Relevant bibliographies by topics / Noxious gases

Academic literature on the topic 'Noxious gases'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Noxious gases"

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Solomon, Sally, Maria Oliver-Hoyo, and Chinhyu Hur. "Generating Water-Soluble Noxious Gases: An Overhead Projector Demonstration." Journal of Chemical Education 75, no. 12 (December 1998): 1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed075p1581.

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Ostović, Mario, Sven Menčik, Ivica Ravić, Slavko Žužul, Željko Pavičić, Kristina Matković, Boris Antunović, Danijela Horvatek Tomić, and Anamaria Ekert Kabalin. "Relation Between Microclimate and Air Quality in the Extensively Reared Turkey House." Macedonian Veterinary Review 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/macvetrev-2017-0015.

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Abstract Good air quality in poultry houses is crucial for animal health and productivity. In these houses, air is generally contaminated with noxious gases and microorganisms, the concentrations of which depend on numerous factors including microclimate. In this case study, the relation between microclimate and air concentrations of noxious gases and microorganisms was investigated in extensively reared turkey house. The study was carried out at a family household in Dalmatia hinterland, Croatia, with 50.3±3.1 turkeys kept in the house during the study period. Air temperature, relative humidity, airflow rate, concentrations of ammonia, carbon dioxide, bacteria and fungi in indoor air were measured three times per month from September to December, in the morning, prior to releasing turkeys out for grazing. Air temperature ranged from 9.73 to 26.98 °C, relative humidity from 63.29% to 75.08%, and airflow rate from 0.11 to 0.17 m/s. Lowest ammonia and carbon dioxide concentrations were measured in September (2.17 ppm and 550 ppm, respectively) and highest in December (4.50 ppm and 900 ppm, respectively). Bacterial and fungal counts were lowest in December (2.51×105 CFU/m3 and 3.27×103 CFU/m3 air, respectively) and highest in September (6.85×105 CFU/m3 and 1.06x105 CFU/m3 air, respectively). Air temperature and relative humidity showed negative correlation with concentrations of noxious gases and positive correlation with air microorganisms (P<0.05 all).
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Arun Sai, G., B. Bharat Kumar, K. Sai Likhitha, and Raju Anitha. "Detection of noxious gases by implementing internet of things technology." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.32 (May 31, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.32.13518.

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Harmful gas leakage accidents are the main reason for workers death in industries which work mainly using chemicals. Gas leakage can be easily detected and controlled by using latest trends in information technology by applying internet of things. This project intended to avoid industrial accidents and to monitor harmful gases and to intimate alert message to safety control board of industry using arduino Uno r3 and internet of things. Arduino Uno r3 board is used as central microcontroller which is connected with sensor. Such as temperature, gas sensor, alcohol sensor which can continuously monitor respective environmental parameters. Hence this device may be used as multi gases detection apparatus more over the rate of response is high. An alarm is produced instantly if the level of the gases goes above the normal level means indication through the internet specific receiver section. Data received by sensor is stored in internet which can be used for further processing and it can be analyzed for improving safety regulations. This model can be future extended for providing better living environment for people in and around industries with a pollution controlled environment.
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Wierzbińska, Monika, and Witold Modzelewski. "THE USE OF BIOFILTERS FOR DEODORISATION OF THE NOXIOUS GASES." Inżynieria Ekologiczna 41 (2015): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12912/23920629/1836.

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Ogaji, Folake M., Aroloye O. Numbere, Andrew Obafemi, and Daprim S. Ogaji. "Concentration of noxious gases inside and outside residential apartments across different settlements in Port Harcourt metropolis, Nigeria." Toxicology Research and Application 6 (January 2022): 239784732211446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23978473221144682.

