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Academic literature on the topic 'NRT2'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "NRT2"

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Zoghbi-Rodríguez, Normig M., Samuel David Gamboa-Tuz, Alejandro Pereira-Santana, Luis C. Rodríguez-Zapata, Lorenzo Felipe Sánchez-Teyer, and Ileana Echevarría-Machado. "Phylogenomic and Microsynteny Analysis Provides Evidence of Genome Arrangements of High-Affinity Nitrate Transporter Gene Families of Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23 (December 3, 2021): 13036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313036.

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Nitrate transporter 2 (NRT2) and NRT3 or nitrate-assimilation-related 2 (NAR2) proteins families form a two-component, high-affinity nitrate transport system, which is essential for the acquisition of nitrate from soils with low N availability. An extensive phylogenomic analysis across land plants for these families has not been performed. In this study, we performed a microsynteny and orthology analysis on the NRT2 and NRT3 genes families across 132 plants (Sensu lato) to decipher their evolutionary history. We identified significant differences in the number of sequences per taxonomic group and different genomic contexts within the NRT2 family that might have contributed to N acquisition by the plants. We hypothesized that the greater losses of NRT2 sequences correlate with specialized ecological adaptations, such as aquatic, epiphytic, and carnivory lifestyles. We also detected expansion on the NRT2 family in specific lineages that could be a source of key innovations for colonizing contrasting niches in N availability. Microsyntenic analysis on NRT3 family showed a deep conservation on land plants, suggesting a high evolutionary constraint to preserve their function. Our study provides novel information that could be used as guide for functional characterization of these gene families across plant lineages.
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Zhang, Jingying, Zhijun Han, Yue Lu, Yanfei Zhao, Yaping Wang, Jiayue Zhang, Haoran Ma, and Yu Zhu Han. "Genome-wide identification, structural and gene expression analysis of the nitrate transporters (NRTs) family in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 21, 2021): e0257383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257383.

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Nitrogen (N2) is the most important source of mineral N for plant growth, which was mainly transported by nitrate transporters (NRTs). However, little is known about the NRT gene family in potato. In this study, StNRT gene family members were identified in potato. In addition, we performed StNRT subfamily classification, gene structure and distribution analysis, and conserved domain prediction using various bioinformatics tools. Totally, 39 StNRT gene members were identified in potato genome, including 33, 4 and 2 member belong to NRT1, NRT2, and NRT3, respectively. These 39 StNRT genes were randomly distributed on all chromosomes. The collinearity results show that StNRT members in potato are closely related to Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum melongena. For the expression, different members of StNRT play different roles in leaves and roots. Especially under sufficient nitrogen conditions, different members have a clear distribution in different tissues. These results provide valuable information for identifying the members of the StNRT family in potato and could provide functional characterization of StNRT genes in further research.
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Newstead, Simon, and Joanne Parker. "Crystal structure of the plant nitrate transporter NRT1.1." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331408512x.

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Nitrogen uptake and assimilation is a key limiting factor for plant growth and crop productivity and also acts a major signaling molecule, controlling many aspects of plant development. Many plants obtain nitrogen through the uptake of nitrate from the soil via specific membrane transporters. Two families of nitrate transporter have been identified that act within the root cell, termed NRT1 and NRT2. NRT1 members are predominantly low affinity transporters, with KM values in the millimolar range, whereas NRT2 members are high affinity transporters, with KM values in the low micromolar range. Dual affinity transporter systems are used in biology to allow the cell to respond to changes in an external nutrient supply. In the case of nitrate transport in plants, decreasing levels of external nitrate cause an increase in the expression of NRT2 family transporter genes, in particular NRT2.1, allowing the cell to take up more of the available nitrate. However, plants have evolved a faster way of responding to nitrate levels involving post-translational control of nitrate uptake. NRT1.1 also known as CHL1, is a dual affinity nitrate transporter. In response to decreasing levels of nitrate, NRT1.1 is capable of switching between low and high KM modes, a switch achieved through the post-translational phosphorylation of an intracellular threonine. Here I will present our recently determined crystal structures of NRT1.1 in both the apo and nitrate bound forms. Together with in vitro binding and transport data we identify key residues involved in nitrate recognition and provide the first biochemical explanation for the phosphorylation controlled `dual affinity' switch observed in NRT1.1. Finally we present our model for the molecular basis of nitrate uptake via this transporter.
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CRISCUOLO, GIUSEPPINA, VLADIMIR TOTEV VALKOV, AURORA PARLATI, LUDOVICO MARTIN ALVES, and MAURIZIO CHIURAZZI. "Molecular characterization of the Lotus japonicus NRT1(PTR) and NRT2 families." Plant, Cell & Environment 35, no. 9 (April 19, 2012): 1567–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02510.x.

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Wang, Xiaoli, Xiaofeng Cai, Chenxi Xu, and Quanhua Wang. "Identification and characterization of the NPF, NRT2 and NRT3 in spinach." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 158 (January 2021): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.017.

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Ruffel, Sandrine, Valentin Chaput, Jonathan Przybyla-Toscano, Ian Fayos, Catalina Ibarra, Tomas Moyano, Cécile Fizames, et al. "Genome-wide analysis in response to nitrogen and carbon identifies regulators for root AtNRT2 transporters." Plant Physiology 186, no. 1 (February 5, 2021): 696–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab047.

