Journal articles on the topic 'NP Hypothesis'
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Bauer, D., H. J. Broersma, A. Morgana, and E. Schmeichel. "Polynomial algorithms that prove an NP-Hard hypothesis implies an NP-hard conclusion." Discrete Applied Mathematics 120, no. 1-3 (August 2002): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-218x(01)00276-1.
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Zhiyi, Zhang. "Cross-linguistic Variation of Binding Possibilities and Parameterized DP Hypothesis Revisited." English Linguistics Research 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v8n1p37.
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The former study approached the cross-linguistic variation of binding possibilities from the perspective of parameterized DP hypothesis. However, the parameterized DP hypothesis failed to explain some syntactic truth as regards the binding relation between possessive NP and pronoun. It has been examined in the present study that different languages have different means to form possessive structure and different mechanisms work in obligatory and optional binding. The c-commanding relation is the semantic basis for the optional binding between the possessive NP and the pronoun. For languages with possessive NP entering derivation after T, possessive NP fails to c-command pronoun and there will be no optional binding. For languages with possessive NP or morpheme entering derivation before T, possessive NP or morpheme succeeds to c-command pronoun and there is optional binding.
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Latash, Mark L., Vijaya Krishnamoorthy, John P. Scholz, and Vladimir M. Zatsiorsky. "Postural Synergies and Their Development." Neural Plasticity 12, no. 2-3 (2005): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/np.2005.119.
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The recent developments of a particular approach to analyzing motor synergies based on the principle of motor abundance has allowed a quantitative assessment of multieffector coordination in motor tasks involving anticipatory adjustments to self-triggered postural perturbations and in voluntary posturalsway. This approach, the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis, is based on an assumption that the central nervous system organizes covariation of elemental variables to stabilize important performance variables in a task-specific manner. In particular, this approach has been used to demonstrate and to assess the emergence of synergies and their modification with motor practice in typical persons and persons with Down syndrome. The framework of the UCM hypothesis allows the formulation of testable hypotheses with respect to developing postural synergies in typically and atypically developing persons.
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Finer, Daniel L. "Sulawesi Relatives, V-Raising, and the CP-Complement Hypothesis." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 43, no. 3-4 (December 1998): 283–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000841310002449x.
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AbstractDPs in several Austronesian languages from southwestern Sulawesi show the D head as an enclitic on an element within the DP. Where N is unmodified, D cliticizes to N, and where D is modified, D cliticizes to the modifier. A structure in which NP and the modifying phrase are treated as arguments of D is proposed, and the cliticization pattern is analyzed as resulting from head movement. Depending on the valency of the DP, NP will either be specifier or complement of D. This analysis extends easily to account for some otherwise puzzling patterns shown in relative clauses where D cliticizes to the right periphery of the verb of the modifying CP. Under the minimalist hypotheses that overt movement is a function of feature strength and that the strength of the relevant features can vary from language to language, certain patterns of head-adjunction involving V, I, C, and D are expected and the predictions are discussed.
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Albisser, Arlette, Yann Le Clec’h, and Haiko Sprott. "Neck pain and migraine: Association or cause?—A narrative review of the literature." Clinical and Translational Neuroscience 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 2514183X1983476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514183x19834768.
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This literature review deals with the question whether neck pain (NP) constitutes a symptom or a trigger of migraine. Firstly, a short survey about some techniques for measuring NP in association and relation with migraine is presented. Secondly, the arguments about NP as a symptom or a trigger of migraine are being reviewed and compared. The main questions are the following: Which tests can be used to distinguish NP as a trigger or a symptom of migraine? Is a therapy for NP an adequate method to treat migraine? Finally, the pros and cons of NP as a symptom or as a trigger will be reviewed, and possible treatment options will be suggested. This review found that no reliable and standardized tests exist to classify NP in relation to migraine. However, there is a comparability among these studies due to the common use of migraine definition in the “International Classification of Headache Disorders.” Regarding the quality and methods, different types of studies were analyzed, for example, retrospective, prospective, and cross-sectional studies. Nevertheless, none of these types are specifically suited to show a causality between NP and migraine. In order to do this, the authors would suggest using a randomized controlled study. Another adequate study design might be a population-based case–control crossover study and calculating the population attributable risk. Furthermore, the pathophysiology of NP in migraine patients should be investigated in more detail. Besides their questionable suitability for showing a connection between NP and migraine, some studies were additionally subject to a population and selection bias. To sum up, part of the authors in the reviewed literature generate the hypothesis that NP is more often a symptom than a trigger of migraine. However, due to methodological flaws, more studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.
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Adams, S. H., and J. Odle. "Plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate after octanoate challenge: attenuated ketogenic capacity in neonatal swine." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 265, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): R761—R765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.4.r761.
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Suckling neonatal pigs (NP, 24 h old) do not exhibit elevated blood ketone bodies (KB). Mature swine have relatively high KB under certain conditions, suggesting an ontogeny of ketogenesis. Thus we evaluated the hypothesis that NP possess a relatively attenuated ketogenic capacity vs. weaned pigs (WP) and mature pigs (MP). Fasted animals were given an intraperitoneal dose of octanoate (C8), and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) and C8 were monitored over 180 min. Newborn (NR, 24 h old) and mature rabbits (MR, > 1 yr old) were also compared. Linear regressions of plasma beta-OHB (microM) vs. plasma C8 (microM) were calculated for C8 < 1,000 microM. There was a significant linear relationship of beta-OHB regressed against C8 in all ages of pigs (P < 0.001) and in NR (P = 0.024). The slope for NP (0.08) was one to two orders of magnitude below slopes for older pigs (WP = 1.19 and MP = 0.78, P < 0.01 vs. NP), NR *6.97, P < 0.05), and MR (4.04, NS). The beta-OHB peak in NP (40.9 +/- 4.4 microM) was 1-8% of the maxima in other animals (P < 0.05) despite a C8 maximum (2.3 +/- 0.3 mM) similar to that of WP (1.9 +/- 0.7 mM) and MR (2.9 +/- 1.2 mM) (P > 0.05, NS). The data are consistent with the hypothesis that NP have a poor capacity for ketogenesis.
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CALUDE, CRISTIAN S., ELENA CALUDE, and MELISSA S. QUEEN. "INDUCTIVE COMPLEXITY OF THE P VERSUS NP PROBLEM." Parallel Processing Letters 23, no. 01 (March 2013): 1350007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626413500072.
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This paper does not propose a solution, not even a new possible attack, to the P versus NP problem. We are asking the simpler question: How “complex” is the P versus NP problem? Using the inductive complexity measure—a measure based on computations run by inductive register machines of various orders—developed in [2], we determine an upper bound on the inductive complexity of second order of the P versus NP problem. From this point of view, the P versus NP problem is significantly more complex than the Riemann hypothesis. To date, the P versus NP problem and the Goostein theorem (which is unprovable in Peano Arithmetic) are the most complex mathematical statements (theorems, conjectures and problems) studied in this framework [9, 5, 6, 2, 20].
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Briffa, S. M., F. Nasser, E. Valsami-Jones, and I. Lynch. "Uptake and impacts of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) capped metal oxide nanoparticles on Daphnia magna: role of core composition and acquired corona." Environmental Science: Nano 5, no. 7 (2018): 1745–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8en00063h.
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Davidse, Kristin, Lieselotte Brems, and Liesbeth De Smedt. "Type noun uses in the English NP." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 13, no. 2 (May 26, 2008): 139–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.13.2.02dav.
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This article addresses the relatively neglected question of identifying and characterizing the various uses of sort, kind and type in the English NP. It does so on the basis of close analysis of a set of data extracted from the Times subcorpus of the COBUILD corpus. The proposed description refers to the general functions fulfilled by elements of the NP, which, from right to left, form an objective — subjective continuum. At the same time, we characterize the specific grammatical, collocational and discoursal patterns that can be observed to shape each use in the empirical data. In this way, we distinguish, besides the generally recognized head and qualifier uses, also modifier, postdeterminer and quantifier uses. We then consider these intra-NP type noun uses as a possible case of Adamson’s (2000) hypothesis, which correlates subjectification with leftward movement in the NP.
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Courtes, Aline Alves, Letícia Priscila Arantes, Rômulo Pillon Barcelos, Ingrid Kich da Silva, Aline Augusti Boligon, Margareth Linde Athayde, Robson Luiz Puntel, and Félix Alexandre Antunes Soares. "Protective Effects of Aqueous Extract ofLuehea divaricataagainst Behavioral and Oxidative Changes Induced by 3-Nitropropionic Acid in Rats." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/723431.
