Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Noyau cellulaire – Propriétés mécaniques'
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Rayer, Mégane. "Mécanisme de génération de forces par les cellules apoptotiques lors de la morphogenèse de la drosophile." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30169.
Full textEach animal species acquires a specific shape during development. The generation of mechanical forces is one of the strategies used by cells to sculpt organs. During animal development, the mechanical forces generated in the plane of adherens junctions are important for epithelium remodeling. These planar forces have been extensively studied over the last years. This is particularly the case during apical constriction of mesodermal cells during drosophila embryo gastrulation. The reduction of the cell's apex is considered a fundamental process to trigger invagination of this tissue. However, recently, it has been shown that forces can also be generated along the cell apico-basal axis. The team in which I did my thesis has shown that these forces are important for the formation of folds during drosophila leg development. In this process, before their disappearance, cells form an apico-basal myosin structure, called "myosin cable". The force created by the contraction of the cable is transmitted to the cell's neighbors, inducing cell shape changes progressively resulting in fold formation. However, the mechanisms required for apico-basal force generation remained unknown. The goal of my thesis was to study in detail how the cells destined to die could generate an effective force. We made the hypothesis that the myosin cable should be anchored at the apical and basal cell poles in order to promote a resistance to the cable contraction, and to allow force transmission to the neighbors. Therefore, my aim was to identify these anchoring points thanks to imaging and genetics technics. First, I had identified apical anchor point. Indeed, apoptotic cells reduce their apex but maintain their adherens junctions. The apical extremity of the myosin cable colocalizes to this adhesion structure. Secondly, I searched for the basal anchor point of myosin cable. Surprisingly, I observed that the nucleus of apoptotic cells is systematically relocated on the basal cell half and that the myosin cable contacts it. I tested whether the nucleus plays a role in myosin cable anchorage by perturbing its basal localization. The loss of function of Klarsicht, a LINC complex protein, prevents the cell to deform its neighbors, showing that, in this context the force is strongly or totally abolished. Finally, I have shown that the apoptotic nucleus itself is anchored to the basal side in order to promote a resistance during cable contraction. Indeed, I studied nuclei mobility and showed that apoptotic nuclei are less mobile than non-apoptotic nuclei. I also showed that F-actin and Talin, a basal adhesion component, are required for apoptotic nucleus stability. Furthermore, I have observed that, during cable contraction, the nucleus moves back apically and that it deforms locally. Finally, laser ablation experiments of the myosin cable show an apical recoil of apical surface and a basal recoil of the nucleus. Thus, the force generated by the apoptotic cells is transmitted in the apico-basal axis thanks to the link between apical adherence, cable and nucleus. My work highlights a new mechanism of force generation. This new mechanism of apico-basal force could be conserved in other cell types in additional invagination processes during morphogenesis. My results also show that the nucleus plays a new role, beyond the protection of the genome, by participating actively in force generation
Caillez, Fabien. "Etude des propriétés mécaniques des protéines par modélisation moléculaire." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077063.
Full textDue to their importance for function, the mechanical properties of proteins are the subject of great attention. We have used molecular modeling techniques to gain a better understanding of these properties. We have notably used molecular dynamics simulations to study the dynamics of E-cadherin molecules which are involved in cellular adhesion. The influence of the presence of calcium ions has been monitored in the context of the change in flexibility and dimerisation. We have also examined three dimeric conformations observed experimentally and discussed their potential involvement in adhesion. We have also developed various methodological tools for the theoretical study of proteins. The first is a new index to measure protein flexibility at the single amino acid level, via the use of restrained energy minimisations. This method also allows us to determine dynamical domains within protein structures by analyzing the deformations caused by the restraints. We have also developed a new multi-scale representation of proteins, containing both coarse-grained and all-atom residues. This representation should allow us to study large Systems while keeping atomic precision within the most important parts of the protein
Ghibaudo, Marion. "Influence des propriétés mécaniques du substrat sur l'adhésion et la migration cellulaire." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00345790.
Full textGhibaudo, Marion. "Influence des propriétés mécaniques du substrat sur la migration de l'adhésion cellulaire." Paris 7, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00345790v2.
Full textCell adhesion and migration play a significant role in numerous cell mechanisms, from morphogenesis to metastasis. It is well known that the cell micro-mechanical environment has a strong influence on multiple cell functions such as adhesion, migration and also differentiation. To control the cell environment properties, we chose to combine micro-fabrication techniques, adapted from micro-electronics, with cell and molecular biology. We focused on the influence of substrate stiffness on cell, here fibroblasts, migration and forces on their matrix. For that, we used flexible micro-pillars as force detectors. We showed that cells adapt the forces they exert on their substrate to its rigidity. We then studied the influence of substrate topography on cell migration. We also used micro-posts, but with higher dimensions (5 to 10 times larger). Migrating cells encounter fiat and bumpy surfaces when migrating. We showed that in these environments, cells adopt a behavior close to the one observed in a 3D environment, and also that the nucleus stiffness is involved in this behavior. Then we did a preliminary work on spreading cells in these environments
Proag, Amsha. "Sensibilité de cellules vivantes aux propriétés mécaniques et géométriques de leur environnement." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077056.
Full textAnimal tissues constitute highly organized biological Systems, where the cellular and rmulticellular levels are in constant interrelation. Not only do cells regulate their behaviour via biochemical signalling: they also transmit mechanical stimuli, through the cytoskeleton and adhesion complexes, which leads to the formation of a tridimensional collective organization where cells and tissues constrain each other. To investigate the mechanical and geometrical aspects of intercellular interactions, we cultivated epithelial tissues on artificial micro-environments. We manufactured polyacrylamide and polydimethylsiloxane microstructured substrates with precise stiffness and geometry, which we grew MDCK epithelia on. We also modulated the adhesive properties of these substrates in order to confine a single cell and simulate the topological constraints of the tissue on an individual cell. After staining the internal components which govern cell architecture, we were able to obtain 3D images using confocal microscopy and to quantify the morphology of the cells. The measured volume distributions of cells and nuclei differed according to their localization within the tissue, as well as to the geometry and stiffness of the environment. Modifying these experimental parameters made it possible to observe the effect of external constraints on cell morphology. Finally, we found that the tissue profile depended on the topography of the substrate, and we suggested a mode! which correlates both organizational levels
Boucher, Julie. "Glycation des protéines intracellulaires : impact sur la fonction contractile cellulaire." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6847.
Full textWendling-Mansuy, Sylvie. "Loi de comportement d'une structure de tenségrité élémentaire : application à la mécanique cellulaire." Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120111.
Full textCuerrier, Charles M. "Modulation des propriétés mécaniques de cellules stimulées par l'angiotensine II, la thrombine et la bradykinine implications vasculaires." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4308.
Full textLefeuvre, Anaële. "Contribution à l'étude des propriétés des fibres de lin (Linum Usitatissimum L. , variétés Marylin et Andréa) en fonction des pratiques culturales sur le plateau du Neubourg. Fibres destinées au renforcement de matériaux composites." Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUES024.
