Journal articles on the topic 'NSW coastline'
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1
Doyle, Thomas B., Andrew D. Short, Peter Ruggiero, and Colin D. Woodroffe. "Interdecadal Foredune Changes along the Southeast Australian Coastline: 1942–2014." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 6 (June 4, 2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7060177.
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Foredunes are important features within coastal landscapes, yet there are relatively few medium to long-term studies on how they evolve and change over time. This study of Australia’s New South Wales (NSW) foredunes has used 70 years of aerial photographs (or photogrammetry) and recent Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) datasets to assess multi-decadal fluctuations in foredune morphology. It was shown that over the past 70 years NSW foredunes have exhibited considerable spatial variation, ranging from accretion/aggradation to recession. Those sites that accreted predominantly extended seaward as new incipient dunes, gaining a maximum of 235 m3 m−1 in sand volume over the study period (for the entire dune system). These sites were commonly found in the north of the state, within closed sediment compartments, and with strong onshore (and alongshore) wind climates present (increasing the potential for aeolian sand transport). Stable foredunes were those that remained within +/− 50 m3 m−1 of their initial volume and managed to recover from the various storm impacts over the study period. The majority of these sites were found within the central to southern half of the state, behind embayed beaches, and within leaky sediment compartments, or those that have estuarine sinks. Finally, those foredunes in recession have retreated landwards and/or have reduced in height or width, and lost up to 437 m3 m−1 of sand volume over the study period. There was no clear spatial trend for these sites; however, generally they were found in compartments that had unusual orientations, had disruptions in longshore drift/cross shore sand delivery (i.e., rocky reefs), or were being impacted by humans (i.e., the installation of river training walls, sand bypassing systems, or coastal management programs). This study has shown that NSW foredunes have undergone substantial recent changes and, by understanding their past history, will provide better insight into how they can be managed into the future.
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Glasby, Tim M., Peter T. Gibson, Gregory West, Peter Davies, and Sofietje Voerman. "Range and habitat associations of the native macroalga Caulerpa filiformis in New South Wales, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 11 (2015): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14282.
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Caulerpa filiformis is a green seaweed found in New South Wales (NSW, Australia), South Africa, Mozambique and Peru. It has been suggested that the abundance of the species has increased in NSW over recent decades. Extensive aerial and diver surveys identified a 500-km northerly extension to the range of C. filiformis in NSW (to 28°21′S) compared with previous records. The alga has a disjunct distribution with small isolated populations around rocky headlands in far northern NSW, but then no apparent populations for 350km southwards. The far northern populations could be the result of recent human-mediated transport (a species introduction), or were simply not detected previously. The increased distribution around the previous northerly limit is likely a natural range expansion. The distribution of C. filiformis in NSW and globally seems confined to a temperature range of ~16–23°C. We found no relationship between abundance of C. filiformis and human population or oceanic chlorophyll-a (a surrogate for nutrient availability). We demonstrate that C. filiformis is predominately subtidal, being found along sections of coastline where there is a mixture of rocky reefs and beaches. It is argued that sand movement may have facilitated increases in abundance of C. filiformis.
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Hughes, Julian M., John Stewart, Bronwyn M. Gillanders, Damian Collins, and Iain M. Suthers. "Relationship between otolith chemistry and age in a widespread pelagic teleost Arripis trutta: influence of adult movements on stock structure and implications for management." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 2 (2016): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14247.
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This study investigated how the stock structure of Arripis trutta is influenced by the movement of adult fish. Five-year-old fish were sampled from four regions in south-east Australia encompassing ~1500km of coastline. Transverse otolith sections were analysed using laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, providing age-related elemental profiles. Multivariate analyses showed that for most age groups, the elemental fingerprint of northern New South Wales (NSW) fish was significantly different from those of the other locations. Northern NSW fish also had a different fingerprint from those of all other locations for the first part of the fish’s life. These results indicate that most A. trutta originate in southern NSW, Victoria and Tasmania and move progressively northward with increasing age. Some recruitment occurs in northern NSW but these fish may not mix with immigrants from further south until they are more than 5 years old. When assessed with the strong latitudinal age gradient of the population, these data are consistent with a single, panmictic stock. The data also highlight the utility of otolith transect analysis in understanding the influence of age-related movements on stock structure and appropriate spatial management of exploited fish species.
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Fraser, Ceridwen, María Capa, and Peter Schuchert. "European hydromedusa Eleutheria dichotoma (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Anthomedusae) found at high densities in New South Wales, Australia: distribution, biology and habitat." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 86, no. 4 (June 15, 2006): 699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315406013592.
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Eleutheria dichotoma, a hydrozoan not previously recorded from the southern hemisphere, was found at high densities at several locations along the coast of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, between August and November 2005. The identity of the species was confirmed by morphological and molecular (16S rDNA) comparisons with European specimens. Local densities, distribution and habitat (algal substrate) were examined. The medusae were found along a 400 km stretch of coastline between Bateau Bay (33°23′S 151°29′E) and Pebbly Beach (35°35′S 150°43′E), primarily on the green alga Ulva, at mean densities of more than 50 individuals per 10 cm2 plot. The species is probably a recent introduction to Australia.
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Niella, Y., AF Smoothey, V. Peddemors, and R. Harcourt. "Predicting changes in distribution of a large coastal shark in the face of the strengthening East Australian Current." Marine Ecology Progress Series 642 (May 28, 2020): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13322.
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In the face of accelerating climate change, conservation strategies will need to consider how marine animals deal with forecast environmental change as well as ongoing threats. We used 10 yr (2009-2018) of data from commercial fisheries and a bather protection program along the coast of New South Wales (NSW), southeastern Australia, to investigate (1) spatial and temporal patterns of occurrence in bull sharks and (2) environmental factors affecting bull shark occurrence along the coast of NSW. Predicted future distribution for this species was modelled for the forecast strengthening East Australian Current. Bull sharks were mostly harvested in small to larger estuaries, with average depth and rainfall responsible for contrasting patterns for each of the fisheries. There was an increase in the occurrence of bull sharks over the last decade, particularly among coastal setline fisheries, associated with seasonal availability of thermal gradients >22°C and both westward and southward coastal currents stronger than 0.15 and 0.60 m s-1, respectively, during the austral summer. Our model predicts a 3 mo increase in the availability of favourable water temperatures along the entire coast of NSW for bull sharks by 2030. This coastline provides a uniquely favourable topography for range expansion in the face of a southerly shift of warmer waters, and habitat is unlikely to be a limiting factor for bull sharks in the future. Such a southerly shift in distribution has implications for the management of bull sharks both in commercial fisheries and for mitigation of shark-human interactions.
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Wang, Alexander, Xiao Hua Wang, and Gang Yang. "The Effects of Wind-Driven Storm Events on Partly Sheltered Estuarine Beaches in Batemans Bay, New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9030314.
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Extreme wind-driven storm events have the potential to erode beach systems. Along the East Coast of Australia, storm events have been responsible for beach erosion in many coast-facing, open beaches. This paper investigates the potential impacts of wind-driven storms on partly sheltered estuarine beaches—a niche found within Batemans Bay, New South Wales (NSW), along the East Coast. It combines beach geomorphological data with meteorological and oceanographic data to evaluate the impacts of large storm events on three partly sheltered estuarine embayed beaches (Cullendulla Beach, Corrigans Beach, and Maloney’s Beach). The results show that while embayed beaches are protected from some storm events, storm impacts may vary with the season due to wind speed and direction changes, the presence of nearby rivers or creeks, and anthropogenic modifications such as dredging and coastline alterations. This study may contribute to the understanding of the erosive impacts of storms and help improve management strategies used to prevent recession, particularly on embayed beaches.
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Watson, Phil J. "Determining Extreme Still Water Levels for Design and Planning Purposes Incorporating Sea Level Rise: Sydney, Australia." Atmosphere 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010095.
