Relevant bibliographies by topics / NP Hypothesis

Academic literature on the topic 'NP Hypothesis'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "NP Hypothesis"

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Bauer, D., H. J. Broersma, A. Morgana, and E. Schmeichel. "Polynomial algorithms that prove an NP-Hard hypothesis implies an NP-hard conclusion." Discrete Applied Mathematics 120, no. 1-3 (August 2002): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-218x(01)00276-1.

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Zhiyi, Zhang. "Cross-linguistic Variation of Binding Possibilities and Parameterized DP Hypothesis Revisited." English Linguistics Research 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v8n1p37.

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The former study approached the cross-linguistic variation of binding possibilities from the perspective of parameterized DP hypothesis. However, the parameterized DP hypothesis failed to explain some syntactic truth as regards the binding relation between possessive NP and pronoun. It has been examined in the present study that different languages have different means to form possessive structure and different mechanisms work in obligatory and optional binding. The c-commanding relation is the semantic basis for the optional binding between the possessive NP and the pronoun. For languages with possessive NP entering derivation after T, possessive NP fails to c-command pronoun and there will be no optional binding. For languages with possessive NP or morpheme entering derivation before T, possessive NP or morpheme succeeds to c-command pronoun and there is optional binding.
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Latash, Mark L., Vijaya Krishnamoorthy, John P. Scholz, and Vladimir M. Zatsiorsky. "Postural Synergies and Their Development." Neural Plasticity 12, no. 2-3 (2005): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/np.2005.119.

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The recent developments of a particular approach to analyzing motor synergies based on the principle of motor abundance has allowed a quantitative assessment of multieffector coordination in motor tasks involving anticipatory adjustments to self-triggered postural perturbations and in voluntary posturalsway. This approach, the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis, is based on an assumption that the central nervous system organizes covariation of elemental variables to stabilize important performance variables in a task-specific manner. In particular, this approach has been used to demonstrate and to assess the emergence of synergies and their modification with motor practice in typical persons and persons with Down syndrome. The framework of the UCM hypothesis allows the formulation of testable hypotheses with respect to developing postural synergies in typically and atypically developing persons.
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Finer, Daniel L. "Sulawesi Relatives, V-Raising, and the CP-Complement Hypothesis." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 43, no. 3-4 (December 1998): 283–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000841310002449x.

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AbstractDPs in several Austronesian languages from southwestern Sulawesi show the D head as an enclitic on an element within the DP. Where N is unmodified, D cliticizes to N, and where D is modified, D cliticizes to the modifier. A structure in which NP and the modifying phrase are treated as arguments of D is proposed, and the cliticization pattern is analyzed as resulting from head movement. Depending on the valency of the DP, NP will either be specifier or complement of D. This analysis extends easily to account for some otherwise puzzling patterns shown in relative clauses where D cliticizes to the right periphery of the verb of the modifying CP. Under the minimalist hypotheses that overt movement is a function of feature strength and that the strength of the relevant features can vary from language to language, certain patterns of head-adjunction involving V, I, C, and D are expected and the predictions are discussed.
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Albisser, Arlette, Yann Le Clec’h, and Haiko Sprott. "Neck pain and migraine: Association or cause?—A narrative review of the literature." Clinical and Translational Neuroscience 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 2514183X1983476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514183x19834768.

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This literature review deals with the question whether neck pain (NP) constitutes a symptom or a trigger of migraine. Firstly, a short survey about some techniques for measuring NP in association and relation with migraine is presented. Secondly, the arguments about NP as a symptom or a trigger of migraine are being reviewed and compared. The main questions are the following: Which tests can be used to distinguish NP as a trigger or a symptom of migraine? Is a therapy for NP an adequate method to treat migraine? Finally, the pros and cons of NP as a symptom or as a trigger will be reviewed, and possible treatment options will be suggested. This review found that no reliable and standardized tests exist to classify NP in relation to migraine. However, there is a comparability among these studies due to the common use of migraine definition in the “International Classification of Headache Disorders.” Regarding the quality and methods, different types of studies were analyzed, for example, retrospective, prospective, and cross-sectional studies. Nevertheless, none of these types are specifically suited to show a causality between NP and migraine. In order to do this, the authors would suggest using a randomized controlled study. Another adequate study design might be a population-based case–control crossover study and calculating the population attributable risk. Furthermore, the pathophysiology of NP in migraine patients should be investigated in more detail. Besides their questionable suitability for showing a connection between NP and migraine, some studies were additionally subject to a population and selection bias. To sum up, part of the authors in the reviewed literature generate the hypothesis that NP is more often a symptom than a trigger of migraine. However, due to methodological flaws, more studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.
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Adams, S. H., and J. Odle. "Plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate after octanoate challenge: attenuated ketogenic capacity in neonatal swine." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 265, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): R761—R765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.4.r761.