Full textThis thesis was done in collaboration with the Coopérative de Teillage de Lin du plateau du Neubourg (CTLN) which wants to sell some of their producted fibers for composite reinforcement. The aim was to develop knowledge about the variability of mechanical properties and cell wall composition of flax fibers in function of several cimatic scenarios (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012) and pedologic conditions (Nord/Sud/Est/Ouest) on a restricted geographical area (Plateau du Neubourg, Eure, Haute-Normandie) for two varieties (Marylin/Andréa). The study of mechanical properties and cell wall composition showed that pedo-climatic conditions are the most impactant factors. Nevertheless, an ANOVA statistical analysis revealed that their impacts were in a small range and that it is possible to garrantee minimal values of mechanical properties which are competitive with glass fibre’s one, what ever the year. The analysis of stress-strain curves highlighted the importance of the non-linear TIII behavior and permitted to modelize structural modifications happening inside the cell wall during tensile sollicitations
Charrier, Elisabeth. "Implication de la desmine dans les propriétés mécaniques des cellules musculaires squelettiques dans le contexte des desminopathies." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077170.
Full textDesminopathies are neuromuscular genetic diseases caused by mutations in the desmin gene. They are characterized by the presence in muscles of aggregates containing desmin and by degenerative changes of the contractile apparatus. Although desminopathies have been largely studied at clinical level, the different steps that lead from a desmin gene mutation to progressive muscle weakness are stiil unclear. We investigated this problem in early stages of disease pathology and within an isogenic background, by using C2C12 myoblasts electroporated with the E413K mutant desmin. We first show that the expression of this mutant induces a large desmin network disorganization associated with important aggregate formation. We also compared the mechanical properties of wild-type C2C12 cells, cells over-expressing desmin-WT-GFP and cells expressing mutated desmin E413K-GFP. We show that the three cell types share similar visco-elastic moduli of the cortex, whereas expression of WT-desmin -but not of mutated desmin — increases the overall rigidity of cells. We finally investigated the impact of mutated desmin on the contractility of myoblasts in two different geometries, with a custom-made single cell technique, and with Traction Force Microscopy. We show that E413K-mutation significantly decreases cell contraction abilities. We thus demonstrate for the first time that the impaired contractile strength of muscles observed in desminopathies is already present at very early stage, in isolated myoblasts and at very short time of mutated desmin expression. Finally we have begun to investigate the effect of E413K mutated desmin expression on engineered microtissues made of C2C12 myoblasts
Zoulgami, Mariam. "Nouvelles préparations pour biomatériaux ciment d'hydroxyapatite et associations de phosphates inorganiques avec un géopolymère de type polysialate-siloxo." Rennes 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN1A059.
Full textCharlet, Karine. "Contribution à l'étude de composites unidirectionnels renforcés par des fibres de lin : relation entre la microstructure de la fibre et ses propriétés mécaniques." Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN2012.
Full textThis doctoral dissertation deals with morphological and mechanical characteristics of flax fibres. Indeed, due to their lightness and their good mechanical properties, these fibres are considered as good alternatives for the glass fibres commonly used as reinforcement in polymer composites. At first, sections and longitudinal profiles of flax fibres were observed in order to determine their mean sizes and their scattering and to draw up an internal organisation scheme. Then, tensile tests were then performed on elementary fibres. Their mechanical behaviour displays a typical elasto-visco-plasticity as well as an initial non-linearity which has been attributed to an internal rearrangement of the cell wall constituents. The comparison with other natural fibres and the observation of fibre rupture surfaces allowed to corroborate this hypothesis. The study of fibres issued from two varieties and from different parts of the stems led to the conclusion that the median fibres exhibited optimal dimensions as well as higher mechanical properties than the apical or the basal ones. Finally, unidirectional composites made of flax fibres and polyester were processed by hand lay-up or by compression moulding, with several fibre volume fractions. They were tensile and flexural tested in order to determine their mechanical properties and their damage modes. The results show that flax fibres reinforced composites, in addition to their ecological benefit, are mechanically competitive compared to glass fibres reinforced composites
Malgat, Richard. "Simulation bio-informatique de la structure des plantes pour la caractérisation de leurs propriétés mécaniques au niveau cellulaire." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAM068/document.
Full textMorphogenesis in plants is an active field of research. While genetics influence on plant shape has been extensively studied, rheology through scales: from cells to the whole organism through various tissues or organs, is still poorly analysed. Nevertheless, it should lead to the understanding of plants evolving, since it directly drives the organism growth.This work aims at understanding the mechanical caracteristics of plant cells, through several realistic and physically based models of various sub-domains of our plant archetype: Arabidopsis thaliana. In this project, a systematic approach has been developped, where the structures underlying such models rely on experimental data (images of different plant organs), describing precisely the inner structure of A. thaliana, which allows the use of realistic meshesfor our simulations.Then physical modelling allows us to retrieve, through the deformation field of different plant sub-domains, the mechanical properties underlying each type of structure described, which is a typical inverse problem form of a complex biological system. We apply this optimization methodology to several plant organs, beginning with embryonic stem, then with roots and finally with meristems, which constitute the zone where cells can divide and growthtypically takes place.Then, we develop a theoretical framework, on which biologists may rely, describing a realistic model of plant sub-system, typically a meristem. We hope that this conceptual framework will help experimentalists to validate some hypothesis regarding plant manipulations that are still subject to debate, as the use of Atomic Force Microscopy to experimentaly extract mechanical parameters from various plant tissues.Finally, we present a new approach coupling a coarse physically based simulation to a more detailed one : the Multifarious Hierarchiy of Mechanical Models. MHMMs are eclectics as they combine arbitrarily any type of physically based simulation (meshless, modal physics, Finite Elements, ...). Moreover, they are flexible as they allow the modularity of the various domainscontaining the underlying models. Finally MHMMs are much faster than full Finite Element simulation, at the same level of detail. This should allow the development of fast algorithm for local detailed simulation, as was the case for the numerical Atomic Force Microscope in previous part
Bordeleau, François. "Microscopie de force photonique comme outil d'évaluation de la tension cellulaire au site d'adhésion focale." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19147.
Full textRancourt-Grenier, Sébastien. "Simulation de déformation de globule rouge par des trappes optiques en trois dimensions." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27325/27325.pdf.
Full textGasser, Stéphane. "Etude des propriétés acoustiques et mécaniques d'un matériau métallique poreux modèle à base de sphères creuses de nickel." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004438.
Full textCouttenier, Elodie. "Candida albicans sur puce microfluidique : réponse des hyphes aux contraintes physiques et cycle cellulaire." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLS032.