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This paper provides an Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) of the hourly water level record at Fort Denison dating back to 1915 to understand the statistical likelihood of the combination of high predicted tides and the more dynamic influences that can drive ocean water levels higher at the coast. The analysis is based on the Peaks-Over-Threshold (POT) method using a fitted Generalised Pareto Distribution (GPD) function to estimate extreme hourly heights above mean sea level. The analysis highlights the impact of the 1974 East Coast Low event and rarity of the associated measured water level above mean sea level at Sydney, with an estimated return period exceeding 1000 years. Extreme hourly predictions are integrated with future projections of sea level rise to provide estimates of relevant still water levels at 2050, 2070 and 2100 for a range of return periods (1 to 1000 years) for use in coastal zone management, design, and sea level rise adaptation planning along the NSW coastline. The analytical procedures described provide a step-by-step guide for practitioners on how to develop similar baseline information from any long tide gauge record and the associated limitations and key sensitivities that must be understood and appreciated in applying EVA.
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Wu, Yizhou, Shuwai Wang, Jiacheng Wang, Siqin Wu, Heyuan You, and Yue Wang. "Impact of land use on coastline change of island cities: A case of Zhoushan Island, China." Island Studies Journal 15, no. 2 (2020): 335–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.125.
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Anthropogenic activities have an important effect on the natural coastlines of island cities as a result of urbanization and population agglomeration in developing countries. In order to identify the relationships between land use and coastline changes in the typical island city, this study used land use data, remote sensing technology, and geographic information system (GIS) technology to analyze the land use situation and coastline changes in the coastal zone of Zhoushan Island in China. The results show that, from 2012 to 2017, the coastal land area of Zhoushan Island increased from 121.54 km2 to 126.00 km2. New agricultural land accounted for the highest proportion of total land use growth (46.86%), followed by residential land, land for street, and transportation and industrial land. The length of the coastline increased from 137.98 km to 142.7 km. The indicators of agricultural land, industrial land, land price, and production coastline had a significant positive impact on the rate of coastline changes. Moreover, the coastline was more than just a natural coastline but also had 336 multiple functions in terms of production, daily living, leisure, and transportation. The study found that the rapid growth of tideland reclamation-based, land reclamation-based aquaculture, and the harbour/port construction-based logistics industry are the main reasons for the continuous changes in coastlines.
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Xia, Jisheng, Guize Luan, Fei Zhao, Zhiyan Peng, Lu Song, Shucheng Tan, and Zhifang Zhao. "Exploring the Spatial–Temporal Analysis of Coastline Changes Using Place Name Information on Hainan Island, China." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090609.
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A coastline is the boundary zone between land and sea, an active zone of human social production activities and an area where the ecology is fragile and easy to change. The traditional method to analyze temporal and spatial changes in the coastline is to extract the coastline through remote sensing, LiDAR, and field sampling and analyze the temporal and spatial changes with statistical data. The coastline extracted by these methods has high spatial and temporal resolution, but it requires remote sensing images and data obtained by other sensors, so it is impossible to extract coastlines from before the emergence of remote sensing technology. This paper improves the coastline generation algorithm. Firstly, a triangulated irregular network is used to generate the preliminary rough coastline, and then, each line segment is optimized with Python language according to the influence range of the place names to further approach the real coastline. The accuracy of the coastline extracted by this method can reach 80% within 500 m, which is of great significance in the mapping and analysis of small- and medium-scale coastlines. This paper analyzes the changes in the coastline of Hainan Island before the founding of China (pre-founding) and in modern times and analyzes the impact of coastal development on coastline change. Through the analysis, it is found that, from before the founding of the People’s Republic of China to the present, the natural coastline of Hainan Island has become shorter, the artificial coastline has become longer, and the coastline generally presents a trend of advancing toward the ocean. This method realizes coastline construction under the condition of missing remote sensing images and puts forward a new way to study historical coastline changes.
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Payo, Andres, Bismarck Jigena Antelo, Martin Hurst, Monica Palaseanu-Lovejoy, Chris Williams, Gareth Jenkins, Kathryn Lee, David Favis-Mortlock, Andrew Barkwith, and Michael A. Ellis. "Development of an automatic delineation of cliff top and toe on very irregular planform coastlines (CliffMetrics v1.0)." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2018): 4317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4317-2018.
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Abstract. We describe a new algorithm that automatically delineates the cliff top and toe of a cliffed coastline from a digital elevation model (DEM). The algorithm builds upon existing methods but is specifically designed to resolve very irregular planform coastlines with many bays and capes, such as parts of the coastline of Great Britain. The algorithm automatically and sequentially delineates and smooths shoreline vectors, generates orthogonal transects and elevation profiles with a minimum spacing equal to the DEM resolution, and extracts the position and elevation of the cliff top and toe. Outputs include the non-smoothed raster and smoothed vector coastlines, normals to the coastline (as vector shape files), xyz profiles (as comma-separated-value, CSV, files), and the cliff top and toe (as point shape files). The algorithm also automatically assesses the quality of the profile and omits low-quality profiles (i.e. extraction of cliff top and toe is not possible). The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with an existing method, which was not specifically designed for very irregular coastlines, and to manually digitized boundaries by numerous professionals. Also, we assess the reproducibility of the results using different DEM resolutions (5, 10 and 50 m), different user-defined parameter sets related to the degree of coastline smoothing, and the threshold used to identify the cliff top and toe. The model output sensitivity is found to be smaller than the manually digitized uncertainty. The code and a manual are publicly available on a GitHub repository.
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Hunter, John. "Grasslands on Coastal Headlands in New South Wales, south eastern Australia." Vegetation Classification and Survey 1 (June 16, 2020): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vcs/2020/48228.
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Aims: To use unsupervised techniques to produce a hierarchical classification of grasslands on coastal headlands of New South Wales in eastern Australia. Methods: A dataset of 520 vegetation plots scored on cover and placed across grasslands on coastal headlands (ca. 2000 km of coastline). Vegetation assemblages were identified with the aid of a clustering method based on group averaging and tested using similarity profile analysis (SIMPROF) using Bray-Curtis similarity. A hierarchical schema was developed based on EcoVeg hierarchy and was circumscribed using positive and negative diagnostic taxa via similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER) and importance based on summed cover scores and frequency. Mapping the occurrences grasslands was initially constructed using remote sensing which was verified and modified with on ground observations. Results: One group Themeda – Pultenaea – Zoysia – Cynodon grasslands and heathy grasslands was defined to include all coastal headland grassland vegetation of the New South Wales, and within this, three alliances and ten associations. Only one of the circumscribed associations is represented within the current state classification schema. In total 107 ha were mapped of which 68 ha occurred within secure conservation tenure. Conclusions: A number of unique and rare grassland assemblages on coastal headlands have to date gone undescribed. The most common alliance constitutes approximately 87% of extant grassland occurrences but is currently the only type listed as endangered and afforded protection. Although Poa spp. are listed as a threat to Themeda dominated assemblages on headlands data from this study suggest that this is unlikely to be the case. Taxonomic reference: PlantNET (http://plantnet/10rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/; accessed June 2019). Abbreviations: BC Act = Biodiversity Conservation Act; NMDS = non-metric multidimensional scaling; NSW = New South Wales; PCT = Plant Community Type; SIMPER = similarity percentage analysis; SIMPROF = Similarity profile analysis.
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Masucci, Giovanni Diego, and James D. Reimer. "Expanding walls and shrinking beaches: loss of natural coastline in Okinawa Island, Japan." PeerJ 7 (September 6, 2019): e7520. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7520.
