Relevant bibliographies by topics / NOx detection

Academic literature on the topic 'NOx detection'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "NOx detection"

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Crowley, J. N., G. Schuster, N. Pouvesle, U. Parchatka, H. Fischer, B. Bonn, H. Bingemer, and J. Lelieveld. "Nocturnal nitrogen oxides at a rural mountain-site in South-Western Germany." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 1 (January 19, 2010): 1309–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-1309-2010.

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Abstract. A new, two-channel instrument for simultaneous NO3 and N2O5 monitoring was used to make the first comprehensive set of nocturnal NOx measurements (NO, NO2, NO3 and N2O5) at the Taunus Observatory, a rural mountain site (Kleiner Feldberg) in South-western Germany. In May 2008, NO3 and N2O5 mixing ratios were well above the instrumental detection limit (a few ppt) on all nights of the campaign and were characterised by large variability resulting from inhomogeneously distributed sinks. The concentrations of NO3, N2O5 and NO2 were consistent with the equilibrium constant, K2, defining the rates of formation and thermal dissociation of N2O5. A steady-state lifetime analysis showed that nocturnal NOx losses were generally dominated by reaction of NO3 with volatile organic compounds in this forested region, with N2O5 uptake to aerosols of secondary importance. Analysis of a limited dataset obtained at high relative humidity indicated that the loss of N2O5 by reaction with water vapour is less efficient (> factor 3) than derived using laboratory kinetic data. The fraction of NOx present as NO3 and N2O5 reached ≈20% on some nights, with night-time losses of NOx competing with daytime losses.
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Crowley, J. N., G. Schuster, N. Pouvesle, U. Parchatka, H. Fischer, B. Bonn, H. Bingemer, and J. Lelieveld. "Nocturnal nitrogen oxides at a rural mountain-site in south-western Germany." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 6 (March 25, 2010): 2795–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2795-2010.

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Abstract. A new, two-channel instrument for simultaneous NO3 and N2O5 monitoring was used to make the first comprehensive set of nocturnal NOx measurements (NO, NO2, NO3 and N2O5) at the Taunus Observatory, a rural mountain site (Kleiner Feldberg) in South-western Germany. In May 2008, NO3 and N2O5 mixing ratios were well above the instrumental detection limit (a few ppt) on all nights of the campaign and were characterised by large variability. The concentrations of NO3, N2O5 and NO2 were consistent with the equilibrium constant, K2, defining the rates of formation and thermal dissociation of N2O5. A steady-state lifetime analysis is consistent with the loss of nocturnal NOx being dominated by the reaction of NO3 with volatile organic compounds in this forested region, with N2O5 uptake to aerosols of secondary importance. Analysis of a limited dataset obtained at high relative humidity indicated that the loss of N2O5 by reaction with water vapour is less efficient (>factor 3) than derived using laboratory kinetic data. The fraction of NOx present as NO3 and N2O5 reached ~20% on some nights, with night-time losses of NOx competing with daytime losses.
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Delaria, Erin R., Megan Vieira, Julie Cremieux, and Ronald C. Cohen. "Measurements of NO and NO<sub>2</sub> exchange between the atmosphere and <i>Quercus agrifolia</i>." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 19 (October 5, 2018): 14161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14161-2018.

