas le but principal, mais un but ancillaire - comme un soutien de cette technologie peut aider à atteindre le but principal,elle est soutenue. Par exemple, dans le cadre de la PAC, le soutien aux biocarburants actuellement est du au souhait de réduire la capacité de production d'autres produits en crise.

Ma thèse par contre, propose des actions qui sont développés spécifiquement avec le but de promouvoir cette technologie, où ce résultat n'est pas le sous-produit du souhait d'atteindre un autre but. Il y a d'abord des propositions sur comment le droit européen peut agir ici sans des modifications majeures,en étendant certaines mesures existantes ou en appliquant d'autres par analogie pour inclure un soutien à cette source d'énergie.

Suit la proposition d'une action intégrée du droit communautaire pour l'intervention en faveur des biocarburants/biocombustibles moyennant un nouveau type d'organisation commune de marché:

Ceci est une application du droit tout à fait innovante dans cette domaine. Il est proposé d'organiser l'intervention moyennant des appels d'offre avant la campagne de culture. Les agriculteurs doivent alors planifier leur production en avance et essayer de trouver des débouchés pour leurs produits avant de commencer à produire.

Sur base des résultats ainsi obtenus, ils demandent du soutien pour obtenir un revenu net équitable. Cette intervention peut prendre tous les formes actuels comme l'achat, aide directe, restitutions à la production,etc.

La thèse ensuite examine la conformité de le méchanisme avec les exigences de base du droit européen,rappellant les principes fondamentaux de droit européen, comme le respect des droits de l'homme, la non-discrimination, le droit à la propriété et la proportionalité,qui doivent être respectés par toute action législative sur le niveau européen.

Puis il y a l'analyse des avantages de cette manière d'intervenir:

En obligeant les producteurs de demander du soutien avant l'ensemencement, tous les décisions sur les types de produit, prix, quantités, etc. doivent être déjà prises et, par conséquent, l'organisme d'intervention n'est pas confronté avec des faits accompli après la récolte.

Au contraire, il connaît à l'avance la production et son niveau envisagée. Ceci offre la possibilité d'éviter des problèmes: l'intervention a le moyen avec l'outil du appel d'offre et le soutien accordé par conséquence, de diriger cette production envisagée en provoquant des changements avant que la production est entamé. De cette manière on peut éviter des surproductions - en refusant des demandes de soutien au delà d'un certain seuil(obligeant les producteurs à chercher des alternatives)ou - en demandant une réduction de la productivité spécifique(exigeant une agriculture plus extensive) si on préfère du soutien spécifique (par unité produite)plus élevé pour combler l'écart entre le revenu de la production et un revenu considéré comme équitable. Cette manière d'intervenir permet aussi de cibler avec plus de précision le soutien aux producteurs qui en ont vraiment besoin en donnant de la priorité aux demandes des producteurs les plus désavantagés, p.ex. les exploitations familiales ou ceux avec une production écologique etc. Alternativement, en offrant plus de possibilités d'obtenir du soutien dans une certaine catégorie de production, ce système peut permettre de inciter d'autres à se convertir pour un type d'agriculture souhaité. Ceci peut donner une direction à l'évolution structurelle de l'agriculture. Actuellement ce souhait de diriger le type d'exploitation se fait par un soutien plus élevé, avec du gaspillage de ressources budgétaires. Le système des appels d'offre (de demandes de soutien)proposé individualise l'intervention pour mieux cibler le soutien à ceux qui en ont besoin sans la rigidité de quotas.

En plus, comme la décision sur le soutien est seulement prise après la formation de contrats de vente des produits (et par conséquence après fixation de leurs prix effectifs), ce système d'intervention en fait laisse plus de liberté au marché que les systèmes actuels, à l'exception des situations où l'évolution de la production (envisagée)risque de provoquer des problèmes et l'intervention par conséquence incite un changement des décisions prises. Normalement ces décisions commerciales ne sont pas influencés par le niveau de soutien accordé après. C'est un type de "deficiency payments" avec la possibilité d'intervenir de manière 'dirigiste' si des problèmes s'annoncent.
Doctorat en droit
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Alakbarov, Gurban. "Die Energieressourcen der kaspischen Region und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Energiesicherheit der Europäischen Union." Bochum [u. a.] : Europäischer Univ.-Verl, 2008. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/568950232.pdf.