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Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease. Accordingly, 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) has been found to effectively produce HD-like symptoms.Luehea divaricata(L. divaricata), popularly known in Brazil as “açoita-cavalo,” may act as a neuroprotective agentin vitroandin vivo. We evaluated the hypothesis that the aqueous extract ofL. divaricatacould prevent behavioral and oxidative alterations induced by 3-NP in rats. 25 adult Wistar male rats were divided into 5 groups: (1) control, (2)L. divaricata(1000 mg/kg), (3) 3-NP, (4)L. divaricata(500 mg/kg) + 3-NP, and (5)L. divaricata(1000 mg/kg) + 3-NP. Groups 2, 4, and 5 receivedL. divaricatavia intragastric gavage daily for 10 days. Animals in groups 3, 4, and 5 received 20 mg/kg 3-NP daily from days 8–10. At day 10, parameters of locomotor activity and biochemical evaluations were performed. Indeed, rats treated with 3-NP showed decreased locomotor activity compared to controls. Additionally, 3-NP increased levels of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation and decreased ratio of GSH/GSSG and acetylcholinesterase activity in cortex and/or striatum. Our results suggest that rats pretreated withL. divaricataprior to 3-NP treatment showed neuroprotective effects when compared to 3-NP treated controls, which may be due to its antioxidant properties.
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Komprda, Tomáš, Zbyšek Sládek, Monika Vícenová, Jana Simonová, Gabriela Franke, Břetislav Lipový, Milena Matejovičová, et al. "Effect of Polymeric Nanoparticles with Entrapped Fish Oil or Mupirocin on Skin Wound Healing Using a Porcine Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14 (July 11, 2022): 7663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147663.
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The utilization of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) with entrapped fish oil (FO) loaded in collagen-based scaffolds for cutaneous wound healing using a porcine model is unique for the present study. Full-depth cutaneous excisions (5 × 5 cm) on the pig dorsa were treated with pure collagen scaffold (control, C), empty PLGA NPs (NP), FO, mupirocin (MUP), PLGA NPs with entrapped FO (NP/FO) and PLGA NPs with entrapped MUP (NP/MUP). The following markers were evaluated on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 post-excision: collagen, hydroxyproline (HP), angiogenesis and expressions of the COX2, EGF, COL1A1, COL1A3, TGFB1, VEGFA, CCL5 and CCR5 genes. The hypothesis that NP/FO treatment is superior to FO alone and that it is comparable to NP/MUP was tested. NP/FO treatment increased HP in comparison with both FO alone and NP/MUP (day 14) but decreased (p < 0.05) angiogenesis in comparison with FO alone (day 3). NP/FO increased (p < 0.05) the expression of the CCR5 gene (day 3) and tended (p > 0.05) to increase the expressions of the EGF (day 7, day 14), TGFB1 (day 21) and CCL5 (day 7, day 21) genes as compared with NP/MUP. NP/FO can be suggested as a suitable alternative to NP/MUP in cutaneous wound treatment.
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RC, Pooja. "ANTIOXIDANTS AND ANTI-INFLAMMATION POTENTIALOF AMARANTHUS VIRIDIS LINN AGAINST 3-NP-INDUCED HUNTINGTONS DISEASE IN RATS." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 08 (August 31, 2022): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15195.
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Huntingtons disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease. Accordingly, 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) has been found to effectively produce HD-like symptoms. Amaranthus viridis Linn (HAEAV), popularly known in Chauraiya in Hindi, may act as a neuroprotective agent in vitro andin vivo. We evaluated the hypothesis that the hydro-ethanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis Linn could prevent behavioral and oxidative alterations induced by 3-NP in rats. 30 albino Wistar female rats were divided into 5 groups: (1) control, (2) HAEAV(400 mg/kg), (3) 3-NP, (4) HAEAV(200 mg/kg) + 3-NP, and (5) HAEAV(400 mg/kg) + 3-NP.Animals in groups 3, 4, and 5 received 15 mg/kg 3-NP daily from days 8–14. At day 14, parameters of locomotor activity and biochemical evaluations were performed. Indeed, rats treated with 3-NP showed decreased locomotor activity compared to controls. Additionally, 3-NP increased levels of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation and decreased ratio of CAT, TT, and GSHactivityinbrain tissues. Our results suggest that rats pretreated with HAEAVprior to 3-NP treatment showed neuroprotective effects when compared to 3-NP treated controls, which may be due to its antioxidant properties.
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Ihrke, Matthias, Jörg Behrendt, Hecke Schrobsdorff, Ingmar Visser, and Marcus Hasselhorn. "Negative Priming Persists in the Absence of Response-Retrieval." Experimental Psychology 60, no. 1 (October 1, 2013): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000169.
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The hypothesis that retrieval of the prime response is responsible for the negative priming (NP) effect has gained popularity in recent studies of visual identity NP. In the current study we report an experiment in which we aimed to remove the response from the prime memory trace by means of spatio-temporal separation. Compared to an identical experiment without this separation ( Ihrke et al., 2011 ), we find that the response-retrieval-specific interaction is absent indicating that the separation was successful in preventing response-retrieval. Still, both negative and positive priming are present as main effects which show that processes other than response-retrieval can produce NP. In addition, based on recordings of the eye-movements during task processing, we localize the NP effect in a target-selection process while positive priming manifests in facilitated response-selection. Our results are in line with a multiple-route view of NP.
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Shin, Myung-Geun, Hye Ran Kim, Hyeoung-Joon Kim, Hoon Kook, Tai Ju Hwang, Jong-Hee Shin, Soon-Pal Suh, and Dong-Wook Ryang. "Profound Length Heteroplasmic Alterations in Mitochondrial DNA Control Region From Primary AML Cells: Implication of Impaired Mitochondrial Replication and Demonstration of ‘vicious cycle’ Hypothesis." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 3116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.3116.3116.
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Abstract Abstract 3116 Poster Board III-53 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (displacement (D)-loop including HV1 and HV2) is a non-coding region of 1124 bp (nucleotide positions, np 16 024–576), which acts as a promoter for both the heavy and light strands of mtDNA, and contains essential transcription and replication elements (Blood 2004;103:4466-77). Importantly, mutations in the D-loop regulatory region might change mtDNA replication rate by modifying the binding affinity of significant trans-activating factors (Eur J Cancer 2004;40:2519-24). Thus, length heteroplasmic alterations of mtDNA control region may be related with mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in ‘vicious cycle’ (Mol Med Today 2000;6:425-32). In an attempt to investigate profiling of mtDNA length heteroplasmic alterations in primary AML cells, we carried out a quantitative size-based PCR product separation by capillary electrophoresis (ABI 3130XL Genetic Analyzer and ABI Prism Genotyper version 3.1) using six targets (np 303-315 poly C, np 16184-16193 poly C, np 514-511 CA repeats, np 3566-3572 poly C, np 12385-12391 poly C and np 12418-12426 poly A). Length heteroplasmy was further confirmed by cloning and sequencing. Quantitative analysis of mtDNA molecules was performed using the QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR kit (Qiagen) and Rotor-Gene 3000 (Corbett Research). Forty-eight AML bone marrow samples were collected after receiving Institutional Review Board approval and informed consent. There were profound alterations of mtGI in 303 poly C, 16184 poly C and 514 CA repeats. The length heteroplasmy pattern of 303 poly C tract in the HV2 region disclosed mixture of 7C, 8C, 9C and 10C mtDNA types. In the HV2 region, length heteroplasmy in poly-C tract at np 303 - 309 exhibited 5 variant peak patterns: 7CT6C+8CT6C (50.0%), 8CT6C+9CT6C (14.0%), 8CT6C+ 9CT6C+ 10CT6C (10.4%), 9CT6C+10CT6C+11CT6C (8.3%) 9CT6C + 10CT6C + 11CT6C+12CT6C (2.1%). The length heteroplasmy pattern of 514-523 CA repeats in the HV2 region exhibited 2 variant peak patterns: CACACACACA (56.3%) and CACACACA (43.7%). In the HV1 region, length heteroplasmy in the poly-C tract at np 16184 - 16193 exhibited 9 variant peak patterns: 5CT4C+5CT3C (31.0%), 6CT4C+6CT3C (2.1%), 9C+10C+11C+12C (16.7%), 9C+10C+11C (2.1%), T4CT4C+5CT3C (4.2%), 9C+10C+11C+12C+13C (2.1%), 3CTC4C+5CT3C (2.1%), 10C+11C+12C+13C (4.2%), 8C+9C+10+11C (2.1%). Primary AML cells revealed decreased enzyme activity in respiratory chain complex I, II and III. AML cells had about a two-fold decrease in mtDNA copy number compared with normal blood mononuclear cells. Current study demonstrates that profound length heteroplasmic alterations in mtDNA control region of primary AML cells may lead to impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis (reduction of mtDNA copy number) and derangement of mitochondrial ATP synthesis. During this perturbation, mitochondria in primary AML cells might produce a large amount of reactive oxygen species, which causes the vicious cycle observed in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancers as well. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Sharfarets, B. P., and S. P. Dmitriev. "MODELING OF TURBULENT FLUID MOTION BASED ON THE BOUSSINESQ HYPOTHESIS. OVERVIEW." NAUCHNOE PRIBOROSTROENIE 28, no. 3 (August 29, 2018): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18358/np-28-3-i101108.