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Abstract. NO2 foliar deposition through the stomata of leaves has been identified as a significant sink of NOx within a forest canopy. In this study, we investigated NO2 and NO exchange between the atmosphere and the leaves of the native California oak tree Quercus agrifolia using a branch enclosure system. NO2 detection was performed with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), which excludes biases from other reactive nitrogen compounds and has a low detection limit of 5–50 ppt. We performed both light and dark experiments with concentrations between 0.5 and 10 ppb NO2 and NO under constant ambient conditions. Deposition velocities for NO2 during light and dark experiments were 0.123±0.009 and 0.015±0.001 cm s−1, respectively. Much slower deposition was seen for NO, with deposition velocities of 0.012±0.002 and 0.005±0.002 cm s−1 measured during light and dark experiments, respectively. This corresponded to a summed resistance of the stomata and mesophyll of 6.9±0.9 s cm−1 for NO2 and 140±40 s cm−1 for NO. No significant compensation point was detected for NO2 uptake, but compensation points ranging from 0.74 to 3.8 ppb were observed for NO. NO2 and NO deposition velocities reported here are comparable both with previous leaf-level chamber studies and inferences from canopy-level field measurements. In parallel with these laboratory experiments, we have constructed a detailed 1-D atmospheric model to assess the contribution of leaf-level NOx deposition to the total NOx loss and NOx canopy fluxes. Using the leaf uptake rates measured in the laboratory, these modeling studies suggest that loss of NOx to deposition in a California oak woodland competes with the pathways of HNO3 and RONO2 formation, with deposition making up 3 %–22 % of the total NOx loss. Additionally, foliar uptake of NOx at these rates could account for ∼15 %–30 % canopy reduction of soil NOx emissions.
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Schönauer-Kamin, Daniela, Yongxiang Li, Wojtek Wlodarski, Samuel Ippolito, and Ralf Moos. "2D SnS2—A Material for Impedance-Based Low Temperature NOx Sensing?" Proceedings 1, no. 4 (August 9, 2017): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings1040455.

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The sensor signal of tin disulfide (SnS2), a two-dimensional (2D) group-IV dichalcogenide, deposited as a film on a conductometric transducer is investigated at 130 °C. The focus is on the detection of the total NOx concentration. Therefore, the sensor response to NO and NO2 at ppm- and sub-ppm level at low operating temperature is determined. The results show that the sensing device provides a high sensor signal to NO and NO2 even at concentrations of only 390 ppb NOx. Both nitrous components, NO and NO2, yield the same signal, which offers the opportunity to sense the total concentration of NOx.
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Friedrich, Nils, Ivan Tadic, Jan Schuladen, James Brooks, Eoghan Darbyshire, Frank Drewnick, Horst Fischer, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley. "Measurement of NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> and NO<sub><i>y</i></sub> with a thermal dissociation cavity ring-down spectrometer (TD-CRDS): instrument characterisation and first deployment." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 10 (October 29, 2020): 5739–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5739-2020.

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Abstract. We present a newly constructed, two-channel thermal dissociation cavity ring-down spectrometer (TD-CRDS) for the measurement of NOx (NO+NO2), NOy (NOx+HNO3+RO2NO2+2N2O5 etc.), NOz (NOy−NOx) and particulate nitrate (pNit). NOy-containing trace gases are detected as NO2 by the CRDS at 405 nm following sampling through inlets at ambient temperature (NOx) or at 850 ∘C (NOy). In both cases, O3 was added to the air sample directly upstream of the cavities to convert NO (either ambient or formed in the 850 ∘C oven) to NO2. An activated carbon denuder was used to remove gas-phase components of NOy when sampling pNit. Detection limits, defined as the 2σ precision for 1 min averaging, are 40 pptv for both NOx and NOy. The total measurement uncertainties (at 50 % relative humidity, RH) in the NOx and NOy channels are 11 %+10 pptv and 16 %+14 pptv for NOz respectively. Thermograms of various trace gases of the NOz family confirm stoichiometric conversion to NO2 (and/or NO) at the oven temperature and rule out significant interferences from NH3 detection (<2 %) or radical recombination reactions under ambient conditions. While fulfilling the requirement of high particle transmission (>80 % between 30 and 400 nm) and essentially complete removal of reactive nitrogen under dry conditions (>99 %), the denuder suffered from NOx breakthrough and memory effects (i.e. release of stored NOy) under humid conditions, which may potentially bias measurements of particle nitrate. Summertime NOx measurements obtained from a ship sailing through the Red Sea, Indian Ocean and Arabian Gulf (NOx levels from <20 pptv to 25 ppbv) were in excellent agreement with those taken by a chemiluminescence detector of NO and NO2. A data set obtained locally under vastly different conditions (urban location in winter) revealed large diel variations in the NOz to NOy ratio which could be attributed to the impact of local emissions by road traffic.
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Martínez Torres, Javier, Jorge Pastor Pérez, Joaquín Sancho Val, Aonghus McNabola, Miguel Martínez Comesaña, and John Gallagher. "A Functional Data Analysis Approach for the Detection of Air Pollution Episodes and Outliers: A Case Study in Dublin, Ireland." Mathematics 8, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8020225.