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The proliferation of harmful gases is a major global problem caused by anthropogenic activities. This study hypothesized that the emission of noxious gases varies seasonally in indoor and outdoor environments. Air samples were collected from 40 georeferenced residential areas ( N = 40) in Port Harcourt using Aeroqual 500 monitor to measure six gases: CH4, CO, NH4, NO2, O3, and SO2. Samples were collected at different times, locations, and seasons. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicates a significant difference in concentration between gases, times, and locations at p < 0.001. But the interaction effect shows that times and seasons significantly affect noxious gas concentration compared to location. In general, the concentration of CO was the highest, while that of O3 was the lowest. The order of concentration is CO > SO2 > NO2 > CH4 > NH4 > O3. The concentrations of NO2 and SO2 were higher than the WHO limit, while CO, CH4, NH, and O3 were below the WHO limit. Furthermore, CO concentration was highest in the morning, while NO2 and SO2 concentrations were highest in the evening. For seasons, the CH4, NH4, NO2, and SO2 were higher during the dry season, while CO concentration was higher during the wet season. Pollutant levels should be regularly monitored to help provide exposure advisory to city dwellers on the impact of atmospheric pollution on their health.
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Yang, Yang, Wenqing Xu, Yinghong Wu, Jin Xiong, Tingyu Zhu, Xuan Zhou, and Li Tong. "Effect of HBr formation on mercury oxidation via CaBr2 addition to coal during combustion." RSC Advances 6, no. 64 (2016): 59009–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra11468g.

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Adding CaBr2 to coal to enhance elemental mercury (Hg0) oxidation during combustion has been an effective mercury control technology, but the added CaBr2 may increase levels of noxious Br2 or HBr gases in flue gas.
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Smurzyńska, Anna, Jacek Dach, and Wojciech Czekała. "TECHNOLOGIES TO REDUCE EMISSIONS OF NOXIOUS GASES RESULTING FROM LIVESTOCK FARMING." Inżynieria Ekologiczna, no. 47 (2016): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12912/23920629/62871.

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Xiaohua, Wang, and Feng Zhenmin. "Biofuel use and its emission of noxious gases in rural China." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 8, no. 2 (April 2004): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2003.09.002.

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Lucăcel, M. F., S. Darie, D. T. Bălănescu, and G. Dumitraşcu. "Constant pressure combustion of gaseous mixture of natural gas and hydrogen and evaluation of harmful emissions." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1262, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1262/1/012083.

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The paper makes a comparison of noxious resulting from constant pressure combustion of natural gas and of gaseous mixture natural gas and hydrogen. They were considered different combustion pressures and different adiabatic temperature of combustion. They were evaluated the excess air, the flue gases composition function of the pre-heating air temperature.
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Aslanova, E. "Distribution of the Waste of the Electric Stations in the Atmosphere, Their Influence on the Environment and Human Health." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/59/10.

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Location of the thermal electric stations in Azerbaijan, noxious gases they emit into the atmosphere, their influence on the ecosystem and human organism have been analyzed in the presented article. The energy which is extracted and used by the electric stations in Azerbaijan was shown and the ways of the prevented ecological imbalance were shown.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Noxious gases"

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Baker, S. J. "Piezoelectric crystal detection of noxious gases." Thesis, University of Hull, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380775.

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Singhania, Nisha. "Oxidation of CO Catalysed by Nanometric Mono and Bi-Noble Metals on Various Oxide Supports." Thesis, 2018. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5270.