Full textThe opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans is one of the most important fungi from a clinical point of view, responsible for mucosal diseases in healthy individuals up to severe infections in immunocompromised patients. A striking property of C. albicans is its ability to grow under distinct morphological forms, from the spherical budding yeast form to long filaments called hyphae.The mechanisms of fungal invasion are still poorly understood, but they involve both penetration of hyphae through the epithelial barriers and dissemination of yeasts in the bloodstream. Therefore, the mechanical properties of the fungus appear crucial to its virulence, as well as its ability to sense its environment and respond to various constraints.We developed a microfluidic device for the measurement of bending rigidity of hyphae.Yeasts are placed in front of microchannels and grow as hyphae.%Yeasts are first seeded and placed in front of microchannels where they are allowed to grow as hyphae, tThen a flow is applied to bend the filaments and the bending rigidity and Young’s modulus are computed from their deflection.We have found that the modulus of the hyphal cell wall ranges around ten of micronewtons.By using microfluidic devices, we can implement guidance of hyphae into microchannels of various sizes in order to probe their behavior under confinement. Surprisingly, a 2D confinement can trigger a switch from a normal straight growth to a sinusoidal growth. Studies of the characteristics of these specific trajectories and of different experimental conditions triggering them have been carried out. Helices in 3D have also been observed either in agar gel or immediately upon release of the 2D confinement. Several leads to explain this behavior are explored such as the position at the tip of the Spitzenkörper, a polarity complex in hyphae.Finally, the cell cycle progression in hyphae is quite interesting and very well regulated, but nevertheless poorly studied compared to the one in budding or fission yeasts.The use of microchannels and of various stainings (nucleus, septum, microtubules) allow a precise monitoring of the different events of the cycle, leading to a better understanding of the regulation and dynamics of cell cycle in hyphae
Bauër, Pierre. "Mesures mécaniques et génération de forces de réseaux d’actine branchés avec des micro-cylindres magnétiques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066428/document.
Full textThe work done during this tesis concerns the mechanics and force generation processes of branched actin networks reconstructed in vitro. To study these effects, we’ve developped a new experimental setup, based on self assembly of supermaramagnetic microcylinders under a magnetic force. This allows us to obtain relations between force and growth velocity of branched actin networks, as well as linking force generation with mechanics, which are crucial to understand cell mechanics and migration
Ambrosini, Arnaud. "Étude du mécanisme de génération de forces mécaniques par les cellules apoptotiques et leur transmission au reste du tissu." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30281.
Full textEpithelium morphogenesis is a key feature during the development of multicellular organism. Within morphogenetic events, the ability to create a fold is crucial to shape multicellular organism. A fundamental aspect of morphogenesis lies on the ability of cells to exert, exchange and resist mechanical stress in order to shape the tissue. During the past decades, the importance of mechanical force generated at the level of adherent junctions, parallel to the apical plan has been greatly elucidated. However, the role of mechanical forces generated perpendicular to the apical plan (in the apico/basal axe) is far from being understood. Recently, the team demonstrated that apoptotic cells in the leg disc epithelium of the drosophila, are able to generate an apico/basal force that is required for the fold formation that foreshadows the future articulation of the adult leg. Even if the role of acto-myosin structure in the generation of this force has been demonstrated, nothing is known about other regulators or even anchoring points that could help this structure in generating this force. Moreover, the effects of this force have only been observed for the apical side of the epithelium. My Phd aims at two goals: (1) Deciphering the intracellular structure that are required for this force generation process and the possible effect of force generation for the apoptotic process per se.(2) Analysing the consequences of those forces on the basal side of the epithelium. During my Phd, I have shown that in order to exert an apico/basal force, the apoptotic cell needs to generate an apico/basal structure comprising from the apical to the basal: adherent junctions, acto-myosin cable, nucleus and basal adhesions. More precisely, I observed that acto-myosin structures called "cables" that have been implicated in the force generation process, spawn from the adherent junctions and grows progressively until reaching the nucleus of the cell. I observed that apoptotic cells have a basally localised nucleus. Following that, I observed that nucleus is anchored by a basal actin meshwork, that restraints apoptotic nucleus movements. What is more, I observed that apoptotic cells maintain basal cell/matrix adhesions. [...]
Arnaud, Laurent. "Pâte crue de béton cellulaire, approches théorique et expérimentale : l'homogénéisation, le vibroscope." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECAP0291.
Full textFiola, Marie-Christine. "Mécanotransduction endothéliale en réponse à un flux pulsatile dans un substitut vasculaire obtenu par génie tissulaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26507/26507.pdf.
Full textMarmottant, Ariane. "Structure et propriétés de mousses d'aluminium élaborées par réplication de préforme de sel." Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPG0188.
Full textThe present work investigates the influence of structural fluctuations on the mechanical properties of aluminium foams (Young's modulus and yield stress). Aluminium foams are produced using salt patterns. This method consists in: (i) the processing of a porous salt pattern (sodium chloride), the density of which is controlled, (ii) the infiltration of this pattern by molten aluminium, (iii) the leaching of the salt. Ln order to vary the foam structure, the pattern is densified using isostatic compaction or sintering; different salt shapes and sizes are also used. The foam structure is characterised by X-ray microtomography and three-dimensional analysis. It is observed that replicated foams display a structural transition as their relative density increases. This transition causes the mechanical behaviour to be unusual. An adaptation of the Gibson and Ashby model is proposed to link the structural transition and the Young's modulus evolutions
Hayer, Benoît d'. "Étude des propriétés physiques et mécaniques de microsphères d'alginate au cours d'un cycle de congélation-décongélation et application pour la cryoconservation de cellules souches mésenchymateuses encapsulées." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB015.
Full textCell therapy and advanced therapy medicinal products are promising solutions for the regeneration of tissues or organs with functional or organic defects. Before the terminal heart failure stage (stage IV NYHA) following a myocardial infarction, the implantation of a cellularized fibrin patch with myocardial progenitors at the location of the infarct necrosis, is one of the perspectives that would allow a functional heart muscle to regenerate and appears to be a new alternative, in particular, with an ongoing Phase I clinical trial (ESCORT : NCT02057900). However, this innovative therapy presents real constraints, among which, a protocol requiring, i) the use for the production of CD15+ myocardial progenitor cells of, DMSO, bovine fetal serum, porcine trypsin, and murine fibroblasts which may be the source of chemical or microbiological contamination, ii) an important characterization of the produced cells, to determine their viability, purity, and state of differentiation, iii) to implant the cellularized fibrin patch within a limited time frame before getting the results of sterility and endotoxins, iv) to incise the pericardium and to form a pouch, a very invasive surgical gesture, in order to implant the cellularized patch inside. With the objective of limiting these constraints and strengthening the pharmaceutical safety of this innovative therapy medication, different axes of this work have focused on i) the addition, just before the implantation, of a step of cryopreservation of the cells in a medium without serum and without DMSO, but with pharmaceutical-grade cryoprotectants. The advantages of cryopreservation is to allow production in batches, and controls to be carried out without time constraints before the implantation, ii) the vectorization of the cells by encapsulation in microspheres forming an injectable suspension and allowing direct implantation through the pericardium immediately after thawing, iii) the use of bioadhesive polymers to maintain the microspheres at the location of the implantation. This study initially enabled to identify a low-viscosity sodium alginate at 1.2% as a polymer being used for the encapsulation with the use of a vibrating nozzle which diameter is of 120 µm. The nature and the concentration of the cryoprotectants have also been defined. The cryoprotectants were selected from oses (glucose, sucrose, trehalose), polyols (glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol) and urea, at a concentration which achieves a total osmolarity of 500 mOsm/L in order to lower the freezing point of water. Finally, low viscosity chitosan at 0.5% was used as a bioadhesive polymer at the surface of the microspheres to maintain their shapes and mechanical properties after freezing. In a second step, a biological evaluation allowed to measure the impact of the encapsulation and the cryopreservation processes, on human mesenchymal stem cells used as a model. It was thus possible to optimize the protocol, which in return increased the viability ; evaluation made after encapsulation and freezing by a flow cytometry analysis with 7AAD ; from less than 5% to about 35%
Petit, Clémence. "Etude des propriétés mécaniques de matériaux cellulaires par la tomographie aux rayons X et par modélisation par éléments finis." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0130/document.