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Johnson, Keven R., and Kenneth R. Olson. "Responses of the trout cardiac natriuretic peptide system to manipulation of salt and water balance." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 296, no. 4 (April 2009): R1170—R1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90880.2008.
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Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are evolutionarily conserved hormones that affect blood pressure and fluid volume through membrane-bound guanylate cyclase (GC)-linked natriuretic peptide receptors-A and -B (NPR-A and NPR-B, respectively) in a variety of vascular, renal, and other tissues. The principal physiological stimulus for cardiac NPs in fish is somewhat debated between two prominent theories: regulation of salt balance (osmoregulatory hypothesis) or prevention of volume expansion (cardioprotective hypothesis). In the present study, we examined atrial and ventricular expression of trout NPs, atrial (ANP), brain (BNP), and ventricular (VNP) using Northern (mRNA), Western (NP pro-hormone), and qPCR (GC-NPR-A and -B mRNA) blot analysis following independent manipulation of plasma salt and volume levels after chronic exposure to freshwater (FW; volume loaded, salt depleted), saltwater (SW; volume depleted, salt loaded), or freshwater trout fed a high-salt diet (FW-HSD; volume and salt loaded). We also measured NP transcriptional response to acute (2 h) volume expansion with dialyzed plasma (VE; 80% blood vol) or volume depletion by hemorrhage (VD, 20% blood volume every 30 min for 2 h) with real-time PCR. In essentially all instances, increased expression of the NP system was associated with FW-HSD or plasma expansion. There were no differences in NP expression between chronically adapted FW and SW fish, and hemorrhage decreased atrial ANP and VNP mRNA. These results indicate that rainbow trout cardiac NPs and cardiovascular GC-NPRs respond principally to volume, not salt overload, and this suggests that the primary function of trout cardiac NP system is to protect the heart.
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LaTerza, Ivana. "Binding in English and South Slavic and The Parameterized DP Hypothesis." Linguistic Inquiry 47, no. 4 (October 2016): 741–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00230.
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Despić (2013) argues that Serbian binding data provide support for the Parameterized DP Hypothesis (e.g., Fukui 1988 , Corver 1992 , Zlatić 1997 , Bošković 2003 , 2005 , 2008 ). His key claim is that the differences in binding possibilities observed between English and Serbian result from the presence of a DP layer in the former vs. its absence in the latter. 1 Apparent determiners in Serbian are claimed to be NP-adjoined elements (with category left unspecified). 2 In this squib, I show that Despić's analysis makes incorrect predictions about Serbian and closely related Slavic languages: Bulgarian and Macedonian.
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Andrés, F. L. "Supranumerary Barrels Develop in the Somatosensory Cortex of Mice, After the Implantation of the Vibrissal Follicle Parts Containing Large Numbers of Receptors." Journal of Neural Transplantation 1, no. 2 (1989): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/np.1989.33.
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In the mouse whiskerpad there is a group of vibrissal follicles arranged in five rows, which are topologically represented in the contralateral somatosensory cortex by the barrelfield.Each vibrissal follicle is a specialized sensory organ containing a large number of receptors, mostly Merkel cells.In these experiments, the parts of the vibrissal follicles containing most of the receptors were transplanted to different regions of the whiskerpad of newborn mice, to know whether “new”, supranumerary barrels could develop.The results confirm this hypothesis. However, the “new” barrels are not topologically represented in the barrelfield, as normal barrels do.
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Akinlotan, Mayowa. "Noun phrase complement in Nigerian English." BELT - Brazilian English Language Teaching Journal 9, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/2178-3640.2018.2.31724.
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The present study investigates the structure of of-complement noun phrase in Nigerian English, comparing findings with those of British and Ghanaian varieties. Of-complement is high in frequency and is a typical complement that has structural tendencies for recursiveness and complexity. A review of literature explicating the structural simplification hypothesis (Gorlach, 1998) suggests that the structure of-complement (or any other type) has received very little attention. Perhaps such scanty works show the different arguments surrounding its syntactic and theoretical status in different grammatical descriptions. Unlike many previous NP frameworks, Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2004) argued that complements are not only a syntactic element within the NP structure, but also that they are of equal obligatory syntactic status as a head noun within an NP. This framework, unlike many others, therefore conceptualizes the complement slot as an important part in the scheme of things for an NP structure viz-a-viz its complexity. Thus, a serious examination of NP complexity would consider the cooperation (relationship) between a complement and the other syntactic elements constituting the NP structure. This is one of many issues that the present study sheds light on. On the basis of variables representing syntactic function and text type, together with corpus analyses of NPs extracted from the Nigerian component of International Corpus of English (ICE), the structural behavior of of-complement in the lights of other internal elements constituting an NP structure, is clearly shown. It is found that a complement is less likely to co-occur with other all internal elements (20%). Also, it is shown that an of-complement is likely to co-occur with prenominal elements (30%). Furthermore, the paper shows that a structural type of of-complement representing h-complement (i.e. an NP structure consisting of a head noun + a complement, see Huddleston & Pullum, 2002, 2004, and Akinlotan & Housen, 2017) is more likely to occur (26%) as an independent NP structure than to co-occur with postnominal elements (24%). The structural simplification hypothesis is manifested in our corpus data, as it is found out that a complement is more likely to be simple-structured (54%) than complex-structured (46%). On the predictive strength of syntactic function and text type (Biber et al., 1999; Schilk & Schuab, 2016; Akinlotan, 2017), the study finds syntactic function a better predictor than text type.
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Wallace, Kedra, Sarah Novotny, Judith Heath, Janae Moseley, James N. Martin, Michelle Y. Owens, and Babbette LaMarca. "Hypertension in response to CD4+ T cells from reduced uterine perfusion pregnant rats is associated with activation of the endothelin-1 system." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 303, no. 2 (July 15, 2012): R144—R149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00049.2012.
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We have shown that adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells from placental ischemia (reduction in uteroplacental perfusion, RUPP) rats causes hypertension and elevated inflammatory cytokines during pregnancy. In this study we tested the hypothesis that adoptive transfer of RUPP CD4+ T cells was associated with endothelin-1 activation as a mechanism to increase blood pressure during pregnancy. CD4+ T cells from RUPP or normal pregnant (NP) rats were adoptively transferred into NP rats on gestational day 13. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was analyzed on gestational day 19, and tissues were collected for endothelin-1 analysis. MAP increased in placental ischemic RUPP rats versus NP rats (124.1 ± 3 vs. 96.2 ± 3 mmHg; P = 0.0001) and increased in NP recipients of RUPP CD4+ T cells (117.8 ± 2 mmHg; P = 0.001 compared with NP). Adoptive transfer of RUPP CD4+ T cells increased placental preproendothelin-1 mRNA 2.1-fold compared with NP CD4+ T cell rats and 1.7-fold compared with NP. Endothelin-1 secretion from endothelial cells exposed to NP rat serum was 52.2 ± 1.9 pg·mg−1·ml−1, 77.5 ± 4.3 pg·mg−1·ml−1 with RUPP rat serum ( P = 0.0003); 47.2 ± .16 pg·mg−1·ml−1 with NP+NP CD4+ T cell serum, and 62.2 ± 2.1 pg·mg−1·ml−1 with NP+RUPP CD4+ T cell serum ( P = 0.002). To test the role of endothelin-1 in RUPP CD4+ T cell-induced hypertension, pregnant rats were treated with an endothelin A (ETA) receptor antagonist (ABT-627, 5 mg/kg) via drinking water. MAP was 92 ± 2 mmHg in NP+ETA blockade and 108 ± 3 mmHg in RUPP+ETA blockade; 95 ± 5 mmHg in NP+NP CD4+ T cells+ETA blockade and 102 ± 2 mmHg in NP+RUPP CD4+ T cells+ETA blockade. These data indicate the importance of endothelin-1 activation to cause hypertension via chronic exposure to activated CD4+ T cells in response to placental ischemia.
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Deer, Evangeline, Kristin E. Reeve, Lorena Amaral, Venkata Ramana Vaka, Michael Franks, Nathan Campbell, Sarah Fitzgerald, et al. "CD4+ T cells cause renal and placental mitochondrial oxidative stress as mechanisms of hypertension in response to placental ischemia." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 320, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): F47—F54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00398.2020.