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Starostová, Andrea. "Kritická analýza politiky Evropské unie a jej dopad na firmu E.ON SE." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224256.

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Hlavným cieľom diplomovej práce je kriticky analyzovať politiku Európskej Únie a jej dopad na činnosť nadnárodnej spoločnosti E.ON. Keďže politika Európskej Únie má za cieľ zefektívniť spôsob podnikania vykonávaného v rámci Európskej Únie a okrem iného má predstavovať garanciu zodpovednosti jak spotrebiteľov, tak dodávateľov operujúcich na trhu, tak zámer práce bol definovaný na analýzu politického vplyvu rozhodnutí Európskej Únie a ich dopad na následné strategické rozhodnutia firmy. Analytická čas práce je preto zameraná na analýzu Európskej energetickej politiky s kladením dôrazu na profil spoločnosti E.ON, Európsku energetickú stratégiu, obnoviteľné zdroje, jadrovú energetiku, bezpečnosť energetickej dodávky a na Európsky systém obchodovania s emisiami.

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Rivat, Emmanuel. "La transnationalisation de la cause antinucléaire en Europe : une approche comparée de la France et des Pays-Bas : (1970-2010)." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40005.

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La plupart des travaux portant sur la politique et la contestation de l’énergie nucléaire étudient des enjeux de mobilisations locaux et nationaux. Cette thèse a pour but de montrer que si les théories de la « nouvelle gouvernance » défendent l’hypothèse d’un dépassement de l’État, elles ne permettent pas de suffisamment saisir les dilemmes et les blocages de la transnationalisation de la cause anti-nucléaire. A partir de travaux de la sociologie des mouvements sociaux, des réseaux et de la sociologie politique, cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre la genèse et les modalités de la coopération et de la concurrence des Verts européens, des ONG environnementales telles que Greenpeace et Les Amis de la Terre, et des groupes locaux et nationaux. De la première conférence internationale des Nations Unies sur l'environnement de Stockholm en 1972 à la conférence sur le changement climatique de Copenhague en 2009, cette thèse étudie pourquoi et comment les militants se saisissent d’opportunités politiques internationales ou européennes. Elle explicite deux dilemmes de la coopération transnationale, à savoir la diversité des contraintes nationales des champs politiques et le degré d’institutionnalisation des groupes de contestation. Elle analyse enfin comment les militants établissent les règles de fonctionnement d’un capital social transnational comme « bien collectif » qui facilite la production, la circulation et la réception de différents types de ressources et de compétences sociales pour les militants. Loin de céder aux sirènes de l’avènement d’une « société civile transnationale », ce travail insiste sur la grande hétérogénéité pdes militants, profondément ancrés dans des champs politiques nationaux. Cette situation explique que l’activisme transnational en Europe demeure provisoire et discontinu
Most of the work about the politics and contention of nuclear energy deal with local and national issues. This thesis aims to show that « new governance » theories, speaking about the decline of the state, cannot capture properly enough the various dilemmas and conflicts that prevent the rise and dynamic of the transnationalisation of the antinuclear cause. Based on social movement sociology, network sociology and political sociology, this work studies the incremental cooperation between green political parties, environmental NGO’s such as Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth, and last but not the least, local and national protest groups from the beginning of the 1970’s to the end of the 2000’s. From the first United Nation International Conference on the Environment of Stockholm in 1972 to the International Conference on Climate Change of Copenhagen in 2009, this thesis show why and how transnational activists perceive and size political international and European opportunities. It shows as well how activists face two kinds of dilemmas that prevent further transnational cooperation: the widediversity of constraints of political fields and the degree of institutionalization of antinuclear groups. It focuses on how antinuclear activists become able to build up rules of transnational social capital, understood as a “collective good” that may well facilitate the production, circulation and reception of different types of social resources and competences for activists. Far from turning a blind eye on the contradictions of what could be seen as a « transnational civil society », this work emphasizes the heterogeneity of activists, who remain deeply rooted into national political fields. This situation explains why transnational activism in Europe is still temporary and discontinuous

