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VERMA, RAKESH KUMAR, YASHBIR SINGH SHIVAY, MUKESH CHOUDHARY, PRAKASH CHAND GHASAL, and RAGHAVENDRA MADAR. "Nutrient mobilization and crop assimilation as influenced by nutrient management strategies under direct seeded basmati rice (Oryza sativa) – based cropping systems." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 10 (December 4, 2020): 1894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i10.107891.
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The field experiment was carried out for two consecutive years (2014–2016) in split-plot design to investigate the effect of integrated nutrient management and crop diversification through inclusion of legume and vegetable crops in direct seeded basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.)–based cropping systems (DSRB) on nutrient availability for crop uptake. The study involved four cropping systems (CS) in main plots (DSBR‒wheat‒fallow (CS1), DSBR‒wheat‒greengram (CS2), DSBR‒cabbage‒greengram (CS3) and DSBR‒cabbage‒onion (CS4) and four nutrient management strategies under subplots (unfertilized (NS0), 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) (NS1), 50% RDF + 25% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through leaf compost (LC) + biofertilizer (NS2), 50% RDF + 25% RDN through vermicompost (VC) + biofertilizer (NS3)). The results revealed that diversification of rice–wheat system with legume (greengram) or vegetable (cabbage and onion) crops and integrated nutrient management strategies had positive effect on nutrient uptake and available nutrient status in the soil. Significantly higher uptake of N, P and K in all crops and Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in rice and wheat were observed with NS2 and NS3 as compared to NS0. Available N, P and K status were significantly higher in NS2 and NS3 as against NS0 and NS1. Inclusion of cereal crops in the cropping systems showed a negative apparent N balance, but inclusion of vegetable crops in the cropping systems exhibited positive apparent N balance under different nutrient management strategies except NS0. The highest positive apparent N balance was observed in NS1 treatment. The apparent P balance was found to be positive in all the cropping systems with all the nutrients sources except NS0. Apparent K balance was found negative in all the cropping systems under different nutrient management strategies. Thus, cropping systems with summer greengram, cabbage and onion (CS2, CS3 and CS4) under integrated nutrient management practices (NS2 and NS3) were found more sustainable after two years of cropping cycle and can be advocated by the farmers of IGP.
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Abdelwahab, Mohamed, Jonathan B. Overdevest, Ali Elmokadem, Hossam El-sisi, Noha Ahmed El-Kholy, Hesham Zaki, Elsharawy Kamal, et al. "Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma Staging with a Novel Nominal Basis: An 18-Year Study in a Tertiary Center." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 161, no. 2 (April 23, 2019): 352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599819842155.
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Objective To develop a systematic method for anatomic mapping of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) tumors to standardize communication, facilitate surgical planning, and convey prognosis. Study Design Retrospective cohort. Setting Tertiary referral center. Subjects and Methods Following Institutional Review Board approval, we performed a retrospective review of radiologic and angiographic data of patients with JNA presenting to the Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Mansoura University, from 2001 to 2017. All patients underwent angiography with embolization and had >1-year follow-up. Based on frequently involved anatomic sites and factors predictive of prognosis, the NSF-COR staging system (nose/nasopharynx, sinus, fossa-cranium, orbit, residual internal carotid artery supply) was developed to explicitly convey anatomic site of involvement and presence of residual vascularity. We validated the NSF-COR staging system against other systems with Pearson chi-square test based on risk factors and clinical outcomes of blood transfusion volume, recurrence, and JNA resectability. Results Fifty-four patients met inclusion criteria, where all primary cases (100%) demonstrated nose/nasopharynx involvement, followed by sinus (85.2%), natural fossae (85.2%), intracranial (26%), and orbital involvement (16.7%). These sites, with assessment of residual internal carotid artery vascular supply, were used to develop the NSF-COR anatomically based staging system. The components COR showed significant association with clinical outcomes of blood transfusion and recurrence. Contingency coefficients between the NSF-COR staging system and available staging systems showed significant correlations ( P < .05) for prognosis. Conclusion The NSF-COR staging system conveys a communicable anatomic map of JNA tumors that integrates residual vascularity of the tumor and demonstrates strong concordance with current staging systems to assess clinical outcomes.
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Weidman, P. J., P. Melançon, M. R. Block, and J. E. Rothman. "Binding of an N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein to Golgi membranes requires both a soluble protein(s) and an integral membrane receptor." Journal of Cell Biology 108, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 1589–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.108.5.1589.
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An N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) has recently been purified on the basis of its ability to restore transport to NEM-inactivated Golgi membranes in a cell-free transport system. NSF is a peripheral membrane protein required for the fusion of transport vesicles. We now report the existence of two novel components that together bind NSF to Golgi membranes in a saturable manner. These components were detected by examining the requirements for reassociation of purified NSF with Golgi membranes in vitro. One component is an integral membrane receptor that is heat sensitive, but resistant to Na2CO3 extraction and to all proteases tested. The second component is a cytosolic factor that is sensitive to both proteases and heat. This soluble NSF attachment protein (SNAP) is largely resistant to NEM and is further distinguished from NSF by chromatography. SNAP appears to act stoichiometrically in promoting a high-affinity interaction between NSF and the membrane receptor. Because NSF promotes vesicle fusion, it seems likely that these two new factors that allow NSF to bind to the membrane are also part of the fusion machinery.
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GRIMSHAW, ANDREW, MARK MORGAN, and AVINASH KALYANARAMAN. "GFFS — THE XSEDE GLOBAL FEDERATED FILE SYSTEM." Parallel Processing Letters 23, no. 02 (June 2013): 1340005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626413400057.
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Federated, secure, standardized, scalable, and transparent mechanism to access and share resources, particularly data resources, across organizational boundaries that does not require application modification and does not disrupt existing data access patterns has been needed for some time in the computational science community. The Global Federated File System (GFFS) addresses this need and is a foundational component of the NSF-funded eXtreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) program. The GFFS allows user applications to access (create, read, update, delete) remote resources in a location-transparent fashion. Existing applications, whether they are statically linked binaries, dynamically linked binaries, or scripts (shell, PERL, Python), can access resources anywhere in the GFFS without modification (subject to access control). In this paper we present an overview of the GFFS and its most common use cases: accessing data at an NSF center from a home or campus, accessing data on a campus machine from an NSF center, directly sharing data with a collaborator at another institution, accessing remote computing resources, and interacting with remote running jobs. We present these uses cases and how they are realized using the GFFS.
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HAN, Sang Yeul, Dong Yoon PARK, Sang Dai PARK, and Seung Hwan HONG. "Identification of Rab6 as an N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein-binding protein." Biochemical Journal 352, no. 1 (November 7, 2000): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3520165.
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In this study we show the interaction of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) with a small GTP-binding protein, Rab6. NSF is an ATPase involved in the vesicular transport within eukaryotic cells. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we have isolated new NSF-binding proteins from the rat lung cDNA library. One of them was Rab6, which is involved in the vesicular transport within the Golgi and trans-Golgi network as a Ras-like GTPase. We demonstrated that the N-terminal domain of NSF interacted with the C-terminal domain of Rab6, and these proteins were co-immunoprecipitated from the rat brain extract. This interaction was maintained preferentially in the presence of hydrolysable ATP. Recombinant NSF-His6 can also bind to C-terminal Rab6–glutathione S-transferase under the conditions to allow the ATP hydrolysis. Surprisingly, Rab6 stimulates the ATPase activity of NSF by approx. 2-fold as does α-soluble NSF attachment protein receptor. Anti-Rab6 polyclonal antibodies significantly inhibited the Rab6-stimulated ATPase activity of NSF. Furthermore, we found that Rab3 and Rab4 can also associate with NSF and stimulate its ATPase activity. Taken together, we propose a model in which Rab can form an ATP hydrolysis-regulated complex with NSF, and function as a signalling molecule to deliver the signal of vesicle fusion through the interaction with NSF.
