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Academic literature on the topic 'Nse4'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Nse4"

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Kolesar, Peter, Karel Stejskal, David Potesil, Johanne M. Murray, and Jan J. Palecek. "Role of Nse1 Subunit of SMC5/6 Complex as a Ubiquitin Ligase." Cells 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11010165.

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Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) complexes are important for many aspects of the chromosomal organization. Unlike cohesin and condensin, the SMC5/6 complex contains a variant RING domain carried by its Nse1 subunit. RING domains are characteristic for ubiquitin ligases, and human NSE1 has been shown to possess ubiquitin-ligase activity in vitro. However, other studies were unable to show such activity. Here, we confirm Nse1 ubiquitin-ligase activity using purified Schizosaccharomyces pombe proteins. We demonstrate that the Nse1 ligase activity is stimulated by Nse3 and Nse4. We show that Nse1 specifically utilizes Ubc13/Mms2 E2 enzyme and interacts directly with ubiquitin. We identify the Nse1 mutation (R188E) that specifically disrupts its E3 activity and demonstrate that the Nse1-dependent ubiquitination is particularly important under replication stress. Moreover, we determine Nse4 (lysine K181) as the first known SMC5/6-associated Nse1 substrate. Interestingly, abolition of Nse4 modification at K181 leads to suppression of DNA-damage sensitivity of other SMC5/6 mutants. Altogether, this study brings new evidence for Nse1 ubiquitin ligase activity, significantly advancing our understanding of this enigmatic SMC5/6 function.

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Pebernard, Stephanie, J. Jefferson P. Perry, John A. Tainer, and Michael N. Boddy. "Nse1 RING-like Domain Supports Functions of the Smc5-Smc6 Holocomplex in Genome Stability." Molecular Biology of the Cell 19, no. 10 (October 2008): 4099–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e08-02-0226.

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The Smc5-Smc6 holocomplex plays essential but largely enigmatic roles in chromosome segregation, and facilitates DNA repair. The Smc5-Smc6 complex contains six conserved non-SMC subunits. One of these, Nse1, contains a RING-like motif that often confers ubiquitin E3 ligase activity. We have functionally characterized the Nse1 RING-like motif, to determine its contribution to the chromosome segregation and DNA repair roles of Smc5-Smc6. Strikingly, whereas a full deletion of nse1 is lethal, the Nse1 RING-like motif is not essential for cellular viability. However, Nse1 RING mutant cells are hypersensitive to a broad spectrum of genotoxic stresses, indicating that the Nse1 RING motif promotes DNA repair functions of Smc5-Smc6. We tested the ability of both human and yeast Nse1 to mediate ubiquitin E3 ligase activity in vitro and found no detectable activity associated with full-length Nse1 or the isolated RING domains. Interestingly, however, the Nse1 RING-like domain is required for normal Nse1-Nse3-Nse4 trimer formation in vitro and for damage-induced recruitment of Nse4 and Smc5 to subnuclear foci in vivo. Thus, we propose that the Nse1 RING-like motif is a protein–protein interaction domain required for Smc5-Smc6 holocomplex integrity and recruitment to, or retention at, DNA lesions.

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Jo, Aera, Shibai Li, Jin Woo Shin, Xiaolan Zhao, and Yunje Cho. "Structure Basis for Shaping the Nse4 Protein by the Nse1 and Nse3 Dimer within the Smc5/6 Complex." Journal of Molecular Biology 433, no. 9 (April 2021): 166910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166910.

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Guerineau, Marc, Zdenek Kriz, Lucie Kozakova, Katerina Bednarova, Pavel Janos, and Jan Palecek. "Analysis of the Nse3/MAGE-Binding Domain of the Nse4/EID Family Proteins." PLoS ONE 7, no. 4 (April 20, 2012): e35813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035813.

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Pebernard, Stephanie, W. Hayes McDonald, Yelena Pavlova, John R. Yates, and Michael N. Boddy. "Nse1, Nse2, and a Novel Subunit of the Smc5-Smc6 Complex, Nse3, Play a Crucial Role in Meiosis." Molecular Biology of the Cell 15, no. 11 (November 2004): 4866–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e04-05-0436.

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The structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family of proteins play key roles in the organization, packaging, and repair of chromosomes. Cohesin (Smc1+3) holds replicated sister chromatids together until mitosis, condensin (Smc2+4) acts in chromosome condensation, and Smc5+6 performs currently enigmatic roles in DNA repair and chromatin structure. The SMC heterodimers must associate with non-SMC subunits to perform their functions. Using both biochemical and genetic methods, we have isolated a novel subunit of the Smc5+6 complex, Nse3. Nse3 is an essential nuclear protein that is required for normal mitotic chromosome segregation and cellular resistance to a number of genotoxic agents. Epistasis with Rhp51 (Rad51) suggests that like Smc5+6, Nse3 functions in the homologous recombination based repair of DNA damage. We previously identified two non-SMC subunits of Smc5+6 called Nse1 and Nse2. Analysis of nse1-1, nse2-1, and nse3-1 mutants demonstrates that they are crucial for meiosis. The Nse1 mutant displays meiotic DNA segregation and homologous recombination defects. Spore viability is reduced by nse2-1 and nse3-1, without affecting interhomolog recombination. Finally, genetic interactions shared by the nse mutants suggest that the Smc5+6 complex is important for replication fork stability.

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Taniura, Hideo, Naoya Tanabe, Yumi Bando, and Natsumi Arai. "Nse1 and Nse4, subunits of the Smc5–Smc6 complex, are involved in Dictyostelium development upon starvation." Development, Growth & Differentiation 57, no. 6 (June 2, 2015): 430–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dgd.12223.