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Air pollution results mainly from the injurious smoke emitted by cars, buses, trucks, factories etc. This smoke contains carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen and sulphur. In case of cars, catalytic converter is used to convert the noxious gases generated by the engine into harmless emissions, which are released from the exhaust. The catalyst used in the converter comprises of precious metals such as palladium, platinum and rhodium. But, due to the high cost of these metals, the cost of converter increases significantly. Hence the design and development of an active, stable, and cost-effective catalyst is a must in order to meet the commercial requirements. The objective of this work was to develop active, stable and cost-effective nanocatalysts for CO oxidation reaction. Oxides used as support for dispersion of noble metals were selected from the different families of materials. In the first work, different morphologies of CeO2, namely nanorods with exposed (110 + 100) planes, nanocubes with (100) planes, and nano octahedra with (111) planes were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. Platinum was nucleated on these morphologies using a microwave-assisted method and these nanohybrids were tested for CO oxidation with the help of in house gas chromatography (GC) setup. CeO2/Pt with nanorods as support was found to be the most active catalyst. With the aid of XPS and IR spectroscopy techniques it was concluded that the presence of oxygen-deficient sites and the formation of the least stable carbonates contribute to the superior performance of these nanorods. CO oxidation was also tested using Au/ZnO nanorod catalyst with different loadings of gold. Solvothermal route was used to synthesize ZnO nanorods followed by microwave assisted method to nucleate gold. It was found that the catalyst with lower loading of Au was stable in terms of performance. Fractional conversion of CO with respect to weight of the catalyst was observed. The effect of varying the concentration of CO keeping the concentration of O2 fixed on the CO conversion was studied; similarly, the effect of varying the concentration of O2 keeping the concentration of CO fixed was studied. A DRIFTS study helped in explaining the observations made. The effect of iso-valent substitution on the performance of SrTiO3 support for CO oxidation was tested. Substituted perovskite, Sr1-xBaxTiO3 (x= 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 0.9 and 1), supports were synthesized and the support with x= 0.5 was found to convert CO to CO2 at a much lower temperature than the other compositions. XPS analysis for this support confirmed the presence of the Ti3+ oxidation state, which contributed to better performance of this support. Mono-metallic and bi-metallic catalysts were synthesized using this composition as support. In case of the bi-metallic nanocatalyst, the issues of activity and stability were overcome, and the reason for this was attributed to the synergistic effect between the metals. The effect of time and temperature on the growth of SrTiO3 nanoshapes was studied. In case of the ex situ approach, surface faceting along with the growth of internal voids as a function of increase in heating time during reaction was observed with the help of TEM imaging, and XPS analysis provides information about the availability of two different Ti4+ oxidation states resulting from TiO2 and SrTiO3. In situ heating in the TEM helped in observing real time changes in the shape and position of internal cavities. It was observed that internal cavities tend to merge together at lower heating temperatures attaining a stable shape, in line with the external surface at higher temperatures. It was observed that the external surface was stable till 800 ºC, and then surface modification was observed at the corners of the nanoshape. β- MnO2 is generally known to be the least active polymorph of MnO2 due to its phase structure. In this work, the reducibility efficiency of MnO2 was altered with the help of Pt nucleation. TEM imaging confirmed the nucleation of ultrafine Pt nanoparticles. This modified support was tested for CO oxidation and it was observed that the temperature for the full conversion of CO drops significantly. This was attributed to the strong interaction between Pt and MnO2.
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Books on the topic "Noxious gases"

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Davey, Patrick, Sherif Gonem, Salman Siddiqui, and David Sprigings. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0134.

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The Global Initiative for Chronic Lung Disease (GOLD) states that ‘chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a common preventable and treatable disease, is characterised by persistent airflow limitation that is usually progressive and is associated with an enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the airways and the lung to noxious particles and gases. Exacerbations and comorbidities contribute to the overall severity in individual patients.’
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Book chapters on the topic "Noxious gases"

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Hess-Kosa, Kathleen. "Waste and Sewage System Noxious and Toxic Gases." In Indoor Air Quality, 311–22. Third edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2019.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315098180-18.

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Hendrick, D. J. "Toxic gases and aerosols." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 3456–58. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.181411.

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Acute exposure—the effects of noxious gases or aerosols on the airways and lungs are determined by (1) their solubility in water, with those that are highly soluble having their main effect on the lining of the upper respiratory tract and those with lower solubility mainly affecting the lungs, and (2) the dose of exposure, with overwhelming exposures having adverse effects throughout the respiratory tract....
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Stenton, Chris. "Toxic gases and aerosols." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Pallav L. Shah, 4267–71. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0431.

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Acute exposure to noxious agents causes pulmonary effects that are determined by the size of aerosol particles and by the solubility of gases. Large particles (>10 um) and soluble agents such as CS gas, ammonia, or sulphur dioxide affect primarily the upper respiratory tract, causing lacrimation, blepharospasm, rhinitis, cough, and breathlessness. Nitrogen oxides, ozone, and other agents of low solubility affect mainly the lungs, with pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema that can develop 24 hours or more after exposure. Smoke inhalation, intermediate solubility gases such as chlorine, and overwhelming exposures have effects throughout the respiratory tract. Some inhaled gases such as carbon monoxide and methane act as simple asphyxiants. Other reactions occur, such as metal fume fever with zinc and cadmium, and pulmonary haemorrhage with crack cocaine. Management is essentially supportive. Carboxyhaemoglobin and lactate levels should be measured with smoke inhalation.
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"Treaty Relating to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare." In The Laws of Armed Conflicts, 103. Brill | Nijhoff, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047405238_015.

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"Treaty Relating to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare." In The Laws of Armed Conflicts, 1139–41. Brill | Nijhoff, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047405238_089.

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Getahun, Biruk, and Abebe Ayalew Bekel. "Current and Contemporary Developments in Pulmonary Rehabilitation." In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - A Compendium of Medicine and the Humanities [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107050.