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Tsuchiya, Miyuki. "Gouverner l'énergie : la dynamique de changement des politiques publiques de l'électricité d'origine nucléaire et renouvelable. Une comparaison entre la France et le Japon." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020075.

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Une crise de grande ampleur laisse supposer d’importants changements en politiques publiques.Toutefois, les multiples accidents nucléaires ont souligné l’effet d’inertie du système de l’électricité en France comme au Japon et du maintien des acteurs dominants au sein de ce système. Le particulier focusing event que constitue Fukushima apparaît toutefois comme un vecteur important de changement dans un système fortement soumis à la dépendance au sentier et à un bouleversement des rapports de force,dépassant par là même les enjeux énergétiques. Au delà des questions de gouvernance de l’énergie, ce travail vise en outre à souligner les importantes transformations qui touchent le marché de l’électricité sous les effets d’une libéralisation toujours plus poussée. Dès lors cette analyse s’attache à fois à l’étude de la gouvernance de la politique de l’énergie mais également aux conséquences d’une ouverture plus progressive du marché sur les acteurs concernés dans une perspective principalement nationale mais aussi européenne
While a widespread crisis would cause significant changes in public policies, nuclear accidents underline an inertia effect in the energy system in France and Japan. These cases lay out the maintenance of the position of dominant stakeholders within the system. Nevertheless, the particular focusing event of Fukushima appears to be an important driver of change in a system with strong path dependency, and disrupts the power balance of stakeholders. The change then goes beyond energy issues. In addition to the governance stakes, this thesis examines the significant alterations of the electricity market under the liberalisation dynamics . It also analyses the governance of energy policy and the consequences of the electricity market from domestic and European perspectives

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Müllerová, Petra. "Kritická analýza energetické politiky EU a její dopady na tržní subjekty." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222871.

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Diplomová práce se zaměřuje na kritické zhodnocení současné energetické politiky Evropské Unie a její dopady na účastníky trhu s energetickými komoditami, především s důrazem na energetické společnosti a koncové spotřebitele.

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SÖDERSTEN, Anna. "Euratom at the crossroads." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/33571.

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Defence date: 17 November 2014
Examining Board Professor Marise Cremona (supervisor), European University Institute; Professor Loïc Azoulai, European University Institute; Professor Per Cramér, University of Gothenburg; Professor Michael Dougan, University of Liverpool.
This dissertation considers the relationship between the Euratom Treaty and the two EU Treaties (the TEU and TFEU). It examines the legal implications of the continued separate existence of the Euratom within the EU. The aim is to show that either the Euratom ought to be kept separate from the Union or, logically, brought into the EU framework. The first part of the dissertation considers 'structural’ issues. It examines the links between the treaties and it explores the question of whether the EU and the Euratom belong to the same legal regime or whether they are better conceptualised as separate legal regimes. The second part maps out four broad policy areas that will illuminate the relationship between the EU and the Euratom: (i) nuclear industrial development; (ii) nuclear safety; (iii) radiation protection; and (iv) non-proliferation. Gaps and overlaps are identified and the Euratom’s added value is discussed. The dissertation shows that the Euratom is very close to the EU, although an anomaly. It also demonstrates that the relationship between the Treaties is not always a coherent one. It concludes that given the expansion of the EU competences, there is no longer a need for the Euratom as a separate treaty.

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HAGHIGHI, Sanam Salem. "Energy security. The external legal relations of the European Union with energy producing countries." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6359.