Full textCellular materials are highly porous systems for which two scales are mainly important: the mesostructure and the microstructure. The mesostructure corresponds to the architecture of the materials: distribution of solid phase “walls” and macroporosity and can be characterized by X-ray tomographic low resolution images. The link between the architecture of the materials and the mechanical properties has been frequently studied. The microstructure refers to the characteristics of the solid phase. Its microstructural features (presence of a secondary phase or of defects due to the sintering) can have a strong influence on the macroscopic properties. The aim of this work is to link the morphological and microstructural features of metallic and ceramic based cellular materials and their mechanical properties thanks to X-ray tomography and finite element modelling. A new method combining X-ray tomography at different resolutions, image processing and creation of finite element modelling enabled to take into account some microstuctural features of the cellular samples. Four different cellular materials were studied as model materials: aluminium foam fabricated by a liquid state process, cobalt periodic structures made by additive manufacturing, β-TCP porous samples fabricated by conventional sacrificial template processing route and hydroxyapatite/β-TCP composites made by additive manufacturing (robocasting). The metal based materials were provided by colleagues while the ceramic based porous materials were fabricated in the frame of the current study. For each type (metals or ceramics), a stochastic and a regular structure have been compared. For implementing the multiscale method developed in this work, the samples were firstly scanned in a so called “local” tomography mode, in which the specimen is placed close to the X-ray source. This allowed to reconstruct only the small irradiated part of the sample and to obtain a magnified image of a subregion. These images enable to observe some details which are not visible in lower resolution. Different image processing steps were performed to generate low resolution images including microstructural features imaged at high resolution. This was done by a series of thresholding and scaling of the high resolution images. The result of these processing steps was an image of the initial sample. Then, in situ mechanical tests were performed in the tomograph to follow the deformation of the sample at low resolution. The above mentioned initial images were used to produce finite element meshes. Special Java programs were adapted to create finite element input files from initial images and meshes. The initial images containing information about the solid phase, the images from the mechanical tests and the finite element models were combined to explain the mechanical behaviour of the sample by linking the experimental damage locations in the sample and the simulated stress concentration sites
Pasti, Gabriella. "Etude du rôle des propriétés mécaniques des cellules de l'épiderme au cours de l'allongement des embryons de C. elegans." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ068.
Full textI study epithelial morphogenesis during C. elegans embryonic elongation. This process depends on mechanical cues that also influence tissue homeostasis. The pak-1 gene plays an essential role equally during such processes in human and during C. elegans elongation. Our work identified α-spectrin (SPC-1) as a new interactor of the kinase PAK-1. During my PhD I confirmed that the simultaneous lack of PAK-1 and SPC-1 induces serious elongation defects, including a retraction and general collapse of the embryo and suggests that the mechanical properties of the epidermis are modified. My work aimed to determine how the simultaneous lack of PAK-1 and SPC-1 could influence these processes. Such studies would allow to better establish the role of SPC-1 and PAK-1 during epithelial morphogenesis and to better understand the regulation of cellular mechanical properties in the living organisms
Simon, Anne. "Intérêt de la microscopie de force atomique sur la biofonctionnalisation de matériaux : caractérisation du greffage et de l'adhésion cellulaire." Bordeaux 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR12583.
Full textHallou, Adrien. "Propriétés émergentes des systèmes pluricellulaires hétérogènes." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC023.
Full textIn the first part of this thesis, we study the impact of tumour heterogeneity on cancer collective invasion and metastatic dissemination. Heterogeneity within tumour cell populations is commonly observed in most solid tumours, but its impact on metastasis, one of the primary determinants of the disease prognosis, remains poorly understood.Working with a simplified numerical model of tumour spheroids, weinvestigate the impact of mechanical heterogeneity of tumour cells on the onset of tumour invasion into surrounding tissues, focusing more particularly on the influence of differences in cell motility. Ourwork establishes a positive link between tumour heterogeneity and metastatic dissemination, and recapitulates a number of invasion patterns identified in vivo, such as multicellular finger-like protrusionsor tumour cell clusters. In our in silico experiments, we demonstrate that two complementary mechanisms are at play in heterogeneous tumours: a small proportion of stronger cells with a higher motile force are able to initiate and lead the escape from the tumour, while collective effects in the bulk of the tumour provide the coordination required to sustain the invasive process through multicellular streaming. This suggests that the multicellular dynamics observed during metastasis is a generic feature of mechanically heterogeneous cell populations and might rely on a limited and generic set of physical assumptions shared by most tumours in spite of the genetic and phenotypic variability amongst patients and pathologies.In the second part of our work, we continue to explore the impact of heterogeneity on population scale behaviours of multicellular systems, focusing on the development of the social amoeba Dictyosteliumdiscoideum. Under starvation Dictyostelium cells form multicellular aggregates named slugs where amoeba cells differentiate and segregate into two distinct spatial zones, the prespore (rear) and prestalk (front) cells regions. This developmental pattern is characterized by an homeostasis of cell-type proportions with respect to slug size and external perturbations. Different models have been proposed to explain theorigin and regulation of this pattern, but quantitative experiments were still needed to decipher between the proposed mechanisms. To quantitatively investigate cell differentiation and spatial patterning in live multicellular aggregates, we developed and characterized a new stable cell line, AX2-PYR, using genetically encoded fluorescent reporters of cell differentiation into prespore and prestalk cells. Our results demonstrate the scaling of the prespore/prestalk pattern over more than three orders of magnitude in slug size, and show the existence of a proportion regulation mechanism which might rely on cell-cell communications
De, Lopez Sophânara S. "Contribution à la définition d'une filière intégrée de valorisation des pailles de céréales : étude de l'impact d'une pré-extraction alcaline des hémicelluloses sur la production de pâte à papier." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT017G.
Full textClair, Bruno. "Etude des propriétés mécaniques et du retrait au séchage du bois à l'échelle de la paroi cellulaire : essai de compréhension du comportement macroscopique paradoxal du bois de tension à couche gélatineuse." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008857.
Full textLes fibres à couche G semblant être le moteur du fort retrait axial du bois de tension, une observation du comportement au séchage à l'échelle de la paroi cellulaire est mise au point. Des observations en microscopie électronique à balayage et en microscopie à force atomique montrent que, en plus de son fort retrait transverse, la couche G a aussi un très fort retrait longitudinal. Une approche simple de modélisation par éléments finis est proposée pour rendre compte des phénomènes observés.