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The reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) rat model and normal pregnant (NP) rat recipients of RUPP CD4+ T cells recapitulate many characteristics of preeclampsia such as hypertension and oxidative stress. We have shown an important hypertensive role for natural killer (NK) cells to cause mitochondrial dysfunction in RUPP rats; however, the role for RUPP CD4+ T cells to stimulate NK cells is unknown. Therefore, we hypothesized that RUPP-induced CD4+ T cells activate NK cells to cause mitochondrial dysfunction/reactive oxygen species (ROS) as mechanisms of hypertension during pregnancy. We tested our hypothesis by adoptive transfer of RUPP CD4+ T cells into NP rats or by inhibiting the activation of RUPP CD4+ T cells with Orencia (abatacept) and examining hypertension, NK cells, and mitochondrial function. RUPP was performed on gestation day (GD) 14, and splenic CD4+ T cells were isolated on GD 19 and injected into NP rats on GD 13. In a separate group of rats, Orencia was infused and the RUPP procedure was performed. Mean arterial pressure and placental and renal mitochondrial ROS increased in RUPP ( n = 7, P < 0.05) and NP + RUPP CD4+ T-cell recipients ( n = 13, P < 0.05) compared with control NP ( n = 7) and NP + NP CD4+ T-cell recipients ( n = 5) but was reduced with Orencia ( n = 13, P < 0.05). Placental and renal respiration was reduced in RUPP ( n = 6, P < 0.05) and NP + RUPP CD4+ T-cell recipients ( n = 6, state 3 P < 0.05) compared with NP ( n = 5) and NP + NP CD4+ T-cell recipients ( n = 5) but improved with Orencia ( n = 9, n = 8 P < 0.05). These data indicate that CD4+ T cells, independent of NK cells, cause mitochondrial dysfunction/ROS contributing to hypertension in response to placental ischemia during pregnancy.
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Tsiborovska-Rymarovych, Iryna. "Edition of the Novel "The Incas or Destruction of Peru Impire»" by J. F. Marmontel With Fake Background Details: Facts, Hypothesis, Typographical Analysis of the Copies." Naukovì pracì Nacìonalʹnoï bìblìoteki Ukraïni ìmenì V Ì Vernadsʹkogo, no. 47 (December 19, 2017): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/np.47.231.
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Jonsson, Peter, Victor Lagerkvist, and Biman Roy. "Fine-Grained Time Complexity of Constraint Satisfaction Problems." ACM Transactions on Computation Theory 13, no. 1 (March 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3434387.
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We study the constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) parameterized by a constraint language Γ (CSPΓ) and how the choice of Γ affects its worst-case time complexity. Under the exponential-time hypothesis (ETH), we rule out the existence of subexponential algorithms for finite-domain NP-complete CSPΓ problems. This extends to certain infinite-domain CSPs and structurally restricted problems. For CSPs with finite domain D and where all unary relations are available, we identify a relation S D such that the time complexity of the NP-complete problem CSP({ S D }) is a lower bound for all NP-complete CSPs of this kind. We also prove that the time complexity of CSP({ S D }) strictly decreases when |D| increases (unless the ETH is false) and provide stronger complexity results in the special case when |D|=3.
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Brooks, Virginia L., Colleen M. Kane, and Lisa S. Welch. "Regional conductance changes during hemorrhage in pregnant and nonpregnant conscious rabbits." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 277, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): R675—R681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.3.r675.
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Late pregnant (P) conscious rabbits are less able to maintain arterial pressure during hemorrhage than nonpregnant (NP) animals. This study tested the hypothesis that the difference is due in part to less reflex vasoconstriction when the rabbits are P. Rabbits ( n = 14) were instrumented with arterial and venous catheters as well as ultrasonic flow probes around the superior mesenteric, renal, and/or terminal aortic arteries. Pregnancy increased ( P < 0.05) blood volume [235 ± 5 (P) vs. 171 ± 3 (NP) ml], terminal aortic conductance [1.88 ± 0.11 (P) vs. 0.98 ± 0.06 (NP) ml ⋅ min−1 ⋅ mmHg−1], mesenteric conductance [1.20 ± 0.19 (P) vs. 0.80 ± 0.05 (NP) ml ⋅ min−1 ⋅ mmHg−1], and heart rate [191 ± 4 (P) vs. 162 ± 3 (NP) beats/min] and decreased arterial pressure [59 ± 1 (P) vs. 67 ± 2 (NP) mmHg; P < 0.05]. Renal conductance was unaltered. The rabbits were bled in both the NP and P states at 2% of the initial blood volume per minute until arterial pressure fell below 45 mmHg. Arterial pressure fell with less blood loss in P rabbits [28 ± 2% (P) vs. 39 ± 2% (NP) of initial blood volume; P < 0.001]. Terminal aortic conductance decreased ( P < 0.001) before the pressure fall in both groups, but the response was reduced in P rabbits. Mesenteric and renal conductances did not change in either group before the blood pressure fall. During the pressure fall, terminal aortic conductance increased ( P < 0.05) only in NP rabbits. Mesenteric conductance increased in both groups. In summary, rabbits in late gestation are less able to maintain arterial pressure during hemorrhage, at least in part because of reduced vasoconstriction in tissues perfused by the terminal aorta.
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Pinschewer, Daniel D., Mar Perez, and Juan Carlos de la Torre. "Role of the Virus Nucleoprotein in the Regulation of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Transcription and RNA Replication." Journal of Virology 77, no. 6 (March 15, 2003): 3882–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.6.3882-3887.2003.
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ABSTRACT The prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) has a bisegmented negative-strand RNA genome. Each segment carries two viral genes in opposite orientation and separated by an intergenic region (IGR). The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) L of LCMV produces subgenomic mRNA and full-length genomic and antigenomic RNA species in two different processes termed transcription and replication, respectively. It is widely accepted that intracellular nucleoprotein (NP) levels regulate these two processes. Intracellular NP levels increase during the course of the infection, resulting in the unfolding of secondary RNA structures within the IGR. Structure-dependent transcription termination at the IGR is thereby attenuated, promoting replication of genome and antigenome RNA species. To test this hypothesis, we established a helper-virus-free minigenome (MG) system where intracellular synthesis of an S segment analogue from a plasmid is driven by RNA polymerase I. Cotransfection with two additional plasmids expressing the minimal viral trans-acting factors L and NP under control of RNA polymerase II allowed for RNA synthesis mediated by the intracellularly reconstituted LCMV polymerase. Both processes, transcription and replication, were strictly dependent on NP. However, both were equally enhanced by incrementally increasing amounts of NP up to levels in the range of those in LCMV-infected cells. Our data are consistent with a central role for NP in transcription and replication of the LCMV genome, but they do not support the participation of NP levels in balancing the two processes.
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Tanaka, Hiroyuki. "Ergativity as a natural manifestation of the <em>v</em> > EA base." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2022): 5254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v7i1.5254.
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This study proposes an analysis of ergativity based on the hypothesis that, contrary to the standardly assumed structure, the Case assigner v asymmetrically c-commands the base position of all the arguments of the verb, including the external argument. Simply assuming that an EPP feature attracts the closest NP it c-commands, and that a Case feature assigns structural Case to the closest NP it c-commands, we aim at a theory in which ergativity as well as accusativity is a natural manifestation of this universal base, while their differences reflect the parametric differences of the formal features of v.
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HOU, Jeng-Horng, and Yau-Huei WEI. "The unusual structures of the hot-regions flanking large-scale deletions in human mitochondrial DNA." Biochemical Journal 318, no. 3 (September 15, 1996): 1065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3181065.
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Large-scale deletions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are common events that have been found to occur in human ageing and in patients with mitochondrial myopathies. The mechanisms by which these deletions occur remain unclear, but several mechanisms have been proposed, such as slipped-mispairing, illegitimate recombination, and oxidative reactions elicited by free radicals. In addition, the DNA topological stress and local DNA structures have been suggested as the important factors in eliciting the recombinational events. Upon examination of 128 breakpoints of human mtDNA deletions that have been published in the past 8 years, we found that these large-scale deletions often occur at some ‘hot-regions’. We thus hypothesized that there exist unusual structures in these regions of human mtDNA that are important for eliciting the deletions. To test this hypothesis, we used PCR techniques to amplify the sequences of the so-called hot-regions and analysed the PCR products by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We found that the sequences of nucleotide position (np) 5221–5988, np 6928–7493, np 7901–8732 and np 15327–16228 exhibited retarded mobilities like bent DNA structures; np 5989–6750, np 13282–13653 and np 13282–14850 showed increased mobilities like anti-bent DNA structures. Moreover, except for the sequences of np 1175–1766 found in 12 S and 16 S rRNA genes exhibiting abnormal mobility like bent DNA structures, we did not observe significant mobility abnormalities in the np 499–5545 region where deletions rarely occurred. We thus conclude that these hot-regions assume some kinds of unusual DNA structures, which may render these regions more sensitive to the attack of free radicals or serve as recognition motifs for certain recombination machinery that is involved in the large-scale deletions of human mtDNA.