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Suckling neonatal pigs (NP, 24 h old) do not exhibit elevated blood ketone bodies (KB). Mature swine have relatively high KB under certain conditions, suggesting an ontogeny of ketogenesis. Thus we evaluated the hypothesis that NP possess a relatively attenuated ketogenic capacity vs. weaned pigs (WP) and mature pigs (MP). Fasted animals were given an intraperitoneal dose of octanoate (C8), and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) and C8 were monitored over 180 min. Newborn (NR, 24 h old) and mature rabbits (MR, > 1 yr old) were also compared. Linear regressions of plasma beta-OHB (microM) vs. plasma C8 (microM) were calculated for C8 < 1,000 microM. There was a significant linear relationship of beta-OHB regressed against C8 in all ages of pigs (P < 0.001) and in NR (P = 0.024). The slope for NP (0.08) was one to two orders of magnitude below slopes for older pigs (WP = 1.19 and MP = 0.78, P < 0.01 vs. NP), NR *6.97, P < 0.05), and MR (4.04, NS). The beta-OHB peak in NP (40.9 +/- 4.4 microM) was 1-8% of the maxima in other animals (P < 0.05) despite a C8 maximum (2.3 +/- 0.3 mM) similar to that of WP (1.9 +/- 0.7 mM) and MR (2.9 +/- 1.2 mM) (P > 0.05, NS). The data are consistent with the hypothesis that NP have a poor capacity for ketogenesis.
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CALUDE, CRISTIAN S., ELENA CALUDE, and MELISSA S. QUEEN. "INDUCTIVE COMPLEXITY OF THE P VERSUS NP PROBLEM." Parallel Processing Letters 23, no. 01 (March 2013): 1350007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626413500072.

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This paper does not propose a solution, not even a new possible attack, to the P versus NP problem. We are asking the simpler question: How “complex” is the P versus NP problem? Using the inductive complexity measure—a measure based on computations run by inductive register machines of various orders—developed in [2], we determine an upper bound on the inductive complexity of second order of the P versus NP problem. From this point of view, the P versus NP problem is significantly more complex than the Riemann hypothesis. To date, the P versus NP problem and the Goostein theorem (which is unprovable in Peano Arithmetic) are the most complex mathematical statements (theorems, conjectures and problems) studied in this framework [9, 5, 6, 2, 20].
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Briffa, S. M., F. Nasser, E. Valsami-Jones, and I. Lynch. "Uptake and impacts of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) capped metal oxide nanoparticles on Daphnia magna: role of core composition and acquired corona." Environmental Science: Nano 5, no. 7 (2018): 1745–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8en00063h.

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Davidse, Kristin, Lieselotte Brems, and Liesbeth De Smedt. "Type noun uses in the English NP." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 13, no. 2 (May 26, 2008): 139–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.13.2.02dav.

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This article addresses the relatively neglected question of identifying and characterizing the various uses of sort, kind and type in the English NP. It does so on the basis of close analysis of a set of data extracted from the Times subcorpus of the COBUILD corpus. The proposed description refers to the general functions fulfilled by elements of the NP, which, from right to left, form an objective — subjective continuum. At the same time, we characterize the specific grammatical, collocational and discoursal patterns that can be observed to shape each use in the empirical data. In this way, we distinguish, besides the generally recognized head and qualifier uses, also modifier, postdeterminer and quantifier uses. We then consider these intra-NP type noun uses as a possible case of Adamson’s (2000) hypothesis, which correlates subjectification with leftward movement in the NP.
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Courtes, Aline Alves, Letícia Priscila Arantes, Rômulo Pillon Barcelos, Ingrid Kich da Silva, Aline Augusti Boligon, Margareth Linde Athayde, Robson Luiz Puntel, and Félix Alexandre Antunes Soares. "Protective Effects of Aqueous Extract ofLuehea divaricataagainst Behavioral and Oxidative Changes Induced by 3-Nitropropionic Acid in Rats." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/723431.