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Defence date: 16 June 2006
Examining board: Prof. Bruno de Witte (Supervisor, European University Institute) ; Prof. Marise Cremona (European University Institute) ; Prof. Giacomo Luciani, part time professor, EUI ; Prof. Thomas Wälde, University of Dundee
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
This dissertation offers the first comprehensive assessment of the various internal and external measures undertaken by the European Union to guarantee security of oil and gas supply. It sets out and analyzes in a coherent and thorough manner those aspects of EU external policy that are relevant in establishing a framework for guaranteeing energy security for the Union. What makes the book unique is that it is the first of its kind to bridge the gap between EU energy and EU external policy. The dissertation discusses EU policy towards the major oil and gas producing countries of Russia, the Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf at the bilateral as well as regional and multilateral level. It brings together not only the dimensions of trade and investment but also other important aspects of external policy, namely development and foreign policy. The author argues that the EU's energy security cannot be achieved through adopting a purely internal approach to energy issues, but that it is necessary to adopt a holistic approach to external policy, covering efficient economic relations as well as development co-operation and foreign policies towards energy producing countries. The dissertation will be a valuable resource for students of EU law, WTO law or international energy law, as well as scholars and practitioners dealing with energy issues.

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Мареха, Ірина Сергіївна, Ирина Сергеевна Мареха, Iryna Serhiivna Marekha, and S. I. Bondarenko. "On the way to building Energy Union in the European countries." Thesis, 2021. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/86497.

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Встановлено, що Енергетичний союз прагне надати європейським споживачам безпечну, стійку, конкурентоспроможну та доступну енергію. Досягнення цієї мети потребує докорінної трансформації енергетичної системи Європи. Це досягається шляхом перегляду європейських енергетичних та кліматичних систем та політики, висуваючи ЄС на передній план у вирішенні глобальних проблем відновлюваних джерел енергії та зміни клімату.
Установлено, что Энергетический союз стремится предоставить европейским потребителям безопасную, устойчивую, конкурентоспособную и доступную энергию. Достижение этой цели требует коренной трансформации энергетической системы Европы. Это достигается путем пересмотра европейских энергетических и климатических систем и политики, выдвигая ЕС на передний план в решении глобальных проблем возобновляемых источников энергии и изменения климата.
It is found out that the Energy Union aims to give the European consumers secure, sustainable, competitive and affordable energy. Achieving this goal requires a fundamental transformation of Europe's energy system. It does so by overhauling European energy and climate systems and policies, putting the EU at the forefront in addressing global renewable energy and climate change.

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BONAFÉ, MARTÍNEZ Ernesto. "Towards a European energy policy : resources and constraints in EU law." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14979.

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Defence Date: 11 October 2010
Examining Board: Prof. Jacques Ziller, University of Pavia (EUI Supervisor); Prof. Pippo Ranci, Catholic University of Milan; Prof. Leigh Hancher, University of Tilburg; Mr. Jorge Vasconcelos, MIT/Portugal Programme, Lisbon University
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The European Union (EU) has set the objective to achieve a secure, sustainable and competitive energy. The development of a European energy policy is constantly emphasised in the declarations of EU political leaders. This thesis provides an assessment of the legal feasibility of an EU energy policy in the areas of industrial restructuring, institutional reform and security of supply. The first chapter looks into the Endesa saga, which offers a paradigmatic case concerning the tensions between energy champions and energy markets. Successive national and ‘foreign’ takeover bids for Endesa are examined at national and EU level by different authorities according to different legal regimes, which show the ambivalent contribution of the merger control to the development of an energy policy. The persistence of monopolistic structures despite energy liberalisation requires the reinforcement of the role of regulatory authorities, as analysed in chapter two. However, one cannot expect that national regulatory authorities and the newly created European Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators enjoy the same powers and level of independence as their integration within Member States and the EU operates on the basis of different legal and institutional principles. Chapter three addresses security of energy supply, which is in principle a responsibility of the Member States (which often used it as a pretext to promote national champions), but it has also a European dimension in terms of external dependence and solidarity. The absence of a specific legal basis on energy in the treaties has not prevented the EU from dealing with security of supply by having recourse to legal bases in the fields of environmental policy, crisis management and trans-European networks. A more coherent approach to energy policy is expected with the new legal basis on energy in the Lisbon Treaty. Beyond future developments, this thesis measures the integrity of the commitment repeatedly expressed by European Heads of Governments and States to build up a European energy policy.