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Özhan, Seniz, Nevin Altug, and Eylem Deniz. "The influence of openness to experience and nostalgia proneness on brand loyalty." Journal of Advances in Management Research 15, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 500–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jamr-11-2017-0106.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the joint effect of two composite characteristics –openness to experience (OE) and nostalgia proneness (NP) – on product involvement (PI) and whether brand loyalty (BL) is a result of this PI. Design/methodology/approach In accordance with this purpose, a model suggesting that OE dimension of the five-factor model and NP influences PI and PI influences BL was developed and tested. The data used in the study were obtained from 1,392 participants from the Thrace region of Turkey. The authors use a structural equation model to test and confirm hypothesis. Findings OE influences PI and hence BL. On the other hand, it has been concluded that NP has no significant influence on PI. Research limitations/implications This is the first study to examine the influence of OE, one of the personality traits, and NP on BL. In this study, only OE, which is one of the five-factor personality traits, has been examined. Studies in the future may research the relationship between other personality traits and NP, PI and BL. Practical implications This paper provides managerial insights into why consumers’ personality traits and NP need to be taken into consideration in creating BL. Originality/value To the best of authors’ knowledge, the influence of OE and NP on BL has not been addressed in the current literature. Personality traits and NP are closely related to individuals’ behaviors as a consumer. Understanding the factors that influence consumer purchase decision processes is of crucial importance to managers and researchers alike. The paper is of great value for firms that consider enhance BL.
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Gazali, Baba Kura Alkali. "Kanuri DP Hypothesis: A Minimalist Approach." JURNAL ARBITRER 7, no. 2 (October 25, 2020): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ar.7.2.203-209.2020.
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This paper examines the structure of Kanuri DP (structure) Hypothesis within the framework of Abney (1987) and Chomsky (1995) Minimalist Programme (MP). In conducting the research, the researcher uses his native speaker intuition and other three competent native speakers of Kanuri to validate the data of this study. The study identifies Kanuri determiners as post head modifier language. The study identifies also two types of demonstrative modifiers –near and far demonstratives. The near demonstratives agree with their head nouns while the far demonstratives take both singular and plural head nouns. The far demonstratives do not show any form of agreement morphology between the nouns and their demonstrative modifiers. The analysis of DP Hypothesis shows the NP complement moves to the specifier position in the surface syntax which give rise to complement-head (C-H) order. The study further analyzes possessives, demonstratives and quantifiers under the DP hypothesis. The outcome of the study reveals that possessive determiner ‘nde’ (our) is base generated at the possessive position, moves and fills the D position under the DP in Kanuri while the far demonstrative ‘tudu’ (that) is also base generated at the Dem. Position of the determiner phrase (DP) -hence the D position is strong head position moves and fills the D position and the noun ‘fato’ (house) moves to the specifier position of the determiner phrase (DP) in order to check agreement feature in Kanuri.
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Cipolla, Marilyn J., Lisa Vitullo, and John McKinnon. "Cerebral artery reactivity changes during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a role in eclampsia?" American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 286, no. 6 (June 2004): H2127—H2132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01154.2003.
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Eclampsia is thought to be similar to hypertensive encephalopathy, whereby acute elevations in intravascular pressure cause forced dilatation (FD) of intrinsic myogenic tone of cerebral arteries and arterioles, decreased cerebrovascular resistance, and hyperperfusion. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that pregnancy and/or the postpartum period predispose cerebral arteries to FD by diminishing pressure-induced myogenic activity. We compared the reactivity to pressure (myogenic activity) as well as factors that modulate the level of tone of third-order branches (<200 μm) of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) that were isolated from nonpregnant (NP, n = 7), late-pregnant (LP, 19 days, n = 10), and postpartum (PP, 3 days, n = 8) Sprague-Dawley rats under pressurized conditions. PCAs from all groups of animals developed spontaneous tone within the myogenic pressure range (50–150 mmHg) and constricted arteries at 100 mmHg (NP, 30 ± 3; LP, 39 ± 4; and PP, 42 ± 7%; P > 0.05). This level of myogenic activity was maintained in the NP arteries at all pressures; however, both LP and PP arteries dilated at considerably lower pressures compared with NP, which lowered the pressure at which FD occurred from >175 for NP to 146 ± 6.5 mmHg for LP ( P < 0.01 vs. NP) and 162 ± 7.7 mmHg for PP ( P < 0.01 vs. NP). The amount of myogenic tone was also significantly diminished at 175 mmHg compared with NP: percent tone for NP, LP, and PP animals were 35 ± 2, 11 ± 3 ( P < 0.01 vs. NP), and 20 ± 7% ( P < 0.01 vs. NP), respectively. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) with 0.1 mM Nω-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA) caused constriction of all vessel types that was significantly increased in the PP arteries, which demonstrates significant basal NO production. Reactivity to 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) was assessed in the presence of l-NNA and indomethacin. There was a differential response to serotonin: PCAs from NP animals dilated, whereas LP and PP arteries constricted. These results suggest that both pregnancy and the postpartum period predispose the cerebral circulation to FD at lower pressures, a response that may lower cerebrovascular resistance and promote hyperperfusion when blood pressure is elevated, as occurs during eclampsia.
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Kitagawa, Yoshihisa. "Floating quantifiers in Japanese passives and beyond." Journal of Japanese Linguistics 34, no. 2 (October 25, 2018): 245–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jjl-2018-0016.
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Abstract This work attempts to defend the so-called Uniform Hypothesis for passives in Japanese by re-examining the empirical phenomena involving quantifier float (Q-float). We will attempt to reinforce the following main tenets of the Uniform Hypothesis — (i) that all ni-passive sentences in Japanese involve complementation and the theta-marking of their subjects, and (ii) that they crucially lack NP movement. We will also closely examine the syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and prosodic properties of Q-float in general.
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Bastin, J., J. Rothbard, J. Davey, I. Jones, and A. Townsend. "Use of synthetic peptides of influenza nucleoprotein to define epitopes recognized by class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes." Journal of Experimental Medicine 165, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 1508–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.165.6.1508.
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The conserved epitopes of influenza nucleoprotein (NP) recognized by class I MHC-restricted CTL from CBA (H-2k) and C57BL/10 (H-2b) mice have been defined in vitro with synthetic peptides 50-63 and 365-379, respectively. Two Db-restricted clones were described that recognize different epitopes on peptide 365-379. Finally, the recognition of complete NP was shown to be approximately 200-fold less efficient than peptide in the cytotoxicity assay. These phenomena are closely related to results with class II-restricted T cells and they strengthen the hypothesis that influenza proteins are degraded in the infected cell before recognition by class I-restricted CTL.
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Travis, Olivia K., Dakota White, Cedar Baik, Chelsea Giachelli, Willie Thompson, Cassandra Stubbs, Mallory Greer, James P. Lemon, Jan Michael Williams, and Denise C. Cornelius. "Interleukin-17 signaling mediates cytolytic natural killer cell activation in response to placental ischemia." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 318, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): R1036—R1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00285.2019.
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T-helper (TH)17s, IL-17, and cytolytic natural killer cells (cNKs) are increased in preeclampsia and contribute to the hypertension, inflammation, and fetal growth restriction that occurs in response to placental ischemia in the reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) rat model of preeclampsia. As IL-17 stimulates NK cytotoxicity in vitro, we tested the hypothesis that IL-17 inhibition in RUPP rats would decrease cNK activation as a mechanism to improve maternal and fetal outcomes. On gestation day (GD) 14, rats undergoing RUPP received a miniosmotic pump infusing IL-17RC (100 pg/day), a soluble IL-17 receptor (RUPP + IL-17RC). On GD19, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured in normal pregnant (NP), RUPP, and RUPP + IL-17RC rats ( n = 10–12/group), animals were euthanized, and blood and tissues were collected for analysis. MAP was 30% higher in RUPP compared with NP ( P < 0.0001) and was 12% lower in RUPP + IL-17RC ( P = 0.0007 vs. RUPP). Placental cytolytic NK cells were 132% higher in RUPP than in NP ( P = 0.04 vs. NP) and were normalized in RUPP + IL-17RC ( P = 0.03 vs. RUPP). Placental levels of TNF-α, a cNK-secreted cytokine, and macrophage inflammatory protein-3α (MIP-3α), a cNK chemokine, were higher in RUPP vs. NP and lower after IL-17 blockade. Placental VEGF was lower in RUPP vs. NP and was normalized in RUPP + IL-17RC. In vitro cytolytic activity of RUPP placental NKs was higher compared with NP and was blunted in RUPP + IL-17RC NKs. Finally, both fetal weight and placental weight were lower in RUPP compared with NP, and were improved in RUPP + IL-17RC. These data identify IL-17 as a mediator of cNK activation in response to placental ischemia during pregnancy.