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Ground level concentrations of nitrogen oxide (NOx) can act as an indicator of air quality in the urban environment. In cities with relatively good air quality, and where NOx concentrations rarely exceed legal limits, adverse health effects on the population may still occur. Therefore, detecting small deviations in air quality and deriving methods of controlling air pollution are challenging. This study presents different data analytical methods which can be used to monitor and effectively evaluate policies or measures to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions through the detection of pollution episodes and the removal of outliers. This method helps to identify the sources of pollution more effectively, and enhances the value of monitoring data and exceedances of limit values. It will detect outliers, changes and trend deviations in NO2 concentrations at ground level, and consists of four main steps: classical statistical description techniques, statistical process control techniques, functional analysis and a functional control process. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the outlier detection methodology proposed, it was applied to a complete one-year NO2 dataset for a sub-urban site in Dublin, Ireland in 2013. The findings demonstrate how the functional data approach improves the classical techniques for detecting outliers, and in addition, how this new methodology can facilitate a more thorough approach to defining effect air pollution control measures.
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Delaria, Erin R., Bryan K. Place, Amy X. Liu, and Ronald C. Cohen. "Laboratory measurements of stomatal NO<sub>2</sub> deposition to native California trees and the role of forests in the NO<sub>x</sub> cycle." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 22 (November 19, 2020): 14023–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14023-2020.

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Abstract. Both canopy-level field measurements and laboratory studies suggest that uptake of NO2 through the leaf stomata of vegetation is a significant sink of atmospheric NOx. However, the mechanisms of this foliar NO2 uptake and their impact on NOx lifetimes remain incompletely understood. To understand the leaf-level processes affecting ecosystem-scale atmosphere–biosphere NOx exchange, we have conducted laboratory experiments of branch-level NO2 deposition fluxes to six coniferous and four broadleaf native California trees using a branch enclosure system with direct laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection of NO2. We report NO2 foliar deposition that demonstrates a large degree of inter-species variability, with maximum observed deposition velocities ranging from 0.15 to 0.51 cm s−1 during the daytime, as well as significant stomatal opening during the night. We also find that the contribution of mesophyllic processing to the overall deposition rate of NO2 varies by tree species but has an ultimately inconsequential impact on NOx budgets and lifetimes. Additionally, we find no evidence of any emission of NO2 from leaves, suggesting an effective unidirectional exchange of NOx between the atmosphere and vegetation.
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Alam, Mohammed S., Leigh R. Crilley, James D. Lee, Louisa J. Kramer, Christian Pfrang, Mónica Vázquez-Moreno, Milagros Ródenas, Amalia Muñoz, and William J. Bloss. "Interference from alkenes in chemiluminescent NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): 5977–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5977-2020.