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Hudson, Jessica J. R., Katerina Bednarova, Lucie Kozakova, Chunyan Liao, Marc Guerineau, Rita Colnaghi, Susanne Vidot, et al. "Interactions between the Nse3 and Nse4 Components of the SMC5-6 Complex Identify Evolutionarily Conserved Interactions between MAGE and EID Families." PLoS ONE 6, no. 2 (February 25, 2011): e17270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017270.

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Hu, Bin, Chunyan Liao, Stefan H. Millson, Mehdi Mollapour, Chrisostomos Prodromou, Laurence H. Pearl, Peter W. Piper, and Barry Panaretou. "Qri2/Nse4, a component of the essential Smc5/6 DNA repair complex." Molecular Microbiology 55, no. 6 (February 7, 2005): 1735–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04531.x.

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Andrews, Emily A., Jan Palecek, John Sergeant, Elaine Taylor, Alan R. Lehmann, and Felicity Z. Watts. "Nse2, a Component of the Smc5-6 Complex, Is a SUMO Ligase Required for the Response to DNA Damage." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.1.185-196.2005.

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ABSTRACT The Schizosaccharomyces pombe SMC proteins Rad18 (Smc6) and Spr18 (Smc5) exist in a high-M r complex which also contains the non-SMC proteins Nse1, Nse2, Nse3, and Rad62. The Smc5-6 complex, which is essential for viability, is required for several aspects of DNA metabolism, including recombinational repair and maintenance of the DNA damage checkpoint. We have characterized Nse2 and show here that it is a SUMO ligase. Smc6 (Rad18) and Nse3, but not Smc5 (Spr18) or Nse1, are sumoylated in vitro in an Nse2-dependent manner, and Nse2 is itself autosumoylated, predominantly on the C-terminal part of the protein. Mutations of C195 and H197 in the Nse2 RING-finger-like motif abolish Nse2-dependent sumoylation. nse2.SA mutant cells, in which nse2.C195S-H197A is integrated as the sole copy of nse2, are viable, whereas the deletion of nse2 is lethal. Smc6 (Rad18) is sumoylated in vivo: the sumoylation level is increased upon exposure to DNA damage and is drastically reduced in the nse2.SA strain. Since nse2.SA cells are sensitive to DNA-damaging agents and to exposure to hydroxyurea, this implicates the Nse2-dependent sumoylation activity in DNA damage responses but not in the essential function of the Smc5-6 complex.

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Sergeant, John, Elaine Taylor, Jan Palecek, Maria Fousteri, Emily A. Andrews, Sara Sweeney, Hideo Shinagawa, Felicity Z. Watts, and Alan R. Lehmann. "Composition and Architecture of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Rad18 (Smc5-6) Complex." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.1.172-184.2005.

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ABSTRACT The rad18 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an essential gene that is involved in several different DNA repair processes. Rad18 (Smc6) is a member of the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family and, together with its SMC partner Spr18 (Smc5), forms the core of a high-molecular-weight complex. We show here that both S. pombe and human Smc5 and -6 interact through their hinge domains and that four independent temperature-sensitive mutants of Rad18 (Smc6) are all mutated at the same glycine residue in the hinge region. This mutation abolishes the interactions between the hinge regions of Rad18 (Smc6) and Spr18 (Smc5), as does mutation of a conserved glycine in the hinge region of Spr18 (Smc5). We purified the Smc5-6 complex from S. pombe and identified four non-SMC components, Nse1, Nse2, Nse3, and Rad62. Nse3 is a novel protein which is related to the mammalian MAGE protein family, many members of which are specifically expressed in cancer tissue. In initial steps to understand the architecture of the complex, we identified two subcomplexes containing Rad18-Spr18-Nse2 and Nse1-Nse3-Rad62. The subcomplexes are probably bridged by a weaker interaction between Nse2 and Nse3.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nse4"

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Diaz, Smoje Mariana Andrea [Verfasser], and George [Gutachter] Coupland. "Functional characterization of NSE4 paralogs in Arabidopsis thaliana / Mariana Andrea Diaz Smoje ; Gutachter: George Coupland." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1160379386/34.

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Zelkowski, Mateusz [Verfasser]. "Arabidopsis NSE4 proteins act in somatic nuclei and meiosis to ensure plant viability and fertility / Mateusz Zelkowski." Halle, 2019. http://d-nb.info/117779859X/34.

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Hu, Bin. "Functional analysis of the middle domain of Hsp90, and characterisation of QR12/NSE4, an essential cell cycle gene that is found in an Hsp90 complex." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424460.

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Gibbons, Thomas Field. "Rotavirus NSP4 in extrareticular sites: support for its pathogenic role as an enterotoxin." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/85890.

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Rotavirus non structural protein 4 (NSP4) was initially characterized as an endoplasmic reticulum intracellular receptor. Continued studies of NSP4 revealed additional functions performed by or dependent on NSP4, some of which required trafficking from the ER to other areas of the cell. Chiefly, purified NSP4 exogenously added to the PM has been shown to mobilize intracellular calcium by a phospholipase C/inositol trisphosphate signaling pathway, yet the details whereby NSP4 are able to exert enterotoxic actions are still unknown. Our initial hypothesis included the protein caveolin 1, which subsequently was proven to bind NSP4 and prompted continued investigation as to whether or not NSP4 utilized caveolin 1 for extrareticular transport and or function. Caveolin 1 is the defining protein of caveolae, a region of the plasma membrane rich in multiple molecules that function in signal transduction, including possible receptor mediated activation of the phospholipase C/inositol triphosphate pathway. To determine if NSP4 trafficked to caveolae, a novel isolation procedure was developed and utilized to show NSP4 in PM caveolae. Expanding on the caveolae/NSP4 finding, temporal and spatial analyses of NSP4 in relation to progeny virus were conducted. NSP4's appearance at the exofacial surface of the PM was carried out utilizing surface biotinylation, exofacial staining of live cells, and confocal imaging of the PM with fluorescent resonance energy transfer studies. During these studies soluble NSP4, which was isolated from RV infected cells, was also shown to interact with the PM of multiple cell lines. These studies provided confirmation of the NSP4-caveolin interaction in the presence and absence of other viral proteins. Our studies indicate the presence of full length NSP4 glycans at caveolae and the exofacial PM and are in agreement with studies indicating NSP4 traffics independent of the Golgi network. To further explore the NSP4/caveolin 1 interaction, we conducted a comparative analysis of NSP4 in relation to two separate pools of proteins. The first pool included proteins collocated with the classical secretory pathway proteins, including caveolin 1, which traffick through the Golgi. The second pool included proteins collocated with a subset of caveolin 1, which traffick independently of the Golgi.