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Okinawa is the largest and most populated island of the Ryukyu Archipelago in southern Japan and is renowned for its natural resources and beauty. Similar as to what has been happening in the rest of the country, Okinawa Island has been affected by an increasing amount of development and construction work. The trend has been particularly acute after reversion to Japanese sovereignty in 1972, following 27 years of post-war American administration. A coastline once characterized by extended sandy beaches surrounded by coral reefs now includes tracts delimited by seawalls, revetments, and other human-made hardening structures. Additionally, part of coastal Okinawa Island was obtained by land-filling shallow ocean areas (land reclamation). Nevertheless, the current extension of the artificial coastline, as well as the level of fragmentation of the natural coastline are unclear, due to the lack of both published studies and easily accessible and updated datasets. The aims of this research were to quantify the extension of coastline alterations in Okinawa Island, including the amount of land-filling performed over the last 41 years, and to describe the coastlines that have been altered the most as well as those that are still relatively pristine. The analyses were performed using a reference map of Okinawa Island based on GIS vector data extracted from the OpenStreetMap (OSM) coastline dataset (average node distance for Okinawa Island = 24 m), in addition to satellite and aerial photography from multiple providers. We measured 431.8 km of altered coastline, equal to about 63% of the total length of coastline in Okinawa Island. Habitat fragmentation is also an issue as the remaining natural coastline was broken into 239 distinct tracts (mean length = 1.05 km). Finally, 21.03 km2 of the island’s surface were of land reclaimed over the last 41 years. The west coast has been altered the most, while the east coast is in relatively more natural conditions, particularly the northern part, which has the largest amount of uninterrupted natural coastline. Given the importance of the ecosystem services that coastal and marine ecosystems provide to local populations of subtropical islands, including significant economic income from tourism, conservation of remaining natural coastlines should be given high priority.
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Pepe, Massimiliano, Domenica Costantino, and Vincenzo Saverio Alfio. "A GIS Procedure to Assess Shoreline Changes over Time Using Multi-temporal Maps: An Analysis of a Sandy Shoreline in Southern Italy over the Last 100 Years." Geomatics and Environmental Engineering 17, no. 3 (February 16, 2023): 107–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geom.2023.17.3.107.
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The aim of the paper is to identify a methodology capable of assessing shoreline changes through a geomatic approach based on the use of GIS (Geographic Information System) software. The paper describes a case study that reports the evolution of a coastline over a period of more than 100 years using medium and large-scale metric maps available in different periods. In fact, the coastlines were obtained from the source maps of the Italian Cadastre (dated 1890), from numerical cartography available on the coastline and acquired in different period at scales 1:5000 and 1:2000 and, more recently, from the Google Earth Pro platform. To analyse the evolution of the coastline a new procedure has been performed which is based on the use of GIS software, in particular a plugin called DSAS that allows the evaluation of the changes in the coastline and also obtains a statistical analysis of its evolution. The results showed the ease and applicability of the method in determining the evolution of the coastline and the strong erosion of a stretch of coastline with important socio-economic consequences and repercussions was highlighted in the analysed case study.
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Miller, Liam. "A house built on sand– waterfront views and primordial seas: Job 38, Matthew 7, coastal erosion, and beachfront development." Pacifica: Australasian Theological Studies 30, no. 1 (February 2017): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1030570x17722800.
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This article begins with an examination of the state of coastal erosion at Collaroy and Narrabeen Beaches in NSW, Australia. In light of recent severe storms, which damaged the homes along the beachfront, and the increasing awareness of the coastal erosion caused by such properties there is a need to determine what lies beneath the decision to continue to develop along Australian beachfronts. Taking an ecotheological approach this article proposes that the philosophical and theological concepts of hubris and foolishness characterize these decisions, and the desire to live so close to the coast. In response to this, ecotheological readings of Job 38 and Matthew 7 are proposed to help provide an ecologically conscious and environmentally stable way forward. In Job 38 God speaks out of the whirlwind declaring that it was God who ‘shut the sea in with doors’ telling the waves ‘thus far shall you go and no farther’. By persisting with beachside development in light of our growing ecological awareness humans breach and encroach upon the natural and, perhaps, God-ordained borders between the sea and the land. In Matthew 7 Jesus compares the foolish, who refuse to act when they hear, to someone who ‘built his house on sand’. By refusing to heed and act in light of the growing ecological crisis and coastal erosion, and examples such as the $300 million Collaroy/Narrabeen coastline, beachfront developers are perhaps examples of Jesus’ fool. How might the church contribute to conversations within, and critiques of, a culture which places such a high esteem on proximity to the ocean that it would risk both human homes and non-human ecology?
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Pujianiki, Ni Nyoman. "Coastline changes monitoring induced by man-made structures using synthetic aperture radar: A new simple approach." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1117, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1117/1/012041.
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Abstract This study presents a new simple approach to detect the coastline changes due to the construction of man-made structures. The new approach uses low-pass filter to reduce the speckles errors and Otsu thresholding method the create binary image. Then, a closing morphological operation was conducted to improve the binary image. In the final step, the canny edge detection is used for coastline delineation. The coastlines changes analysis was done by using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). In general, the processing steps of this new approach is semi-automatic processes, it does not require manual digitization to extract the coastline. This method was tested using two independent synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite images, i.e., ALOS-1 and Sentinel-1 SAR data. The results show that this new approach produced better results than other well-known methods. This new approach detects clearly the man-made structure and its impact to the coastal zone, i.e., abrasion and accretion. The study area is located in Pengambengan Port, Jembrana Regency, Bali, Indonesia. In addition, the result of this study can be used as evaluation parameters for future development of Pengambengan port or re-design of present structures.
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Imene, Laouar. "Cultural Landscapes Preservation at the Interface of Urban Planning and Sprawl." International Journal of Environmental Science & Sustainable Development 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/essd.v6i2.836.
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From ancient times, the sea has played a key role in shaping and generating settlements and cities. The history of civilizations has been marked by the cultural development of human societies along coastlines. Accordingly, these territories are harbor of an important coastal heritage; that plays a pivotal role in maintaining the link between the past and the future. In fact, while cities grow and their populations increase, their planning becomes a challenge for sustainable development. Through different forms and mechanisms, coastal sprawl is materialized, by the massive occupation of populations and industrial activities along coastlines. In this vein, coastlines endure many conflicts, which lead to the degradation of cultural and natural resources and may result in loss of cultural identity associated with the presence of cultural landscapes. The paper aims, to discuss planning approaches and challenges related to managing cultural and coastal landscapes, facing the impact of coastal sprawl. The paper is based on a landscape analysis; it interviews the urban, social, juridical and morphological frame. An understanding of urban sprawl through the lens of Annaba’s coastline is required for its implication as a social support of the identity and the history of the city. The paper also examines how the coastalization affects the cultural heritage based on the monograph of one of the valuable French colonial constructions in Algeria. Lastly, the study demonstrates, some key opportunities for advancing future adjustments, and coastal management approaches. For instance, new tools and more appropriate methodologies that combine the preservation of the coastline and the preservation of the cultural heritage.
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Duy, Dinh Van, Hitoshi Tanaka, Magnus Larson, and Nguyen Trung Viet. "A Theory for Estuarine Delta Formation with Finite Beach Length under Sediment Supplied from the River." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 7 (July 10, 2022): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10070947.
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Analytical solutions for a one-line model for shoreline changes are employed to investigate the formation of two wave-dominated river delta coastlines, along with a small-scale laboratory experiment. Since the present analytical solution can be applied only to a river delta with infinite shorelines, a new analytical solution was developed to consider the effects of lateral boundaries to the evolution of delta coastlines. It was determined that two demarcations represented by the dimensionless times t* can be used to judge whether the lateral boundaries have affected the coastline evolution or not. After the successful application of a new analytical solution to the experimental data, the new analytical solution was applied to predict the formation and deformation of the shorelines of the Ombrone River and Funatsu River deltas. Results obtained from the analysis showed that the new analytical solution can be used to describe well the formation and deformation of finite river-delta shorelines. Based on the two demarcations as represented by the dimensionless time t*, the shorelines of the Ombrone River and Funatsu River deltas are classified as finite shorelines.
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Manohar, Madhav. "SEDIMENT MOVEMENT AT INDIAN PORTS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 7 (January 29, 2011): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v7.21.