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Abstract In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the High-Affinity Transport System (HATS) for root nitrate (NO3−) uptake depends mainly on four NRT2 NO3− transporters, namely NRT2.1, NRT2.2, NRT2.4, and NRT2.5. The HATS is the target of many regulations to coordinate nitrogen (N) acquisition with the N status of the plant and with carbon (C) assimilation through photosynthesis. At the molecular level, C and N signaling pathways control gene expression of the NRT2 transporters. Although several regulators of these transporters have been identified in response to either N or C signals, the response of NRT2 gene expression to the interaction of these signals has never been specifically investigated, and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. To address this question we used an original systems biology approach to model a regulatory gene network targeting NRT2.1, NRT2.2, NRT2.4, and NRT2.5 in response to N/C signals. Our systems analysis of the data identified three transcription factors, TGA3, MYC1, and bHLH093. Functional analysis of mutants combined with yeast one-hybrid experiments confirmed that all three transcription factors are regulators of NRT2.4 or NRT2.5 in response to N or C signals. These results reveal a role for TGA3, MYC1, and bHLH093 in controlling the expression of root NRT2 transporter genes.
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Okamoto, Mamoru, J. John Vidmar, and Anthony D. M. Glass. "Regulation of NRT1 and NRT2 Gene Families of Arabidopsis thaliana: Responses to Nitrate Provision." Plant and Cell Physiology 44, no. 3 (March 15, 2003): 304–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcg036.

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Guo, Tiancai, Hongmei Xuan, Yingying Yang, Lina Wang, Liting Wei, Yonghua Wang, and Guozhang Kang. "Transcription Analysis of Genes Encoding the Wheat Root Transporter NRT1 and NRT2 Families During Nitrogen Starvation." Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 33, no. 4 (June 19, 2014): 837–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00344-014-9435-z.

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Miller, A., X. Fan, Q. Shen, and S. Smith. "Expression and functional analysis of rice NRT2 nitrate transporters." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 146, no. 4 (April 2007): S241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.558.

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Quesada, A., J. Hidalgo, and E. Fernández. "Three Nrt2 genes are differentially regulated in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Molecular and General Genetics MGG 258, no. 4 (May 1998): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050743.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "NRT2"

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Faure, Sandrine. "Étude de l'absorption du nitrate chez Brassica napus L. : évolution de l'activité des transporteurs et de la transcription des gènes NRT1 et NRT2 en réponse à une privation en NO 3, évaluation de leur rôle sur le cycle de culture." Caen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CAEN2007.

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Le colza, espece phylogenetiquement proche d'arabidopsis thaliana et presentant des capacites d'absorption elevees, a ete choisi pour etudier le metabolisme azote des especes cultivees. Les etudes cinetiques revelent un profil d'absorption du nitrate biphasique, suggerant qu'il existe au moins 2 systemes d'absorption : un systeme saturable a forte affinite agissant pour des faibles concentrations externes en no 3 (hats), et un systeme non saturable a faible affinite intervenant pour les fortes concentrations (lats). Ces deux systemes seraient constitues chacun d'une composante constitutive (chats et clats) et d'une composante inductible (ihats et ilats). Le suivi de la transcription des genes nrt1 et nrt2 au cours d'une privation partielle ou totale en azote conforte l'hypothese selon laquelle le gene nrt2 code un systeme ihats alors que le gene nrt1 code un systeme ilats. Si dans nos conditions experimentales, l'existence d'un mecanisme de de-induction et/ou de repression par les acides amines libres pourrait expliquer la chute de la transcription des genes nrt1 et nrt2 pendant les 48 premieres heures de privation. Par contre aucun mecanisme de de-repression n'a pu etre mis en evidence. L'expression des genes nrt1 et nrt2 est regulee au niveau transcriptionnel par le no 3 externe et probablement par la demande en azote des parties aeriennes, mais aussi au niveau post-transcriptionnel. Nos resultats montrent que chez le colza, les pools racinaires en no 3 et en acides amines libres n'interviennent pas au niveau transcriptionnel. Nous avons initier un modele mecaniste de l'absorption du nitrate au cous d'un cycle de culture uniquement base sur l'offre en nitrate du sol et sur le fonctionnement des transporteurs. Les simulations realisees montrent que le systeme hats intervient pour 94% en l'absence de fertilisation et pour 82% lors d'un apport azote a l'automne. Une fertilisation azotee augmente la capacite et la duree d'intervention du systeme lats.
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Tao, Shasha, Pengfei Liu, Gang Luo, de la Vega Montserrat Rojo, Heping Chen, Tongde Wu, Joseph Tillotson, Eli Chapman, and Donna D. Zhang. "p97 Negatively Regulates NRF2 by Extracting Ubiquitylated NRF2 from the KEAP1-CUL3 E3 Complex." AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623934.

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Activation of the stress-responsive transcription factor NRF2 is the major line of defense to combat oxidative or electrophilic insults. Under basal conditions, NRF2 is continuously ubiquitylated by the KEAP1-CUL3-RBX1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and is targeted to the proteasome for degradation ( the canonical mechanism). However, the path from the CUL3 complex to ultimate proteasomal degradation was previously unknown. p97 is a ubiquitin-targeted ATP-dependent segregase that extracts ubiquitylated client proteins from membranes, protein complexes, or chromatin and has an essential role in autophagy and the ubiquitin proteasome system ( UPS). In this study, we show that p97 negatively regulates NRF2 through the canonical pathway by extracting ubiquitylated NRF2 from the KEAP1-CUL3 E3 complex, with the aid of the heterodimeric cofactor UFD1/NPL4 and the UBA-UBX containing protein UBXN7, for efficient proteasomal degradation. Given the role of NRF2 in chemoresistance and the surging interest in p97 inhibitors to treat cancers, our results indicate that dual p97/NRF2 inhibitors may offer a more potent and long-term avenue of p97-targeted treatment.
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Steel, Richard James. "Targeting the Nrf2/Keap1 interaction." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/48776/.