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Yang, Weiming. "Functional studies of the group A rotavirus non-structural protein NSP4." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2010. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/35683/.

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NSP4, encoded by rotavirus genome segment 10 has been shown to be a transmembrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) specific N-linked glycoprotein. Consistent with its localization to the ER membrane, NSP4 was first shown to have a role in the morphogenesis of the infectious virion. The protein has also been reported to have cytotoxic activity when applied extracellularly to cells. Consequently it has been earmarked as an enterotoxin being secreted from virus-infected cells to cause early cellular pathology in the gut. The effect of expressing the NSP4 protein of group A rotaviruses in cells has been studied. It led to the rapid appearance of long cytoplasmic extrusions. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to block N-linked glycosylation at both of the known glycosylation sites near the amino terminus of NSP4. This revealed that the NSP4 induced formation of the cytoplasmic extrusions was dependent on the protein’s ability to become fully glycosylated. The cytoplasmic extrusions seen in cells expressing glycosylated NSP4 were also evident in virus-infected cells. Using real-time confocal microscopy a dynamic elongation of the cytoplasmic extrusions with a growth speed of 2 μm/min was observed in virus-infected cells. The cytoplasmic extrusions were found to contain β-tubulin and F-actin. Inhibiting their polymerization prevented the formation of the extrusions from virus-infected cells. Functional studies using Cell Tracker dyes showed that the cytoplasmic extrusions could disseminate vesicles from virus-infected cells onto the plasma membrane surface of uninfected cells. The vesicles were then found in the interior of the uninfected cells. Mono-specific antibody to NSP4 revealed the presence of the protein in the vesicles suggesting that the cytoplasmic extrusions facilitated the direct cell-cell spread of NSP4. The effect of NSP4 expression on the microtubular network of cells was analysed. It was found that NSP4 de-polymerized the microtubular network from the centre of cells and promoted the assembly of microtubules at the periphery of the cells in a glycosylation independent manner. Similar de-polymerization and re-assembly of the microtubules was observed in the virus-infected cells. Interestingly in the presence of nocodazole, tubular structures containing tubulin and viral proteins excluding NSP4 were found in virus-infected cells. A YFP-PCA assay was established to screen for cellular partners of NSP4. The functionality and the sensitivity of the assay were examined, but only two false positive colonies were isolated in the first screening. In conclusion, the function of glycosylated and unglycosylated NSP4 was examined with the former possessing the ability to promote the formation of the cytoplasmic extrusions from cells and both being capable of disrupting the microtubular network indicating that two forms of NSP4 play different roles in NSP4 function. The cytoplasmic extrusions seen in our studies may be relevant to rotavirus infection and pathogenesis.

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Krohn, Michael. "Immunhistochemische Untersuchungen mittels S100 und NSE nach Schädel-Hirn-Trauma." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-189289.