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India has a large coastline being bounded on three sides by water* On the vest side, the coastline faces the Arabian Sea. Similarly the coastline on the east side is bounded by the Bay of Bengal* The Indian ocean separates the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal at the southern-most end of the coastline (Fig* 1] Since the last IS years, there have been proposals from time to time to establish new harbours or Improve existing harbours or save vast lengths of coastal strips from erosion by wave action In evaluating the merits and de-merits of the sites, a study of the coastal sediment movement is Important since what may be beneficial to a harbour may be harmful for preservation of a coastal strip* Defective planning may cause the loss of the entire shoreline and or the complete blocking of the harbour areas* Improper use of protective structures such as seawalls. breakwatersf groins, jetties etc* will not only be unscientific and uneconomical but accelerate the changes along the shoreline rather than stop them.
The frequent or long-term changes In shoreline, beach, offshore zone, inshore zone, under ground bars, spits, lagoons, tombolas and similar characteristics of the coastline have significant meanings regarding the sediment motion at the coastline* Hith respect to sediment available for motion, the shor< may be a source, a drain, ovemourlshed, undernourished, sufficiently nourished (Per Bruun, 1955), or a physiographic unit (Mason, 1950). With each type, coastal works will be dlfferent for shoreline improvement and for harbour maintenance. Erosion and accretion by natural processes extend upto offshore zones while with man-made structures, erosion will always start in th< inshore and foreshore zones of the shallow water area. This distinguishing feature in the changes of a shoreline will be a good and reliable preliminary check to determine the type of erosion* Having classified a shoreline according to its sediment nourishment and as a source or a drain, the type of coastal rotection may be selected tentatively. The selected works may then he studied by model techniques. If the premilinary analysis was complete and accurate, the tentatively selected type of coastal work will be found to be most satisfactory thereby saving unnecessary waste of time and money from testing various types of works by model analysis* This method of analysis will be found to be extremely useful in many countries where investigations of the coastlines are far from adequate* Analysis of the changes at existing coastal structures along the coastline and the interpretations of the results as outlined above will be the most satisfactory method* The coastline of India may also be Interpreted similarly in relation to erosion, accretion, and transportation of sediment from the data available from existing structures, harbours and coastal strips, and divided into arbitrary overnourished, sufficiently nourished and undernourished strips and classified as sources or drains as far as possible so that various suitable types of coastal protective structures may be suggested* Indian coastline as a preliminary step may be divided into the West coast facing the Arabian Sea and the East coast facing the Bay of Bengal since the characteristic features of both the coastlines are entirely of different nature with respect to the wind forces, erosion, accretion, and littoral drift along them.
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Kevlahan, N. K. R., T. Dubos, and M. Aechtner. "Adaptive wavelet simulation of global ocean dynamics using a new Brinkman volume penalization." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 12 (December 9, 2015): 3891–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3891-2015.
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Abstract. In order to easily enforce solid-wall boundary conditions in the presence of complex coastlines, we propose a new mass and energy conserving Brinkman penalization for the rotating shallow water equations. This penalization does not lead to higher wave speeds in the solid region. The error estimates for the penalization are derived analytically and verified numerically for linearized one-dimensional equations. The penalization is implemented in a conservative dynamically adaptive wavelet method for the rotating shallow water equations on the sphere with bathymetry and coastline data from NOAA's ETOPO1 database. This code could form the dynamical core for a future global ocean model. The potential of the dynamically adaptive ocean model is illustrated by using it to simulate the 2004 Indonesian tsunami and wind-driven gyres.
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Nguyen, Cao Huan, Kinh Bac Dang, Van Liem Ngo, Van Bao Dang, Quang Hai Truong, Dang Hoi Nguyen, Tuan Linh Giang, et al. "New Approach to Assess Multi-Scale Coastal Landscape Vulnerability to Erosion in Tropical Storms in Vietnam." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13021004.
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The increase of coastal erosion due to intense tropical storms and unsustainable urban development in Vietnam demands vulnerability assessments at different research scales. This study proposes (1) a new approach to classify coastlines and (2) suitable criteria to evaluate coastal vulnerability index (CVI) at national and regional/local scales. At the national scale, the Vietnamese coastline was separated into 72 cells from 8 coast types based on natural features, whereas the Center region of Vietnam was separated into 495 cells from 41 coast types based on both natural and socio-economic features. The assessments were carried out by using 17 criteria related to local land use/cover, socio-economic, and natural datasets. Some simplified variables for CVI calculation at the national scale were replaced by quantitative variables at regional/local scales, particularly geomorphology and socio-economic variables. As a result, more than 20% of Vietnam’s coastline has high CVI values, significantly more than 350 km of the coasts in the center part. The coastal landscapes with residential and tourism lands close to the beaches without protection forests have been strongly affected by storms’ erosion. The new approach is cost-effective in data use and processing and is ideal for identifying and evaluating the CVI index at different scales.
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Vos, Kilian, Mitchell D. Harley, Kristen D. Splinter, Andrew Walker, and Ian L. Turner. "BEACH SLOPES FROM SATELLITE-DERIVED SHORELINES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.sediment.36.
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The slope of the beach face is a critical parameter for coastal scientists and engineers studying sandy coastlines. However, despite its importance for coastal applications (engineering formulations, coastal flood modelling, swimming safety), it remains extremely difficult to obtain reliable estimates of the beachface slope over large spatial scales (hundreds to thousands of km of coastline). This presentation describes a new method to estimate the beach-face slope exclusively from space-borne observations: shoreline positions derived from publicly available optical imaging satellites and tide heights from satellite altimetry. This new technique is first validated against field measurements and then applied across hundreds of beaches in eastern Australia and California, USA (data available at http://coastsat.wrl.unsw.edu.au/).Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/U9zMbFX4gPk
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Mather, Andrew Alan, Derek Stretch, and Gerald Garland. "WAVE RUN UP ON NATURAL BEACHES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (January 31, 2011): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.currents.45.
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Wave run up is important for quantifying risks to infrastructure in the coastal zone. The performance of global wave run up models are assessed by applying them to two significant storms along the South African coastline in 2007 and 2008. The models produced mixed results and therefore the development of a new wave run up model was undertaken. This model uses the distance offshore to a point on the bathymetric profile, located approximately at the cut off depth, as a proxy for the underwater beach profile. This new wave run up model has been calibrated for open coastlines as well as large and small embayments. The new model outperforms most of the current wave run up models and gives a good first order approximation of wave run up on natural beaches.
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Kevlahan, N. K. R., T. Dubos, and M. Aechtner. "Adaptive wavelet simulation of global ocean dynamics." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 7 (July 7, 2015): 5265–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-5265-2015.
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Abstract. In order to easily enforce solid-wall boundary conditions in the presence of complex coastlines, we propose a new mass and energy conserving Brinkman penalization for the rotating shallow water equations. This penalization does not lead to higher wave speeds in the solid region. The error estimates for the penalization are derived analytically and verified numerically for linearized one dimensional equations. The penalization is implemented in a conservative dynamically adaptive wavelet method for the rotating shallow water equations on the sphere with bathymetry and coastline data from NOAA's ETOPO1 database. This code could form the dynamical core for a future global ocean model. The potential of the dynamically adaptive ocean model is illustrated by using it to simulate the 2004 Indonesian tsunami and wind-driven gyres.
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Wicker, C. F. "HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY COASTLINE." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 1 (May 12, 2010): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v1.33.
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The New Jersey coast probably is the most important recreational asset in the nation. This is due in part to the nearby densely populated metropolitan areas that experience unpleasantly hot and humid weather during the summer months. New York and its satellite communities, having a combined population of approximately 13 million, is only 50 miles from the nearest and 160 miles from the most remote of the 57 resort towns that dot the 125-mile length of New Jersey seashore. The Philadelphia metropolitan area, with a population of approximately 4 million, lies 60 miles from the nearest resort and only 86 miles from the farthest. But it is not merely geographic proximity to large numbers of people and the compulsion of uncomfortable weather at home that attracts 4 million vacationers and a great many one-day excursionists to the New Jersey seashore resorts each year. Nearly all of the 125 miles of shoreline is a satisfactory sandy bathing beach, and about 80% of it is open to the public at no charge. The ocean is not polluted, its temperature is approximately 700 throughout the summer months, and its surf is not dangerous. The 57 resort communities collectively offer a great variety of accommodations ranging from luxurious hotels to modest boarding houses and tourist camps, and the surroundings include highly developed areas, as at Atlantic City, as well as localities remaining in a natural condition. The development of this shoreline as a recreational resource began nearly two hundred years ago, at Cape May.