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The Nrf2/Keap1 protein-protein interaction (PPI) regulates activity of the Nrf2 antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathway. The transcription factor Nrf2 has been found to be a key mediator in the resolution of inflammation and the progression of chronic diseases. Most known inducers of the Nrf2 pathway act by covalent modification of Keap1 via electrophilic functional groups. Controlled induction of the Nrf2 pathway via specific disruption of the Nrf2/Keap1 interaction is an attractive therapeutic target. This work describes a cell penetrating, TAT-Nrf2 peptide which targets the Nrf2/Keap1 interaction in vitro. Induction of downstream genes is both sequence and dose dependent. In an established model of bacterial sepsis, the peptide reduces pro-inflammatory mediators. Investigation of both cell penetrating and Keap1 binding sequences has identified the requirements for effective Nrf2 induction in cell based assays. An in vitro purified protein, fluorescence polarisation (FP) assay was established in order to rapidly characterise these peptides. Based on the secondary structure of the Keap1 binding portion of Nrf2, further peptides were designed to constrain the conformation and mimic the full protein, while reducing overall size. Synthesis of cyclic peptides has identified the minimal sequence required for efficient binding and provides significant improvement in affinity over linear sequences. Several macrocyclisation techniques were explored in an attempt to retain biological activity, without the need for cell penetration sequences. Initially, disulfide bridge formation was used to produce peptides with affinities for Keap1 similar to the TAT-Nrf2 peptides at considerably reduced size. Subsequently, both head-to-tail cyclisation and peptide stapling were examined in order to restore potency in cell based assays. Finally, an alternative method for identification of Nrf2/Keap1 disruptors was explored. In silico docking calculations were used to identify potential novel PPI disruptors through library screening. Extracted hits were assessed using the FP assay, validating its use for high throughput screening.
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Cowan, Jonathan. "Targeting Nrf2 in inflammation and cancer." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/53467/.

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The transcription factor Nrf2 protects against cellular stress by inducing cytoprotective proteins. Activation of Nrf2 protects against inflammation and oxidative damage in disease models in vitro and in vivo. Nrf2 activation may be a good therapeutic strategy in these diseases. Some dietary components activate Nrf2, which may be partially responsible for their beneficial effects in preventing disease. In this study a novel organosulfur compound from garlic, diallyl pentasulfide (DAPS), was investigated. DAPS strongly activated the Nrf2 pathway. Furthermore, it was a much more powerful activator of heme oxygenase-1 than any diallyl sulfides reported to date. Nrf2 is regulated by Keap1, which targets it for degradation. Disruption of the Nrf2/Keap1 interaction results in Nrf2 activation. In this study, a novel cell-penetrating peptide, based on the Keap1-binding site of Nrf2, disrupted the Nrf2/Keap1 interaction, and activated the Nrf2 pathway. Furthermore, it demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity, significantly inhibiting LPS-induced TNF expression in THP-1 monocytes, suggesting that the interaction is a valid therapeutic target in inflammation. In cancer, Nrf2 plays a dual role. Activation of Nrf2 protects cells from carcinogens. However, once a tumour has developed, Nrf2 can be hijacked by cancer cells to induce chemoresistance. This study examined the role of Nrf2 in malignant melanoma cells. Nrf2 was found to be overexpressed in 11 human melanoma cell lines in comparison with melanocytes. Chemoresistance to dacarbazine, doxorubicin and cisplatin correlated with Nrf2 expression, and Nrf2 siRNA increased the susceptibility of M202 and SK-MEL-5 cells to cisplatin, suggesting that Nrf2 plays a role in chemoresistance in melanoma. In conclusion, this study has identified novel activators of Nrf2, including a dietary compound and a cell penetrating peptide which inhibits inflammation in vitro. In addition, Nrf2 inhibition sensitises melanoma cells to chemotherapy. These results suggest that targeting Nrf2 is a viable strategy in both inflammation and cancer.
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Wu, Suquin, and s3102813@student rmit edu au. "Performance of regional atmospheric error models for NRTK in GPSnet and the implementation of a NRTK system." RMIT University. Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, 2009. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20091014.144831.

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Many high-accuracy regional GPS continuously operating reference (CORS) networks have been established globally. These networks are used to facilitate better positioning services, such as high accuracy real-time positioning. GPSnet is the first state-wide CORS network in Australia. In order to maximize the benefits of the expensive CORS geospatial infrastructure, the state of Victoria in collaboration with three universities (RMIT University, the University of NSW and the University of Melbourne) embarked on research into regional atmospheric error modelling for Network-based RTK (NRTK) via an Australian Research Council project in early 2005. The core of the NRTK technique is the modelling of the spatially-correlated errors. The accuracy of the regional error model is a determining factor for the performance of NRTK positioning. In this research, a number of error models are examined and comprehensively analysed. Among them, the following three models are tested: 1) the Linear Interpolation Method (LIM); 2) the Distance-Based interpolation method (DIM); and 3) the Low-order surface model (LSM). The accuracy of the three models is evaluated using three different observation sessions and a variety of network configurations of GPSnet. Results show that the LIM and DIM can be used to significantly reduce the double-differenced (DD) residuals (up to 60% improvement), and the LIM is slightly better than the DIM (most at mm level). However the DD residuals with the LSM corrections are, in some cases, not only much worse than that of the LIM and DIM but also even must greater/worse than the DD residuals without any corrections applied at all. This indicates that there are no advantages by using the LSM for the error modelling for NRTK in GPSnet, even though it is the most commonly used method by researchers. The performance difference of the LIM for different GPSnet configurations is also tested. Results show that in most cases, the performance difference mainly caused by the number of reference stations used is not significant. This implies that more redundant reference stations may not contribute much to the accuracy improvement of the LIM. However, it may mitigate the station specific errors (if any). The magnitude of the temporal variations of both the tropospheric and ionospheric effects in GPSnet observations is also investigated. Test results suggest that the frequency of generating and transmitting the tropospheric corrections should not be significantly different from that for the ionospehric corrections. Thus 1Hz frequency (i.e. once every second) is recommended for the generation and transmission for both types of the atmospheric corrections for NRTK in GPSnet. The algorithms of the NRTK software package used are examined and extensive analyses are conducted. The performance and limitation of the NRTK system in terms of network ambiguity resolution are assessed. The methodology for generating virtual reference station (VRS) observations in the system is presented. The validation of the algorithms for the generated VRS observations is undertaken. It is expected that this research is significant for both the selection of regional error models and the implementation of the NRTK technique in GPSnet or in the Victorian region.
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Lee, Sang C., Jack Zhang, Josh Strom, Danzhou Yang, Thai Nho Dinh, Kyle Kappeler, and Qin M. Chen. "G-Quadruplex in the NRF2 mRNA 5′ Untranslated Region Regulates De Novo NRF2 Protein Translation under Oxidative Stress." AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622753.