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1. Hintergrund Das Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (SHT) stellt eine der häufigsten Todesursachen und Begleitverletzungen bei nichtnatürlichen Todesfällen dar und ist damit Gegenstand der Routine-Untersuchungen in der Rechtsmedizin. Eine Abschätzung der Überlebenszeit (ÜLZ, d.h. der Zeitraum zwischen der Verletzungsentstehung und dem Todeseintritt) ist für die Chronologie eines Tatablaufs und Überprüfung von Zeugenaussagen / Alibiangaben von großer Bedeutung. Primär werden hierfür postmortal pathomorphologische und klassische histologische Befunde herangezogen. Immunhistochemische Untersuchungen haben bisher kaum Eingang in die Überlebenszeitdiagnostik gefunden, könnten aber zur Konkretisierung der bisher gängigen Methoden beitragen. Häufig untersuchte Proteine im Gehirn sind das S100-Protein (S100) und die Neuronenspezifische Enolase (NSE). Die Spiegel beider Marker werden im klinischen Alltag vielfach zur Abschätzung der Schwere und der Prognose eines SHT im Blut und Liquor gemessen. Immunhistochemisch wurden beide Proteine bisher vor allem auf deren allgemeines Vorhandensein und Verteilung im Zusammenhang mit SHT untersucht. Nur eine Studie beschäftigte sich bisher mit einer möglichen zeitlichen Dynamik. 2. Fragestellungen Folgende Fragen sollten durch vorliegende Arbeit beantwortet werden:  Existiert eine Korrelation zwischen dem Anteil positiv auf S100 gefärbter Gliazellen (Astroglia und Oligodendroglia) und der Überlebenszeit?  Ist eine Korrelation zwischen dem Anteil positiv auf NSE gefärbter Neuronen und der Überlebenszeit möglich?  Welche lokalisationsspezifische Veränderungen in den untersuchten Hirnregionen (Umgebung der Kontusion, Hippocampus, Kleinhirn) in Bezug auf die Überlebenszeit existieren?  Gibt es signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Fall- und Kontrollgruppe? 3. Material und Methoden Für diese Untersuchung wurden Hirngewebeproben aus 57 gerichtlich angeordneten Sektionen verwendet. Davon wiesen 47 ein tödliches SHT und ÜLZ zwischen wenigen Sekunden und 34 Tagen auf. Zehn Fälle mit kardiovaskulären Todesursachen wurden als Kontrolle herangezogen. Die Überlebenszeiten der Fälle mit tödlichem SHT wurden in Übereinstimmung mit bisherigen Studien in folgende Kategorien eingeteilt: Akuter Todeseintritt nach SHT (ÜLZ bis 2 Stunden), subakuter Todeseintritt nach SHT (ÜLZ 2 Stunden bis 4 Tage) und verzögerter Todeseintritt nach SHT (ÜLZ über 4 Tage). Die zur Untersuchung gelangten Proben wurden spätestens 6 Tage nach dem Versterben der Personen entnommen (Mittelwert 2,7 Tage). In allen Fällen wurde die Umgebung der Kontusion, bei 35 dieser Fälle der Hippocampus und bei 31 der Fälle auch das Kleinhirn untersucht. Die verschiedenen Regionen wurden jeweils gesondert für Rinde und Mark bzw. im Hippocampus für Stratum pyramidale und radiatum beurteilt. Die immunhistochemische Färbung auf S100 und NSE wurde mit der indirekten Dextran-Polymer-Methode (DakoCytomation), die Gegenfärbung mit Hämatoxylin nach Mayer durchgeführt. Verwendet wurden ein polyklonaler S100-Kaninchen-Antikörper sowie ein monoklonaler NSE-Maus-Antikörper (beide DakoCytomation). Für die semiquantitative Evaluation wurden gefärbte und ungefärbte Neuronen, Oligodendrozyten sowie Astrozyten in jeweils 20 High Power Fields gezählt. So konnte für jede Region und Zellart ein Prozentsatz positiver Zellen ermittelt werden. Für die statistische Auswertung wurde SPSS Statistics (Version 21, 2012 IBM) und OpenOffice Calc (Version 3.4.1, 2012 Apache Software Foundation) verwendet, es kamen der Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon-Test (nicht-parametrisch), die Spearman-Korrelation und die Benjamini-Hochberg-Prozedur zum Einsatz. Eine Zustimmung zu dem der Promotionsschrift zugrunde liegendem Forschungsvorhaben wurde durch die Ethik-Kommission der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig erteilt (Nr. 117-12-23012012). 4. Ergebnisse Äußere Einflüsse. Es konnte keine Korrelation zwischen dem Anteil positiver Zellen und der Leichenliegezeit (rs= -0.27 bis 0.15, p = 0.1 bis 0.96) oder dem Geschlecht (p = 0.07 bis 0.98) festgestellt werden. Aufgrund des häufigeren Auftretens verzögerter Todeseintritte bei älteren Personen (rs = 0,33, p < 0.05) konnte keine sinnvolle Korrelation zwischen Alter und Zellpositivität durchgeführt werden. Zellzahlen insgesamt. Zur Qualitätssicherung und zur Vergleichbarkeit mit anderen Studien, wurden die Zellzahlen insgesamt erfasst. Hierbei wurden keine signifikanten Unterschiede in den unterschiedlichen ÜLZ-Kategorien festgestellt. Die Zellzahlen in den SHT-Fällen waren hingegen signifikant niedriger als in den Kontrollfällen. Unterschiede in den Kategorien der Überlebenszeit. Die Anteile S100-positiver Oligodendrozyten waren in Kontusionsumgebung signifikant niedriger in der Gruppe mit subakutem Todeseintritt als in der Gruppe mit akutem Todeseintritt (p < 0,05) sowie der Kontrollgruppe (p < 0,05). Im Hippocampus waren die Anteile S100-positiv gefärbter Oligodendrozyten in der Gruppe der akuten sowie subakuten Todeseintritte niedriger als in der Kontrollgruppe (jeweils p < 0,05). Im Vergleich mit der Kontrollgruppe waren die Anteile NSE-positiver Neuronen sowohl im Hippocampus als auch in der Kontusionsumgebung in der Gruppe der akuten Todeseintritte (jeweils p < 0,05) höher. Die Anteile NSE-positiver Neuronen im Hippocampus sanken in der Gruppe der subakuten im Vergleich zur Gruppe der akuten Todeseintritte ab (p < 0,05). Astrozyten zeigten bei dieser Studie keine signifikanten Unterschiede in ihrem Färbeverhalten in Bezug auf die ÜLZ. Überraschenderweise zeigten sich in den Gruppen mit subakutem und verzögertem Todeseintritt auch S100-positive Neuronen im Hippocampus und der Kontusionsumgebung. Diese Beobachtung konnte in der Akutphase nach Traumatisierung und in der Kontrollgruppe nicht gemacht werden. Im Hippocampus war eher eine diffuse neuroplasmatische, in der Kontusionsumgebung eine eher juxtanukleäre Färbung zu finden. In beiden Regionen war die Verteilung der S100-positiven Neuronen unsystematisch oft in räumlicher Nähe zu S100-positiven Gliazellen zu finden.

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De, La Torre Sousa César Augusto, Navarro Catherine Vanessa Figueroa, Rios Carlos Flavio Huamaní, and Rodríguez César Oswaldo Ramírez. "Factores críticos del sector inmobiliario para incursionar del NSE A y B al NSE C y D de Lima Metropolitana." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/8696.