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is now recognized as a global health problem. It is most usually caused by smoking cigarettes, although it can also be caused by a variety of environmental toxins, noxious gases, fumes, and dust. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is an effective intervention for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is recommended by clinical guidelines. It is an important part of the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other chronic respiratory disorders. Pulmonary rehabilitation is a recent approach in respiratory medicine that is defined as an “individually customized and designed, interdisciplinary program of care” for patients with persistent respiratory failure. Patient selection and assessment, psychological support, self-management education, nutritional support, and exercise training (including inspiratory muscle training (IMT) are all important components of pulmonary rehabilitation.
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MacNee, William. "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 3311–44. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.1808_update_001.

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Case History—A 37 yr old woman with slowly progressive breathlessness. Case History—A 45 yr old man with increasing symptoms from his known COPD. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a slowly progressive condition that produces considerable morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible and is associated with an enhanced inflammatory response in the airways and the lungs to noxious particles or gases. COPD is a group of lung conditions—chronic bronchitis (a chronic productive cough on most days for 3 months, in each of two consecutive years), small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis), and emphysema (abnormal, permanent enlargement of the air spaces, distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls) that are present to a variable extent in different individuals resulting in heterogeneous presentations of the condition. Exacerbations and comorbidities contribute to the overall severity of the condition in individual patients....
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Roversi, Sara, Michael Greenstone, Simon P. Hart, and Nathaniel M. Hawkins. "Chronic lung disease." In Oxford Textbook of Heart Failure, edited by Andrew L. Clark, Roy S. Gardner, and Theresa A. McDonagh, 433–44. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766223.003.0033.

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This chapter considers patients with both heart failure and chronic lung disease. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a worldwide epidemic, characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities, usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases (mostly cigarette smoke). This disease is commonly associated with cardiac disease, including heart failure, and the presence of one will affect the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of the other. Prevalence estimates vary greatly across studies investigating COPD and heart failure, due to significant differences in cohort selection, population characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and measurement methods. Spirometry is constantly reported to be under-used in patients with heart failure, even in contemporary practice. Not surprisingly, prognosis is generally worse in patients with both diseases. In the heart failure population, COPD has been reported as an independent predictor of all-cause hospitalization, heart failure hospitalization, and all-cause mortality. On the other hand, cardiovascular disease is the most important cause of both morbidity and mortality in patients with mild or moderate COPD and the leading cause of hospitalization.
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Kumar Dwibedi, Sanat, Mahendra Kumar Mohanty, Vimal Chandra Pandey, and Donakonda Divyasree. "Sustainable Biowaste Management in Cereal Systems: A Review." In Cereal Grains [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97308.

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Among the field crops, cereals being the staple food for humans and feed for cattle, occupy 50.8 per cent of the cultivated land and contribute 52.5 per cent of the body calories. Cereals are the good source of carbohydrate, minerals, and dietary fibre for humans and animals. With the ever growing human population the agricultural production and agri-wastes are increasing across the globe. In Asia, Africa and Latin America, near about 66, 21 and 13 per cent of total estimated 2,060 Tg of biomass are generated every year. Burning has been the cheapest, simplest, easiest and quickest way of eliminating bulky unwanted biomass in-situ before raising of the succeeding crop(s). Rice, wheat, sugarcane and maize constitute 24, 23, 5 and 48 per cent of the global burnt residues. Although killing of problematic weeds, insects, and pathogens, and addition of valuable plant nutrients are the very basic objectives of this anthropogenic post-harvest residue management strategy but it releases noxious gases into the atmosphere polluting air and contributing to the global warming. Shorter sowing windows very often compel the farmers to remove crop residues through burning, especially in absence of alternative options for its productive and profitable disposal. Rising labour cost and their seasonal scarcity sometimes also insist the farmers to burn crop residues. However, stringent punitive actions have yet failed to curb such open burning in many countries in absence of the farmers’ friendly and financially viable options of crop residue management. In this chapter, attempts have been made to elucidate various sustainable crop residue management strategies in cereal systems.
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Korsmeyer, Carolyn. "Disgust." In Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780415249126-m062-1.