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Cirio, A., and R. Boivin. "Urea recycling from the renal pelvis in sheep: a study with [14C]urea." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 258, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): F1196—F1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1990.258.5.f1196.
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To test the hypothesis that urea can be recycled from the renal pelvis, [14C]urea diluted in native urine (1 microCi/ml) was perfused (0.5 ml/min) into one of the pelvises of sheep fed either normal (NP) or low (LP)-protein diets. Blood samples were obtained from the ipsilateral renal vein and from the carotid artery throughout the perfusions. 14C activity determinations in urine and plasma demonstrated a flux of [14C]urea from the pelvis to renal vein blood (40,000 in NP and 130,000 disintegrations/min in LP sheep, P less than 0.01). The corresponding flux of native urea was only 1.5 times higher in NP than in LP sheep (6.8 +/- 1.1 vs. 4.7 +/- 2.9 mumol/min, not significant) despite their 8 times higher urinary concentration of urea. The fraction of filtered urea that was reabsorbed in the pelvis was larger in LP sheep (7.5 +/- 3.7 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.7% in NP sheep, P less than 0.05). A fraction of urea is thus actually recycled from the renal pelvis in sheep, and this pelvic retention is enhanced in LP animals. The importance of this phenomenon in the nitrogen economy is discussed.
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Alhogbi, Basma G., Ohowd Ibrahim, Mohamed Abdel Salam, Mohammed S. El-Shahawi, and Mohammed Aslam. "Facile Preparation and Analytical Utility of ZnO/Date Palm Fiber Nanocomposites in Lead Removal from Environmental Water Samples." Molecules 27, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 5592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175592.
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This study reports a facile approach for preparing low-cost, eco-friendly nanocomposites of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and date palm tree fiber (DPF) as a biomass sorbent. The hypothesis of this research work is the formation of an outstanding adsorbent based on the date palm fiber and ZnO nanoparticles. ZnO NP/DPF nanocomposites were synthesized by mixing the synthesized ZnO NPs and DPF in different mass ratios and evaluating their efficacy in adsorbing Pb2+ from aqueous solutions. The structure and surface morphology of the developed ZnO NP/DPF nanocomposite were critically characterized by XRD, FESEM, and TEM techniques. Compared to ZnO NPs, the ZnO NP/DPF nanocomposites displayed significantly enhanced Pb2+ uptake. Pb2+ adsorption was confirmed via various isotherm and kinetic models and thermodynamics. The computed Langmuir sorption capacity (qm) was found to be 88.76 mg/g (R2 > 0.998), and the pseudo-second-order R2 > 0.999 model was most appropriate for describing Pb2 adsorption. Impregnating the biomass with ZnO NPs enhanced the spontaneity of the process, and the value (−56.55 kJ/mol) of ΔH displayed the exothermic characteristics of Pb2 retention. Only the loaded ZnO NP/DPF achieved the removal of a high percentage (84.92%) of Pb2+ from the environmental water sample (seawater). This finding suggests the use of ZnO NP/DPF nanocomposites for removing heavy metals from environmental water samples to purify the samples.
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Chen, Kuan-Hung, Hung-Sheng Lin, Yi-Chen Li, Pei-Hsun Sung, Yi-Ling Chen, Tsung-Cheng Yin, and Hon-Kan Yip. "Synergic Effect of Early Administration of Probiotics and Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Alleviating Inflammation-Induced Chronic Neuropathic Pain in Rodents." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (October 9, 2022): 11974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911974.
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This study investigated the hypothesis that probiotics enhanced the therapeutic effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) on alleviating neuropathic pain (NP) due to chronic constriction injury (CCI) mainly through regulating the microbiota in rats. SD rats (n = 50) were categorized into group 1 (sham-control), group 2 (NP), group 3 (NP + probiotics (i.e., 1.5 billion C.F.U./day/rat, orally 3 h after NP procedure, followed by QOD 30 times)), group 4 (NP + ADMSCs (3.0 × 105 cells) 3 h after CCI procedure, followed by QOD six times (i.e., seven times in total, i.e., mimic a clinical setting of drug use) and group 5 (NP + probiotics + ADMSCs (3.0 × 105 cells)) and euthanized by day 60 after NP induction. By day 28 after NP induction, flow-cytometric analysis showed circulating levels of early (AN-V+/PI−) and late (AN-V+/PI+) apoptotic, and three inflammatory (CD11b-c+, Ly6G+ and MPO+) cells were lowest in group 1 and significantly progressively reduced in groups 2 to 5 (all p < 0.0001). By days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 60 after CCI, the thresholds of thermal paw withdrawal latency (PWL) and mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) were highest in group 1 and significantly progressively increased in groups 2 to 5 (all p < 0.0001). Numbers of pain-connived cells (Nav1.8+/peripherin+, p-ERK+/peripherin+, p-p38+/peripherin+ and p-p38+/NF200+) and protein expressions of inflammatory (p-NF-κB, IL-1ß, TNF-α and MMP-9), apoptotic (cleaved-caspase-3, cleaved-PARP), oxidative-stress (NOX-1, NOX-2), DNA-damaged (γ-H2AX) and MAPK-family (p-P38, p-JNK, p-ERK1/2) biomarkers as well as the protein levels of Nav.1.3, Nav.1.8, and Nav.1.9 in L4-L5 in dorsal root ganglia displayed an opposite pattern of mechanical PWT among the groups (all p < 0.0001). In conclusion, combined probiotic and ADMSC therapy was superior to merely one for alleviating CCI-induced NP mainly through suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Chen, Hongmei, Xiuxiu Cong, Chenxi Wu, Xuan Wu, Jialiang Wang, Kuirong Mao, Jie Li, et al. "Intratumoral delivery of CCL25 enhances immunotherapy against triple-negative breast cancer by recruiting CCR9+ T cells." Science Advances 6, no. 5 (January 2020): eaax4690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax4690.
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CCR9+ T cells have an increased potential to be activated and therefore may mediate strong antitumor responses. Here, we found, however, that CCL25, the only chemokine for CCR9+ cells, is not expressed in human or murine triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs), raising a hypothesis that intratumoral delivery of CCL25 may enhance antitumor immunotherapy in TNBCs. We first determined whether this approach can enhance CD47-targeted immunotherapy using a tumor acidity–responsive nanoparticle delivery system (NP-siCD47/CCL25) to sequentially release CCL25 protein and CD47 small interfering RNA in tumor. NP-siCD47/CCL25 significantly increased infiltration of CCR9+CD8+ T cells and down-regulated CD47 expression in tumor, resulting in inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis through a T cell–dependent immunity. Furthermore, the antitumor effect of NP-siCD47/CCL25 was synergistically enhanced when used in combination with programmed cell death protein–1/programmed death ligand-1 blockades. This study offers a strategy to enhance immunotherapy by promoting CCR9+CD8+ T cell tumor infiltration.
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Akinlotan, Mayowa. "Noun phrase in Nigerian Pidgin English." Moderna Språk 116, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 245–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.58221/mosp.v116i1.6952.
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Works showing the extent to which structural complexity characterizes syntactic structures in contemporary Nigerian Pidgin English are underrepresented in the main literature. For instance no works have shown the extent to which noun phrase (NP), an important syntactic measure of variability and complexity, exhibits variability and complexity, and the extent to which pattern found converges with /diverges from similar linguistic varieties. The present study provides the basic corpus-driven contemporary nature of simple-complex NP structures in NPE, including how factors such as syntactic function and weight explain context where we might find simple or complex NPs. Our results, though tentative, show that NPs in NPE exhibit considerable complexity, which is against simplification hypothesis exemplified in standard Nigerian English.
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Issah, Samuel alhasaan. "The Correlation between Aspect and Transitivity Alternation in Dagbani." Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics 4 (October 31, 2011): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/bjll.v4i0.37.