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La investigación se centra en conocer los factores críticos para incursionar en el sector inmobiliario con departamentos en los niveles socioeconómicos (NSE) C y D para que promotores-constructores de pequeñas empresas de Lima Metropolitana, quienes actualmente construyen para los NSE A y B, puedan enfocar sus ventas en dichos niveles socioeconómicos. El conocimiento de los factores críticos, la identificación del tipo de mindset de un grupo de promotores-constructores entrevistados de pequeñas empresas y la propuesta de un tipo de departamento para incursionar en sectores populares ayudarán a solucionar en parte la problemática de aquellos promotores-constructores que no pueden dirigirse a los NSE C y D con proyectos masivos, permitiendo que estas empresas tengan mayores posibilidades de ampliar sus mercados y aprovechar las oportunidades que presenta la coyuntura inmobiliaria donde la demanda de viviendas en dicho sector sigue creciendo y la oferta actual no es suficiente. La investigación es del tipo exploratorio y ha utilizado un enfoque cualitativo. La muestra de promotores-constructores fue no probabilística, bajo el tipo experto y homogéneo. Los datos fueron recolectados de entrevistas en profundidad con una guía de preguntas que se indican en el capítulo 3. Las respuestas han sido grabadas y transcritas con la autorización de los entrevistados. Para procesar la información, se usó como herramienta el software Atlas TI, el cual permitió agrupar las respuestas de cada entrevistado ordenándolas de acuerdo con la antigüedad en el negocio. Los resultados indican que los factores críticos son cinco: parámetros urbanísticos del distrito, respaldo económico, importancia en la compra del terreno, optimización de los costos en la construcción y experiencia del promotor. Asimismo, se infiere que el tipo de mindset predominante en el grupo de promotores-constructores entrevistados es del tipo no empresarial, constringente y colectivo. III A partir de estos resultados, se construye un gráfico (mapa mental) de la relación entre los factores críticos y el tipo de mindset, para luego generar cuatro proposiciones que explica la relación del factor parámetros urbanísticos con el tipo de mindset fixed. Asimismo, el de los factores respaldo económico, compra de terreno y experiencia del promotor con el tipo de mindset constringente, y el del factor optimizar costos en construir con el tipo de mindset no empresarial. Sobre la alternativa de un tipo de departamento para incursionar en los NSE C y D en forma no masiva, se propone departamentos tipo loft, al ser un ambiente con pocos muros y espacios integrados de acuerdo con lo mencionado en el capítulo 2. El loft permite optimizar los costos de construcción, que es uno de los factores críticos identificados. Esta propuesta de vivienda puede dirigirse a los siguientes grupos sociales de los NSE C y D: (a) jóvenes profesionales y estudiantes universitarios; (b) personas con estilo de vida del tipo emprendedores y sensoriales, seleccionado de Arellano (2003); (c) hogares con pocos integrantes como los del tipo partida, tipo inicio y tipo fuera de ciclo, tomado de Ipsos Apoyo (2012); y (d) inversionistas. Las ventajas de ofrecer departamentos tipo loft para los NSE C y D son: (a) ampliación del negocio, al captar un público objetivo cuya demanda de vivienda no es atendida; y (b) al ser un departamento de transición, se podría construir mayor número de ambientes de uno o dos dormitorios para un público objetivo específico
The research is focused on identifying the critical factors to invest in real estate with apartments designed for socioeconomic status C and D so order that the developers-builders, which belong to small companies of Lima Metropolitan, who currently build for socioeconomic status A and B wil focus their sales in socioeconomic status C and D. Identifying the critical factors, finding the type of mindset of the group of developersbuilders, which compose the research sample, and proposing a type of housing, mainly apartments, to move into popular sectors, will help party to solve the problems of those developers-builders who currently can not address the socioeconomic status C and D with massive projects, allowing these companies to have greater opportunities to expand their markets and take advantage of opportunities presented by the real estate situation where the demand for housing in said sectors continues to grow and the current supply is not sufficient. The research is exploratory and uses a qualitative approach. The developers-builders sample was not random under the expert and homogeneous type. Data were collected from interviews with a guide of questions listed in Chapter 3. The responses were recorded and transcribed with the permission of the interviewees. In order to process the data we used a software tool called Atlas TI which allowed us to group the responses of each interviewee according to their years of experience in the business. The results showed five critical factors: zoning parameters of the districts, economic support, importance of the land purchase, optimization of construction cost and the developer´s experience. Also, it seems that the type of mindset prevalent in the group of developers-builders is the non-business, constricting and collectivistic type. From these results we built a graphical map of the relationship between the critical factors and the type of mindset, in order to generate four proposals that will explain, for instance, the relationship among the zoning parameters of districts, the fixed mindset, the V economic support, the important of the land purchase and developer´s experience with the constricting mindset, and finally the optimization of construction cost with the non-business mindset. The type of housing proposed to venture into socioeconomic status C and D in a nonmassive way will be the loft apartment since it implies few walls and integrated spaces as mentioned in Chapter 2. The loft apartment allows optimizing construction costs, which is one of the critical factors identified. The target market for this type of housing in the socioeconomic status C and D will be: (a) young professionals and college students, (b) people with an enterprising and sensorial lifestyle, according to author Arellano (2003), (c) households with few members such as departure type, initiation type and off-cycle type, taken from Ipsos Apoyo (2012), and (d) investors. The advantages of offering loft apartments for socioeconomic status C and D are: (a) business expansion identifying a target audience whose housing demands are not satisfied, and (b) building a higher number of one or two-bedroom apartments for a specific target audience
Tesis

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Mir, Kiran D. "The rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) interacts with both the N- and C- termini of caveolin-1." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3976.

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Rotavirus (RV) is an etiologic agent of viral gastroenteritis in children and infants worldwide, accounting for an estimated 500,000 deaths annually. NSP4, the first described viral enterotoxin, contributes to RV pathogenesis by mobilizing intracellular calcium through multiple mechanisms that promote abnormal ion transport and subsequent secretory diarrhea. NSP4 and the enterotoxic peptide 114-135 preferentially interact with model membranes mimicking caveolae in lipid composition and radius of curvature. Our laboratory has recently reported the colocalization and coimmunoprecipitation of NSP4 with caveolin-1, the structural protein of caveolae. Moreover, the caveolin-1 binding domain of NSP4 has been localized to the enterotoxic peptide. We now report that caveolin-1 binds NSP4 via the N- and C-termini and one terminus is sufficient for binding. A panel of caveolin-1 deletion mutants was expressed in a yeast two-hybrid assay against an NSP4 bait. Caveolin-1 mutants retaining at least one terminus were capable of binding the NSP4 bait. An in vitro binding assay confirmed the two-hybrid results and localized the NSP4 binding domains to caveolin-1 residues 2-22 and 161-178. These data support the hypothesis that caveolin-1 mediates NSP4 signaling and/or intracellular trafficking.