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Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease. Accordingly, 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) has been found to effectively produce HD-like symptoms.Luehea divaricata(L. divaricata), popularly known in Brazil as “açoita-cavalo,” may act as a neuroprotective agentin vitroandin vivo. We evaluated the hypothesis that the aqueous extract ofL. divaricatacould prevent behavioral and oxidative alterations induced by 3-NP in rats. 25 adult Wistar male rats were divided into 5 groups: (1) control, (2)L. divaricata(1000 mg/kg), (3) 3-NP, (4)L. divaricata(500 mg/kg) + 3-NP, and (5)L. divaricata(1000 mg/kg) + 3-NP. Groups 2, 4, and 5 receivedL. divaricatavia intragastric gavage daily for 10 days. Animals in groups 3, 4, and 5 received 20 mg/kg 3-NP daily from days 8–10. At day 10, parameters of locomotor activity and biochemical evaluations were performed. Indeed, rats treated with 3-NP showed decreased locomotor activity compared to controls. Additionally, 3-NP increased levels of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation and decreased ratio of GSH/GSSG and acetylcholinesterase activity in cortex and/or striatum. Our results suggest that rats pretreated withL. divaricataprior to 3-NP treatment showed neuroprotective effects when compared to 3-NP treated controls, which may be due to its antioxidant properties.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "NP Hypothesis"

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Bentzien, Levke. "NP-completeness notions under strong hypotheses." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=961604557.

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Bentzien, Levke [Verfasser]. "NP-completeness notions under strong hypotheses / vorgelegt von Levke Bentzien." 2000. http://d-nb.info/961604557/34.

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Books on the topic "NP Hypothesis"

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Lyons, Christopher. Movement in 'NP' and the DP hypothesis. Salford: University of Salford European Studies Research Institute, 1994.

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Ruda, Marta. Syntactic representation of null arguments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0010.

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Focusing on definite-argument drop, this chapter puts forward the hypothesis that null arguments are minimally represented as [nPn] and maximally as a fully-fledged pronoun ([DP D [PersP Pers [NumP Num [nPn]]]] or [PersP Pers [NumP Num [nPn]]]). The (un)availability of such arguments in a language is a consequence of independent features of its grammar: the lexical specification of its nominalizing n heads (esp. their association with phonetic material) and the avaialbility of post-syntactic type-shifting operations (esp. ι‎). The working of this approach is illustrated mostly with data from English, Polish, and Kashubian. The two latter languages are argued here to differ from English with respect to the inflectional properties of their nouns, as well as with respect to the mechanisms of NP interpretation. The chapter discusses the predictions thehypothesis makes about the identity of null arguments with respect to cross-linguistic variation in the patterns of argument omission.
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Book chapters on the topic "NP Hypothesis"

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Thiel, Christoph. "Under the assumption of the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis verifying the class number belongs to NP ∩ co-NP." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 234–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-58691-1_61.

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Bürgisser, Peter. "On Implications between P-NP-Hypotheses: Decision versus Computation in Algebraic Complexity." In Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science 2001, 3–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44683-4_2.

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Dobrovie-Sorin, Carmen, and Ion Giurgea. "Distributive MOST." In Majority Quantification and Quantity Superlatives, 53–97. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791249.003.0002.

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Romanian, Hungarian, and Icelandic are languages in which MOST allows the proportional interpretation when combined with count NPs but not when combined with mass NPs. In English, the same generalization is found with non-generic NP restrictors. In §2.2 the generic NP restrictors found with the English most are analyzed as kind-referring DPs. Section 2.3 argues that the observed ban on mass NPs cannot be explained by Hackl’s (2009) superlative analysis, nor by Matthewson’s (2001) entity-restrictor MOST. We propose that (in the relevant languages) proportional MOST is to be analyzed as a distributive quantificational Determiner. We show that the observed ban on mass NPs correlates with a ban on collective quantification. Finally, we provide syntactic evidence for the hypothesis that in Romanian and English the proportional MOST sits in Spec,DP and D°, respectively. It thus appears that the quantificational-determiner semantics of MOST correlates with the highest syntactic level inside the DP.
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"Discourse-deployability and Indefinite NP-marking in Hausa: a Demonstration of the Universal ‘Categoriality Hypothesis’." In Studies in Hausa, 81–97. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315683430-16.

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Ray, Saikat, Wei Lai, Dong Guo, and Ioannis Ch Paschalidis. "Statistical Location Detection." In Localization Algorithms and Strategies for Wireless Sensor Networks, 230–56. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-396-8.ch009.

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The authors present a unified stochastic localization approach that allows a wireless sensor network to determine the physical locations of its nodes with moderate resolution, especially indoors. The area covered by the wireless sensor network is partitioned into regions; the localization algorithm identifies the region where a given sensor resides. The localization is performed using an infrastructure of stationary clusterheads that receive beacon packets periodically transmitted by the given sensor. The localization algorithm exploits the statistical characteristics of the beacon signal and treats the localization problem as a multi-hypothesis testing problem. The authors provide an asymptotic performance guarantee for the system and use this metric to determine the optimal placement of the infrastructure nodes. The placement problem is NP-hard and they leverage special-purpose algorithms from the theory of discrete facility location to solve large problem instances efficiently. They also show that localization decisions can be taken in a distributed manner by appropriate collaboration of the clusterheads. The approach is validated in a Boston University testbed.
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Conference papers on the topic "NP Hypothesis"

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Chang, Richard, and Suresh Purini. "Bounded Queries and the NP Machine Hypothesis." In Twenty-Second Annual IEEE Conference on Computational Complexity. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccc.2007.7.