Afin de récolter des données pour la modélisation, deux outils complémentaires sont mis au point pour une estimation des propriétés élastiques et viscoélastiques des couches de la paroi cellulaire. La réalisation d'un microscope acoustique en transmission et l'utilisation de la microscopie atomique en mode contact vibrant permettent d'envisager la caractérisation quantitative des propriétés mécaniques à l'échelle de la paroi dans différentes conditions d'humidité.
Sereni, Nicolas. "Hydrogels physiques tubulaires pour la spermatogenèse ex vivo." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1307.
Full textDuring the past 30 years, huge progress has been performed in the field of oncology. In particular, pediatric cancers have been the beneficiaries and can now achieve cure rates of 75-80% in developed countries. However, cancer therapies are known for their gametotoxic effects and only 33% of male children who have survived cancer during childhood produce sperm of normality quality when they are adults. Currently, the only feasible conservation protocol for these boys is to make a collection and cryopreservation of their testicular tissue. There is thus a need to provide a process enabling to produce spermatozoa starting from testicular tissue in order to restore fertility. For several decades, reproductive biologists have been trying to develop a technology to achieve spermatogenesis in vitro in mammals. Despite sustained investment in research, no method has now reproduced in vitro this entire process in humans. In this work, Kallistem (Biotech Company) has developed, in collaboration with academic laboratories including “Polymer Materials Engineering” laboratory (project ARTIS financed by the Cancéropôle Lyon Auvergne Rhône-Alpes) a 3D culture system made of chitosan hydrogel enabling to make a complete spermatogenesis in vitro in several mammals including human. The 3D culture system is a tube of chitosan physical hydrogel obtained from neutralization of aqueous chitosan solution, without any external cross-linking agent. Advantageously, the testicular tissue is confined in the lumen of tube which enables to reproduce in vivo 3-dimensional architecture. The impact of several material and processing parameters on microstructure, mechanical and diffusion properties of resulting hydrogels was evaluated, in order to optimize the culturing and maturation ability of 3D culture system
Goudenhooft, Camille. "Multi-scale characterization of flax stems and fibers : structure and mechanical performances." Thesis, Lorient, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORIS500/document.
Full textFlax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a plant with multiple interests. Its stem provides fibers, which have long been used in the textile industry. The economic potential of flax explains its varietal selection, aiming at developing varieties exhibiting higher fiber yields as well as greater resistance toward diseases and lodging. More recently, flax fibers have been dedicated to the reinforcement of composite materials due to their outstanding mechanical and morphological properties. These singular characteristics are related to fiber development and functions within the stem. Thus, the present work offers a multi-scale characterization of flax, from the stem to the fiber cell wall, in order to understand the link between plant growth parameters, the development of its fibers and their properties. The general architecture of a flax stem is investigated, as well as the impact of the varietal selection on this structure and on fiber performances. Moreover, changes in mechanical properties of fiber cell walls over plant growth and retting process are characterized. In addition, the fiber contribution to the stem stiffness is highlighted, as well as the fiber role in the resistance of the stem to buckling. The influence of culture conditions on stem architecture and fiber features is also studied through cultivations in greenhouse and by simulating a lodging event. This original approach emphasizes the uncommon characteristics of flax, which make this plant an instructive model toward future bioinspired composite materials
Petrolli, Vanni. "Confinement induced transition between wave-like cellular migration modes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY056.
Full textThe ability of organisms to spontaneously generate order relies on the intricate interplay of mechanical and bio-chemical signals. If the general consensus is that chemical signaling governs the behavior of cells, an increasing amount of evidence points towards the impact of mechanical factors into differentiation, proliferation, motility and cancer progression. In this context, several studies recently highlighted the existence of long-range mechanical excitations (i.e. waves) at the supra-cellular level.Here, we investigate the origins of those velocity waves in tissues and their correlation with the presence of boundaries. Practically, we confine epithelial cell mono-layers to quasi-one dimensional geometries, to force the almost ubiquitous establishment of tissue-level waves. By tuning the length of the tissues, we uncover the existence of a phase transition between global and multi-nodal oscillations, and prove that in the latter regime, wavelength and period are independent of the confinement length. Together, these results demonstrate the intrinsic origin of tissue oscillations, which could provide cells with a mechanism to accurately measure distances at the supra-cellular level and ultimately lead to spatial patterning. Numerical simulations based on a Self-propelled Voronoi model reproduce the phase transition we measured experimentally and help in guiding our preliminary investigations on the origin of these wave-like phenomena, and their potential role for the spontaneous appearance of hair follicles in mouse skin explants
Bytebier, Karl. "Etude du comportement mécanique de la paroi cellulaire du bois par Microscopie à Force Atomique." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00648700.
Full textBhat, Panemangalore Devadas. "Development of magnesium-based alloys for biomedical applications." Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R002.
Full textWith the ability to bio-degrade and thereby reducing the stress-shielding effect, biodegradable implants are of great importance in medical research. Among all the materials, magnesium is the one which shows promising results being bio-degradable and with the properties comparable with its young's modulus to that of bones. In the present study, the approaches adopted to improve the mechanical and corrosion behaviors of pure magnesium using carefully chosen: (a) Alloying elements like zinc, calcium and erbium (Mg-2Zn-2Er, Mg-2Zn-0.6Ca-1Er, etc.) to control the degradation behavior (b) Secondary processes like extrusion to alter and improve the microstructure (c) Surface treatments like fluoride coatings to further protect the surface to resist the rapid dissolution. The first part of this thesis focuses on the microstructural characterization of as-DMDed and as-extruded alloys. The microstructural characterization (XRD and TEM) reveals the presence of MgZn2, W-phase (Mg3Zn3Er2) and i-phases (Mg3Zn6Er) in different alloys. The mechanical property assessment revealed an increment in the tensile and compressive properties of ternary and quaternary alloys as compared to pure Mg and Mg-2Zn binary alloy. These values are attributed to a reduction in grain size, presence of solute atoms and secondary phases. Mg-2Zn-2Er and Mg-3Zn-0.5Er showed enhanced corrosion resistance due to the fine grain sized microstructure and a uniform distribution of secondary phases. The cell viability values were enhanced with increased coating time and it was found that these alloys could serve as potential candidates for further in-vivo tests to establish their applicability
El, Moatassim Billah Chakib. "Actions de l'adénosine 5'-Triphosphate (ATP) extracellulaire sur les lymphocytes murins : implication de récepteurs spécifiques à l'ATP4̄." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20033.
Full textAbi, Ghanem Maroun. "Microscope opto-acoustique utilisant la technique d'acoustique picoseconde pour l'échographie cellulaire." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0167/document.