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Ulrich, Anett. "S100B-Protein und Neuronenspezifische Enolase bei leichten Schädel-Hirn-Verletzungen im Kindesalter." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-63800.

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Fragestellung: Gegenstand dieser Untersuchung ist der diagnostische Nutzen der Neuro-Biomarker S100B-Protein und Neuronenspezifische Enolase (NSE) bei leichten Schädel-Hirn-Verletzungen im Kindesalter. Es wird untersucht, ob anhand der posttraumatischen S100B- und NSE-Serum-Konzentrationen Kinder mit einer Schädelprellung und einem leichten Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (SHT) differenziert werden können. Material und Methode: In einer prospektiven, klinischen Studie werden die posttraumatischen S100B- und NSE-Serum-Konzentrationen von Kindern im Alter zwischen 6 Monaten und 15 Jahren mit einer Schädelprellung oder einem leichten SHT untersucht. Kinder mit extrakraniellen Begleitverletzungen und Begleiterkrankungen sind ausgeschlossen. Die Blutentnahme erfolgt innerhalb von 6 Stunden nach dem Trauma. Es werden 2 diagnostische Gruppen definiert: Gruppe 1: asymptomatische Schädelprellungen (Glasgow-Coma-Scale [GCS] 15 Punkte), Gruppe 2: leichte SHT (GCS 13-15 Punkte) mit klinischen Zeichen einer Gehirnerschütterung (kurze Bewusstlosigkeit, Amnesie, Übelkeit, Erbrechen, Somnolenz, Kopfschmerzen, Schwindel, Sehstörungen, Kreislaufreaktion). Die S100B- und NSE- Konzentrationen werden zwischen beiden Diagnosegruppen verglichen. Die Korrelation zwischen S100B und NSE sowie zwischen den Markern und dem Alter der Kinder, dem Zeitraum zwischen Trauma und Blutentnahme, dem GCS-Wert und dem Vorhandensein von Kopfplatzwunden wird analysiert. Ergebnisse: 148 Kinder sind in die Studie eingeschlossen (53 Kinder mit einer Schädelprellung und 95 mit einem leichten SHT). Nach Adjustierung der gemessenen Marker-Konzentrationen auf Unterschiede im Alter und Zeitraum zwischen Trauma und Blutentnahme unterscheiden sich die S100B- und NSE-Konzentrationen nicht signifikant zwischen Kindern mit einer Schädelprellung und einem leichten SHT. Zwischen den S100B- und NSE-Konzentrationen besteht eine signifikant positive Korrelation. Beide Marker korrelieren signifikant negativ mit dem Alter und dem Entnahmezeitraum. Der GCS-Wert und das Vorhandensein von Kopfplatzwunden zeigen keinen Effekt auf die Marker-Konzentrationen. Schlussfolgerung: Die posttraumatischen S100B- und NSE-Serum-Konzentrationen zeigen keinen diagnostischen Nutzen bei der Differenzierung zwischen Kindern mit einer Schädelprellung und Kindern mit einem leichten SHT. S100B und NSE sind altersabhängige Marker.

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Perera, Natascha. "Investigation of the biochemistry and function of neutrophil serine protease 4 (NSP4)." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-167536.