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Jonsson, Peter, and Victor Lagerkvist. "Lower Bounds and Faster Algorithms for Equality Constraints." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/247.

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We study the fine-grained complexity of NP-complete, infinite-domain constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) parameterised by a set of first-order definable relations (with equality). Such CSPs are of central importance since they form a subclass of any infinite-domain CSP parameterised by a set of first-order definable relations. We prove that under the randomised exponential-time hypothesis it is not possible to find c > 1 such that a CSP over an arbitrary finite equality language is solvable in O(c^n) time (n is the number of variables). Stronger lower bounds are possible for infinite equality languages where we rule out the existence of 2^o(n log n) time algorithms; a lower bound which also extends to satisfiability modulo theories solving for an arbitrary background theory. Despite these lower bounds we prove that for each c > 1 there exists an NP-hard equality CSP solvable in O(c^n) time. Lower bounds like these immediately ask for closely matching upper bounds, and we prove that a CSP over a finite equality language is always solvable in O(c^n) time for a fixed c.
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Dabrowski, Konrad K., Peter Jonsson, Sebastian Ordyniak, and George Osipov. "Fine-Grained Complexity of Temporal Problems." In 17th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2020}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2020/29.

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Expressive temporal reasoning formalisms are essential for AI. One family of such formalisms consists of disjunctive extensions of the simple temporal problem (STP). Such extensions are well studied in the literature and they have many important applications. It is known that deciding satisfiability of disjunctive STPs is NP-hard, while the fine-grained complexity of such problems is virtually unexplored. We present novel algorithms that exploit structural properties of the solution space and prove, assuming the Exponential-Time Hypothesis, that their worst-case time complexity is close to optimal. Among other things, we make progress towards resolving a long-open question concerning whether Allen's interval algebra can be solved in single-exponential time, by giving a 2^{O(nloglog(n))} algorithm for the special case of unit-length intervals.
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Orlansky, Amy S., John I. Boxberger, and Dawn M. Elliott. "The Dynamic Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Lumbar Disc Are Decreased Following Nucleus Pulposus GAG Reduction." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192634.

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The intervertebral disc has the important biomechanical function of dissipating energy during spinal loading. With degeneration, the disc experiences, among other changes, a loss of mechanical function and degradation of its composition. Using a rat model of early disc degeneration by injection of Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content in the nucleus pulposus (NP) was reduced which altered neutral zone mechanical properties. The contribution of decreased NP GAG content to the dynamic viscoelastic properties has yet to be determined. The advantage of dynamic viscoelastic testing is that it provides both viscous and elastic stiffness values as a function of loading frequency. These methods have been employed previously in a rabbit disc regeneration model, in ligament under three modes of loading, and in NP under oscillatory shear and compression. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the viscoelastic behavior of a rat lumbar disc at several equilibrium strains and to quantify the impact of GAG reduction on this behavior. Our hypotheses were: 1) elastic stiffness would be greater, and viscous stiffness and loss angle would be lower with increased frequency, and 2) both elastic and viscous stiffness would be lower in the reduced GAG discs at all frequencies.
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Fernandez, Michael, Joy Vink, Ronald Wapner, Kyoko Yoshida, and Kristin M. Myers. "Direct Measurement of Human Cervical Tissue Permeability." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80749.

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The mechanical integrity of the uterine cervix is critical for the full-term success of a pregnancy. It must be strong to retain the fetus throughout gestation and then undergo a remodeling and softening process before labor to allow dilation and delivery. We hypothesize that the preterm birth (PTB) condition known as cervical insufficiency (CI) is related to a weak or soft cervix. Such PTBs are responsible for infant developmental problems and in severe cases, infant mortality. To understand the etiologies of CI, our overall research goal is to investigate the mechanical behavior of the cervix. As a foundation for future in-vivo tools to assess cervical softness, we aim to quantify cervical structure-material property relationships for nonpregnant (NP) and pregnant (PG) tissue from women with different obstetric backgrounds, including women with a previous history of CI. The goal of this study is to characterize cervical tissue as a poroelastic (biphasic) material. Here we present the results of two mechanical experiments on NP and PG hysterectomy cervical tissue samples: first, confined compression and second, direct measurement of permeability by a custom strain-adjustable permeation rig.
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