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Abstract. Nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2) are critical intermediates in atmospheric chemistry and air pollution. NOx levels control the cycling and hence abundance of the primary atmospheric oxidants OH and NO3 and regulate the ozone production which results from the degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight. They are also atmospheric pollutants, and NO2 is commonly included in air quality objectives and regulations. NOx levels also affect the production of the nitrate component of secondary aerosol particles and other pollutants, such as the lachrymator peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). The accurate measurement of NO and NO2 is therefore crucial for air quality monitoring and understanding atmospheric composition. The most commonly used approach for the measurement of NO is the chemiluminescent detection of electronically excited NO2 (NO2∗) formed from the NO + O3 reaction within the NOx analyser. Alkenes, ubiquitous in the atmosphere from biogenic and anthropogenic sources, also react with ozone to produce chemiluminescence and thus may contribute to the measured NOx signal. Their ozonolysis reaction may also be sufficiently rapid that their abundance in conventional instrument background cycles, which also utilises the reaction with ozone, differs from that in the measurement cycle such that the background subtraction is incomplete, and an interference effect results. This interference has been noted previously, and indeed, the effect has been used to measure both alkenes and ozone in the atmosphere. Here we report the results of a systematic investigation of the response of a selection of commercial NOx monitors to a series of alkenes. These NOx monitors range from systems used for routine air quality monitoring to atmospheric research instrumentation. The species-investigated range was from short-chain alkenes, such as ethene, to the biogenic monoterpenes. Experiments were performed in the European PHOtoREactor (EUPHORE) to ensure common calibration and samples for the monitors and to unequivocally confirm the alkene levels present (via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy – FTIR). The instrument interference responses ranged from negligible levels up to 11 %, depending upon the alkene present and conditions used (e.g. the presence of co-reactants and differing humidity). Such interferences may be of substantial importance for the interpretation of ambient NOx data, particularly for high VOC, low NOx environments such as forests or indoor environments where alkene abundance from personal care and cleaning products may be significant.
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Lee, Jae-Hyeong, Sang-Hyun Lee, and Hyun Cheol Kim. "Detection of Strong NOX Emissions from Fine-scale Reconstruction of the OMI Tropospheric NO2 Product." Remote Sensing 11, no. 16 (August 9, 2019): 1861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11161861.

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Satellite-retrieved atmospheric NO2 column products have been widely used in assessing bottom-up NOX inventory emissions emitted from large cities, industrial facilities, and power plants. However, the satellite products fail to quantify strong NOX emissions emitted from the sources less than the satellite’s pixel size, with significantly underestimating their emission intensities (smoothing effect). The poor monitoring of the emissions makes it difficult to enforce pollution restriction regulations. This study reconstructs the tropospheric NO2 vertical column density (VCD) of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)/Aura (13 × 24 km2 pixel resolution at nadir) over South Korea to a fine-scale product (grid resolution of 3 × 3 km2) using a conservative spatial downscaling method, and investigates the methodological fidelity in quantifying the major Korean area and point sources that are smaller than the satellite’s pixel size. Multiple high-fidelity air quality models of the Weather Research and Forecast-Chemistry (WRF-Chem) and the Weather Research and Forecast/Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system (WRF/CMAQ) were used to investigate the downscaling uncertainty in a spatial-weight kernel estimate. The analysis results showed that the fine-scale reconstructed OMI NO2 VCD revealed the strong NOX emission sources with increasing the atmospheric NO2 column concentration and enhanced their spatial concentration gradients near the sources, which was accomplished by applying high-resolution modeled spatial-weight kernels to the original OMI NO2 product. The downscaling uncertainty of the reconstructed OMI NO2 product was inherent and estimated by 11.1% ± 10.6% at the whole grid cells over South Korea. The smoothing effect of the original OMI NO2 product was estimated by 31.7% ± 13.1% for the 6 urbanized area sources and 32.2% ± 17.1% for the 13 isolated point sources on an effective spatial resolution that is defined to reduce the downscaling uncertainty. Finally, it was found that the new reconstructed OMI NO2 product had a potential capability in quantifying NOX emission intensities of the isolated strong point sources with a good correlation of R = 0.87, whereas the original OMI NO2 product failed not only to identify the point sources, but also to quantify their emission intensities (R = 0.30). Our findings highlight a potential capability of the fine-scale reconstructed OMI NO2 product in detecting directly strong NOX emissions, and emphasize the inherent methodological uncertainty in interpreting the reconstructed satellite product at a high-resolution grid scale.
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Li, Zhiyan, Renzhi Hu, Pinhua Xie, Hao Chen, Xiaoyan Liu, Shuaixi Liang, Dan Wang, et al. "Simultaneous measurement of NO and NO<sub>2</sub> by a dual-channel cavity ring-down spectroscopy technique." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 6 (June 17, 2019): 3223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3223-2019.