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Wilson, D. W., S. W. Whiteheart, M. Wiedmann, M. Brunner, and J. E. Rothman. "A multisubunit particle implicated in membrane fusion." Journal of Cell Biology 117, no. 3 (May 1, 1992): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.117.3.531.
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The N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein (NSF) is required for fusion of lipid bilayers at many locations within eukaryotic cells. Binding of NSF to Golgi membranes is known to require an integral membrane receptor and one or more members of a family of related soluble NSF attachment proteins (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-SNAPs). Here we demonstrate the direct interaction of NSF, SNAPs and an integral membrane component in a detergent solubilized system. We show that NSF only binds to SNAPs in the presence of the integral receptor, resulting in the formation of a multisubunit protein complex with a sedimentation coefficient of 20S. Particle assembly reveals striking differences between members of the SNAP protein family; gamma-SNAP associates with the complex via a binding site distinct from that used by alpha- and beta-SNAPs, which are themselves equivalent, alternative subunits of the particle. Once formed, the 20S particle is subsequently able to disassemble in a process coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP. We suggest how cycles of complex assembly and disassembly could help confer specificity to the generalized NSF-dependent fusion apparatus.
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Wang, Butian, Hongmei Chen, Peng Qu, Rong Lin, Suming He, Weifeng Li, Chuanli Zhang, et al. "Effect of Different Cultivation Patterns on Amomum villosum Yield and Quality Parameters, Rhizosphere Soil Properties, and Rhizosphere Soil Microbes." Horticulturae 9, no. 3 (February 23, 2023): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030306.
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The forest–medicinal plant management system has benefited the commercial production of Amomum villosum. However, little is known about the influence of different forestlands on the cultivation of A. villosum. The present study investigated the potential differences in the A. villosum yield and quality parameters, rhizosphere soil properties, and rhizosphere soil microbiota between a rubber plantation (RP) and a natural secondary forest (NSF). No significant differences in yield or rhizosphere soil properties of A. villosum were observed between RP and NSF, although most of the A. villosum yield parameters, the rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties, and soil enzyme activities were higher in NSF than in RP. Furthermore, the 38 volatile components had significantly higher relative abundances in NSF than in RP. Furthermore, the alpha diversity indices for the microbiota communities in the A. villosum rhizosphere soil indicated that the richness of the bacterial and fungal communities was significantly higher in NSF than in RP. These findings suggest that NSF conditions may be more appropriate than RP conditions for growing A. villosum. The data generated in this study may be useful for increasing the production of high-quality A. villosum via the exploitation of natural environments.
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Pullikuth, Ashok K., and Sarjeet S. Gill. "In vivo membrane trafficking role for an insect N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor which is developmentally regulated in endocrine cells." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 7 (April 1, 2002): 911–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.7.911.
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SUMMARY The hexameric ATPase, N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) is implicated in the release of neurotransmitters and in mediating fusion between intracellular membranes. Due to the conservation of proteins in constitutive and regulated membrane fusion reactions, NSF and its downstream targets have been predicted also to participate in fusion reactions underlying endocrine function, but there is little experimental evidence to support such a role for NSF in insect neuroendocrine secretion. Here we have characterized the NSF orthologue (MsNSF) from the endocrine model for development Manduca sexta. MsNSF is developmentally regulated in endocrine organs of the protocerebral complex. Enrichment of MsNSF in corpora cardiaca (CC) and not in corpora allata (CA) indicates that it might play a preferential role in releasing hormones produced in CC. Endocrine/paracrine cells of the enteric system in M. sexta exhibit selective MsNSF enrichment. Together the data point to a more selective participation of MsNSF in development of M. sexta by its involvement in a subset of factors, whereas other as-yet-unidentified homolog(s) might regulate secretion from CA and a large set of endocrine/paracrine cells. We further characterized the in vivo role of MsNSF by heterologous expression. In contrast to vertebrate NSF, MsNSF is functional in yeast membrane fusion in vivo. MsNSF rectifies defects in SEC18 (yeast NSF homologue) at nearly all discernible steps where Sec18p has been implicated in the biosynthetic route. This underscores the utility of our approach to delineate functional roles for proteins from systems that are not currently amenable to in vitroreconstitution.
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DeGaspari, John. "Tiny, Tuned, and Unattached." Mechanical Engineering 123, no. 07 (July 1, 2001): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2001-jul-1.
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Work is under way to create high-end integrated microsystems that can sense, crunch data, and communicate wirelessly—in a package the size of a sugar cube. Research is under way to bring wireless communication down to the micro level, laying the groundwork for next-generation sensing systems. Wireless sensors assume low manufacturing costs, low power use, and an elevated level of integration. Power dissipation must be low enough to permit an acceptable lifetime for the device. One effort working to make this vision a reality is the Wireless Integrated Microsystems (WIMS) project—a research consortium funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). WIMS is one of about 20 Engineering Research Centers funded by the NSF and is the only one focused on wireless microelectro-mechanical system (MEMS) devices. The NSF has pledged financial support for up to 10 years.
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Han, Hongfang, and Qinsheng Bi. "Bursting Oscillations as well as the Mechanism in a Filippov System with Parametric and External Excitations." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 30, no. 12 (September 30, 2020): 2050168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127420501680.
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The main purpose of this paper is to explore the bursting oscillations as well as the mechanism of a parametric and external excitation Filippov type system (PEEFS), in which different types of bursting oscillations such as fold/nonsmooth fold (NSF)/fold/NSF, fold/NSF/fold and fold/fold bursting oscillations can be observed. By employing the overlap of the transformed phase portrait and the equilibrium branches of the generalized autonomous system, the mechanisms of the bursting oscillations are investigated. Our results show that the fold bifurcation and the boundary equilibrium bifurcation (BEB) can cause the transitions between the quiescent states and repetitive spiking states. The oscillating frequencies of the spiking states can be approximated theoretically by their occurring mechanisms, which agree well with the numerical simulations. Furthermore, some nonsmooth evolutions are investigated by employing differential inclusions theory, which reveals that the positional relationship between the points of the trajectory interacting with the nonsmooth boundary and the related sliding boundary of the nonsmooth system may affect the nonsmooth evolutions.
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Kerr, Edward, Ali Jamshidi, Ricardo Carrau, Raewyn Campbell, Leo Filho, Bradley Otto, and Daniel Prevedello. "Indocyanine Green Fluorescence to Evaluate Nasoseptal Flap Viability in Endoscopic Endonasal Cranial Base Surgery." Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base 78, no. 05 (June 5, 2017): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1602777.
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Objectives The pedicled nasoseptal flap (NSF) has dramatically reduced postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage following endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) surgery. Although rare, its arterial supply may be damaged during harvest or may be preoperatively damaged for numerous reasons. Early recognition permits harvesting a contralateral flap before sacrificing its pedicle as part of the surgical exposure or use of an alternative flap. Design Technical feasibility study and case series. Setting Tertiary care university-associated medical center. Participants Five patients requiring an EEA with NSF reconstruction. Main Outcome Measures During NSF harvest, intravenous indocyanine green (IVICG) was administered, and a customized endoscopic system was used to visualize the emerging fluorescence. At the end of each case, just before final positioning of the NSF, additional IVICG was administered, and the custom endoscope was again introduced to evaluate fluorescence. Results In four patients, the entire NSF fluoresced brightly with IVICG on initial harvest and before final positioning. One patient showed heterogeneous fluorescence of the pedicle and distal parts of the NSF at both stages. All NSFs healed well without complication. Conclusion IVICG facilitates real-time evaluation NSF's arterial supply. This may provide early recognition of arterial compromise, allowing the harvest of alternate flaps or modification of surgery.
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Golby, Jessica A., Leigh Anna Tolar, and Leo Pallanck. "Partitioning of N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Fusion (NSF) Protein Function in Drosophila melanogaster: dNSF1 Is Required in the Nervous System, and dNSF2 Is Required in Mesoderm." Genetics 158, no. 1 (May 1, 2001): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/158.1.265.