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Inhibition of protein synthesis serves as a general measure of cellular consequences of chemical stress. A few proteins are translated selectively and influence cell fate. How these proteins can bypass the general control of translation remains unknown. We found that low to mild doses of oxidants induce de novo translation of the NRF2 protein. Here we demonstrate the presence of a G-quadruplex structure in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of NRF2 mRNA, as measured by circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance, and dimethylsulfate footprinting analyses. Such a structure is important for 5'-UTR activity, since its removal by sequence mutation eliminated H2O2-induced activation of the NRF2 5' UTR. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomics revealed elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1a) as a protein binding to the G-quadruplex sequence. Cells responded to H2O2 treatment by increasing the EF1a protein association with NRF2 mRNA, as measured by RNA-protein interaction assays. The EF1a interaction with small and large subunits of ribosomes did not appear to change due to H2O2 treatment, nor did post translational modifications, as measured by two-dimensional (2-D) Western blot analysis. Since NRF2 encodes a transcription factor essential for protection against tissue injury, our data have revealed a novel mechanism of cellular defense involving de novo NRF2 protein translation governed by the EF1a interaction with the G-quadruplex in the NRF2 5' UTR during oxidative stress.
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Werling, Kristoffer, and Andreas Höglund. "Jämförelse av mätosäkerhet i höjd över tid med NRTK : Undersökning av tidsvariationer för GNSS-höjder inmätta med NRTK." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för miljö- och livsvetenskaper (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85239.

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Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) i kombination med Nätverks-RTK (NRTK) har idag blivit en vanlig metod för geodetiska inmätningar i plan och höjd. Inmätningar med NRTK har fördelen att de är relativt enkel att använda, ger koordinater i realtid och med låg mätosäkerhet (2–3 cm). Dock har användare rapporterat om att större avvikelser i höjd är vanligare än avvikelser i plan, vilka varierar över tid. Tidigare studier har inte funnit samband mellan avvikelser i höjd med NRTK och variationen över tid.  Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur resultatet av inmätta höjder med NRTK varierar över tid och vad som påverkar avvikelsen i höjd samt om det går att finna ett samband för avvikelserna.   I studien användes en GNSS-mottagare med NRTK för att på två stompunkter insamla mätdata en gång i minuten i tre timmar på varje punkt, under totalt två dagar. Mätdata som lagrades och analyserades var antal satelliter, PDOP, vertikal precision, och tidpunkt för inmätt höjd och höjdvärde. Under fältarbetet användes också två olika elevationsvinklar, 10 och 15 grader, för att se hur mätosäkerheten påverkades. Vidare utfördes en dubbelavvägning mellan stompunkterna som en kontroll av de angivna höjdkoordinaterna. Resultatet visar att variationen för enskild inmätt höjd är slumpmässig. En undersökning av PDOP, antal satelliter, horisontell och vertikal precision gav inga korrelationer till mätresultatet. Standardosäkerheten i höjd för mätserie på punkt 8316 med 10° elevationsvinkel beräknades till 1,2 cm och med en förändring till 15° elevationsvinkel 1,6 cm. På punkt 8318 med 10° elevationsvinkel beräknades 2,6 cm och med 15° elevationsvinkel 3,4 cm.  Analysen av mätdata förtydligar att behov finns för att öka tillförlitligheten vid GNSS-mätning med NRTK. Standardosäkerheten överskrider angiven mätosäkerhet för metoden, vid mätning på 8318 med 15° elevationsvinkel. Med elevationsvinkel 10° uppnås inte 68 % av mätningarna inom sigmanivå 2, och drygt 13 % återfinns inom sigmanivå 2–3. Vid en beräkning av standardosäkerhet, med medeltals-bildning, erhölls markanta förbättringar på punkt 8316 för båda mätserierna upp till 20 min medan det följande ger avtagande förbättringar. På punkt 8318 erhölls ständiga förbättringar kontinuerligt till 60 min vilket var den högsta gränsen som undersöktes. Differens mellan högsta och lägsta avvikelse för inmätt höjd, jämfört med känd höjd, beräknades till 9,2 cm för punkt 8316 med 15° elevation och 6,9 cm med 10°. Motsvarande för punkt 8318 med 15° beräknades avvikelsen till 16,5 cm och 12,3 cm för 10°. För GNSS-användare behövs insikt i att enskilda mätningar, med lågt angivna värden i handenheten, inte säkerställer goda mätresultat. Flera mätningar under kort tid kan ge mycket låg standardosäkerhet, men en timme senare kan samma låga standard-osäkerhet för nya mätningar fortfarande representera en avvikande inmätt höjd. Medeltalsbildning, tidsseparation och en lämplig elevationsvinkel är sannolikt krav för att tillförlitligt kunna säkerställa att metoden uppnår 2–3 cm mätosäkerhet i höjd för 68 % av mätningarna.
The usage of GNSS is becoming increasingly more common due to its efficiency and time saving capacities. Network-RTK is a method that uses relative positioning and is supposed to deliver measurements with a positional accuracy of about 2-3 cm for plane and height. Previous research shows variety in measuring results using NRTK at different times or days, but the focus was on other aspects than time itself. This study focused on time and its impact on GNSS-derived heights, linked to used methods for practical use of GNSS, and these results were meant to create guidelines or routines for increased reliability in measuring data if it exceeded the positional accuracy. Measurment data were gathered at two vertical control points during three hours each, on two separate days, with data being collected at a one-minute interval. The findings of this study show that the variety over time is random, and that there are no standard settings or routines that guarantee reliability for the method to deliver commonly stated positional accuracies. Although, we found that certain steps for improving measurements are time-separating, averaged measurements for at least twenty minutes, and a good understanding of how to set an appropriate elevation mask.
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Hong, Fei. "ANALYSIS OF ELECTROPHILE-INDUCED NRF2 GENE ACTIVATION." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1280%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Baird, Liam. "Single cell analysis of Keap1-Nrf2 dynamics." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2013. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/50580cee-d8e3-4618-aa7d-3a9c0fa8a96f.