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Article Summary Disgust is an aversive emotion with a marked visceral character that prompts one to recoil from objects that are foul, decaying, infectious, or corrupted. In its strongest forms, disgust can lead to nausea and vomiting. It also has milder versions, such as queasiness and distaste. Although the specific target objects of disgust vary from culture to culture, the general categories that arouse this form of aversion are common. They include bodily products such as faeces and pus, rot, decay, and putrefaction, blood and mutilation; signs of recent death when an organic object has begun to decompose. The sensory foundation of this emotion is strong. Decomposition of organic materials such as spoiled foods and rotting corpses releases foul-smelling gases, and so disgust is immediately triggered by noxious smells and tastes. Sight and touch can also prompt the emotion, as with a squirming nest of maggots or slime that sticks to fingers. Hearing has a somewhat more limited scope for disgust. Because of its strong sensory sensitivity, many theorists surmise that so-called core or material disgust may have evolved as a protective mechanism to ward against eating rotten foods or poisons, or coming in contact with infections. Disgust has migrated to the moral realm too as an emphatic expression of disapprobation, especially when directed to an action that involves physical violation. Whether moral disgust is a true case of the emotion or rather a strong metaphor for negative moral judgement remains a point of dispute. Although fundamentally a response of repulsion, in some circumstances, disgust also exerts an odd attraction. It can prompt curiosity and challenge, as with the urge to discover what happens to a body upon death, or the dare to eat something initially revolting. Perhaps the most common deliberate arousal of disgust occurs in art forms, especially horror movies. The attraction of things that disgust in art is a paradox that philosophers have long investigated.
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Conference papers on the topic "Noxious gases"

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Tort Oropeza, Alejandro, Rogelio Gonza´lez Oropeza, and Fe´lix Nu´n˜ez Orozco. "A Different Combustion Engine." In ASME 2005 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2005-1007.

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This paper investigates the possibilities of an EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (ECE) capable of attaining high thermodynamic efficiency and low emission of noxious gases. This ECE consists principally of an air compressor, a combustion chamber or combustor and an expansion or power cylinder. The compressed air is introduced into the combustor; the fuel is injected into the combustor, and a spark plug initiates the combustion. By performing the combustion in a combustor specially designed for that purpose, the combustion can be controlled and the generation of noxious gases can be reduced. The water that cools the jackets of the system is also injected into the combustor; by doing so, the temperature of the combustion products can be maintained at a value sufficiently low so as to minimize the formation of NOx, and at the same time, a significant part of the heat transmitted to the cooling water can be recuperated instead of being dissipated in a radiator. The water, already hot or evaporated, mixes with the combustion gases and expands in the power cylinder, participating in the generation of mechanical power. The efficiency of the cycle is increased.
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Kang, Byeongbeom, Sangchul Kim, and Hyun Yoe. "Design of Noxious Gases Analysis System in the Pig House using Eco Sensor." In Software Technology 2014. Science & Engineering Research Support soCiety, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2014.49.36.

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Everett, Tom, Jeremy Holtsclaw, and Nate Schultheiss. "Field Crystallization of MEA-Dithiazine: Identifying Materials, Leveraging H–Bonding Synthons, and Opportunities for Crystallization Inhibition." In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213831-ms.

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Abstract The operational production of crude oil inevitably involves the co-production of unwanted materials that must be resolved, e.g., produced brine, solids, gases, hydrogen sulfide, etc. Hydrogen sulfide is a particularly noxious and hazardous gas often encountered in oil production, and various methods, including chemical, engineering, or combinations thereof, have been developed to address the challenge. Despite the longevity of the H2S scavenging problem, practical and economical solutions for treating H2S are still sought by the industry. MEA-triazine (1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-s-triazine) is a routine chemical scavenging treatment for removing H2S in production operations. MEA-triazine readily reacts with H2S under field conditions to form MEA-dithiazine as a H2S scavenged product. Operationally, the resultant MEA-dithiazine is removed from the system and disposed of in an injection well. However, under certain conditions, the MEA-dithiazine is known to form crystalline masses that can result in significant fouling within piping, separators, and even static mixers. Field crystallization of MEA-dithiazine was observed, and the material was collected. The crystals were unambiguously identified as the MEA-dithiazine dimer through single-crystal x-ray crystallography (Schultheiss et al., 2022). As an alternative to solvent or hot water washes to remove the problematic crystallized MEA-dithiazine, a concept was envisaged to leverage molecules that are disruptive to the H-bonding patterns that result in the crystallization of MEA-dithiazine. A series of hydrogen-bonding donor-acceptor small molecules, along with various polymeric materials, were identified and evaluated as disruptors to aid in mitigating field crystallization. This initial study describes identifying and testing a series of small organic molecules and larger polymeric materials as network disruptors to inhibit MEA-dithiane crystallization. Identifying cost-effective molecules that can disrupt the H-bonding and prevent MEA-dithiazine crystallization holds promise to prevent MEA-dithiazine fouling in field operations. In addition, such a solution may provide a cost-effective alternative to labor-intensive solvent and hot water washes.
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Narang, Rishika, Vaibhav Joshi, and Rajat Goyal. "Towards A Net-Zero Future: Decarbonizing Hydraulic Fracturing Operations." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212323-ms.