Full textAdhesion and mechanical properties of cells are key players in several cellular functions and areinvolved in the development of degenerative diseases. To characterize these quantities, we developedin this work an opto-acoustic microscope for the non-invasive imaging of the mechanics of individualcells with a sub-cell resolution. This microscope uses the Picosecond Ultrasonics (PU) technique thatallows optical generation and detection of acoustic waves with a large bandwidth up to 1 THz. In orderto reproduce the mechanical behaviour of cells at acoustic frequencies greater than 10 GHz, a studyof cell-mimicking micro-objects is first considered. The rigidity, viscosity and thickness of these microlayeredstructures are characterized. In the second part of this manuscript, the PU technique isapplied for imaging the contact between a simple animal cell and a biomaterial, as well as the acousticimpedance of this cell. An essential tool for analysing the acoustic signal is developed. In the thirdpart, the opto-acoustic microscope operating between 10 and 100 GHz is finally presented. It is basedon an asynchronous pump-probe setup that allows producing acoustic images within a short time (4pixels/min) and offering an axial resolution of about 10 nm. This is similar to cell ultrasonography. Thestudy of the adhesion and of the mechanical properties of different cell types at different stages of cellmaturation is then tackled. The topographic images of thin cell regions (< 50 nm) are also analysed.The microscope implemented during this thesis should offer the possibility of exploring new avenuesin the field of cellular biology
Fourel, Laure. "Synergie entre récepteurs BMP et intégrines révélée par la présentation de la BMP-2 par un biomatériau." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENI109.
Full textExtracellular matrix binds growth factors and controls their presentation to the cells but also theirsignaling pathway. In this work, we use a polyelectolyte multilayer film made of a polypeptide andof hyaluronan with tunable mechanical properties to mimic BMP-2 presentation by the matrix.Presentation of matrix-bound BMP-2 reveals so far hidden phenomena on myoblast cell adhesionand migration. The spatial patterning of growth factor leads to maximized effects of growth factorand induces synergy between BMP receptors and integrins. We show that cross-talk between BMP2receptors and b3 integrins is required for genetic program associated with SMAD signaling viareorganization of the cell cytoskeleton
Lavi, Ido. "Physical modeling of cell motility and morphodynamics." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS237.
Full textThis thesis introduces a minimal hydrodynamic model of polarization, migration, and deformation of a biological cell confined between two parallel surfaces. Our model describes the cell cytoplasm as a viscous droplet that is driven by an active cytoskeleton force, itself controlled by a diffusive cytoplasmic solute. A linear stability analysis of this two-dimensional system reveals that solute activity first destabilizes a global polarization-translation mode, prompting cell motility through spontaneous-symmetry-breaking. At higher activity, the system crosses a series of Hopf bifurcations leading to coupled oscillations of droplet shape and solute concentration profiles. At the nonlinear level, we find traveling-wave solutions associated with unique polarized shapes that resemble experimental observations. In addition, we developed a numerical simulation of our moving-boundary problem based on the finite element method. The numerical study demonstrated the stability of our traveling-wave solutions, the existence of sustained oscillatory attractors, and the emergence of a finite-time pinch-off singularity. By incorporating mechanical interactions with the external environment, we explored cell scattering from stationary walls and obstacles, migration through imposed micro-geometries, and cell-cell collisions. These exercises capture a range of nontrivial patterns resulting from the intrinsic memory and deformability of the cell. Altogether, our work offers a mathematical paradigm of active deformable systems in which Stokes hydrodynamics are coupled to diffusive force-transducers
Kahraman, Osman. "Theoretical studies of constrained membranes." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0109/document.
Full textThe present thesis is devoted to the study of constrained membranes with a focus on biological structures such as growing tissues and the cell membrane. It combines analytical and numerical approaches to investigate the interplay of geometry and mechanics. It also includes some experimental results albeit they are few in number and modest in size. After an introductory chapter, we explore three physical models addressed in three distinct chapters. In the first model, the deformations of growing soft tissues are treated as Gaussian point singularities in two dimensional surfaces. The equilibrium shapes are evaluated for two such defects forming a dipole. The predictions of the theory are also compared to tabletop experiments. The next chapter studies the invaginations of self-avoiding fluid membranes in constrained spaces. To this end, we developed a Finite Element code and performed extensive simulations to construct a geometric phase diagram for a fluid membrane vesicle in a spherical confinement. We also investigate the effects of the membrane's spontaneous curvature and the deformations of the container on the geometry of the invagination. In the fourth chapter of the manuscript, a tubular membrane composed of switchable components is proposed as a model to study conformations of intrinsically curved biological rods. We translated this system to a computational framework based on the Brownian Dynamics method and inquired how global shape emerges from local interactions
Caluch, Adam. "Rôle de la tension interne du cytosquelette et de la mécanotransduction dans le contrôle de la perméabilité de l'endothélium vasculaire pulmonaire agressé." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST0102/document.
Full textThe cellular model of magnétostimulation ( MTS) developed in the team allowed to obtain preliminary results(profits) on the tries(essays) of endothéliale permeability as well as on the reconstructions and the modelling of the fibers of actine. The first results(profits) in Magnétocytométrie ( MTC) show an increase of cellular rigidity further to a mechanical stimulation of the cellular carpet(mat). The confocal images allowed to highlight a restructuring of the strands of actine in cells(units) microvascular lung endothéliales ( HPMEC) subjected(submitted) to the mechanical stress, as well as a relocation of the VE-Cadhérines necessary for the intercellular junctions. These two results(profits) suit to the appearance of ' gaps ' or holes inter cellular which allow to explain the increase
Nguyen, Anh Dung. "Elaboration of an innovative protocol for measuring the mechanical properties of cell membranes for medical diagnostic and therapeutic applications." Thesis, Le Mans, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LEMA1006.
Full textMeasurement of the mechanical properties of the membranes surrounding living cells could reveal/reflect their physiological state, pathological condition, or the influence of an external agent such as a drug or virus, or also, the response to stimulation or a therapeutic protocol. The main techniques for measuring these properties have many limitations, particularly in terms of quality, reliability, speed of measurement and number of acquisitions. This thesis focuses on the use of the Circular Mode Atomic Force Microscopy or CM-AFM in liquid media for applications in the field of Health. This mode is obtained by modifying the electronics of an AFM to generate a sliding contact in a circular relative motion. Coupled with the AFM force spectroscopy mode (i.e. the application of a vertical movement to the tip), the MC-AFM allows access, in a single measurement procedure and performed under steady state conditions (continuous displacement at constant speed), to numerous mechanical properties of the biological membrane, some of which are inaccessible by conventional AFM procedures.The main objective of this PhD project is to develop a series of protocols and adapt the MC-AFM to measure the mechanical properties of complex biological objects. Once the protocols have been validated using red blood cells, their interest for applications in the field of Life science is demonstrated by (1) studying the influence of original microalgae-based nutritional protocols on the mechanical properties of red blood cell membranes and (2) for studying the effect of a phytosterol-based treatment on breast cancer cells. These protocols are also useful to better understand the physiological mechanisms involved, and/or the role of the molecules constituting the membrane on the evolution of mechanical properties
Laydi, Fatima Ezzahra. "Effet de la nature des biomatériaux sur la différenciation des cellules souches mésenchymateuses." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0165/document.