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The transcription factor Nrf2 is a master regulator of cytoprotective gene expression. Nrf2 is negatively controlled by Keap1, a sensor protein which allows Nrf2 to respond to changing cellular conditions. In the basal state, Nrf2 binds to two sites of a Keap1 dimer allowing its ubiquitination in a Cullin-3/Rbx1-dependent manner. In response to electrophiles and oxidants (termed inducers, which bind directly to Keap1) ubiquitination of Nrf2 is inhibited; consequently, Nrf2 accumulates and activates transcription.We have developed aFLIM-based assay to study the dynamic interaction between Keap1 and Nrf2 in single live cells. Combinations of wild type and mutant proteins revealed that under basal conditions the Keap1-Nrf2 complex exists in two conformations, one in which Nrf2 is bound to both members or the Keap1 dimer (‘closed’ conformation), and a second in which Nrf2 interacts with a single Keap1 monomer (‘open’ conformation). We found that following exposure to a range of inducers the Cul3-Keap1-Nrf2 complex does not dissociate, but remains intact. Furthermore, we found that inducers lead to the accumulation of the Keap1-Nrf2 complex in the ‘closed’ conformation. Interestingly, blockage of the proteasome also leads to the accumulation of the complex in the closed conformation, suggesting that the binding of Nrf2 and its subsequent Keap1-dependent ubiquitination follows a cyclical pattern. We believe that the existence of a Keap1-Nrf2 binding cycle benefits the cell, as it allows other signaling pathways, such as those mediated by p21 and p62, to regulate Nrf2 activity in the absence of inducers. Together our results show that the interaction between Keap1 and Nrf2 is more dynamic than previously anticipated and that inducers function to modulate this dynamism, leading to Nrf2 stabilisation and cytoprotective gene expression.
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Gacesa, Ranko. "Agonists of the transcriptional Keap1-Nrf2 gatekeeper." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/agonists-of-the-transcriptional-keap1nrf2-gatekeeper(fa9acc9f-63a5-4bb4-9d0e-cbf03ea4f104).html.

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Oxidative stress has been associated with numerous degenerative diseases and disorders, as well as cancer and the process of ageing. In higher animals, the response to oxidative stress is largely regulated by the master transcription factor Nrf2, which controls the transcription of cytoprotective genes, and its inhibitor Keap1 which functions as a “sensor” of oxidative stress. Keap1-Nrf2 pathway is known to be conserved across vertebrates and certain invertebrates, but its evolution is yet to be described and it is currently unknown if microbes such as yeasts and bacteria possess this pathway. This thesis examines microbial genomes for evidence of Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, investigates the evolution of this pathway over geological time, and assesses the potential for activation of Nrf2-controlled cytoprotection by microbially produced small compounds. The novel software for identification of distant homologs was developed and utilized to study the homologs of Keap1 and Nrf2 proteins in genomes of animals and microorganisms. The evolution of Keap1-Nrf2 pathway was reconstructed by phylogenetic studies, and the time-frame of evolution was calibrated using the fossil record. The existence of Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in fungi was also examined empirically by utilizing high-throughput proteomics to quantify the stress response mechanisms of an UV-tolerant yeast model. Structure based virtual screening was employed to identify microbial natural products with potential to activate human Nrf2 pathway by inhibiting the Keap1-Nrf2 binding, and the prospective in-silico activators of Nrf2 were tested in vitro by fluorescence polarisation and thermal shift assays to detect competitive inhibition of human Keap1-Nrf2 binding. In-silico analyses identified that the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway exists in all major eukaryotic phyla, ranging from fungi to mammals, and that Nrf2 evolved under a selective pressure incurred by the rise of oxygen levels over geological time. The in-silico virtual screen identified the potential for competitive inhibition of Keap1-Nrf2 binding by mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), small compound UV-protective and antioxidant metabolites of marine microorganisms. This activity of MAAs was tested empirically, and the MAAs shinorine and porphyra-334 were confirmed to competitively inhibit the human Keap1-Nrf2 interaction in vitro. The results presented herein indicate that natural products of microorganisms, such as MAAs, are the prospective compound leads for the design of novel therapeutics to target activation of the human Keap1-Nrf2 pathway for treating degenerative diseases of oxidative stress, whilst avoiding the off-target effects of currently utilized Nrf2 activators.
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Books on the topic "NRT2"

1

Salkind, Lou. Changes in NRTX. New York: Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 1987.

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Salkind, Lou. Changes in NRTX. New York: Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 1987.