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Abstract This study discusses sensor-based, real-time detection and monitoring of emissions generated at a wellsite during a hydraulic fracturing treatment. The sensors recorded live data, which was visualized on dashboards and generated alarms whenever the threshold levels were reached beyond the normal emission rate to tell when the workers were being exposed to unsafe levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) and other noxious elements. Algorithms were also developed to check for fuel adulteration and equipment health, identifying low-performing assets that might have undergone wear and tear. The sensing device detected emissions using multiple electrochemical sensors that can identify particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10, PM1), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), sulphur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ozone (O₃), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), and methane (CH4), along with temperature, humidity levels, and GPS coordinates. These readings were then transferred via an Application Programming Interface (API) to a cloud server, where they were stored in a database along with a timestamp. Advanced data visualization and analytics dashboards were created so that users could monitor direct emissions in real-time. The sensing device was deployed at various locations: near the pump exhaust (keeping wind flow in mind) to capture outdoor job-related emissions as well as in a closed space to study exhaust efficiency. The sensor successfully captured and transmitted live data of all the gases emitted, without manual calculation. Increased levels of NO₂ were observed after sunset (because NO₂ converts into other derivatives and ozone in sunlight). Algorithms were leveraged to interpolate readings that might be missed by the sensor, due to a power cut or human mishandling, for continuous visualization of emissions taking place. Because the sensor device is customizable to measure emissions data for each type of gas, it will be extremely useful for leak detection for both supplied and produced oil and gas and for checking corrosion in pipelines or wellsite facilities. Such sensor devices are intrinsically safe, portable, easy to install, scalable, nationally certified, and have GPS tracking enabled. To contribute to environmental sustainability and for the world to see a net-zero emissions future, the oil and gas industry has transformed itself using advanced digital technologies. This pilot study, aimed at directly measuring and visualizing emissions in an industrial setting, is one of the major steps toward more pervasive emission monitoring and helping the industry achieve its net-zero goals.
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De Simio, Luigi, Sabato Iannaccone, Vincenzo Pennino, and Luca Marchitto. "Experimental Analysis of a Single-Cylinder Large Bore Engine with External Supercharging in Diesel/CNG Dual-Fuel Mode." In 16th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-24-0058.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The need for a quick reduction in greenhouse gasses and noxious emissions is pushing maritime transportation to increase the use of alternative fuels. Natural Gas (NG) is well recognized as an effective solution to limit the use of marine diesel oil in the short/mid-term. In this scenario, dual-fuel technology is used to enable a conventional diesel engine to operate with a share of gaseous fuel while retaining the capability to run in full diesel mode. Dual-fuel (DF) engines allow the use of natural gas, or biomethane from renewable sources, as the main fuel, with advantages over CO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>x</sub> and PM emissions with the same levels of NOx.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents an experimental study investigating the effects of the diesel injection strategy on performance and emissions of a dual-fuel, single-cylinder, large bore, 4-stroke engine for marine applications. The engine is equipped with an external supercharging system; NG is injected in the port, while a Common Rail system injects the diesel pilot. Measurements were performed at 1500 rpm speed and Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP) of 8.4 bar: the full diesel engine point representative of commercial Electronic Control Unit (ECU) map is chosen as reference. Further investigations will be performed to estimate the influence of dual-fuel combustion on the loss linked to the external supercharging. The performance of an externally supercharged and a turbocharged engine may differ: when working with turbocharged engines, boost and exhaust backpressure simultaneously increase. In contrast, when reproducing external supercharging behavior, an increase in the exhaust backpressure could alter the internal exhaust gas recycling and energy balances.</div></div>
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