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Gómez-Pazo, Alejandro, Andres Payo, María Victoria Paz-Delgado, and Miguel A. Delgadillo-Calzadilla. "Open Digital Shoreline Analysis System: ODSAS v1.0." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010026.
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In this study, we propose a new baseline and transect method, the open-source digital shoreline analysis system (ODSAS), which is specifically designed to deal with very irregular coastlines. We have compared the ODSAS results with those obtained using the digital shoreline analysis system (DSAS). Like DSAS, our proposed method uses a single baseline parallel to the shoreline and offers the user different smoothing and spacing options to generate the transects. Our method differs from DSAS in the way that the transects’ starting points and orientation are delineated by combining raster and vector objects. ODSAS uses SAGA GIS and R, which are both free open-source software programs. In this paper, we delineate the ODSAS workflow, apply it to ten study sites along the very irregular Galician coastline (NW Iberian Peninsula), and compare it with the one obtained using DSAS. We show how ODSAS produces similar values of coastline changes in terms of the most common indicators at the aggregated level (i.e., using all transects), but the values differ when compared at the transect-by-transect level. We argue herein that explicitly requesting the user to define a minimum resolution is important to reduce the subjectivity of the transect and baseline method.
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Damm, Charlotte Brysting, Marianne Skandfer, and Peter D. Jordan. "Peopling Prehistoric Coastlines: Identifying Mid-Holocene Forager Settlement Strategies in Northern Norway." Journal of Maritime Archaeology 17, no. 1 (December 8, 2021): 131–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11457-021-09316-x.
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AbstractIn circumpolar regions, coastlines offer rich constellations of diverse resources and have long been a focus of human habitation. Despite the rich archaeological records that are located along many northern coastlines, there is a relatively limited understanding of the range of factors that informed local settlement strategies. Northern Norway has one of the world’s longest and best-preserved archaeological records of coastal habitation due to post-glacial uplift. Occupation begins in the early Holocene and appears to peak in the mid-Holocene. Our aim in this paper is to investigate the constraints and opportunities that informed the mid-Holocene settlement patterns, between c. 5000 and 0 BC. We present new data that were generated by intensive field surveys and undertake a qualitative multi-scalar analysis of site-locational choices, evaluating the influences of geography, topography and seasonal resource availability. Having identified stretches of the rugged coast as uninhabitable, we proceeded with analyses of the rest of the coastline. Our results indicate that all major settlements were sited to provide safe boat landing, good vantage points and shelter from storms. From these habitation sites, boat technology would have provided flexible access to diverse resources that were available throughout the year, and within a limited travel radius. We also demonstrate that these settlement strategies contrast with the way that the same coastlines were inhabited by pioneering groups in the early Holocene but appear to have some similarities with mid-Holocene coastal settlement patterns in Newfoundland and the Aleutian Islands. Overall, our results suggest that the multiple resources available along northern coastlines often enabled populations to occupy relatively localized areas for long periods. Longer-range mobility and interaction may instead have been primarily driven by socio-political factors rather than subsistence needs.
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de Boer, Wiebe, Yongjing Mao, Gerben Hagenaars, Sierd de Vries, Jill Slinger, and Tiedo Vellinga. "Mapping the Sandy Beach Evolution Around Seaports at the Scale of the African Continent." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 5 (May 16, 2019): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7050151.
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In Africa, several new seaport developments are being considered. In sedimentary environments, such port developments can have adverse impacts on the evolution of adjacent coastlines. To learn from past port engineering practice, we created a unique database containing the coastline evolution and characteristics of 130 existing African seaports. Whereas the systematic mapping of coastal impacts was previously hampered by data availability, innovative automated satellite image processing techniques have enabled us to intercompare ports at an unprecedented continental scale. We found large geographical differences with respect to the beach evolution. The total detected changes in the beach area between 1984 and 2018 totaled 44 km2, of which ca. 23 km2 is accretion and ca. 21 km2 is erosion. The top 10% “hotspot” ports account for more than 65% of these changes. These hotspots exhibit common characteristics, namely: they are located on open coastlines, have large alongshore sediment transport potential, and have large cross-shore breakwaters. Although these driving characteristics are well established in coastal engineering theory, our results indicate that the beaches adjacent to the existing seaports have been and remain seriously affected by these drivers. Our results can be used to inform beach maintenance strategies for existing seaports and to support planners and engineers to minimize long-term coastal impacts of port expansions and new port developments in Africa in the future.
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Johnston, Jane, and Steve Gration. "Coastlines, Cags and Communications." Media International Australia 127, no. 1 (May 2008): 166–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0812700119.
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This paper layers communication theory over a cultural context by examining how Community Action Groups (CAGs) have responded to development along Australian coastlines. It analyses how communication and media strategies and techniques have been adopted by the third sector to challenge commercial and government organisations which have proposed coastal development. As noted by Huntsman (2001): ‘It is this appropriation of the beach for the purposes of capitalism, and the contesting ideas about the beach that have captured the attention of critics.’ Indeed these critics, who in this paper are members of strategic alliances, or CAGs, exist all along the Australian coastline. The paper seeks to highlight how the connections that are felt with Australia's coasts provide a special impetus and motivation for CAGs which have emerged in response to development along Australia's coasts, from Western Australia to New South Wales and Queensland.
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Bryant, E. A., R. W. Young, and D. M. Price. "Late Pleistocene marine deposition and TL chronology of the New South Wales, Australian coastline." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 41, no. 2 (July 3, 1997): 205–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/41/1997/205.
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D’Arcy, Eleanor, Jonathan A. Tawn, and Dafni E. Sifnioti. "Accounting for Climate Change in Extreme Sea Level Estimation." Water 14, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 2956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14192956.
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Extreme sea level estimates are fundamental for mitigating coastal flooding as they provide insight for defence engineering. As the global climate changes, rising sea levels combined with increases in storm intensity and frequency pose an increasing risk to coastline communities. We present a new method for estimating extreme sea levels that accounts for the effects of climate change on extreme events that are not accounted for by mean sea level trends. We follow a joint probabilities methodology, considering skew surge and peak tides as the only components of sea levels. We model extreme skew surges using a non-stationary generalised Pareto distribution (GPD) with covariates accounting for climate change, seasonality and skew surge–peak tide interaction. We develop methods to efficiently test for extreme skew surge trends across different coastlines and seasons. We illustrate our methods using data from four UK tide gauges and estimate sea level return levels when accounting for these long-term trends.
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Paz-Delgado, Maria Victoria, Andrés Payo, Alejandro Gómez-Pazo, Anne-Laure Beck, and Salvatore Savastano. "Shoreline Change from Optical and Sar Satellite Imagery at Macro-Tidal Estuarine, Cliffed Open-Coast and Gravel Pock-ET-Beach Environments." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 5 (April 20, 2022): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050561.
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Coasts are continually changing and remote sensing from satellite has the potential to both map and monitor coastal change at multiple scales. This study aims to assess the application of shorelines extracted from Multi-Spectral Imagery (MSI) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) from publicly available satellite imagery to map and capture sub-annual to inter-annual shoreline variability. This is assessed at three macro-tidal study sites along the coastline of England, United Kingdom (UK): estuarine, soft cliff environment, and gravel pocket-beach. We have assessed the accuracy of MSI-derived lines against ground truth datum tideline data and found that the satellite derived lines have the tendency to be lower (seaward) on the Digital Elevation Model than the datum-tideline. We have also compared the metric of change derived from SAR lines differentiating between ascending and descending orbits. The spatial and temporal characteristics extracted from SAR lines via Principal Component Analysis suggested that beach rotation is captured within the SAR dataset for descending orbits but not for the ascending ones in our study area. The present study contributes to our understanding of a poorly known aspect of using coastlines derived from publicly available MSI and SAR satellite missions. It outlines a quantitative approach to assess their mapping accuracy with a new non-foreshore method. This allows the assessment of variability on the metrics of change using the Open Digital Shoreline Analysis System (ODSAS) method and to extract complex spatial and temporal information using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) that is transferable to coastline evolution assessments worldwide.