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This paper attempts to describe and analyze the relation between aspect and transitivity in Dagbani, a Gur language spoken in the Northern Region of Ghana by the Dagbamba. The author does this by focusing on the fact that there are different (perfective and imperfective) aspectual markers that correlate with the presence or absence of NP objects or adjunct phrases, such as adverbs. I conclude that pronouncing any syntactic element after a Dagbani verbal phrase or otherwise is determined by the aspectual suffixes of that verbal phrase.In an attempt to find explanations to this transitivity alternations, I make two hypothesises; the incorporated pronouns hypothesis and the focus hypothesis. None of these however, seems to adequately address the problem and I leave the working out of this to future research. It is shown that the correlation between aspect and transitivity in Dagbani sounds (at least superficially), very similar to the so-called “conjoint/disjoint” or “short/long” verb phenomenon that is found in a number of Bantu languages.
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Jacobsen, TD, PA Hernandez, and NO Chahine. "Inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 protects against inflammation-induced mechanobiological alterations to intervertebral disc cells." European Cells and Materials 41 (May 20, 2021): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.22203/ecm.v041a37.
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Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is associated with elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines implicated in disease aetiology and matrix degradation. Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) has been shown to participate in the inflammatory responses of the nucleus pulposus (NP) and its levels are upregulated in disc degeneration. Activation of TLR4 in NP cells leads to significant, persistent changes in cell biophysical properties, including hydraulic permeability and osmotically active water content, as well as alterations to the actin cytoskeleton. The study hypothesis was that inflammation-induced changes to cellular biomechanical properties and actin cytoskeleton of NP cells could be prevented by inhibiting TLR4 signalling. Isolated NP cells from bovine discs were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the best studied TLR4 agonist, with or without treatment with the TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242. Cellular volume regulation responses to step osmotic loading were measured and the transient volume-response was captured by time-lapse microscopy. Volume-responses were analysed using mixture theory framework to investigate hydraulic permeability and osmotically active intracellular water content. Hydraulic permeability and cell radius were significantly increased with LPS treatment and these changes were blocked in cells treated with TAK-242. LPS-induced remodelling of cortical actin and IL-6 upregulation were also mitigated by TAK-242 treatment. These findings indicated that TLR4 signalling participated in NP cell biophysical regulation and may be an important target for mitigating altered cell responses observed in IVD inflammation and degeneration.
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Szulc, Piotr, Przemysław Barłóg, Katarzyna Ambroży-Deręgowska, Iwona Mejza, Joanna Kobus-Cisowska, and Marta Ligaj. "Effect of phosphorus application technique on effectiveness indices of its use in maize cultivation." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 10 (October 1, 2020): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/133/2020-pse.
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The study presents results of 4-year field trials; their purpose was to assess the effectiveness indices of phosphorus recovery in maize cultivation depending on the depth of two-component fertiliser (NP) placement in the soil layer, type of nitrogen fertiliser (ammonium nitrate and urea) and time point of the application. The hypothesis of the experiment assumed that different depth of NP fertiliser placement improved the indices of phosphorus application in maize cultivation. Row fertilisation with two-component NP fertiliser, regardless of the year, clearly affected phosphorus accumulation (uptake) with grain yield. The recovery metabolism index, i.e., the phosphorus recovery of a mineral fertiliser component was at a low level (on average < 12%). Row application, regardless of the depth of fertiliser placement, was more effective in relation to broadcast sowing. The index of agricultural efficiency of phosphorus confirms the significant impact of the depth of NP fertiliser placement at 5 cm in the soil as optimal for agricultural practice. The use of nitrogen in maize cultivation before sowing, compared to the application of this component at the BBCH 15/16 stage, significantly increases agricultural effectiveness of phosphorus applied as mineral fertiliser. The placement of NP fertiliser deep in the soil profile was more effective compared to traditional broadcast fertilisation. The method of fertiliser application in maize cultivation can thus be a tool increasing cultivation profitability in both economic and environmental terms.
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Rivera, Carlos Eduardo, Daniel Chupp, Hui Yan, IM John, Jingwei Wang, Helia Nasrollahi Sanchez, Shuai Wu, et al. "Induction of T cell-independent hypermutated and protective IgG and IgA antibody responses by TLR4-BCR or TLR5-BCR co-engagement." Journal of Immunology 202, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2019): 121.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.121.11.
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Abstract Somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch DNA recombination (CSR) together with plasma cell and memory B cell differentiation are central to the maturation of the antibody response. Prompted by our demonstrations that CSR and plasma cell differentiation can be induced in vitro by co-engagement of TLR4 and BCR, we tested the hypothesis that co-engagement of a TLR and BCR can induce mature T cell-independent antibody responses in vivo. To this end, we injected Tcrβ−/−Tcrδ−/− mice, which are devoid of all T cells, with TLR4-dependent NP-LPS or TLR5-dependent Salmonella flagellin. These mice readily generated NP-specific IgG antibodies and class-switched B cells and plasma cells. The high-affinity NP-LPS-induced IgG response was accompanied by a high-frequency of V186.2 region DNA mutations in class-switched B cells and NP-specific memory B cells. The TLR4-dependence and T cell-independence of this class-switched, anti-NP response was emphasized by immunedeficient NSG mice grafted with purified B cells, and mimicked in Tcrβ−/−Tcrδ−/− mice injected with TLR5-dependent flagellin. These mice generated flagellin-specific IgG and IgA, which displayed strong bactericidal activity and protected mice against Salmonella challenge. Thus, co-engagement of TLR4-BCR or TLR5-BCR, respectively, can effectively induce a mature and protective T cell-independent antibody response, thereby providing the basis for new TLR/BCR co-engagement-based B cell-targeted vaccine strategies.
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McNulty, J. A., L. M. Fox, P. L. Shaw, V. E. Alones, B. S. Klausen, R. S. Swenson, and A. J. Castro. "Pineal Gland Transplants into the Cerebral Hemisphere of Newborn Rats: A Study of the Blood Brain Barrier and Innervation." Journal of Neural Transplantation and Plasticity 2, no. 2 (1991): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/np.1991.113.
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Pineal glands from neonatal (0-1 day) Long-Evans black-hooded rats were transplanted into the cerebral hemispheres of litter mates for periods of 1 to 5.5 months. Grafts exhibited differentiated pinealocytes that were intensely immunoreactive for serotonin. Transplant vasculature was permeable to endogenous IgG, comprised fenestrated endothelia with wide pericapillary spaces typical ofin situglands, and had a volume density intermediate to that of surrounding cortex andin situpineals. Along the periphery, transplant capillaries tended to have continuous endothelia similar to those of host cortex. This peripheral zone was impermeable to endogenous IgG and appeared to increase in size in older grafts. The presence of noradrenergic-like fibers within the perivascular compartment suggested that transplants were innervated by peripheral sympathetic neurons from the superior cervical ganglia. In animals which had been superior cervical ganglionectomized, noradrenergic-like fibers were absent or degenerating. Neural regulation of transplant metabolic activity was suggested by the increased frequency of pinealocyte synaptic ribbons in denervated grafts. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that factors from both graft and host influence vasculature physiology and differentiation in neural transplants. Furthermore, grafts appeared to receive appropriate neural input from the peripheral sympathetic system.
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Подвальный, С. Л., and Е. М. Васильев. "MATRIX REPLICATION IN NP-COMPLETE PROBLEMS OF COMBINATORIAL OPTIMIZATION." ВЕСТНИК ВОРОНЕЖСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА, no. 4(-) (August 30, 2022): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2022.18.4.001.
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Ставится задача повышения вероятности нахождения глобального экстремума в NP-полных задачах комбинаторной оптимизации большой размерности. Показано, что комбинаторный характер формирования вариантов решений приводит к изолированному расположению глобального экстремума в области определения функции цели. Указанное обстоятельство существенно снижает эффективность эволюционных алгоритмов поиска, основанных на воспроизведении свойств наследственности и изменчивости в биологической эволюции. В связи с этим предложено ввести в упомянутые алгоритмы механизм матричной репликации. В соответствии с гипотезой М. Эйгена, этот механизм характерен для добиологического этапа возникновения жизни и заключается в формировании макромолекул путём их наращивания элементарными блоками по принципу сигнатуры - самоинструкции. Проанализированы свойства матричной репликации, раскрыто содержание алгоритмических процедур, необходимых для её реализации: построение матриц репликации, осуществление независимой эволюции для каждого варианта матрицы; отбор лучших вариантов. Получены количественные оценки многообразия вариантов возможных матриц и вариантов решений с ними. Даны рекомендации по выбору длины матрицы и их количеству при решении практических задач. Отмечено, что введение матрицы репликации в алгоритм генетического поиска снижает размерность исходной задачи на длину этой матрицы и, как следствие, сводит решение исходной задачи к решению конечного ряда подзадач меньшей размерности. Представлен пример использования механизма матричной репликации для решения NP-полной задачи нахождения оптимального маршрута, и подтверждена эффективность применения этого механизма при поиске глобального экстремума The task is to increase the probability of finding a global extremum in NP-complete high-dimensional combinatorial optimization problems. We show that the combinatorial nature of the formation of solutions leads to an isolated location of the global extremum in the domain of the goal function. This circumstance significantly reduces the efficiency of evolutionary search algorithms based on the reproduction of the properties of heredity and variability in biological evolution. In this regard, we propose to introduce a matrix replication mechanism into the mentioned algorithms. In accordance with the hypothesis of M. Eigen, this mechanism is characteristic of the prebiological stage of the emergence of life, and consists in the formation of macromolecules by building them up with elementary blocks according to the principle of signature - self-instruction. We analyzed the properties of matrix replication and disclosed the content of the algorithmic procedures necessary for its implementation: the construction of replication matrices, the implementation of independent evolution for each variant of the matrix; selection of the best options. We obtained quantitative estimates of the variety of options for possible matrices and solutions with them. We give recommendations on the choice of the length of the matrix and their number in solving practical problems. We note that the introduction of a replication matrix into the genetic search algorithm reduces the dimension of the original problem by the length of this matrix and, as a result, reduces the solution of the original problem to solving a finite number of subproblems of lower dimension. We presented an example of using the matrix replication mechanism for solving the NP-complete problem of finding the optimal route and confirmed the efficiency of using this mechanism in the search for a global extremum
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Khraibi, Ali A. "Renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure and pressure natriuresis in pregnant rats." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 279, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): F353—F357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2000.279.2.f353.