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Abstract The N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) promotes the fusion of secretory vesicles with target membranes in both regulated and constitutive secretion. While it is thought that a single NSF may perform this function in many eukaryotes, previous work has shown that the Drosophila genome contains two distinct NSF genes, dNSF1 and dNSF2, raising the possibility that each plays a specific secretory role. To explore this possibility, we generated mutations in the dNSF2 gene and used these and novel dNSF1 loss-of-function mutations to analyze the temporal and spatial requirements and the degree of functional redundancy between dNSF1 and dNSF2. Results of this analysis indicate that dNSF1 function is required in the nervous system beginning at the adult stage of development and that dNSF2 function is required in mesoderm beginning at the first instar larval stage of development. Additional evidence suggests that dNSF1 and dNSF2 may play redundant roles during embryonic development and in the larval nervous system. Ectopic expression studies demonstrate that the dNSF1 and dNSF2 gene products can functionally substitute for one another. These results indicate that the Drosophila NSF proteins exhibit similar functional properties, but have evolved distinct tissue-specific roles.
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Chang, En Chih, Hung Liang Cheng, Chien Hsuan Chang, Jin Wei Liu, Chih Hsien Chuang, Pei Shan Wang, and Kuo Yuan Liao. "Enhanced Grey Variable Structure Control Methodology of Parallel-Connected DC-AC Inverters for Ultra-Precision Machining." Key Engineering Materials 661 (September 2015): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.661.29.
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This paper develops an enhanced grey variable structure controlled DC-AC inverter in parallel, and is suitable for the application of ultra-precision machining (UPM). The enhanced grey variable structure control methodology consists of a nonlinear sliding function (NSF) and a grey model, GM(2,1). The NSF has finite system-state convergence time, and thus the AC output voltage regulation and balanced current-sharing among the parallel modules can be achieved. However, once the loading of the UPM is a highly nonlinear condition, the chatter still exists in NSF. The chatter may cause heat losses and high voltage harmonics in parallel-connected DC-AC inverter output, and thus deteriorates the stability and reliability of the UPM. To eliminate the chatter, the control gains of the NSF can be adjusted by the use of the GM(2,1) under system uncertainty bounds are overestimated. With the enhanced methodology, the parallel-connected DC-AC inverter yields a high-quality AC output voltage with low voltage harmonics and fast dynamic response under highly nonlinear loading, thus achieving the stability and reliability of the UPM. Experimental results are performed to demonstrate the enhanced methodology.
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Koreishi, Aashiyana F., Rosalynn M. Nazarian, Adam J. Saenz, Veronica E. Klepeis, Anna G. McDonald, Alton Brad Farris, Robert B. Colvin, Lyn M. Duncan, Rajni V. Mandal, and Jonathan Kay. "Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: A Pathologic Study of Autopsy Cases." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 133, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): 1943–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/133.12.1943.
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Abstract Context.—Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a rare but serious disorder initially described as a purely dermatologic process. Isolated autopsy reports have described multiorgan involvement by this disease. Objective.—To further illustrate the varied and systemic involvement of NSF by describing the autopsy experience at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Design.—We describe the findings in a series of 4 autopsy cases of patients diagnosed with NSF. This report describes the history of renal dysfunction, exposure to gadolinium-containing contrast agents, specific laboratory parameters, and the extent of systemic involvement identified by postmortem examination. Results.—Causes of death included systemic thromboembolic disease (n = 3) and pneumonia (n = 1). Laboratory parameters and type, dose, or timing of gadolinium-containing contrast-agent exposure did not correlate with clinical findings and outcomes. All patients demonstrated cutaneous manifestations of the disease and nephrocalcinosis, with some exhibiting calcification and fibrosis of the dura, thyroid, and heart including the cardiac conduction system, on postmortem examination. Soft tissue calcification was associated with concurrent hyperparathyroidism or high serum parathyroid hormone levels. Conclusions.—Thromboembolic disease can be a significant clinical complication of NSF. Patients with NSF may also develop characteristic histologic features of fibrosis and calcification in multiple organs, with significant morbidity and mortality. This autopsy series highlights the variability of systemic manifestations of NSF.
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Shorter, James, and Graham Warren. "A Role for the Vesicle Tethering Protein, P115, in the Post-Mitotic Stacking of Reassembling Golgi Cisternae in a Cell-Free System." Journal of Cell Biology 146, no. 1 (July 12, 1999): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.146.1.57.
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During telophase, Golgi cisternae are regenerated and stacked from a heterogeneous population of tubulovesicular clusters. A cell-free system that reconstructs these events has revealed that cisternal regrowth requires interplay between soluble factors and soluble N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)–sensitive fusion protein (NSF) attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) via two intersecting pathways controlled by the ATPases, p97 and NSF. Golgi reassembly stacking protein 65 (GRASP65), an NEM-sensitive membrane-bound component, is required for the stacking process. NSF-mediated cisternal regrowth requires a vesicle tethering protein, p115, which we now show operates through its two Golgi receptors, GM130 and giantin. p97-mediated cisternal regrowth is p115-independent, but we now demonstrate a role for p115, in conjunction with its receptors, in stacking p97 generated cisternae. Temporal analysis suggests that p115 plays a transient role in stacking that may be upstream of GRASP65-mediated stacking. These results implicate p115 and its receptors in the initial alignment and docking of single cisternae that may be an important prerequisite for stack formation.
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DeAro, Jessie, Sharon Bird, and Shermaine Mitchell Ryan. "NSF ADVANCE and gender equity." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 38, no. 2 (March 11, 2019): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-09-2017-0188.
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Purpose Supporting the advancement of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in ways that help to ensure the health, prosperity, welfare and security of the nation has been central to the mission of the US National Science Foundation (NSF) since 1950, the year Congress created the agency. Preparing a highly qualified and diverse STEM workforce plays a central role in supporting this mission. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Over the past several decades, many positive steps have been taken throughout the US education system to help ensure a more diverse STEM workforce. Even so, women remain underrepresented among STEM faculty in higher education, especially at the upper ranks. Contributing to women’s underrepresentation are systemic obstacles to the recruitment, retention and promotion of women of different racial, ethnic, disability, sexual orientations and nationality statuses. Findings The NSF ADVANCE Program is designed to address these barriers. Success for ADVANCE is, therefore, best defined in terms of the changes made to the structures and climates of academic workplaces, rather than in numbers of women hired, retained or promoted in any one institution at a given point in time. Originality/value This introduction briefly examines the origins of ADVANCE, key transitions in the program over time, its reach nationally and internationally, and its future.
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Sosnovik, David E., and Peter Caravan. "Molecular MRI of the Cardiovascular System in the Post-NSF Era." Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports 6, no. 1 (November 29, 2012): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12410-012-9182-0.
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Tomboulian, P., L. Schweitzer, K. Mullin, J. Wilson, and D. Khiari. "Materials used in drinking water distribution systems: contribution to taste-and-odor." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 9 (May 1, 2004): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0575.
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In order to assist drinking water utilities with identifying the possible sources and causes of taste-and-odor conditions associated with materials used in distribution systems, we evaluated information from case studies and a database from the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), International. This database identified chemicals that had leached from drinking water system components during testing of materials under ANSI/NSF Standard 61, which provides information to water utilities on potential taste-and-odor and health concerns from the use of new materials. The data were arranged to provide a process for locating the potential source of a taste-and-odor event. After a sensory analysis is conducted on the drinking water samples, the descriptor can be matched with categories on the "Drinking Water Taste and Odor Wheel 2000" in order to suggest the candidate material.
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Emoto, Fumiaki, Kenji Gamo, Susumu Namba, Norihiko Samoto, Ryuichi Shimizu, and Nobuaki Tamura. "Nanometer structure fabrication attained by nanometer e-beam lithography system (NSF-1)." Microelectronic Engineering 3, no. 1-4 (December 1985): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9317(85)90005-x.
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Gan, Pingping, Haifa Ben Abdelouahed, Natko Skukan, Tomas Bily, and Danas Ridikas. "Progress in commissioning a neutron/X-ray radiography and tomography systems at IAEA NSIL." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): T11001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/11/t11001.