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Chen, Fei, Sherry Yu, Lianlian Liu, Wie Lu, and Jun Cai. "Industrial- or Residential-Dominant Development? A Comparative Analysis of Maritime Industrial Development Areas of Liaoning, China." Journal of Sustainable Development 12, no. 2 (March 30, 2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v12n2p82.
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This paper adopts a case-comparison method to study the spatial layout features of maritime industrial development areas (MIDAs) in Liaoning, China, in reference to similar projects in other Asian countries including Japan, South Korea and Singapore. Our study focuses on industry-city spatial relationship, land position and proportion, coastline utilization intensity and industrial land organization. We show that supplementary residential and recreational land has primarily occupied the high-quality coastlines, and resulted in limited industrial access to marine resources. Our theoretical and empirical analyses connect this feature to local government finances, purchase restriction policy and an investment-driven surge in demand for coastal residential housing. Many areas now exhibit low utilization of industrial land accompanied by the emergence of “ghost cities” phenomenon, which are critical factors that the policymakers should consider in the future planning of coastal development. Interviews with local developers, housing authority personnel, relocated employees and residents confirm our findings. We conclude with policy recommendations for promoting long-term sustainable development in the coastal area.
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Pattiaratchi, Charitha, Yasha Hetzel, and Ivica Janekovic. "PREDICTING EXTREME WATER LEVELS AROUND AUSTRALIA." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.currents.7.
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Throughout history, coastal settlers have had to adapt to periodic coastal flooding. However, as a society we have become increasingly vulnerable to extreme water level events as our cities and our patterns of coastal development become more intricate, populated and interdependent. In addition to this, there is now a real and growing concern about rising sea levels. Accurate estimates of extreme water levels are therefore critical for coastal planning and emergency planning and response. The occurrence of extreme water levels along low-lying, highly populated and/or developed coastlines can lead to considerable loss of life and billions of dollars of damage to coastal infrastructure. Therefore, it is vitally important that the exceedance probabilities of extreme water levels be accurately evaluated to inform risk-based flood management, engineering and future land-use planning. This objectives of this study was to estimate present day extreme sea level exceedance probabilities due to combination of storm surges, tides and mean sea level (including wind-waves) around the coastline of Australia.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/vGaB85VRujs
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Suxia, HUO, WANG Guogang, XIU Chun, ZHANG Tianyu, and CHEN Keke. "Coastline Management: Review and Countermeasure Proposal." E3S Web of Conferences 206 (2020): 03029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020603029.
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The scientific coastline management is of great significance to the development of marine economy, coordinated development of land and marine and construction of ecological civilization. The coastline management in China has experienced two main stages: (i) the stage of basic survey and jurisprudential establishment, and (ii) the stage of perfection under new situation. There are challenges in promoting modern marine governance and marine power, which are characterized by the lack of high-quality management involvement throughout the coastline management process. Accordingly, coastline supervision is not comprehensive, the standardized system still needs to be improved, and the research on the main function of coastline has not been conducted yet. On this basis, the corresponding strategies were put forward from the perspectives of top-level design, main function, the “double-index” assessment system, requisition-compensation balance of natural coastline, with a view to provide strategic support for coastline management in China.
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Dong, Jie, Jiani Fu, Yong Guan, Haisong Liu, Qing Wang, and Ming Hao. "General Coastline Extraction Based on an Improved Active Contour Model in Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China, from 1990 to 2018 Using Landsat Satellite Images." International Journal of Photoenergy 2021 (October 31, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5459210.
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The coastline is located at the junction of the sea and the land, and it is essential for ecological environment. However, most existing methods can extract the coastline with obvious boundaries and cannot obtain the general coastline, including an intertidal zone and salt field. Accordingly, a new general coastline extraction method is proposed on the basis of an improved active contour model to extract the general coastline from remote sensing images. An improved active contour model was proposed to extract the water area by introducing aiming energy of water from the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index information. Then, mathematical morphology was applied to obtain the seawater area based on the extracted water area. Finally, the coastline was refined and generated by the improved active contour model in a buffer zone of the seawater boundary. Landsat images over Jiaozhou Bay in Shandong Province, China, from 1990 to 2018 were used to extract the general coastline. Results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively extract the general coastline, which is close to the reference coastline. The length of the coastline decreased from 234.64 km in 1990 to 221.21 km in 2000. This value significantly increased to 255.05 km from 2000 to 2010. The main reason is that Hongdao Island merged with the mainland due to reclamation. The length of the coastline slightly decreased by approximately 12 km from 2010 to 2018 due to environmental protection measures and the reclamation prohibition.
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Decker, Valeska, Carole T. Gee, Pia J. Schucht, Susanne Lindauer, and Gösta Hoffmann. "Life on the Edge: A Powerful Tsunami Overwhelmed Indian Ocean Mangroves One Millennium Ago." Forests 13, no. 6 (June 13, 2022): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13060922.
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In this paper, we demonstrate how subfossil mangrove wood can be used to elucidate the timing of past tsunami events. Although tsunamis generated by submarine earthquakes along the Makran subduction zone in the Arabian Sea are not unusual, rigorous age documentation is generally lacking. The best known is the only instrument-recorded tsunami, which affected the coastlines of Iran, Pakistan, India, and Oman in November 1945. Eyewitness accounts of the effect along the Oman coastline assert that this tsunami was not destructive. However, a 25-cm-thick shell layer in the lagoon adjacent to the city of Sur was attributed to the 1945 tsunami, although dating of the shell deposit proved difficult, and the radiocarbon dates of mollusk shells were regarded as unreliable. Here, we reinterpret the age of this tsunamigenic layer based on the new discovery of parallel-oriented woody axes in the sedimentological context of the tsunami shell layer in the Sur lagoon. The woody axes were analyzed anatomically and identified as pertaining to the gray mangrove Avicennia. Radiocarbon dating of the wood (905–722 cal BP), along with sedimentological investigations, suggests that the deposition of the woody axes should be attributed to an older tsunami event that occurred ca. 1000 years ago, which has been documented at other locations along the Arabian Sea coastline. From this, we conclude that mangroves grew in this lagoon at that time. Very little is known about ancient mangrove distribution in this region and, so far, no records have been provided for this time window at this site. We also deduce that the tsunami event that occurred one millennium ago must have been substantially more severe than the one in 1945. More accurate dating of tsunamigenic events will aid in calculating the recurrence intervals and magnitude of tsunamis generated along the Makran subduction zone.
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Gao, Jay, and Zong-guo Xia. "Fractals in physical geography." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 20, no. 2 (June 1996): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339602000204.
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Since the fractal concept was introduced to measuring coastline length over three decades ago, fractal analysis has been prolifically applied to many topographic studies. A number of mathematical algorithms are now available to determine the fractal dimension for both linear and areal features. These determination methods require one or more straight-line segments to fit the Richardson's plot. A close examination of the literature shows that not all topographic features are fractal at all scales studied. While the multifractal nature of some geographical phenomena has been explored in great depth, it is not completely understood why some terrains are better modelled with fractal geometry than others. Fractal analysis has been successfully used to measure and characterize irregular linear features such as coastlines and shorelines, to describe and characterize landforms, and to delineate landform regions statistically. Fractal analysis can also be used to produce terrain simulations with a known dimension against which hypotheses can be tested. These studies fail to link fractal dimensions to the underlying geomorphic processes. The failure stems from the fact that there is no one-to-one relationship between geomorphic processes and the landforms they shape.