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COELHO, Gonçalo Miguel Banha. "Liberalisation of network industries and access to natural resources : the case of radio spectrum and energy resources." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/41265.

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Defence date: 9 May 2016
Examining Board: Professor Giorgio Monti (Supervisor), European University Institute; Professor Eric Brousseau, Paris-Dauphine University; Professor Angus Johnston, University College Oxford; Professor Pierre Larouche, Tilburg University.
The Thesis analyses the impact of the regulation of radio spectrum and energy resources in the liberalisation of wireless communications and electricity in the European Union (EU). The answer to this inquiry presupposes a discussion of three sub-questions: (i) what is the competence of the EU to regulate the radio spectrum and energy resources ("the power gap"); (ii) is there a gap in the regulation of natural resources ("the regulatory gap"); and (iii) how has the Commission used other instruments, particularly competition law, to bridge the two gaps? The Introduction presents the institutional economics approach that guides the reader throughout the Thesis. It builds upon Williamson's four levels of institutional analysis and argues that the way in which access to natural resources is structured ("level 2" of institutional analysis), deeply impacts the regulatory design of the network industries and the way in which the Commission shapes the application of competition law. Its purpose is not to present an ideal system of resource management but rather to highlight that all institutional decisions bear costs, and that, in the absence of level 2 interventions, the Commission has used imperfect alternative solutions, such as competition law, to bridge the regulatory and power gaps.

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DE, ALMEIDA Lucila. "Integration through self-standing European private law : insights from the internal point of view to harmonization in energy market." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/46666.

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Defence date: 23 May 2017
Examining Board: Prof. Hans-W. Micklitz, European University Institute (EUI Supervisor); Prof. Stefan Grundmann, European University Institute; Prof. Daniela Caruso, Boston University; Prof. Kim Talus, University of Helsinki and University of Eastern Finland
This thesis analyses the impact of the European Integration Project on private law. While the impact of EU law on private law throughout negative integration created European Private Meta-law, and throughout positive integration evolved to European Private law, this thesis claims that EU law has recently moved a step further in regulated markets by creating selfstanding European Private law. Self-standing European Private law is a normative system of rules at supranational level in which its semantically rigid legal norms suggests the intrusion of EU law into the private order of contractual parties with minor divergences within and among national legal systems. This analytical model explains the legal phenomenon of intrusion and substitution, which is different than the phenomenon of divergence, what has so far been the main focus of legal scholars in comparative private law and approaches to Harmonization. To define and identify self-standing European private law, this thesis proposes a systematic understanding of EU law from what H.L.A. Hart conceptualizes as the Internal Point of View. It contextualizes the private law dimension of EU energy law through a discussion of primary and secondary rules and, most importantly, the linguistic framework of analytic philosophy. In so doing, this thesis claims the constitutive element of self-standing European Private law takes shapes when EU law, through governance modes of lawmaking and enforcement at the EU level, creates a set of mandatory rules applied to private relationships, of which the semantic texture of its language leaves minor space for divergent interpretation and implementation by legal official and market actors. To prove the emergence of a self-standing European Private Law, EU energy Law is the blueprint to test the claim. The thesis pursues a socio-legal investigation on how the private law dimension of EU energy law has changed over three decades of market integration and affected two key market transactions in energy markets: transmission service contracts in electricity, and natural gas supply contracts.

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Junqueira, Thibaut Manuel dos Santos. "European Energy Transition: An analysis on the dynamics of electricity sources in the European nuclear power-producing countries." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/10967.