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Abstract The Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory (NSIL) is currently establishing a Neutron Science Facility (NSF) based on two compact neutron generators: Deuterium-Deuterium (DD), resulting in 2.45 MeV neutrons, and Deuterium-Tritium (DT), resulting in 14.1 MeV neutrons, with maximum source intensities up to 5 × 106 n/s and 4 × 108 n/s over 4π, respectively. Neutron/X-ray radiography and tomography are two of the applications the NSF will be equipped with. In this paper, we report the state of the radiography and tomography system, and the neutron/X-ray radiography and tomography experiments we performed. Good radiographs and tomographs are obtained with X-ray. The spatial resolution of the X-ray radiography system is measured to be about 0.1 mm. The thermal neutron radiographs and fast neutron radiographs have proved that the DD neutron generator will be beneficial to demonstrate neutron radiography capabilities for educational purposes. Additionally, the detail of the collimator optimization of the DD neutron radiography was presented.
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Dirac-Svejstrup, A. Barbara, James Shorter, M. Gerard Waters, and Graham Warren. "Phosphorylation of the Vesicle-Tethering Protein P115 by a Casein Kinase II–Like Enzyme Is Required for Golgi Reassembly from Isolated Mitotic Fragments." Journal of Cell Biology 150, no. 3 (August 7, 2000): 475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.150.3.475.
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Coat protein I (COPI) transport vesicles can be tethered to Golgi membranes by a complex of fibrous, coiled-coil proteins comprising p115, Giantin and GM130. p115 has been postulated to act as a bridge, linking Giantin on the vesicle to GM130 on the Golgi membrane. Here we show that the acidic COOH terminus of p115 mediates binding to both GM130 and Giantin as well as linking the two together. Phosphorylation of serine 941 within this acidic domain enhances the binding as well as the link between them. Phosphorylation is mediated by casein kinase II (CKII) or a CKII-like kinase. Surprisingly, the highly conserved NH2-terminal head domain of p115 is not required for the NSF (N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive fusion protein)–catalyzed reassembly of cisternae from mitotic Golgi fragments in a cell-free system. However, the ability of p115 to link GM130 to Giantin and the phosphorylation of p115 at serine 941 are required for NSF-catalyzed cisternal regrowth. p115 phosphorylation may be required for the transition from COPI vesicle tethering to COPI vesicle docking, an event that involves the formation of t-SNARE (trans–soluble NSF attachment protein [SNAP] receptor) complexes.
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Boch, Samantha J., Aaron W. Murnan, Jordan F. Pollard, Nichole L. Nidey, Rose Y. Hardy, and Iheoma U. Iruka. "Assessment of US Federal Funding of Incarceration-Related Research, 1985 to 2022." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 2 (February 27, 2023): e230803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.0803.
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ImportanceThe US leads the world in the raw number of incarcerated persons as well as the rate of incarceration, with detrimental effects on individual-, family-, community-, and population-level health; as such, federal research has a critical role in documenting and addressing the health-related impacts of the US criminal legal system. How often incarceration-related research is funded at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), and US Department of Justice (DOJ) levels has a direct association with the public attention given to mass incarceration as well as the efficacy of strategies to mitigate negative effects and poor health related to incarceration.ObjectiveTo understand how many incarceration-related projects have been funded at the NIH, NSF, and DOJ.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used public historical project archives to search for relevant incarceration-related keywords (eg, incarceration, prison, parole) since January 1, 1985 (NIH and NSF), and since January 1, 2008 (DOJ). Quotations and Boolean operator logic were used. All searches and counts were conducted and double verified by 2 coauthors between December 12 and 17, 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresNumber and prevalence of funded projects related to incarceration and prison keywords.ResultsThe term incarceration resulted in 3540 of 3 234 159 total project awards (0.11%) and prisoner-related terms resulted in 11 455 total project awards (0.35%) across the 3 federal agencies since 1985. Nearly a tenth of all projects funded at NIH since 1985 related to education (256 584 [9.62%]) compared with only 3373 projects (0.13%) that related to criminal legal or criminal justice or correctional system and 18 projects (0.0007%) that related to incarcerated parents. Only 1857 (0.07%) of all NIH-funded projects have been funded related to racism since 1985.Conclusions and RelevanceThis cross-sectional study found that a very low number of projects about incarceration have historically been funded at the NIH, DOJ, and NSF. These findings reflect a dearth of federally funded studies investigating the effects of mass incarceration or intervention strategies to mitigate adverse effects. Given the consequences of the criminal legal system, it is undoubtedly time for researchers, and our nation, to invest more resources into studying whether this system should be maintained, the intergenerational effects of mass incarceration, and strategies to best mitigate its impact on public health.
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Boonnamol, Jenjira, and Thavatchai Tayjasanant. "Impacts of Distributed Generators on Voltage Sag Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (August 2013): 877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.877.
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This paper presents impacts of distributed generators (DGs) such as synchronous-based DG and inverter-based DG on voltage sag analysis in distribution systems. Voltage sag analysis is assessed through area of vulnerability (AOV), number of sags frequency (NSF) and voltage sag index (SARFI). Single line-to-ground and three-phase faults are investigated. Size and location of DG are carried out by using Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO) in order to minimize losses and number of sag frequency. Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS) Bus 2 is used for simulation cases. Results show that the distribution system with DG installed improves voltage sag performance compared with the system without DG installed.
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Mervis, J. "GRANTS MANAGEMENT: NSF Survey of Applicants Finds a System Teetering on the Brink." Science 317, no. 5840 (August 17, 2007): 880–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.317.5840.880.
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Püschel, Andreas W., Vincent O'Connor, and Heinrich Betz. "TheN-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) is preferentially expressed in the nervous system." FEBS Letters 347, no. 1 (June 20, 1994): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(94)00505-2.
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Düzgüneş, Nejat. "‘Science by consensus’ impedes scientific creativity and progress: An alternative to funding biomedical research." F1000Research 11 (August 19, 2022): 961. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.124082.1.
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The very low success rates of grant applications to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) are highly detrimental to the progress of science and the careers of scientists. The peer review process that evaluates proposals has been claimed arbitrarily to be the best there is. This consensus system, however, has never been evaluated scientifically against an alternative. Here we delineate the 15 major problems with the peer review process, and challenge the Science Advisor to the President, and the leadership of NIH, NSF, and the U.S. Academy of Sciences to refute each of these criticisms. We call for the implementation of more equitable alternatives that will not constrain the progress of science. We propose a system that will fund 80,000 principal investigators, including young scientists, with just half the current NIH budget, three-fold more than the current number of grants, and that will forego the cumbersome, expensive, and counterproductive peer review stage. Further, we propose that the success of the two methods over 5–10 years be compared scientifically.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Molecular diagnosis of E.coliO157:H7 Which Isolated from Children with Diarrhea by using Multiplex PCR." Baghdad Science Journal 7, no. 1 (March 7, 2010): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.7.1.207-215.
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A total of 96 stool samples were collected from children with bloody diarrhea from two hospitals in Baghdad. All samples were surveyed and examined for the presence of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 and differentiate it from other Non -Sorbitol Fermenting Escherichia coli (NSF E. coli). The Bacterial isolates were identifed by using morphological diagnostic methods, Samples were cultured on liquid enrichment medium, incubated at 37C? for 24 hrs, and then cultured on Cefixime Tellurite -Sorbitol MacConkey Agar (CT- SMAC). 32 non-sorbitol fermenting bacterial isolates were obtained of which 11 were identified as Escherichia coli by using traditional biochemical tests and API20E diagnostic system without differentiation between serotype O157:H7 and other NSF E. coli isolates . Four special biochemical tests were done for serotype O157:H7 differentiation from other NSF bacteria. Only 3 isolates belonging to the serotype O157:H7 were obtained . Latex agglutination test for O157 and H7 showed that the 3 isolates gave positive results with both tests. The Bacterial isolates were identifed by using Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (MPCR) technology for the presence or absence of 4 genes (Stx1, Stx2, hlyA and eaeA) that encode for main virulence factors to diagnose E. coli O157:H7 isolated By using specific primers in MPCR . The result showed that one E. coli O157:H7 isolates contain all 4 genes , other isolates contain 3 genes: Stx2, hlyA & eaeA.