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Chlaida, M., V. Laurent, S. Kifani, T. Benazzou, H. Jaziri, and S. Planes. "Evidence of a genetic cline for Sardina pilchardus along the Northwest African coast." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 2 (December 23, 2008): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn206.
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Abstract Chlaida, M., Laurent, V., Kifani, S., Benazzou, T., Jaziri, H., and Planes, S. 2009. Evidence of a genetic cline for Sardina pilchardus along the Northwest African coast. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 264–271. In all, 700 Sardina pilchardus from 14 locations throughout the Atlantic and Mediterranean Moroccan coastlines were screened for eight enzymatic loci that show polymorphism. Analysis of allelic frequencies showed a genetic break in the area of the Bay of Agadir, segregating two groups of samples, confirmed by analysis of molecular variance; a first consisting of Sidi Ifni (29°12′N) and southern samples down to the southern limit of the species in Mauritania (19°03′N 16°28′W), and a second starting in the Bay of Agadir (30°48′N) and consisting of northern samples that appeared homogeneous with the Mediterranean samples. Specifically, a survey of the SOD* loci demonstrated a genetic cline in allelic frequencies along the coastline. Using a clinal variation model under a state of equilibrium, we estimate a dispersal rate of 189 ± 52 km per generation between Mauritania and Ras Kebdana. This major break towards the south of the Bay of Agadir offers a new perspective on the management of sardine, which ideally ought now to be managed as two stocks along the Moroccan coast. The break is most likely induced by hydrodynamic influences that virtually isolate southern from northern populations.
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Crawford, Alex, and Mark Serreze. "A New Look at the Summer Arctic Frontal Zone." Journal of Climate 28, no. 2 (January 15, 2015): 737–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00447.1.
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Abstract A notable characteristic of the summertime Arctic is the existence of a narrow band of strong horizontal temperature gradients spanning the coastlines of Siberia, Alaska, and western Canada that extends through a considerable depth of the troposphere. Past research has associated this summer Arctic Frontal Zone (AFZ) with contrasts in atmospheric heating between the Arctic Ocean and snow-free land, with its regional strength strongly influenced by topography; however, little is known about its variability. In this study, output from the latest generation of global atmospheric reanalyses is used to better constrain and define the summer AFZ, including its spatial and seasonal characteristics. The relative importance of different factors linked to its variability is then evaluated. The AFZ is best expressed in July and is manifested aloft as a separate Arctic jet feature at about 250 hPa. It is clearly associated with differential atmospheric heating, as evidenced by the sharp difference in surface energy balance terms between the Arctic Ocean and land. Furthermore, the AFZ is strongest over the coastline whether observed near the surface or throughout the troposphere. Interannual variations in peak strength of the AFZ are spatially heterogeneous and systematic near the surface (the 2-m level). Spatiotemporal variability is primarily dependent on factors affecting temperature over land, especially variability in cloud cover, surface wind direction, and the timing of the annual snow cover retreat. Local variability in the timing of annual sea ice retreat is also important through its control on temperatures over coastal seas.
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Mazzolini, M., M. Manzoni, A. V. Monti-Guarnieri, and N. Petrushevsky. "SAR-BASED COASTLINE DETECTION AND MONITORING." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2021 (June 28, 2021): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2021-327-2021.
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Abstract. The coastal environment is among the most fragile regions on our planet. Its efficient monitoring is crucial to properly manage human and natural resources located in this environment where a large portion of our population lives. The objective of this contribution is to design and develop a new set of methods suitable for detecting and tracking the coastline. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology is chosen because of the characteristic response from water and the acquisition consistency allowed by constant illumination, day-and-night, and all-weather functioning. The proposed iterative detection method is based on superpixel segmentation. The resulting superpixels are filtered and then partitioned in land and water classes based on their median backscattering with Otsu’s algorithm. The rationale is that the segmentation can follow the coastline before the filtering can degrade the spatial resolution. A quantitative assessment of the results measures the distance to a manually-detected shoreline for the Lizard Island case study; the average distance is 12.63 m, with 80% of the sampled points within 20 m. The innovative coastline monitoring process exploits the consistency of SAR by analyzing a long time series. After a season-wise grouping, the land-water index is introduced to erase the time oscillation of water backscattering caused by different sea states. The proposed index is modeled in time on a pixel basis. A visualization technique that exploits the HSV codification of the color space highlights where and when changes happened. A case study for this technique is carried out over the Reentrancias Maranhenses natural area. A quality assessment shows good accordance with optical data that depicts the region’s dynamic.
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Zhang, Xiaohao, Jingrou Lin, Huamei Huang, Junjie Deng, and Aiping Chen. "Analysis on the Dynamics of Coastline and Reclamation in Pearl River Estuary in China for Nearly Last Half Century." Water 14, no. 8 (April 11, 2022): 1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14081228.
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The Pearl River Estuary is in the geometric center of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, which is one of the main battlefields to drive the high-quality development of China’s economy. This paper uses seven sets of typical satellite images in Pearl River Estuary for nearly half a century (from 1973 to 2021) to analyze the changes of coastline and sea reclamation. The results show that from 1973 to 2021, the total length of the coastline of the Pearl River Estuary increased from 240.09 km to 416.00 km, and that of the continental coastline from 186.87 km to 246.21 km (but the length of natural coastline in the continental coastline decreased from 136.91 km to 15.17 km). In the same period, the total reclamation area of the Pearl River Estuary increased by 28,256.06 ha. Before 2012, the growth rate of reclamation was generally fast. After 2012, the reclamation in China has entered a period of reflection. With reclamation was strictly controlled in the new era, only the previously approved reclamation projects and national major projects have been guaranteed, which makes the average annual growth rate of the coastline length and the reclamation area in the region show a significant downward trend. The reclamation in early days was largely for agriculture and pond culture purposes, but is shifting to transportation, industrial development, and urban construction in recent decades. This study scientifically analyzes the coastline and reclamation changes of the Pearl River Estuary in the past half century, which has a very important reference value for the next step to formulate marine ecological protection and restoration strategies, and construct a new pattern of marine space development and protection.
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Viaña-Borja, Sandra, and Miguel Ortega-Sánchez. "Automatic Methodology to Detect the Coastline from Landsat Images with a New Water Index Assessed on Three Different Spanish Mediterranean Deltas." Remote Sensing 11, no. 18 (September 19, 2019): 2186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11182186.
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Due to the importance of coastline detection in coastal studies, different methods have been developed in recent decades in accordance with the evolution of measuring techniques such as remote sensing. This work proposes an automatic methodology with new water indexes to detect the coastline from different multispectral Landsat images; the methodology is applied to three Spanish deltas in the Mediterranean Sea. The new water indexes use surface reflectance rather than top-of-atmosphere reflectance from blue and shortwave infrared (SWIR 2) Landsat bands. A total of 621 sets of images were analyzed from three different Landsat sensors with a moderate spatial resolution of 30 m. Our proposal, which was compared to the most commonly used water indexes, showed outstanding performance in automatic detection of the coastline in 96% of the data analyzed, which also reached the minimum value of bias of − 0.91 m and a standard deviation ranging from ±4.7 and ±7.29 m in some cases in contrast to the existing values. Bicubic interpolation was evaluated for a simple sub-pixel analysis to assess its capability in improving the accuracy of coastline extraction. Our methodology represents a step forward in automatic coastline detection that can be applied to micro-tidal coastal sites with different land covers using many multi-sensor satellite images.
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Perini, C., C. Barluzzi, and V. de Dominicis. "Mycocoenological research on evergreen oak woods in the hills adjacent the Maremma coastline (NW of Grosseto, Italy)." Phytocoenologia 17, no. 3 (July 4, 1989): 289–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/17/1989/289.