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The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that a decrease in renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure (RIHP) accounts for the blunted pressure natriuresis during pregnancy. RIHP was measured in nonpregnant (NP; n = 9), midterm pregnant (MP; 12–14 days after conception; n = 10), and late-term pregnant (LP; 18–21 days after conception; n = 12) female Sprague-Dawley rats at two renal perfusion pressure (RPP) levels (99 and 120 mmHg). At the lower RPP level, RIHP was 5.9 ± 0.3 mmHg for NP, 3.4 ± 0.4 mmHg for MP ( P < 0.05 vs. NP), and 2.9 ± 0.1 mmHg for LP ( P < 0.05 vs. NP) rats. The increase in RPP from 99 to 120 mmHg resulted in pressure natriuretic and diuretic responses in all groups; however, the increases in fractional excretion of sodium (ΔFENa), urine flow rate (ΔV), and ΔRIHP were significantly greater ( P < 0.05) in NP compared with both MP and LP rats. ΔFENa, ΔV, and ΔRIHP were 2.06 ± 0.28%, 81.44 ± 14.10 μl/min, and 3.0 ± 0.5 mmHg for NP; 0.67 ± 0.13%, 28.03 ± 5.28 μl/min, and 0.5 ± 0.2 mmHg for MP; and 0.48 ± 0.12%, 18.14 ± 4.70 μl/min, and 0.4 ± 0.1 mmHg for LP rats. In conclusion, RIHP is significantly lower in pregnant compared with nonpregnant rats at similar RPP levels. Also, the ability of pregnant rats to increase RIHP in response to an increase in RPP is blunted. These changes in RIHP may play an important role in the blunted pressure natriuresis and contribute to the conservation of sodium and water that is critical for fetal growth and development during normal pregnancy.
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Froese, Vincent, Iyad Kanj, André Nichterlein, and Rolf Niedermeier. "Finding Points in General Position." International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 27, no. 04 (December 2017): 277–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021819591750008x.
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We study the General Position Subset Selection problem: Given a set of points in the plane, find a maximum-cardinality subset of points in general position. We prove that General Position Subset Selection is NP-hard, APX-hard, and present several fixed-parameter tractability results for the problem as well as a subexponential running time lower bound based on the Exponential Time Hypothesis.
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ZHANG, DEYU, MEIMEI LÜ, and WENGUANG ZHAI. "ON THE MEAN VALUE OF THE INDEX OF COMPOSITION OF AN INTEGER II." International Journal of Number Theory 09, no. 02 (December 5, 2012): 431–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793042112501424.
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For each integer n ≥ 2, let [Formula: see text] be the index of composition of n, where γ(n) ≔ ∏p∣np. The index of composition of an integer measures the multiplicity of its prime factors. In this paper, we obtain a new asymptotic formula of the sum ∑n≤xλ-k(n). Furthermore, we improve the error term under the Riemann Hypothesis.
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Lind, Nanna Marie, and Anette Moustgaard. "Response to Novelty Correlates with Learning Rate in a Go/No-Go Task in Göttingen Minipigs." Neural Plasticity 12, no. 4 (2005): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/np.2005.341.
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Novelty-seeking and harm-avoidance personality traits influence Go/No-go (GNG) learning in humans. Animal studies have also indicated a link between response to novelty and spatial discrimination learning. In the present study, we test the hypothesis that learning rate in a GNG task correlates with the behavioral response of Göttingen minipigs to novelty. In a group of 12 minipigs of mixed genders, response to novelty was measured by numbers of contacts with a novel object, and the total duration of exploration of the novel object. These parameters were correlated to individual learning rate in a GNG task. The number of sessions to reach criterion in the GNG task correlated significantly with the number of contacts to a novel object (r = 0.70, p = 0.03), but not with the duration of object exploration (r = 0.29, p = 0.41). Thus, pigs with a low behavioral response to novelty learned the GNG task faster than did pigs with a strong behavioral response to novelty, indicated by the tendency to approach novel objects. We hypothesize that the critical factor in this relation is difference in emotional reactivity rather than difference in motivation for exploration. In conclusion, in addition to ‘cognitive’ ability, ‘temperamental’ factors are likely to influence learning in individual pigs.
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Otten, E. "Multi-Joint Dynamics and the Development of Movement Control." Neural Plasticity 12, no. 2-3 (2005): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/np.2005.89.
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The movement control of articulated limbs in humans has been explained in terms of equilibrium points and moving equilibrium points or virtual trajectories. One hypothesis is that the nervous system controls multi-segment limbs by simply planning in terms of these equilibrium points and trajectories. The present paper describes a planar computer simulation of an articulated three-segment limb, controlled by pairs of muscles. The shape of the virtual trajectory is analyzed when the limb is required to make fast movements with endpoint movements along a straight line with bell-shaped velocity profiles. Apparently, the faster the movement, the more the virtual trajectory deviates from the real trajectory and becomes up to eight times longer. The complexity of the shape of the virtual trajectories and its length in these fast movements makes it unlikely that the nervous system plans using these trajectories. it seems simpler to set up the required bursts of muscle activation, coupled in the nervous system to the direction of movement, the s peed, and the place in workspace. Finally, it is argued that the two types of explanation do not contradict each other: when a relation is established in the nervous system between muscle activation and movements, equilibrium points and virtual trajectories are necessarily part of that relation.
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Hwang, Priscilla Y., Kyle D. Allen, Mohammed F. Shamji, Liufang Jing, Brian A. Mata, Mostafa A. Gabr, Janet L. Huebner, Virginia B. Kraus, William J. Richardson, and Lori A. Setton. "Changes in Midbrain Pain Receptor Expression, Gait and Behavioral Sensitivity in a Rat Model of Radiculopathy." Open Orthopaedics Journal 6, no. 1 (September 3, 2012): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325001206010383.
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Intervertebral disc herniation may contribute to inflammatory processes that associate with radicular pain and motor deficits. Molecular changes at the affected dorsal root ganglion (DRG), spinal cord, and even midbrain, have been documented in rat models of radiculopathy or nerve injury. The objective of this study was to evaluate gait and the expression of key pain receptors in the midbrain in a rodent model of radiculopathy. Radiculopathy was induced by harvesting tail nucleus pulposus (NP) and placing upon the right L5 DRG in rats (NP-treated, n=12). Tail NP was discarded in sham-operated animals (n=12). Mechanical allodynia, weight-bearing, and gait were evaluated in all animals over time. At 1 and 4 weeks after surgery, astrocyte and microglial activation was tested in DRG sections. Midbrain sections were similarly evaluated for immunoreactivity to serotonin (5HT2B), mu-opioid (µ-OR), and metabotropic glutamate (mGluR4 and 5) receptor antibodies. NP-treated animals placed less weight on the affected limb 1 week after surgery and experienced mechanical hypersensitivity over the duration of the study. Astroctye activation was observed at DRGs only at 4 weeks after surgery. Findings for pain receptors in the midbrain of NP-treated rats included an increased expression of 5HT2B at 1, but not 4 weeks; increased expression of µ-OR and mGluR5 at 1 and 4 weeks (periaqueductal gray region only); and no changes in expression of mGluR4 at any point in this study. These observations provide support for the hypothesis that the midbrain responds to DRG injury with a transient change in receptors regulating pain responses.