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Anderson, Jenna, Emmanuel Bréard, Karin Lövgren Bengtsson, Kjell-Olov Grönvik, Stéphan Zientara, Jean-Francois Valarcher, and Sara Hägglund. "Purification, Stability, and Immunogenicity Analyses of Five Bluetongue Virus Proteins for Use in Development of a Subunit Vaccine That Allows Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 3 (January 22, 2014): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00776-13.
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ABSTRACTBluetongue virus (BTV) causes bluetongue disease, a vector-borne disease of ruminants. The recent northerly spread of BTV serotype 8 in Europe resulted in outbreaks characterized by clinical signs in cattle, including unusual teratogenic effects. Vaccination has been shown to be crucial for controlling the spread of vector-borne diseases such as BTV. With the aim of developing a novel subunit vaccine targeting BTV-8 that allows differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals, five His-tagged recombinant proteins, VP2 and VP5 of BTV-8 and NS1, NS2, and NS3 of BTV-2, were expressed in baculovirus orEscherichia coliexpression systems for further study. Optimized purification protocols were determined for VP2, NS1, NS2, and NS3, which remained stable for detection for at least 560 to 610 days of storage at +4°C or −80°C, and Western blotting using sera from vaccinated or experimentally infected cattle indicated that VP2 and NS2 were recognized by BTV-specific antibodies. To characterize murine immune responses to the four proteins, mice were subcutaneously immunized twice at a 4-week interval with one of three protein combinations plus immunostimulating complex ISCOM-Matrix adjuvant or with ISCOM-Matrix alone (n= 6 per group). Significantly higher serum IgG antibody titers specific for VP2 and NS2 were detected in immunized mice than were detected in controls. VP2, NS1, and NS2 but not NS3 induced specific lymphocyte proliferative responses upon restimulation of spleen cells from immunized mice. The data suggest that these recombinant purified proteins, VP2, NS1, and NS2, could be an important part of a novel vaccine design against BTV-8.
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Tomes, Claudia Nora. "The proteins of exocytosis: lessons from the sperm model." Biochemical Journal 465, no. 3 (January 22, 2015): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20141169.
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Exocytosis is a highly regulated process that consists of multiple functionally, kinetically and/or morphologically definable stages such as recruitment, targeting, tethering and docking of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane, priming of the fusion machinery and calcium-triggered membrane fusion. After fusion, the membrane around the secretory vesicle is incorporated into the plasma membrane and the granule releases its contents. The proteins involved in these processes belong to several highly conserved families: Rab GTPases, SNAREs (soluble NSF-attachment protein receptors), α-SNAP (α-NSF attachment protein), NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor), Munc13 and -18, complexins and synaptotagmins. In the present article, the molecules of exocytosis are reviewed, using human sperm as a model system. Sperm exocytosis is driven by isoforms of the same proteinaceous fusion machinery mentioned above, with their functions orchestrated in a hierarchically organized and unidirectional signalling cascade. In addition to the universal exocytosis regulator calcium, this cascade includes other second messengers such as diacylglycerol, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and cAMP, as well as the enzymes that synthesize them and their target proteins. Of special interest is the cAMP-binding protein Epac (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP) due in part to its enzymatic activity towards Rap. The activation of Epac and Rap leads to a highly localized calcium signal which, together with assembly of the SNARE complex, governs the final stages of exocytosis. The source of this releasable calcium is the secretory granule itself.
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Chang, Albert, Mei Si, Samuel Chabot, Jonathan Mathews, Tomek Strzalkowski, and Jonas Braasch. "A spatially-aware dialogue system for immersive classrooms." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010883.
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Dialogue systems have become a popular research medium as recent advances in task-oriented and open-domain systems combined with deep learning technologies have increased the potential for practical applications across many disciplines. One such vein of applications involves multi-modal dialogue systems deployed in interactive spaces that seek to provide an immersive experience for participants. This project proposes a combination of spatial awareness with a multi-modal, immersive dialogue system as a potential interactive medium to provide an additional layer of immersion. The system employs an array of audio/visual sensors that tracks participants within the interactive space. It responds contextually depending on the application and information domain, for example, by displaying and sonifying conversational agents at accurate spatial locations. The current application of this system involves Mandarin language learning in which the system will act as both a learning medium and conversation augmentation system to provide students with an immersive environment to learn a language and provide real-time feedback during the learning process. This project aims to provide insight into interactive spaces for education and general conversation applications, and demonstrate the capabilities of combining spatial awareness with a multi-modal dialogue system. [Work supported by NSF IIS-1909229, IBM GATOR, and CISL.]
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Crickard, Lt Alvin M., and Donald S. Jensen. "POST-OPA 90 NATIONAL STRIKE FORCE1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1993, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 273–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1993-1-273.
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ABSTRACT The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) has resulted in an overall restructuring and enhancement of the national strike force. The OPA 90 legislation amended the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (FWPCA), which first gave the Coast Guard a role in marine environmental protection. The FWPCA led to the establishment of the national response system (NRS) and the establishment of “special forces” which would be available for pollution response. These special forces included the Coast Guard manned strike teams (collectively, the national strike force, or NSF) and the public information assist team (PIAT). OPA 90 legislation affected the NSF by requiring the Coast Guard to establish a national response unit (NRU) located at Elizabeth City, North Carolina. The NRU, now renamed the National Strike Force Coordination Center (NSFCC), would provide overall management of the strike teams and PIAT and in addition, perform several new functions in consulting, exercise management, coordination of spill response, and logistics and maintenance of worldwide resource inventories. This paper examines all OPA 90 initiatives affecting the national strike force. It concludes that the overall impact on the national response system is quite positive and should result in significant improvement in response to both major and catastrophic oil spills.
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Gamvroula, Dimitra E., and Dimitrios E. Alexakis. "Evaluating the Performance of Water Quality Indices: Application in Surface Water of Lake Union, Washington State-USA." Hydrology 9, no. 7 (June 27, 2022): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9070116.
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Water quality indices (WQIs) are practical and versatile instruments for assessing, organizing, and disseminating information about the overall quality status of surface water bodies. The use of these indices may be beneficial in evaluating aquatic system water quality. The CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) and NSF (National Science Foundation) WQIs were used for the assessment of surface water (depth = 1 m) in Lake Union, Washington State. These WQIs were used in surface water at Lake Union, Seattle. The modified versions of the applied WQIs incorporate a varied number of the investigated parameters. The two WQIs were implemented utilizing specialized, publicly accessible software tools. A comparison of their performance is offered, along with a qualitative assessment of their appropriateness for describing the quality of a surface water body. Practical conclusions were generated and addressed based on the applicability and disadvantages of the evaluated indexes. When compared to the CCME-WQI, it is found that the NSF-WQI is a more robust index that yields a categorization stricter than CCME-WQI.
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Rudenok, Margarita M., Maria I. Shadrina, Elena V. Filatova, Ivan N. Rybolovlev, Maxim S. Nesterov, Denis A. Abaimov, Ruslan A. Ageldinov, et al. "Expression Analysis of Genes Involved in Transport Processes in Mice with MPTP-Induced Model of Parkinson’s Disease." Life 12, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12050751.
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Processes of intracellular and extracellular transport play one of the most important roles in the functioning of cells. Changes to transport mechanisms in a neuron can lead to the disruption of many cellular processes and even to cell death. It was shown that disruption of the processes of vesicular, axonal, and synaptic transport can lead to a number of diseases of the central nervous system, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Here, we studied changes in the expression of genes whose protein products are involved in the transport processes (Snca, Drd2, Rab5a, Anxa2, and Nsf) in the brain tissues and peripheral blood of mice with MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)-induced models of PD. We detected changes in the expressions of Drd2, Anxa2, and Nsf at the earliest modeling stages. Additionally, we have identified conspicuous changes in the expression level of Anxa2 in the striatum and substantia nigra of mice with MPTP-induced models of PD in its early stages. These data clearly suggest the involvement of protein products in these genes in the earliest stages of the pathogenesis of PD.