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The quest for safe energy in the EU is inspiring a zero-nuclear power policy and a move towards renewable sources. Nuclear power eradication is being taken prudently so as not create negative externalities, even though not all countries are available for such an advance. The transition towards carbon-free electrification is analysed through the interactions between the electricity sources, the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices and carbon dioxide emissions in European nuclear power producing countries (European Union members states and Switzerland), based on monthly data, from January 2014 to December 2018. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag model was executed using the Driscoll and Kraay estimator with fixed effects, enabling the long-run and short-run impacts to be reported. The results affirm that CO2 continues to be emitted by the electricity system, albeit the substitution effect from renewable sources to fossil fuels. The key findings are that nuclear energy can be useful to accommodate renewable electricity into the system, and supportive fossil generation for renewable sources leads to a higher prices for consumers.
A busca por energia segura na UE está a inspirar uma política de energia nuclear-zero e uma mudança para fontes renováveis. A erradicação da energia nuclear está a ser tomada com prudência para não criar externalidades negativas, mesmo que nem todos os países estejam disponíveis para esse avanço. A transição para a eletrificação sem emissões de carbono é analisada através das interações entre as fontes de eletricidade, o Índice Harmonizado de Preços no Consumidor e as emissões de dióxido de carbono nos países produtores europeus de energia nuclear (estados membros da União Europeia e Suíça), com base em dados mensais, a partir de janeiro de 2014 até dezembro de 2018. Um modelo Autoregressive Distributed Lag foi executado usando o estimador Driscoll e Kraay com efeitos fixos, permitindo que os impactos de longo e curto prazo sejam reportados. Os resultados afirmam que o CO2 continua a ser emitido pelo sistema elétrico, embora o efeito de substituição de fontes renováveis por combustíveis fósseis. As principais conclusões são de que a energia nuclear pode ser útil para acomodar eletricidade renovável no sistema, e a geração elétrica a partir de combustíveis fósseis para suporte às fontes renováveis leva a preços mais altos para os consumidores.

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Tomás, Carla Alexandra Claro. "Energy efficiency and sustainable growth in the industrial sector, evidence of European Union countries, Nonlinear ARDL approach." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/9839.

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Energy efficiency and sustainable development, are the focus of many countries in the current times. This work analyses the energy efficiency in the industrial sector for 11 European Union countries for the time span of 1997 till 2013. The applied methodology focuses on the Nonlinear ARDL model, which allows to analyses the short and long run relationships in the ascending and descending movement of the variables. The main results indicate that the investment made in the economy are incremating energy efficiency and reducing the greenhouse gases (GHG). Economic growth is pushing the economy towards energy efficiency the same output is found in the Industry energy prices index. As robustness, the Environmental Kuznets curve using the GDPPC and as an alternative, the IPI are estimated. To ensure a rapid growth of energy efficiency and sustainable growth policymakers, must change and build new policies that lead to a greater investment to achieve the sustainable and efficient growth.
Eficiência energética e crescimento sustentável são um alvo a atingir para muitos países. Considerando este foco, este trabalho centra-se na análise da relação entre a eficiência energética do sector industrial e o crescimento económico para o período de temporal de 1997 a 2013 em 11 países da União Europeia. Para esta análise foi utilizado o modelo NARDL, de forma a analisar efeitos de curto e longo-prazo, bem como movimento ascendentes e descendentes das varáveis consideradas neste estudo. Após a análise efetuada algumas das principais conclusões deste estudo revelam que o investimento efetuado pelo sector empresarial está a ser feito no sentido de atingir a eficiência energética e simultaneamente a redução de emissão de gases efeito de estufa (GHG). Outro resultado importante é o impacto do crescimento económico na eficiência energética, sendo que se verifica que o crescimento económico impulsiona o aumento da eficiência energética. Este resultado também se verifica com o índice de preços de energia do sector industrial, sendo que a existência de um preço incentiva o aumento da eficiência energética. Como robustez foi efetuada a curva de Kuznets ambiental (EKC), com o GDPPC e como alternativa o IPI, de forma a perceber como atingir a eficiência energética bem como o crescimento sustentável. Estes resultados revelam que os decisores políticos devem melhorar e criar novas politicas de incentivo ao crescimento sustentável e à eficiência energética. Politicas essas que se podem centrar no conceito de gestão da procura (DSM), como o real-time pricing, ou politicas de incentivo ao investimento e desenvolvimento tecnológico.