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Deng, Huai, ed. Nrf2 and its Modulation in Inflammation. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44599-7.

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L, Smith David. Results of statewide TerraNova NRT examinations, October 1997. Carson City, Nevada: Nevada Dept. of Education, Standards, Curricula and Assessments, 1998.

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United States. Naval Education and Training Command, ed. Radioman Training Series, Module 2-Computer Systems, Training Manual (TRAMAN) and Nonresident Training Course (NRTC), August 1997. [S.l: s.n., 1998.

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United States. Naval Education and Training Command, ed. Radioman Training Series, Module 3-Network Communications, Training Manual (Traman) And Nonresident Training Course (NRTC), October 1997. [S.l: s.n., 1998.

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National Institute for Clinical Excellence., ed. Guidance on the use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and bupropion for smoking cessation. London: NICE, 2002.

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United States. Naval Education and Training Command, ed. Radioman Training Series, Module 1-Administration and Security, Training Manual (TRAMAN) and Nonresident Training Course (NRTC), April 1997. [S.l: s.n., 1998.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. The circumstellar environment of low mass star forming regions: Final technical report : Airborne Astronomy Program (NRA2-36449 (BXM)), grant NAG 2-959. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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Austria. Strafgesetzbuch: Idf des Strafrechtsänderungsgesetzes 1996, BGBl Nr 762/1996 und des Bundesgesetzes BGBl Nr12/1997, und ; Jugendgerichtsgesetz : idf des Bundesgesetzes BGBl Nr 522/1994 : Textausgabe mit Materialien und ausgewählten Entscheidungen. Wien: Verlag Österreich, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "NRT2"

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Faure, S., E. Le Deunff, P. Lainé, J. H. Macduff, and A. Ourry. "Effects of N deprivation and nitrate pulses on NRT1 and NRT2 transcript levels and nitrate influx rate in Brassica napus L." In Plant Nutrition, 210–11. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_101.

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Horstkorte, Rüdiger, Bettina Büttner, Kaya Bork, Navdeep Sahota, Sarah Sabir, Laura O’Regan, Joelle Blot, et al. "Nrf2." In Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 1262. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0461-4_100941.

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Bhattacharjee, Shamee. "Epigenetic Regulators of NRF2." In Handbook of Oxidative Stress in Cancer: Therapeutic Aspects, 1437–55. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5422-0_73.

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Bhattacharjee, Shamee. "Epigenetic Regulators of NRF2." In Handbook of Oxidative Stress in Cancer: Therapeutic Aspects, 1–19. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1247-3_73-1.

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Carlson, Jennifer, Lindsey Price, and Huai Deng. "Nrf2 and the Nrf2-Interacting Network in Respiratory Inflammation and Diseases." In Nrf2 and its Modulation in Inflammation, 51–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44599-7_3.

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Wang, Rong, and Viviana I. Perez. "Molecular Mechanisms of Nrf2 in Inflammation: Interactions Between Nrf2 and Inflammatory Mediators." In Nrf2 and its Modulation in Inflammation, 1–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44599-7_1.

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Hohmann, Miriam S., Tiago H. Zaninelli, Larissa Staurengo-Ferrari, Marília F. Manchope, Stephanie Badaro-Garcia, Andressa de Freitas, Rubia Casagrande, and Waldiceu A. Verri. "Nrf2 in Immune Responses During Inflammation." In Nrf2 and its Modulation in Inflammation, 23–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44599-7_2.

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Yamazaki, Hiromi, and Ken Itoh. "Nrf2 in the Regulation of Endothelial Cell Homeostasis During Inflammation." In Nrf2 and its Modulation in Inflammation, 77–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44599-7_4.

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Mathis, Bryan J., and Taixing Cui. "The Role of Nrf2 in the Cardiovascular System and Atherosclerosis." In Nrf2 and its Modulation in Inflammation, 97–127. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44599-7_5.

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Sarkar, Sayanta, Noyel Ghosh, Mousumi Kundu, and Parames C. Sil. "Nrf2 and Inflammation-Triggered Carcinogenesis." In Nrf2 and its Modulation in Inflammation, 129–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44599-7_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "NRT2"

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Karunarathne, Sumudu, Jeanette Larsen, and Lars Erik Øi. "Mathematical Models for Physicochemical Properties of Different Amine-based Solvents in Post combustion CO2 Capture." In 63rd International Conference of Scandinavian Simulation Society, SIMS 2022, Trondheim, Norway, September 20-21, 2022. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp192021.

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In order to reduce global CO2 emissions, CO2 capture based on absorption in an amine/water mixture is an established method. To develop such processes, correct physicochemical properties like densities and viscosities are important.The first objective of this work is to explore mathematical correlations for fitting viscosity data for aqueous Monoethanolamine (MEA) and Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). A second objective is to evaluate the prediction of viscosity based on parameters independent of viscosity measurements.13 developed correlations have been evaluated by comparing the maximum deviation of fitted models to the measured property, and by determining the average absolute relative deviation (AARD%). Python 3.6, MATLAB R2020b and Excel were used as the tools for regression.The results indicated that viscosity for aqueous amines was better correlated by Eyring’s viscosity model based on NRTL (Non-Random-Two Liquid model) rather than a Redlich-Kister correlation. The achieved AARD% of aqueous MEA were 2.39 for Redlich-Kister, 1.87 for Eyring-NRTL and 1.88 for the segment-based Eyring-NRTL model. The same trend was achieved for aqueous MDEA with AARD% of 3.04, 2.23 and 1.88 for different approaches.The possibility of using data from vapor/liquid equilibrium parameters to predict viscosity in MEA/water and MDEA/water was evaluated. Using parameters in the equilibrium model NRTL from the simulation program Aspen HYSYS in a model from Karunarathne indicated that it is possible to predict viscosity reasonably well without experimental viscosity data.
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Dias, Gustavo Coser Monteiro. "ADEQUAÇÃO À NR12." In IV Simpósio de Tecnologias da Fatec de Sertãozinho (SITEFA/Stz). Fatec Sertãozinho, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33635/sitefa.v4i1.168.