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Sedalishchev, V. N., and R. V. Kraev. "Composite Piezotransformer Level Sensors for Bulk Materials." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 1(123) (March 18, 2022): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2022)1-09.
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The paper presents the principles of construction and functioning of compound piezoelectric transformer sensors (PTS) for bulk materials. The studied PTS are suitable for high temperature, chemical, and mechanical applications. The sensing elements (SE) are piezoelectric composite transformers (PCT) with agreed dimensions. Depending on the construction and the intended use of the transducer, the PE can be an oscillating system with one, two, or more degrees of freedom or a system with distributed parameters. Therefore, it is possible to use these types of devices as alarm devices and perform continuous level control of bulk materials in containers. Excitation of mechanical vibrations in the sensitive element of the sensor and the formation of output signals can be carried out by the schemes with one or two PET. For the first variant, the ratio of output voltages taken from one PCT at normal synchronization frequencies (NSF) of in-phase and antiphase oscillations in the system is used as a transducer output signal. The second variant uses output voltages from two PTS at one of the NSF. Deployment of the appropriate scheme and the method of forming the sensor output signal allows increasing the metrological and operational characteristics of measuring devices of such types to extend the measurement range and operation conditions.
The sensitivity mechanism of the sensor is described, the results of simulation of sensor operation are presented, and recommendations on the development and design of measuring devices of this type are worked out.
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Ahmed, Shatha T., Amina N. Jasim, and Ayad M. Ali. "Isolation and characterization E. coli O157:H7 from meat &cheese and detection of Stx1, Stx2, hlyA, eaeA by using multiplex PCR." Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2011.5.2.155.
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total of 189 samples were collected from 74 raw uncooked minced beef meat, 115 local white cheeses from 3 different areas in Baghdad. All samples were surveyed and examined for the presence of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 and differentiate it from other Non -Sorbitol Fermenting Escherichia coli (NSF E. coli). The Bacterial isolates were identified by using morphological diagnostic methods; Samples were cultured on liquid enrichment medium, incubated at 41.5Cº for 6 hrs, and then cultured on Cefixime Tellurite -Sorbitol MacConkey Agar (CT- SMAC). 66 non-sorbitol fermenting bacterial isolates were obtained of which 13 were identified as Escherichia coli from (6 meat and 7 cheese samples). By using traditional biochemical tests and Api20E diagnostic system without differentiation between serotype O157:H7 and other NSF E. coli isolates. Four specific biochemical tests (Cellobiose fermentation, β-Glocuronidase production, KCN and Enterohemolysin production) were done to differentiate serotype O157 differentiation from other NSF bacteria. Only 2 isolates belonging to the serotype O157 were obtained of which one isolate from meat and other isolate from cheese. Latex agglutination test for O157 and H7 showed that the 5 isolates gave positive results with both kits. The Bacterial isolates were identified by using Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (MPCR) technology for the presence or absence of 4 genes (Stx1, Stx2, hlyA and eaeA) that encode for main virulence factors to diagnose E. coli O157:H7 isolated from various sources by using specific primers in mPCR. The result showed that gene content variety in two E. coli O157:H7 isolates, 1 from meat contain all 4 genes and other isolate from cheese contains 2 genes: Stx1 and hlyA .
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Low, Seng Hui, Steven J. Chapin, Christian Wimmer, Sidney W. Whiteheart, László G. Kömüves, Keith E. Mostov, and Thomas Weimbs. "The SNARE Machinery Is Involved in Apical Plasma Membrane Trafficking in MDCK Cells." Journal of Cell Biology 141, no. 7 (June 29, 1998): 1503–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.141.7.1503.
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We have investigated the controversial involvement of components of the SNARE (soluble N-ethyl maleimide–sensitive factor [NSF] attachment protein [SNAP] receptor) machinery in membrane traffic to the apical plasma membrane of polarized epithelial (MDCK) cells. Overexpression of syntaxin 3, but not of syntaxins 2 or 4, caused an inhibition of TGN to apical transport and apical recycling, and leads to an accumulation of small vesicles underneath the apical plasma membrane. All other tested transport steps were unaffected by syntaxin 3 overexpression. Botulinum neurotoxin E, which cleaves SNAP-23, and antibodies against α-SNAP inhibit both TGN to apical and basolateral transport in a reconstituted in vitro system. In contrast, we find no evidence for an involvement of N-ethyl maleimide–sensitive factor in TGN to apical transport, whereas basolateral transport is NSF-dependent. We conclude that syntaxin 3, SNAP-23, and α-SNAP are involved in apical membrane fusion. These results demonstrate that vesicle fusion with the apical plasma membrane does not use a mechanism that is entirely unrelated to other cellular membrane fusion events, but uses isoforms of components of the SNARE machinery, which suggests that they play a role in providing specificity to polarized membrane traffic.
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Striedter, Georg F., T. Grant Belgard, Chun-Chun Chen, Fred P. Davis, Barbara L. Finlay, Onur Güntürkün, Melina E. Hale, et al. "NSF Workshop Report: Discovering General Principles of Nervous System Organization by Comparing Brain Maps across Species." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 83, no. 1 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000360152.
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Striedter, Georg F., T. Grant Belgard, Chun-Chun Chen, Fred P. Davis, Barbara L. Finlay, Onur Güntürkün, Melina E. Hale, et al. "NSF workshop report: Discovering general principles of nervous system organization by comparing brain maps across species." Journal of Comparative Neurology 522, no. 7 (March 18, 2014): 1445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23568.
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Albrecht, Bruce, Virendra Ghate, Johannes Mohrmann, Robert Wood, Paquita Zuidema, Christopher Bretherton, Christian Schwartz, et al. "Cloud System Evolution in the Trades (CSET): Following the Evolution of Boundary Layer Cloud Systems with the NSF–NCAR GV." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, no. 1 (January 2019): 93–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0180.1.
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AbstractThe Cloud System Evolution in the Trades (CSET) study was designed to describe and explain the evolution of the boundary layer aerosol, cloud, and thermodynamic structures along trajectories within the North Pacific trade winds. The study centered on seven round trips of the National Science Foundation–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NSF–NCAR) Gulfstream V (GV) between Sacramento, California, and Kona, Hawaii, between 7 July and 9 August 2015. The CSET observing strategy was to sample aerosol, cloud, and boundary layer properties upwind from the transition zone over the North Pacific and to resample these areas two days later. Global Forecast System forecast trajectories were used to plan the outbound flight to Hawaii with updated forecast trajectories setting the return flight plan two days later. Two key elements of the CSET observing system were the newly developed High-Performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (HIAPER) Cloud Radar (HCR) and the high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL). Together they provided unprecedented characterizations of aerosol, cloud, and precipitation structures that were combined with in situ measurements of aerosol, cloud, precipitation, and turbulence properties. The cloud systems sampled included solid stratocumulus infused with smoke from Canadian wildfires, mesoscale cloud–precipitation complexes, and patches of shallow cumuli in very clean environments. Ultraclean layers observed frequently near the top of the boundary layer were often associated with shallow, optically thin, layered veil clouds. The extensive aerosol, cloud, drizzle, and boundary layer sampling made over open areas of the northeast Pacific along 2-day trajectories during CSET will be an invaluable resource for modeling studies of boundary layer cloud system evolution and its governing physical processes.
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Goda, Y., and S. R. Pfeffer. "Identification of a novel, N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive cytosolic factor required for vesicular transport from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network in vitro." Journal of Cell Biology 112, no. 5 (March 1, 1991): 823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.112.5.823.