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Serine proteases in cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils (NSPs), namely neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G (CG) and proteinase 3, have been under intense investigation for several decades. They are mainly known for their role in intracellular killing of pathogens and are also increasingly recognized as key regulators of innate immune responses. In 2009, I identiﬁed a fourth serine protease in neutrophils that has been completely overlooked and neglected so far. The aim of this thesis was an in-depth biochemical and functional characterization of this novel serine protease 4 (NSP4) of human neutrophils. Using monoclonal antibodies to NSP4, the distribution of NSP4 in normal human tissues was studied. NSP4 was observed only in neutrophils and neutrophil precursors of the bone marrow. The content of NSP4 in neutrophil lysates was about 20-fold lower compared to CG. Nevertheless, NSP4 was found to be released into the supernatant upon neutrophil activation. NSP4 could be further identiﬁed as a novel azurophil granule protein of neutrophils by Western blot analyses of subcellular fractions. For the functional analysis, the production and yield of recombinant NSP4 was clearly improved using different expression systems and DNA construct modiﬁcations. The proteolytic speciﬁcity was analyzed using E. coli peptide libraries, mass spectrometry and several synthetic peptide libraries. All these analyses clearly revealed an arginine speciﬁcity for NSP4. Consistent with this, NSP4 was strongly inhibited by heparin-accelerated antithrombin and C1 inhibitor and, with lower efﬁcacy, by α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1PI). The data allowed me to generate an NSP4-speciﬁc α1PI variant that was shown to form covalent complexes with all NSP4 of neutrophil lysates and supernatants of activated neutrophils. This ﬁnding strongly indicated that NSP4 is fully processed and stored as an already activated enzyme in azurophil granules. In addition, dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI) was identiﬁed as the activator of NSP4 in vivo, as DPPI deﬁciency resulted in complete absence of NSP4 in a Papillon-Lefèvre patient. Analysis of cell-based calcium assays revealed that proteinase-activated receptor-2 may represent a potential natural substrate of NSP4. So far, NSP4-deﬁcient mice did not show an abnormal phenotype under clean housing conditions. Activation of isolated neutrophils by phorbol esters or immune complexes was also not impaired. This study establishes NSP4 as the only arginine-speciﬁc pre-activated serine protease stored in azurophil granules of neutrophils that may fullﬁl a quite distinct, supportive role in neutrophil responses to tissue damage and bacterial infections.
Die Granula-assoziierten Serinproteasen der Neutrophilen, genannt Neutrophilen-Elastase, Cathepsin G (CG) und Proteinase 3, werden bereits seit über 30 Jahren intensiv erforscht. Sie sind hauptsächlich für ihre Funktion bei der intrazellulären Degradation von pathogenen Keimen bekannt. Außerdem werden sie zunehmend als wichtige Regulatoren der angeborenen Immunantwort angesehen. Im Jahr 2009 identiﬁzierte ich eine vierte Serinprotease in Neutrophilen, die bis dahin komplett übersehen wurde. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war eine ausführliche Untersuchung der Biochemie und Funktion dieser neuen Serinprotease 4 (NSP4) in humanen Neutrophilen. NSP4 konnte in immunhistochemischen Analysen normaler Gewebe nur in Neutrophilen und deren Vorläuferzellen im Knochenmark nachgewiesen werden. Die Menge von NSP4 im Gesamtzelllysat von Neutrophilen war 20-fach geringer als die von CG. Dennoch konnte ich nachweisen, dass NSP4 von aktivierten Neutrophilen sezerniert wird. In subzellulären Neutrophilen-Fraktionen war NSP4 in erster Linie mit azurophilen Granula assoziiert. Die Produktion und Ausbeute rekombinanter, aktiver NSP4 wurde mithilfe verschiedener DNA-Konstrukte und Expressionssysteme deutlich verbessert. Für die Bestimmung der proteolytischen Speziﬁtät wurden E. coli Peptidbibliotheken, Massenspektrometrie und synthetische Peptidbibliotheken eingesetzt. Alle Ergebnisse ergaben eindeutig eine Arginin-Speziﬁtät für NSP4. NSP4 wurde sehr gut von Heparin-Antithrombin, C1 Inhibitor und mit geringerer Efﬁzienz von α1-Proteinase-Inhibitor (α1PI) blockiert. Die Ergebnisse ermöglichten die Herstellung einer NSP4-speziﬁschen α1PI Variante, die nachweislich mit der gesamten NSP4 aus Neutrophilen-Zelllysat und aus Überständen aktivierter Neutrophilen einen kovalenten Komplex bildete. Dies war ein klarer Hinweis für die Speicherung und Sekretion der NSP4 als aktive Endoprotease. Außerdem konnte ich zeigen, dass NSP4 in vivo von Dipeptidylpeptidase I (DPPI) aktiviert wird, da in einem Papillon-Lefèvre Patienten ohne funktionelle DPPI auch NSP4 nicht nachweisbar war. Intrazelluläre Kalziummessungen in HaCaT-Zellen ergaben, dass der Proteinase-aktivierte Rezeptor-2 ein mögliches natürliches Substrat für NSP4 sein könnte. In einer Pathogen-freien Reinraumumgebung zeigten NSP4-deﬁziente Mäuse bislang noch keinen Phänotyp. Auch die Aktivierung isolierter Neutrophilen durch Phorbolester oder Immunkomplexe war nicht beeinträchtigt. In dieser Arbeit gelang es mir, die erste aktive Arginin-speziﬁsche Serinprotease (NSP4) in azurophilen Granula von Neutrophilen zu identiﬁzieren. Wegen ihres Vorkommens in allen sequenzierten Genomen höherer Vertebraten könnte NSP4 eine wichtige Rolle bei der Steuerung und Verstärkung Neutrophilen-abhängiger Immunantworten zukommen.

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Books on the topic "Nse4"

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Sir, Solti Georg, ed. Ha nsel und Gretel. London: Decca, 1990.

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Loncar, Miroslav. 6 da nses croates. Saint-Romuald, QC: Productions d'Oz, 2007.

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Bannerman, J. Yedu. Ghana ekunyin edzikamfo ho nsem. Tema, [Ghana]: Centre for Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 2007.

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Bannerman, J. Yedu. Ghana ekunyin edzikamfo ho nsem. Tema, [Ghana]: Centre for Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 2007.

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Zhang, Bing. Di chki ckua nsen văn minh xưa: Đi tìm nsen văn minh đã mrat. [Hà Nuoi]: NXB Công an nhân dân, 2004.

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Coull, James R. The North nSea Herring fishery in the twentieth century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.

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San Francisco Unified School District., ed. Faces of education =: Nhzung khuôn mqat ckua nsen giáo dục. [San Francisco, CA]: San Francisco Unified School District, 1987.

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Prah, Kwesi Kwaa, author of introduction, ed. Nyim dze nsee dze: Culture affirmation and transvaluation of values. Cape Town, South Africa: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society, 2010.

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Thkao, Trsan Yên, and Lâm Hsong Lân, eds. Nhzung kiuet nhân ckua nsen văn minh cto đại Trung Quroc. Hà Nuoi: NXB Văn hóa - thông tin, 2001.

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Peach, David F. Multitier specification applied to modify the hardness of an essential NSEP fiber optic link. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Communications Systems, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Nse4"

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Xiong, Jay. "NSE Applications." In New Software Engineering Paradigm Based on Complexity Science, 577–95. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7326-9_23.

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Courington, William, Jonathan Feiber, and Masahiro Honda. "NSE Highlights." In Sun Technical Reference Library, 29–39. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3334-3_3.

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Xiong, Jay. "NSE Support Tools and NSE Support Platforms." In New Software Engineering Paradigm Based on Complexity Science, 557–76. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7326-9_22.

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Xiong, Jay. "NSE Process Model." In New Software Engineering Paradigm Based on Complexity Science, 199–236. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7326-9_8.