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A Norma Regulamentadora número 12, ou somente NR12 requer que todas as máquinas e equipamentos ofereçam segurança aos operadores de máquinas, mantenedores e terceiros. Adicionalmente, exige-se que os sistemas de segurança das máquinas e equipamentos garantam que, quando houver falhas, essas sejam falhas seguras. Dentre os dispositivos de segurança pode-se citar as chaves gerais dos equipamentos (chaves seccionadoras). Esse componente, por exigir que haja contato direto com o operador, deve resguardar a segurança desse durante o manuseio e, portanto, é caracterizado como um item de segurança pelas normas técnicas vigentes. Durante um serviço de adequação de uma máquina à NR12, uma empresa da região de Araraquara-SP (empresa A) utilizou um modelo de chave seccionadora desprovida de haste extensora e, por esta razão foi questionada pelo cliente, que exigiu uma justificativa técnica pela escolha de tal componente. Diante deste questionamento foi desenvolvido o presente trabalho, que teve como objetivo demonstrar a ausência de especificidades técnicas no corpo da NR12, além de atestar a adequação da chave escolhida pela empresa A às exigências de segurança da referida norma.
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Abalenikhina, Y. V., A. A. Seidkuliyeva, E. D. Rokunov, D. S. Nemtinov, A. V. Shchulkin, and E. N. Yakusheva. "PARTICIPATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR OF ERYTHROID ORIGIN-2 IN REGU-LATION P-GLYCOPROTEIN IN MODELING ENDOGENOUS OXIDATIVE STRESS." In NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-2-1.251-257.

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The article discusses the mechanisms of regulation of the P-glycoprotein transporter protein (Pgp) in cells of the Caco2 line under conditions of modeling endogenous oxidative stress caused by exposure to DL-butyonine sulfoximine (BSO, a glutathione synthesis inhibitor). Ex-periments have shown that exposure to BSO at concentrations of 10-100 μM leads to a de-crease in the concentration of glutathione, an increase in the amount of Pgp and nuclear factor of erythroid origin 2 (Nrf2). Inhibition of Nrf2 contributed to the normalization of Pgp levels, which proves the participation of the transcription factor in the regulation of the transporter protein under the conditions of modeling endogenous oxidative stress.
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Matsuzono, Kazuhisa, and Hitoshi Asaeda. "NRTS: Content name-based real-time streaming." In 2016 13th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccnc.2016.7444837.

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Kim, Kyun Ha, Ji Hyo Lyu, JaHaeng Jung, Ruxana T. Sadikot, Timothy Blackwell, Michael Freeman, John W. Christman, and Myungsoo Joo. "Nrf2 Physically Interacted With P47phox, A Subunit Of NADPH Oxidase, Increasing The Expression Of Genes Governed By Nrf2." In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a1362.

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Schalk, Erwin, Herwig Ofner, Christian Doppler, Steffen Daum, Alois Danninger, Eberhard Schutting, and Peter Kislinger. "Limits for NOx Reduction by EGR in a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine at Stationary and Transient Conditions." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2012-92199.

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Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is an effective engine internal measure to reduce NOx emissions. This is e.g. constituted by the fact that the NOx limit of the current European on-road emission regulation EURO V can be met exclusively by the application of EGR (an overview on emissions regulations is e.g. given in [1]). However, the proposed NOx limits for the upcoming regulations have been lowered significantly which implicates much higher EGR rates compared to the EURO V applications if this strategy is further pursued. This is valid for both the future on-road regulation (EURO VI) and the off-road regulation (Stage IV). In this paper main focus is laid on off-road applications. One of the main challenges of this task refers to transient engine operation which also requires EGR. Thus, great demands are made to the design and calibration of the charging system in order to guarantee acceptable load response characteristics during the acceleration phases. An experimental study was carried out with a modified EURO V heavy duty engine which was operated in an engine test cell under stationary and transient conditions with various engine settings. These primarily referred to the EGR rate and smoke limitations during transient operation. In this way the NOx, soot and load response characteristics were systematically investigated. With the used test engine the NOx emissions could not be lowered below a level of approximately 0.6 g/kWh in the Non-Road Transient Test Cycle (NRTC) [1] without a significant deterioration in load response (for comparison — the proposed Stage IV NOx limit is 0.4 g/kWh in the NRTC).
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Choi, Bo-hyun, Kyeong-Ah Jung, Mingu Song, and Mi-Kyoung Kwak. "Abstract 2066: Identification of NRF2 target genes in human cells: Aldoketo reductases as a potential biomarker for NRF2 activity." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-2066.

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Rangasamy, Tirumalai, Packirisamy Gopinath, Umayal Sivagnanalingam, Mustafa Shafiq, Masayuki Yamamoto, Thomas J. Mariani, Darwin J. Prockop, Steven R. Kleeberger, Rubin Tuder, and Steve Georas. "Investigating The Therapeutic Potential Of Nrf2 Wild-Type And Nrf2-Deficient Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Elastase Induced Pulmonary Emphysema." In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a6136.

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Ahmed, Amira, Huda Farah, Omnia Ahmed, Dina Elsayegh, Abdelrahman Elgamal, and Nasser Moustafa Rizk. "Profile Of Oxidative Stress Genes In Response To Obesity Treatment." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0150.