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We have recently described a cell-free system that reconstitutes the vesicular transport of 300-kD mannose 6-phosphate receptors from late endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). We report here that the endosome----TGN transport reaction was significantly inhibited by low concentrations of the alkylating agent, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). Addition of fresh cytosol to NEM-inactivated reaction mixtures restored transport to at least 80% of control levels. Restorative activity was only present in cytosol fractions, and was sensitive to trypsin treatment or incubation at 100 degrees C. A variety of criteria demonstrated that the restorative activity was distinct from NSF, an NEM-sensitive protein that facilitates the transport of proteins from the ER to the Golgi complex and between Golgi cisternae. Cytosol fractions immunodepleted of greater than or equal to 90% of NSF protein, or heated to 37 degrees C to inactivate greater than or equal to 93% of NSF activity, were fully able to restore transport to NEM-treated reaction mixtures. The majority of restorative activity sedimented as a uniform species of 50-100 kD upon glycerol gradient centrifugation. We have termed this activity ETF-1, for endosome----TGN transport factor-1. Kinetic experiments showed that ETF-1 acts at a very early stage in vesicular transport, which may reflect a role for this factor in the formation of nascent transport vesicles. GTP hydrolysis appears to be required throughout the transport reaction. The ability of GTP gamma S to inhibit endosome----TGN transport required the presence of donor, endosome membranes, and cytosol, which may reflect a role for guanine nucleotides in vesicle budding. Finally, ETF-1 appears to act before a step that is blocked by GTP gamma S, during the process by which proteins are transported from endosomes to the TGN in vitro.
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Ward, Diane M., Jonathan D. Leslie, and Jerry Kaplan. "Homotypic Lysosome Fusion in Macrophages: Analysis Using an In Vitro Assay." Journal of Cell Biology 139, no. 3 (November 3, 1997): 665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.139.3.665.
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Lysosomes are dynamic structures capable of fusing with endosomes as well as other lysosomes. We examined the biochemical requirements for homotypic lysosome fusion in vitro using lysosomes obtained from rabbit alveolar macrophages or the cultured macrophage-like cell line, J774E. The in vitro assay measures the formation of a biotinylated HRP–avidin conjugate, in which biotinylated HRP and avidin were accumulated in lysosomes by receptor-mediated endocytosis. We determined that lysosome fusion in vitro was time- and temperature-dependent and required ATP and an N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)-sensitive factor from cytosol. The NEM-sensitive factor was NSF as purified recombinant NSF could completely replace cytosol in the fusion assay whereas a dominant-negative mutant NSF inhibited fusion. Fusion in vitro was extensive; up to 30% of purified macrophage lysosomes were capable of self-fusion. Addition of GTPγs to the in vitro assay inhibited fusion in a concentration-dependent manner. Purified GDP-dissociation inhibitor inhibited homotypic lysosome fusion suggesting the involvement of rabs. Fusion was also inhibited by the heterotrimeric G protein activator mastoparan, but not by its inactive analogue Mas-17. Pertussis toxin, a Gαi activator, inhibited in vitro lysosome fusion whereas cholera toxin, a Gαs activator did not inhibit the fusion reaction. Addition of agents that either promoted or disrupted microtubule function had little effect on either the extent or rate of lysosome fusion. The high value of homotypic fusion was supported by in vivo experiments examining lysosome fusion in heterokaryons formed between cells containing fluorescently labeled lysosomes. In both macrophages and J774E cells, almost complete mixing of the lysosome labels was observed within 1–3 h of UV sendai-mediated cell fusion. These studies provide a model system for identifying the components required for lysosome fusion.
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Syahrin, Elvi, Tengku Silvana Sinar, Eddy Setia, and Nurlela Nurlela. "Polite Requests of Indonesian Learners of FLE and French Native Speakers: An Interlanguage Study." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i1.738.
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This study anchored in the field of Interlanguage Pragmatic (ILP). The approach taken is speech act based. The investigation focuses on realization of polite requests produced by Indonesian learners of Français langue étrangère (FLE) (henceforth abbreviated as ILF) and native speakers of French (henceforth abbreviated as NSF). The model used for the investigation is the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) model formulated by Blum-Kulka et al. (1989), modified by Warga (2005) and Bae (2012). The model applied to the analysis of the data is based on three politeness systems of social relationship between speaker and addressee proposed by Scollon and Scollon (2001). Data was be collected by using Written Discourse Completion Test (WDCT). Six out of twelve request situations formulated by Reiter (2000) categorized into each politeness system were selected to be analyzed. The WDCT were tested to 20 ILF; 1 learner of Universitas Negeri Medan and 19 learners of Universitas Negeri Jakarta. The 20 participants are those who are certified of Diplôme d'études en langue française (DELF) of B2 level (advanced level). As the baseline data of the study, the e-mailed data of 20 NSF were also collected. The study found that there is a preference of Indonesian learners of FLE and native speaker of French to use Conventional Indirect strategy in their requests. This strategy, even realized in slightly different number of use, was highly used and considered to be the most polite request by the two groups.
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Sargaonkar, Aabha P., Apurba Gupta, and Sukumar Devotta. "Dynamic weighting system for water quality index." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 6 (October 1, 2008): 1261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.468.
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Water quality standards are developed world over by National and International agencies for pollution control decision-making. Use-based water quality classification criteria and Water Quality Indices (WQIs) also play important role in assessment of water resources for their suitability with reference various uses. Formulation of value function curves and weights assigned to parameters in WQIs are often defined by local water experts and hence WQIs are known to inherit subjectivity. Assignment of weights a priori to various water quality parameters results in misclassification of water quality by WQI. A method of dynamic weighting has been developed in the present work to assign weights to water quality parameters with due consideration to their pollution effect at a particular site. Application of a methodology to Overall Index of Pollution (OIP) provides water quality classification of Indian rivers as “Polluted”, “Acceptable”, and “Slightly Polluted”, which is comparable with the reported CPCB classification as well as with the statistical index CCME-WQI. The methodology developed is general and can be applied to any subjective index. This is exemplified by dynamically weighting the parameters in NSF-WQI for Red and Waikato rivers. Dynamic weighting system provides a true representation to comprehend water quality classification and to achieve River Quality Objectives.
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Pinfold, Vanessa, and Jonathan Bindman. "Is compulsory community treatment ever justified?" Psychiatric Bulletin 25, no. 7 (July 2001): 268–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.25.7.268.
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On the evening of 23 February 2000 at the Maudsley Hospital in London the motion ‘This house believes that compulsory community treatment is not justified’ was debated in front of an audience of mental health professionals, carers, service users and other members of the general public. Peter Campbell, a mental health system survivor, and Dr Frank Holloway, consultant psychiatrist at the South London and Maudsley Trust, supported the motion. Cliff Prior, Chief Executive of the National Schizophrenia Fellowship (NSF), and Professor Tom Burns, professor of community psychiatry at St George's Hospital Medical School, opposed it.
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Kang, Mihyun, and Paulette Hebert. "Case study of a custom colored carpet tile prototype utilizing sustainable sampling." Facilities 32, no. 3/4 (February 25, 2014): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-05-2011-0043.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study was to examine the process of a custom colored carpet prototype that utilized innovative and sustainable sampling techniques. Design/methodology/approach – This study adapted the prototype design process of problem definition and research; creative exploration; and implementation by LaBat and Solowski. The stages of problem definition and research and creative exploration were conducted for this study. Since only a sample of the carpet tile was developed, the implementation stage was not applicable and was replaced with an deliberation stage. The deliberation process for sustainable sampling was based on the five major performance categories of the sustainable carpet assessment standard, NSF/ASNI 140-2007: Public Health and Environment; Energy and Energy Efficiency; Bio-based Content, Recycled Content, and Environmentally Preferable Materials; Manufacturing; and Reclamation and End of Life Management. Findings – A third party's proprietary sustainable sampling system was employed to support experimentation with multiple colorway applications, while minimizing sample waste. A custom colored commercial carpet tile that reflects one university's unique color palette was developed in collaboration with a large carpet manufacturer. Research limitations/implications – The deliberation stage was not intended to measure or award the points for the five performance categories. Moreover, the researchers are not eligible to certify carpet products. The certifiers are reputable auditors such as Scientific Certification Systems, UL Environment and NSF International. Rather, the five major performance categories of NSF/ASNI 140-2007 were employed as the framework for discussion. Practical implications – Although creating a custom-colored commercial carpet tile product was a laborious and time-consuming activity, consumers in today's society have begun to expect tailored products that meet their needs. Custom colorization provides for personalization and the support of established color palettes without the anticipated higher associated expenses incurred with a completely custom product. At universities, where the home team's colors are omnipresent and extremely meaningful to stakeholders, developing custom colored carpet tile is appropriate. Originality/value – Sustainable sampling was effectively utilized to facilitate a custom colored carpet tile prototype. This study fills a gap in the current literature since it incorporates a case study of the design of a sustainable interior product. Previously, few studies have tracked the inception and development of a carpet product through its design phases.