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Dingeldey, Irene, and Jean-Yves Gerlitz. "Labour Market Segmentation, Regulation of Non-Standard Employment, and the Influence of the EU." In International Impacts on Social Policy, 247–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86645-7_20.

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AbstractIn wake of the 1970s energy crisis, labour markets in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries changed considerably: deindustrialisation, low economic growth, and high structural unemployment challenged the standard employment relationship (SER), and a flexibilisation of employment was promoted. Tertiarisation and increasing female labour market participation fuelled the spread of non-standard forms of employment (NSER) such as part-time and temporary work. Since the 1990s, EU member countries aligned their NSER regulation to that of the SER, while in other OECD countries, NSERs remained un(der)regulated. The chapter illustrates the transformation of labour markets and the development of NSER regulation for selected countries, relying on national Labour Force Surveys and the Cambridge Labour Regulation Index. It tells the story of how membership in a supranational organisation has shaped national labour legislation.

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Xiong, Jay. "Design Engineering Under NSE." In New Software Engineering Paradigm Based on Complexity Science, 313–38. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7326-9_12.

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Xiong, Jay. "Coding Engineering with NSE." In New Software Engineering Paradigm Based on Complexity Science, 339–69. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7326-9_13.

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Chiaravalli, Anna Maria, and Rebecca D’Amato Pascarella. "Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE)." In Encyclopedia of Pathology, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28845-1_5091-1.

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Kleine, T. O. "Liquor-Neuronenspezifische Enolase (NSE)." In Lexikon der Medizinischen Laboratoriumsdiagnostik, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49054-9_1939-1.

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Kleine, T. O. "Liquor-Neuronenspezifische Enolase (NSE)." In Springer Reference Medizin, 1504. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4_1939.

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Conference papers on the topic "Nse4"

1

Bai, Jiasong, Jun Bi, Peng Kuang, Chengze Fan, Yu Zhou, and Cheng Zhang. "NS4." In SOSR '18: Symposium on SDN Research. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3185467.3185470.

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Fan, Chengze, Jun Bi, Yu Zhou, Cheng Zhang, and Haisu Yu. "NS4." In SIGCOMM '17: ACM SIGCOMM 2017 Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3123878.3132002.

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Matthews, David C., and Michael J. Dion. "NSEU impact on commercial avionics." In 2009 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irps.2009.5173249.

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Thazeen, Sadiya, and Mohamed Najmus Saqhib. "NSEV Method for Better Resolution." In 2022 International Conference on Smart Information Systems and Technologies (SIST). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sist54437.2022.9945827.

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"Front cover." In 2014 National Software Engineering Conference (NSEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nsec.2014.6998227.

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"Copyright." In 2014 National Software Engineering Conference (NSEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nsec.2014.6998228.

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"Table of contents." In 2014 National Software Engineering Conference (NSEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nsec.2014.6998229.

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"Message from conference chair." In 2014 National Software Engineering Conference (NSEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nsec.2014.6998230.

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"Organizing committee." In 2014 National Software Engineering Conference (NSEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nsec.2014.6998231.

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Makhdoom, Imran, Mehreen Afzal, and Imran Rashid. "A novel code attestation scheme against Sybil Attack in Wireless Sensor Networks." In 2014 National Software Engineering Conference (NSEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nsec.2014.6998232.

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Reports on the topic "Nse4"

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Scarlett, Harry. Nuclear Security Enterprise (NSE). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1645038.

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Scully, Christopher. NSE System Engineering V. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1760547.

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Schlyter, J., ed. DNS Security (DNSSEC) NextSECure (NSEC) RDATA Format. RFC Editor, August 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3845.

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Collier, E. National Security Education Program (NSEP) Service Agreement,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada325480.

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van Dijk, P. NSEC and NSEC3: TTLs and Aggressive Use. RFC Editor, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc9077.

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Weiler, S., and J. Ihren. Minimally Covering NSEC Records and DNSSEC On-line Signing. RFC Editor, April 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4470.

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Stingaciu, Laura, and Piotr Zolnierczuk. Quick Guide for SNS-NSE Data Reduction Software DrSpine. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1883898.

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Juan Estrada et al. Testing of the TriP Chip Running at 132 nsec Using a Modified AFE Board. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/820409.

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Haddad, Raid Edward, C. Jeffrey Brinker, John Allen Shelnutt, Yi Yang, H. Eric Nuttall, Richard K. Watt, Anup K. Singl, et al. DOE/BES/NSET annual report on growth of metal and semiconductor nanostructures using localized photocatalysts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/918305.

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Wilmont, Martyn, Greg Van Boven, and Tom Jack. GRI-96-0452_1 Stress Corrosion Cracking Under Field Simulated Conditions I. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011963.

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Abstract:

Electrochemical measurements have been performed on polished and mill scaled steel samples. The solutions investigated have included carbonate bicarbonate mixtures of varying pH as well as solutions of neutral pH such as NS4. Results indicate that the mechanism of corrosion associated with the carbonate bicarbonate environments involves passive film formation. No such passivation is observed for solutions associated with neutral pH SCC. Electrochemical corrosion rates measured on polished steel specimens exposed to NS4 solutions in the pH range 5 to 6.8 were in the region of 5 x 10e-1 to 1 x 10e-2 mm/s. However, rates obtained on mill scaled surfaces went much lower and in the region of 5 x 10e-10 mm/s. Field determined crack propagation rates are estimated to be in the region of 2 x 10e-8 mm/s. Whilst the laboratory determined corrosion rates are lower than the field propagation rate it should be remembered that the laboratory rates were obtained on unstressed specimens. The application of load would be expected to increase the corrosion rate and may indicate that stress focused dissolution process may be sufficient to explain the propagation of neutral pH stress corrosion cracks. However, as hydrogen evolution is the most likely cathodic reaction involved in the mechanism of neutral pH SCC the role of hydrogen in the crack propagation mechanism may also be important.

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