Full textIn tissue engineering, biomaterials, cells and the induction of cell differentiation are factors to be studied. The aim of this study is to know the effect of biomaterials composition and mechanical properties on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow. At first, we studied the effect of a protein biomaterial (collagen type I) supplemented with hydroxyaptatite (HAP) particles. We found that the addition of HAP improves the mechanical properties of the biomaterial and conditione cell differentiation towards osteoarticular lineages. In a second step, we studied the effect of biomaterial composed of alginate supplemented with hyaluronic acid or HAP particles, using an experimental design to select suitable matrices for biological study based on their mechanical properties. We found that the components of this biomaterial have an effect on elasticity of the latter and the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. In conclusion, this study shows that mesenchymal stem cells are sensitive to the composition of the biomaterial and its mechanical properties
Aguilar, Alicia. "Impact des contraintes physiques sur la maturation des mégacaryocytes : rôle de la rigidité de l'environnement." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ014/document.
Full textMegakaryopoiesis is the process of differentiation and maturation of megakaryocytes (MKs) in the aim to produce platelets able to prevent hemorrhages. These mechanisms are not well known. To better understand the process of platelet formation, we mimicked the medullar microenvironment in vitro, in 3D using hydrogel of stiffness comparable to the bone marrow. In this study we: i) characterized the physical properties of the hydrogel and design the culture of hematopoietic progenitors in this system, ii) showed the MKs ability to feel the physical constraints of their environment, then iii) showed the impact of these constraints on the MK maturation and proplatelet generation, and finally iv) highlighted the MK response to stiffness. MKs are “mecanosensitives”, being able to feel and to adapt to the physicals modifications of the environment. The activation of mechanotransduction pathways (including MKL1) and the cytoskeleton reorganization in response to extracellular physical constraints improves MK maturation, in terms of ploïdy, ultrastructure and ultimately proplatelet generation
Badique, Florent. "Mécano-biologie de cellules cancéreuses sur surfaces à topographie et chimie contrôlées." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MULH8315/document.
Full textThe work shown in this thesis is the outcome of a successful collaboration between chemistry, physics and biology. Indeed, materials with well controlled parameters have been used in order to characterize complex cellular functions. We first introduce the creation of one tool which allow the study of cells mechanotransduction. The originality of this tool is based on its activation by stretching which allow a reversible adhesion of cells to the surface.Then, we studied the behavior of stem cells and cancerous cells on micropillared surfaces. This approach allowed us to describe a cancerous behavior of cells characterized by strong deformations of cells bodies and nuclei. We also showed that the use of such micropillared surfaces allowed us to describe cancerous cells mecanobiology. Indeed, this substrate with a well controlled topography allowed us to show that substrates chemistry and stiffness have only little effects on cancerous cells deformation while cytoskeleton components are necessary. More specifically, the deformation is impossible without the cytoskeleton. We also inhibited the nuclear envelope proteins and nuclear lamina proteins in order to evaluate their involvement in cells deformation mechanism. In the same time, a total RNA (RiboNucleic Acids) sequencing of deformed and non deformed cells have been done in order to identify an eventual modification in gene expression.These deformations of cancerous cells between micropillars have been compared to the deformation of cells during the transmigration through porous membranes (Boyden chambers). These comparisons allowed us to identify several mechanisms which lead to cells deformation and more specifically to nuclei deformation.We showed in a last part that cells can divide on micropillared surfaces. We described a non parallel like segregation of chromosomes. However, these unusual mitosis didn't lead to supernumerary troubles in cell division
Alqabandi, Maryam. "Mechanical properties and function of CHMP2B in the ESCRT membrane remodelling and scission pathway." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS525.
Full textThe ESCRT-III protein complex mediates membrane remodeling in many cellular contexts. The ESCRT pathway has been extensively studied in vivo and partially reconstituted in vitro using yeast proteins. In Homo Sapiens, at least 12 ESCRT-III proteins exist, called Charged Multivesicular Body Protein (CHMP 1-7). Although, the main function of the ESCRT-III protein assemblies is to induce membrane scission by constricting membrane necks, the biophysical mechanism remains unclear and the mechanical properties of the CHMP polymers still poorly characterized. Moreover, the usually accepted sequence of recruitment of the major ESCRT components to the membrane prior to scission is CHMP4-CHMP3-CHMP2A but mammalian cells also have CHMP2B considered to be a CHMP2A isoform; so far, its role remains elusive. We have used biomimetic model systems and purified CHMP proteins to study in vitro protein affinity and effects on membrane by several techniques. We established that CHMP2B binding is enhanced with PI(4,5)P2 lipids, whereas the other human core components have no lipid specificity besides their negative charge. We showed that in the presence of CHMP2B, membranes become rigidified in contrast to CMHP2A as well as CHMP4 and CHMP3, suggesting that CHMP2A and CHMP2B have very distinctive properties. Finally, we show in disagreement with the proposed models, that CHMP4 alone cannot deform membranes. In fact, it requires the interaction with CHMP2B or CHMP2A+3 proteins to do so, forming polymer assemblies that stabilizes tubular membrane structures. These observations provide a novel basis for proposing possible mechanism for membrane constriction in the presence of the ATPase Vps4
Reda, Ali. "A multiscale mechanical study of flax stems and fibres for the development of an in-the-field tool capable of predicting optimum retting." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILN055.
Full textAgriculture 4.0, also known under several aliases such as ‘digital agriculture', ‘smart farming', and ‘e-farming' is currently developing rapidly in terms of research, development, and commercial applications. As with Agriculture 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0, the objective of Agriculture 4.0 is the use of technology to improve all areas of agriculture. In Agriculture 4.0 it is the application of microelectronics and microtechnologies. Unlike before, these technologies bring things such as the internet-of-things, big data, telecommunications, novel sensing, rapid feedback, data analysis, connectivity, artificial intelligence etc. In principle, all these areas should result in a massive modernization of farming in terms of organisation, yield, efficiency, and quality of produce. However, Agriculture 4.0 is so vast that if one is to contribute to it, even in a minor way, one has to choose a specific area to contribute. The area chosen for the study in this PhD was flax fibre production. Flax fibres are naturally strong fibres which can be extracted from flax stems. The flax stems have evolved to have robust micrometre-diameter fibres running the length of the outside of the stem, and held in place in the external tissue of the stem. Once extracted and isolated, flax fibres have numerous applications ranging from textiles to composite materials. In order to facilitate the mechanical extraction of flax fibres from their parent stems, the stems undergo a process known as ‘retting'. Retting leads to the breakdown of the external tissue between the fibres. A common form of retting is known as ‘dew retting'. In dew retting, natural processes such as bacteria and fungi result in enzymes which break down the middle lamella and gradually separate fibre bunches and fibres from bunches. The length of dew retting depends heavily on the weather. Too little retting results in difficult fibre extraction in the factory, too much retting can result in a compromise in fibre quality. It has long been known that there is an optimum retting point-even the ancients knew this. Certain skilled artisan farmers are able to judge this point via a combination of manual manipulation of the stems, observation of damage caused to the external tissue via this manoeuvre, and also observing the colour and the smell of the stems during this very skilled, but artisanal, testing. It is clear that the artisan is performing rudimentary laboratory tests quite literally ‘in-the-field'. It would seem logical therefore to try to quantify such tests and see if a reliable tool can be made to help the artisan. And indeed, this is exactly what others have attempted. The introduction of the PhD gives examples of attempts to make optimal-retting tools in the 1980s and after. Inspired by this early work, the work of this PhD attempts a full multiscale mechanical characterization of flax stems and fibres during a retting cycle (summer 2022) and, somewhat ambitiously, performed in real time-to our knowledge for the first time. The mechanical characterization involved macroscopic mechanical tests (bending, crushing, and twisting), as well as novel microscopic mechanical testing of single flax fibres using novel methods inspired by MEMS. In addition, the nanoscopic mechanical properties of the primary cell wall of retting flax fibres was characterised using nanoindentation AFM. As the experimental work, analysis via analytical modelling, and interpretation descends in scale from macro, through micro, to nano, we learn a little more of how the retting affects the stems, their properties, and their fibres. In addition to simply learning, a very positive outcome of the PhD is that one is able to suggest a mechanically-induced damage mechanism in stems which could be the basis for a tool. One can note however, that the uncontrollable multiparameter nature of the subject, e.g. the weather, means that several studies would be needed to confirm beyond doubt observations from a single retting cycle
Mear, François. "Etude de mousses de verres issus de Tubes à Rayons Cathodiques (TRC) en fin de vie contenant de l'oxyde de plomb : Elaboration, caractérisations physicochimiques et applications." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011189.