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Background: Oxidative stress (OS) is an imbalance between free radical production and the antioxidants defense in the body. Previous studies demonstrated the correlation of OS to the increased risk of developing metabolic disorders such as obesity. Sulforaphane (SFN), a bioactive compound, can protect against inflammation and OS, thus an effective anti-obesity supplement. Aim: This study explores the impact of SNF on OS in diet induced obese (DIO) mice via profiling of OS genes and pathways in skeletal muscles related to the anti-obesity effect. Methods: Wild-type CD1 male mice and the knockout of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2) like 2 (NrF2) mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks; to induce obesity. Subsequently, each group was subdivided into two subgroups and received either Vehicle (25μl) or SFN (5 mg/kg BW) for four weeks. Body weight was measured daily, and a glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed after 21 days of treatment. Afterward, mice were decapitated, blood and tissue samples were collected and snap-frozen immediately. Total RNA was extracted from Skeletal muscle and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), leptin expression was measured in (eWAT), and 84 OS genes in skeletal muscle were examined using RT-PCR. Results: Significant reduction in body weight in SFN treated WT mice, while no change in KO mice. Plasma glucose, leptin, and leptin gene expression (eWAT) were significantly reduced in the WT-DIO SFN treated group, while no changes were detected in KO mice. SFN decreases OS damage in skeletal muscles, such as lipid peroxidation and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that SFN had lowered body weight in WT-DIO mice by decreasing OS damage in skeletal muscles through the NrF2 pathway and can be a potential anti-obesity drug.
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Villeneuve, Nicole F., Yu Du, Xiao-Jun Wang, Zheng Sun, and Donna D. Zhang. "High-throughput screening of chemopreventive compounds targeting Nrf2." In 2008 3rd IEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nems.2008.4484518.

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Reports on the topic "NRT2"

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Kelley, Christopher Lee, and Brian Thomas Naughton. NRT Design Verification Test Plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1489535.

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Fairchild, Sara, Ryan Beach, Lindsay Proell, and Scott Hughes. Sandia NRT Blade-0 Laboratory Modal Survey. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1825235.

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Fairchild, Sara, Ryan Beach, Lindsay Proell, and Scott Hughes. Sandia NRT Blade-0 Laboratory Modal Survey. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1825235.

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Ennis, Brandon Lee, and Joshua A. Paquette. NRT Rotor Structural / Aeroelastic Analysis for the Preliminary Design Review. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1225852.

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Schindler, R. E. Physical property parameter set for modeling ICPP aqueous wastes with ASPEN electrolyte NRTL model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/379055.

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Letterio, John. Nrf2: A Novel Biomarker of Disease Severity and Target for Therapeutic Intervention in Multiple Sclerosis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada619136.

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J. W. Sterbentz and D. L. Chichester. Further Evaluation of the Neutron Resonance Transmission Analysis (NRTA) Technique for Assaying Plutonium in Spent Fuel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1033902.

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Marcus Hilliard. THERMODYNAMICS OF AQUEOUS PIPERAZINE/POTASSIUM CARBONATE/CARBON DIOXIDE CHARACTERIZED BY THE ELECTROLYTE NRTL MODEL WITHIN ASPEN PLUS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/838130.

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J. W. Sterbentz and D. L. Chichester. Neutron Resonance Transmission Analysis (NRTA): A Nondestructive Assay Technique for the Next Generation Safeguards Initiative?s Plutonium Assay Challenge. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1017869.

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Taverna, Kristin. Vegetation classification and mapping of land additions at Richmond National Battlefield Park, Virginia: Addendum to technical report NPS/NER/NRTR 2008/128. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294278.

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In 2008 and 2015, the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage produced vegetation maps for Richmond National Battlefield Park, following the protocols of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) – National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Program. The original 2008 report was part of a regional project to map and classify the vegetation in seven national parks in Virginia. The 2015 report was an addendum to the original report and mapped the vegetation in newly acquired parcels. Since 2015, the park has acquired an additional 820 acres of land within 12 individual parcels, including the 650 acre North Anna unit. This report is an addendum to the 2008 and 2015 reports and documents the mapping of vegetation and other land-use classes for the 12 new land parcels at Richmond National Battlefield Park, with an updated vegetation map for the entire park. The updated map and associated data provide information on the sensitivity and ecological integrity of habitats and can help prioritize areas for protection. The vegetation map of the new land parcels includes eighteen map classes, representing 14 associations from the United States National Vegetation Classification, one nonstandard, park-specific class, and three Anderson Level II land-use categories. The vegetation classification and map classes are consistent with the original 2008 report. Vegetation-map classes for the new land parcels were identified through field reconnaissance, data collection, and aerial photo interpretation. Aerial photography from 2017 served as the base map for mapping the 12 new parcels, and field sampling was conducted in the summer of 2020. Three new map classes for the Park were encountered and described during the study, all within the North Anna park unit. These map classes are Coastal Plain / Outer Piedmont Basic Mesic Forest, Northern Coastal Plain / Piedmont Oak – Beech / Heath Forest, and Southern Piedmont / Inner Coastal Plain Floodplain Terrace Forest. The examples of Coastal Plain / Outer Piedmont Basic Mesic Forest and Southern Piedmont / Inner Coastal Plain Floodplain Terrace Forest at North Anna meet the criteria of size, condition, and landscape context to be considered a Natural Heritage exemplary natural community occurrence and should be targeted for protection and management as needed. New local and global descriptions for the three map classes are included as part of this report. Refinements were made to the vegetation field key to include the new map classes. The updated field key is part of this report. An updated table listing the number of polygons and total hectares for each of the 28 vegetation- map classes over the entire park is also included in the report. A GIS coverage containing a vegetation map for the entire park with updated Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) compliant metadata was completed for this project. The attribute table field names are the same as the 2008 and 2015 products, with the exception of an additional field indicating the year each polygon was last edited.
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