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Banan-Dallalian, Masoud, Mehrdad Shokatian-Beiragh, Aliasghar Golshani, Alireza Mojtahedi, Mohammad Ali Lotfollahi-Yaghin, and Shatirah Akib. "Study of the Effect of an Environmentally Friendly Flood Risk Reduction Approach on the Oman Coastlines during the Gonu Tropical Cyclone (Case Study: The Coastline of Sur)." Eng 2, no. 2 (April 15, 2021): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng2020010.
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Tropical cyclones may be destructive in the coastal region, such as the Gonu tropical cyclone, which affected the Arabian Peninsula and parts of southern Iran in 2007. In this study, a coupled MIKE 21/3 HD/SW (hydrodynamic/spectral wave) model was used to simulate the inland flooding inside the Sur port during the Gonu tropical cyclone. The MIKE 21 Cyclone Wind Generation (CWG) tool was utilized to generate the cyclone’s wind and pressure field. The required input data were obtained from the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) and imported into the CWG tool. In this study, the wind and pressure fields were compared between the analytical vortex model and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) data during the Gonu cyclone passage. Moreover, by developing a new model, artificial Mangroves’ effect on inland flooding was investigated. The results show that, contrary to the ECMWF data, the analytical vortex models well captured the storm event’s wind and pressure field. Furthermore, the flood hazard is calculated based on the inundation depth, flow velocity, and area’s vulnerability. The flood hazard map shows that 5% of the coast is at high-risk, 49% is at medium-risk, and 46% is at low-risk class in the Sur port. By applying Mangroves as flood risk reduction, the high-risk area is almost completely removed. However, medium and low-risk zones increase by 50% and 50%, respectively. This information could be helpful in disaster risk reduction and coastal management in the future.
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Fox, Adrian J., A. Paul, and R. Cooper. "Measured properties of the Antarctic ice sheet derived from the SCAR Antarctic digital database." Polar Record 30, no. 174 (July 1994): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400024268.
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AbstractThe completion of the SCAR Antarctic digital database (ADD) has provided a new basis for statistical calculations for Antarctica: data-sets are available at the scale of the original source material, and generalised to 1:1,000,000, 1:3,000,000, 1:10,000,000, and 1:30,000,000. The new descriptive statistics presented are based on the ADD 1:1,000,000 data-set since this is the largest scale at which source maps provided complete cover of the coastline and ice-free areas. The statistics include the total length and proportions of coastline types and the total area of Antarctica with the proportions of its constituent feature types. The areas of the Ross and Filchner-Ronne ice shelves have also been computed. Whilst the total area of Antarctica has remained static compared with previous studies, the relative proportions of coastline types and constituent feature types within the total area show significant changes. In particular the calculated area of ice-free ground is only approximately one-seventh of that often quoted from previous studies. The changes reported result from improved mapping, reinterpretation of data, and actual changes of coastline.
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Griggs, Gary, Lida Davar, and Borja G. Reguero. "Documenting a Century of Coastline Change along Central California and Associated Challenges: From the Qualitative to the Quantitative." Water 11, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 2648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122648.
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Wave erosion has moved coastal cliffs and bluffs landward over the centuries. Now climate change-induced sea-level rise (SLR) and the changes in wave action are accelerating coastline retreat around the world. Documenting the erosion of cliffed coasts and projecting the rate of coastline retreat under future SLR scenarios are more challenging than historical and future shoreline change studies along low-lying sandy beaches. The objective of this research was to study coastal erosion of the West Cliff Drive area in Santa Cruz along the Central California Coast and identify the challenges in coastline change analysis. We investigated the geological history, geomorphic differences, and documented cliff retreat to assess coastal erosion qualitatively. We also conducted a quantitative assessment of cliff retreat through extracting and analyzing the coastline position at three different times (1953, 1975, and 2018). The results showed that the total retreat of the West Cliff Drive coastline over 65 years ranges from 0.3 to 32 m, and the maximum cliff retreat rate was 0.5 m/year. Geometric errors, the complex profiles of coastal cliffs, and irregularities in the processes of coastal erosion, including the undercutting of the base of the cliff and formation of caves, were some of the identified challenges in documenting historical coastline retreat. These can each increase the uncertainty of calculated retreat rates. Reducing the uncertainties in retreat rates is an essential initial step in projecting cliff and bluff retreat under future SLR more accurately and in developing a practical adaptive management plan to cope with the impacts of coastline change along this highly populated edge.
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Rebêlo, Luís, and Sílvia Osório Nave. "Long-term Coastline evolution of Figueira da Foz – Nazaré sector (Portugal)." Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada 22, no. 2 (June 2022): 145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5894/rgci-n507.
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ASBTRACT Some sectors of the west Portuguese coast are particularly endangered by erosion and flooding. Regional to local scale information, on coastline evolutionary trend, is particularly valuable in sectors that includes areas with relevant erosion. A continuous, high-resolution, dataset on coastal evolution, from 1947 and 2015, between Figueira da Foz and Nazaré, was achieved within the Programme “Geological and Coastal Hazard Mapping at a 1:3000 resolution scale” at the National Laboratory of Energy and Geology (LNEG). This work, due to the detailed scale of analysis in a wide geographic context, allows to have both, a general overview of the coastal evolution and, at the same time, when zooming in up to 1:3000 scale, to observe the local behaviour and to quantify the occurred changes. Also, the well time-spaced aerial photograph dataset allows to compare the resultant coastline movement between the oldest and the youngest coastline (NSM index), with the total coastline oscillation (SCE index), bringing new insights on the coastline stability at a local scale. The evolution trend shows an overall erosional behaviour, if considering the entire sector. Erosion occurs predominantly in the north, as the south shows more stability and progradation. Quantification of the land-lost and land-gain due to the coastline shift in a 68-year period shows that 1 164 888 m2 of land were lost along 30 470 m of the coastal fringe, and 462 330 m2 were gained along an extension of 21 010 m. Keywords: Coastal hazard mapping; Western Portuguese coast; Coastline evolution; Coastal erosion and accretion; Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS).
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Tosi, L., E. E. Kruse, F. Braga, E. S. Carol, S. C. Carretero, J. L. Pousa, F. Rizzetto, and P. Teatini. "Hydro-morphologic setting of the Samborombón Bay (Argentina) at the end of the 21st century." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 3 (March 4, 2013): 523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-523-2013.
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Abstract. We report on the hydrologic and morphologic setting of the Samborombón Bay, Argentina, which is expected at the end of the 21st century as a consequence of possible scenarios of relative sea level rise (RSLR). The geomorphological analysis of the Samborombón coastland points out only minor changes occurred over the last 40 yr. The modifications are mainly related to the construction of canals to enhance the floodplain drainage. A digital elevation model (DEM) obtained by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data archive, ad hoc calibrated/validated for the study area, highlights that about 3000 km2 of coastal plain present a morphological setting at high risk of sea flooding. The analysis of sea level and storm surge events recorded from 1905 to 2010 in Buenos Aires provides the RSLR rate and the return period of extreme floods. In addition, vertical land movements (VLM) measured by the permanent GPS stations of Buenos Aires and La Plata allow for the quantification of the eustatic component of the RSLR and estimating a plausible RSLR rate in the Samborombón Bay. Taking into account possible RSLR scenarios at the end of 2100 as resulting from the statistical analysis of (i) tide gauge and GPS time series and (ii) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predictions, the potential effect of the increased sea level on the Samborombón coastland is simulated. The results show that the combined rise of sea levels, surficial waters and groundwater will lead to a new morpho-hydrologic setting of the coastal area, especially in the low-lying southern sector. Here, a coastline retreat up to 40 km is expected, with temporary submersion up to 4000 km2 during storm surges.
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Bukvic, Anamaria, Patrick Biber, Maritza Barreto, and Susan Roberts. "Socio-ecological Mobility: A Research Strategy for a New Coastline." Coastal Management 47, no. 6 (September 27, 2019): 611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2019.1669103.
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Freire, Jorge Vaz. "Maritime Cultural Landscape: A New Approach to the Cascais Coastline." Journal of Maritime Archaeology 9, no. 1 (December 20, 2013): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11457-013-9122-4.
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