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Rokni, Eric, and Julianna C. Simon. "The effect of surface tension on the color Doppler ultrasound twinkling artifact." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010562.
Full textAbstract:
Imaging crystalline structures with Doppler ultrasound can produce a rapid color shift, termed the twinkling artifact, that can assist in diagnosing pathological mineralizations such as kidney stones, heterotopic ossification, gout, and breast microcalcifications. Twinkling is theorized to arise from scattering off surface crevice microbubbles, which are affected by the surface tension between the bubble and surrounding medium. In this study, we evaluated the effect of surface tension on twinkling in pure crystals. Cholesterol, calcium phosphate, and uric acid crystals were grown in vitro (n = 5 each) and imaged with a Philips/ATL L7-4 transducer and Vantage-128 research ultrasound system. Crystals were imaged in water while varying surfactant concentration (0%–4%) leading to surface tensions that ranged from 45–72 mN/m. Surface tension of the solution was determined by measuring the contact angle of 0.1-mL droplet on an acrylic sheet exposed to air. As the concentration of surfactant increased, twinkling was found to decrease by ∼20% for cholesterol and calcium phosphate and ∼10% for uric acid. These results continue to support the crevice bubble theory of twinkling and suggest the importance of surface tension when evaluating minerals with the twinkling artifact. [Work supported by NSF-CAREER-1943937 and NSF-GRFP-DGE1255832.]
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Waters, M. G., D. O. Clary, and J. E. Rothman. "A novel 115-kD peripheral membrane protein is required for intercisternal transport in the Golgi stack." Journal of Cell Biology 118, no. 5 (September 1, 1992): 1015–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.118.5.1015.
Full textAbstract:
We have used an in vitro Golgi protein transport assay dependent on high molecular weight (greater than 100 kD) cytosolic and/or peripheral membrane proteins to study the requirements for transport from the cis- to the medial-compartment. Fractionation of this system indicates that, besides the NEM-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) and the soluble NSF attachment protein (SNAP), at least three high molecular weight protein fractions from bovine liver cytosol are required. The activity from one of these fractions was purified using an assay that included the second and third fractions in a crude state. The result is a protein of 115-kD subunit molecular mass, which we term p115. Immunodepletion of the 115-kD protein from a purified preparation with mAbs removes activity. Peptide sequence analysis of tryptic peptides indicates that p115 is a "novel" protein that has not been described previously. Gel filtration and sedimentation analysis indicate that, in its native state, p115 is a nonglobular homo-oligomer. p115 is present on purified Golgi membranes and can be extracted with high salt concentration or alkaline pH, indicating that it is peripherally associated with the membrane. Indirect immunofluorescence indicates that p115 is associated with the Golgi apparatus in situ.
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Chang, Yu-Shiu, Ching-Len Liao, Chang-Huei Tsao, Mei-Chieh Chen, Chiu-I. Liu, Li-Kuang Chen, and Yi-Ling Lin. "Membrane Permeabilization by Small Hydrophobic Nonstructural Proteins of Japanese Encephalitis Virus." Journal of Virology 73, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 6257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.8.6257-6264.1999.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, may cause acute encephalitis in humans and induce severe cytopathic effects in various types of cultured cells. We observed that JEV replication rendered infected baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells sensitive to the translational inhibitor hygromycin B or α-sarcine, to which mock-infected cells were insensitive. However, little is known about whether any JEV nonstructural (NS) proteins contribute to virus-induced changes in membrane permeability. Using an inducibleEscherichia coli system, we investigated which parts of JEV NS1 to NS4 are capable of modifying membrane penetrability. We found that overexpression of NS2B-NS3, the JEV protease, permeabilized bacterial cells to hygromycin B whereas NS1 expression failed to do so. When expressed separately, NS2B alone, but not NS3, was sufficient to alter bacterial membrane permeability. Similarly, expression of NS4A or NS4B also rendered bacteria susceptible to hygromycin B inhibition. Examination of the effect of NS1 to NS4 expression on bacterial growth rate showed that NS2B exhibited the greatest inhibitory capability, followed by a modest repression from NS2A and NS4A, whereas NS1, NS3, and NS4B had only trivial influence with respect to the vector control. Furthermore, when cotransfected with a reporter gene luciferase or β-galactosidase, transient expression of NS2A, NS2B, and NS4B markedly reduced the reporter activity in BHK-21 cells. Together, our results suggest that upon JEV infection, these four small hydrophobic NS proteins have various modification effects on host cell membrane permeability, thereby contributing in part to virus-induced cytopathic effects in infected cells.
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Rich, Leonard. "UNITED STATES COAST GUARD ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE CAPABILITY “THEN” AND “NOW”." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-459.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The intent of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA90) is to ensure the U.S. Government is prepared to protect the environment from a catastrophic spill of the magnitude and complexity of the 1989 EXXON VALDEZ oil spill. The OPA90 legislation resulted in an overall restructuring and enhancement of the National Strike Force (NSF), and establishment of District Response Groups who are staffed and equipped with mechanical spill recovery assets and are prepared to take prompt actions to mitigate a worst case discharge scenario. During the early 1990s, over $31 million dollars worth of oil spill response equipment was acquired and placed at 23 locations throughout the United States. Since then, an additional $10 million dollars of environmental emergency response equipment has been added to the USCG'S inventory, and are now located at 16 additional sites. This paper will elaborate on the evolution of the USCG'S environmental emergency response capabilities. In terms of preparedness, it will explain how, where and why the Coast Guard has adjusted its resources and capabilities since the OPA90 legislation. The expanded mission requirements include; redistributing and adjusting the locations of the Vessel of Opportunity Skimming Systems, expanding functional use of the pre-positioned equipment for dewatering during shipboard fires, designing and implementing an offload pumping system for viscous oil at each NSF Strike Team, revisiting the condition and continued use of OPA90 procured first response “band-aid’ equipment, modifying the basic response equipment systems for fast current spill response, and the implementation of the Spilled Oil Recovery System. These actions reflect policy and mission adjustments influenced by an ever changing environment. The Coast Guard has re-organized from the bottom up to meet increased port security measures, and the capability to respond to all-hazard incidents. We must continue to maintain a high state of readiness in the oil spill response environment and accept the need to incorporate change to the equipment and the way we conduct our support to the American public.
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CHE, X., L. STURMANN, J. D. MONNIER, T. A. TEN BRUMMELAAR, J. STURMANN, S. T. RIDGWAY, M. J. IRELAND, N. H. TURNER, and H. A. MCALISTER. "OPTICAL AND MECHANICAL DESIGN OF THE CHARA ARRAY ADAPTIVE OPTICS." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 02, no. 02 (December 2013): 1340007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171713400072.
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The CHARA array is an optical/near infrared interferometer consisting of six 1-meter diameter telescopes with the longest baseline of 331 m. With high angular resolution, the CHARA array provides a unique and powerful way of studying nearby stellar systems. In 2011, the CHARA array was funded by NSF-ATI for an upgrade of adaptive optics systems to all six telescopes to improve the sensitivity by several magnitudes. The initial grant covers Phase I of the adaptive optics system, which includes an on-telescope Wavefront Sensor and fast tip/tilt correction. We are currently seeking funding for Phase II which will add fast deformable mirrors at the telescopes to close the loop. This paper will describe the design of the project, and show simulations of how much improvement the array will gain after the upgrade.