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Mammadova, Gunel. "EU Policy towards Eastern Partnership Countries. A Gap between Goals and Achievements." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-267786.

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This study seeks to examine and assess the effectiveness of the Eastern Partnership Policy (EaP) of the European Union. Beside introduction of positive novelties of the Eastern Partnership, this paper gives a premium attention to scrutinize the possible limitations and shortfalls of EaP. Hence, the study aims to analyze some internal and external factors that complicate the effective functioning of the EaP. The inconsistency of the EU policy structure, the role of Russia and its Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU) in EAP, the ambivalent policy of some Member States (Germany and Italy are examined) toward the EaP, unconsidered discrepancy of eastern partners are analyzed and considered as prime reasons of ineffectiveness. In addition, examined case studies of Ukraine and Azerbaijan reveal that the EU's commitment to their "shared values" are controversial. This paper presents that the EU should find a balance between its economic/energy interests and normative values vis-a-vis Eastern Partners in order to fill the gap between its goals and achievements.

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NOWAK, Bartlomiej. "Electricity and gas market liberalization in the EU as a part of the Internal Energy Market strategy: a cross-country study - and a lesson for Poland." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/12013.

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Defence date: 18/05/2009
Examining board: Wladyslaw Czaplinski (Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw); Leigh Hancher (Tilburg University); Heike Schweitzer (EUI); Jacques Ziller (Supervisor, EUI)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
In many EU countries, the infrastructure for supplying electricity and gas (electricity networks, gas pipelines, and storage facilities) are still properties of the so-called vertically integrated undertakings (VIU) responsible for the extraction or generation, supply, and transmission and distribution of the energy. While competition can be promoted in the generation/production and supply side of the vertical integration, transmission and distribution segments remain natural monopolies that hinder market mechanisms. Vertical integration simply raises the possibility for incumbents to favor their own divisions and to block new entrants. As a result, the Electricity and Gas Directives of the European Commission proposed several measures to foster competition in politically delicate structures of the electricity and gas markets. These measures involve non-discriminatory third party access to the gas and electricity infrastructure, independent regulation of the natural monopolies and the unbundling of the VIU. Unfortunately, my research shows that there are still many obstacles to fulfilling the potential of the internal market in electricity and gas. What is more since substantial delays have occurred in implementing the Directives, it is difficult to clearly evaluate what the final effect will be; nevertheless, it is possible to argue that the steps already taken are insufficient to create functional market.

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Kulda, Tomáš. "Evropská směrnice o bezpečnosti jaderných zařízení: rozhodování v Radě v letech 2004, 2009 a 2014." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-336474.

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Even though nuclear energy was one the first areas in which European countries started integrating their policies through the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), the question of nuclear installations safety was only addressed by the EU in the context of the impending enlargement of the Union in 2004. In 2003, the European Commission submitted the first-ever proposal for a European directive on nuclear safety. However, the Council rejected it the following year, opening a five-year-long debate leading to the drafting of a new directive proposal, which was subsequently adopted in 2009. Only two years later, in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima disaster, amending this directive became necessary. Discussions resulted in adopting the amended legislation in the summer of 2014. This master's thesis analyses the main factors influencing the Council's decision-making on either rejecting or adopting the proposed directives in 2004, 2009 and 2014. The analysis is based on the following five scope conditions supposed to lead to integration acceptance by EU member states, as defined by authors Manuele Citi and Martin Rhodes: policy failure and availability of a successful alternative, external influence emanating from foreign countries hardly manageable by the individual states, functional interdependence...

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