Full textLa filière la plus prometteuse semble celle du verre expansé, matériau déjà commercialisé et qui permettrait d'écouler la quasi-totalité du gisement. Le verre expansé est obtenu après traitement thermique d'un mélange de poudre de verre de TRC et d'un réducteur qui peut être le nitrure de titane ou le carbure de silicium. La réaction entre le réducteur et l'oxyde de plomb présent dans la matrice donne lieu à un dégagement gazeux à l'origine de la structure cellulaire.
Une faible densité justifiée par une forte porosité, autour de 80%, ainsi qu'une distribution de taille d'accès aux pores unique et centrée autour de 0,3 à 0,5 µm suivant le réducteur utilisé ont été obtenues.
La présence de plomb métal sous forme de bille en surface de pores a pu être mis en évidence.
Les mousses obtenues possèdent une conductivité thermique faible (<0,25 W.m-1.K-1), ce qui les classe dans la catégorie des isolants thermiques tout en possédant des propriétés mécaniques satisfaisantes : contrainte moyenne à la rupture variant de 4 à 250 MPa suivant le procédé de synthèse. Les propriétés d'isolation électrique sont conservées.
L'ensemble de ces propriétés permet d'envisager des applications industrielles comme la réalisation de panneau d'isolation, en accord avec les réglementations environnementales.
Une dépollution partielle du matériau par extraction mécanique des billes de plomb formées après traitement thermique est par ailleurs envisageable.
Coullomb, Alexis. "Développement de substrats actifs et d'une méthode d'analyse de FRET quantitative pour décoder la mécanotransduction." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY044/document.
Full textLiving cells can react to mechanical signals such as the rigidity of the surface they adhere on, the traction or compression forces applied on them, the liquid flow at their membrane surface or the geometry of their adhesions or of their overall shape. Those signals influence cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration or cell death. Those processes are tightly regulated by biochemical reactions that constitute a signaling network. Mechanotransduction is the translation of the mechanical signal into the biochemical one.In order to study mechanotransduction, we have considered the use of ultrasounds to mechanically stimulate cells at relatively high temporal and spatial frequencies. Numerous setups and options have been considered in this very exploratory project. Finally, we will retain some promising leads for the continuation of this project.We have developed what we call active substrates that allows us to control both spatially and temporally the mechanical stimulation on living cells. Those active substrates consist of iron micropillars embedded in a soft elastomer and actuated by 2 electromagnets. We can control dynamically the displacement of the pillar that will deform locally and continuously the surface. This deformation will then deform in traction or in compression the living cells spread on the surface nearby. Thanks to fluorescent trackers we can perform Traction Force Microscopy and monitor the stress applied by the pillars to the cells through the PDMS surface, and we can look at the mechanical response of the cells. Moreover, those substrates are compatible with live cell fluorescence microscopy, which makes possible the observation of the cellular response at the morphological level (focal adhesions, protrusive activity, …) and most importantly at the biochemical level.Indeed, in order to study the cellular biochemical response after a mechanical stimulation, we use fluorescence microscopy to observe biosensors containing pairs of donor/acceptor fluorophores. Those biosensors allow us to monitor the activity of proteins implied in cellular signaling by computing the Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) efficiency of those biosensors. To do so, samples are alternatively excited at donor and acceptor excitation wavelengths. The fluorescence signal is then simultaneously measured in donor and acceptor emission channels. A substantial part of my thesis has been dedicated to the development of a quantitative method to analyze fluorescence images in order to measure FRET efficiencies that do not depend on experimental factors or biosensors concentration in cells. We assess different methods to compute standard correction factors that account for spectral bleed-through and direct excitation of acceptors at donor excitation wavelength. To obtain more quantitative measurements, we have developed a new method to compute 2 additional correction factors. We compare this method with the only one preexisting, and we assess the influence of image processing parameters on FRET efficiency values
Makarchuk, Stanislaw. "Measurement of cell adhesion forces by holographic microscopy." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAE034/document.
Full textMechanical forces, generated by the cell plays crucial role in cell adhesion - common process for different cell lines. ln order to measure the force map during cellular adhesion, we use Traction Force Microscopy (TFM), where cell adheres to the soft substrate in 20 plane, and the forces are calculated from measured displacement field inside the substrate underneath the cell. We built the microscope, where instead of using fluorescent markers, we use spherical polystyrene beads in order to measure the displacement field. Positions of the markers are obtained by analyzing the interference pattern caused by the beads in bright-field light. With this technique, we reach nanometer accuracy of the microsphere position determination, that, respectively, influence accuracy of the calculated force field. With the microscope first measurements were performed with cancer cell line SW 480
Mazuel, François. "Agrégats multicellulaires magnétiques : mécanique des tissus et biodégradation des nanomatériaux." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC309/document.
Full textIron oxide nanoparticles are promising candidates for applications in nanomedecine (contrast agents, vectors). They were also recently considered as a powerful tool for tissue engineering. Cells, magnetized through nanoparticules internalization, can be organized in space and time thanks to remote magnetic forces. For all those applications the nanoparticles fate inside the cells remains a key issue concerning the final clinical use. The first part of this work focuses on the study of the mechanical and rheological properties of biological tissue models, the multicellular aggregates. An original magnetic molding method and two different experimental setups were developed to produce aggregates with controlled shapes and sizes, to measure their surface tension and to evidence their power law and non linear behavior.In the second part, we investigate the medium term fate of iron oxide nanoparticles in stem cells forming a spheroid as a model tissue. We reveal a massive endosomal degradation. The set of methods and spheroid model we propose allow a comprehensive and quantitative follow up of the biodegradation of any nanomaterials. This was illustrated by investigating the degradation of nanomaterials with more complex nano-architectures (nanocubes, nanodimers) and assessing the efficiency of a protection strategy to modulate the biodegradation