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Abstract. Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are relevant to air quality due to their roles in tropospheric ozone (O3) production. In China, NOx emissions are very high and NOx emissions exhausted from on-road vehicles make up 20 % of total NOx emissions. In order to detect the NO and NO2 emissions on road, a dual-channel cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) system for NO2 and NO detection has been developed. In the system, NO is converted to NO2 by its reaction with excess O3 in the NOx channel, such that NO can be determined through the difference between two channels. The detection limits of NO2 and NOx for the system are estimated to be about 0.030 (1σ, 1 s) and 0.040 ppb (1σ, 1 s), respectively. Considering the error sources of NO2 absorption cross section and RL determination, the total uncertainty of NO2 measurements is about 5%. The performance of the system was validated against a chemiluminescence (CL) analyser (42i, Thermo Scientific, Inc.) by measuring the NO2 standard mixtures. The measurement results of NO2 showed a linear correction factor (R2) of 0.99 in a slope of 1.031±0.006, with an offset of (-0.940±0.323) ppb. An intercomparison between the system and a cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS) instrument was also conducted separately for NO2 measurement in an ambient environment. Least-squares analysis showed that the slope and intercept of the regression line are 1.042±0.002 and (-0.393±0.040) ppb, respectively, with a linear correlation factor of R2=0.99. Another intercomparison conducted between the system and the CL analyser for NO detection also showed a good agreement within their uncertainties, with an absolute shift of (0.352±0.013) ppb, a slope of 0.957±0.007 and a correlation coefficient of R2=0.99. The system was deployed on the measurements of on-road vehicle emission plumes in Hefei, and the different emission characteristics were observed in the different areas of the city. The successful deployment of the system has demonstrated that the instrument can provide a new method for retrieving fast variations in NO and NO2 plumes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "NOx detection"

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Gao, Jing. "Etude et mise au point d'un capteur de gaz pour la detection sélective de NOx en pot d'échappement automobile." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01016361.

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Afin de contrôler l'émission totale des NOx dans l'échappement automobile, un capteur potentiométrique à base de zircone stabilisée à l'yttrium a été développé par la technique de sérigraphie. Il est montré que l'utilisation d'un filtre catalytique, déposé directement sur l'élément sensible, permet d'éliminer les interférences venant d'autres gaz réducteurs dans l'échappement, en particulier monoxyde de carbone (CO), hydrogène (H2), hydrocarbures (CxHy) et ammoniac (NH3). En plus, il est possible de fixer avec le filtre catalytique le rapport NO/NO2 correspondant à l'équilibre thermodynamique. Par conséquent la réponse du capteur n'est plus dépendante du rapport NO/NO2, mais seulement de la température. De plus, la sensibilité et la sélectivité du capteur à NO2 peut considérablement être améliorée en appliquant un courant de polarisation.
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VIGNA, LORENZO. "Chemiresistive devices for room-temperature gas sensing applications: from loaded and intrinsically conductive polymers to layered double hydroxides." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2967017.

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Romanytsia, Ivan. "Etude des propriétés électro-catalytiques des matériaux d’électrode et des phénomènes de polarisation pour la compréhension des mécanismes de détection d'un capteur d'oxydes d'azote et l'optimisation de son fonctionnement." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMSE0760.

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Le transport routier est responsable de la production de la majeure partie des oxydes d’azote (NOx) émis dans l’atmosphère. La majorité de cette pollution est donc concentrée dans des zones très urbanisées. L’exposition permanente aux gaz d’échappement a des conséquences graves pour la santé humaine et pour cela, des normes d’émission de plus en plus strictes sont mises en place. Les technologies post-Traitement embarquées dans les pots d’échappement sont de plus en plus complexes et nécessitent un control continu de la composition gazeuse. Les conditions sérères de ce milieu requièrent le développement de capteurs de gaz robustes et de longue durée de vie. Dans ce travail, nous présentons la procédure de fabrication et la caractérisation d’un capteur électrochimique à trois électrodes pouvant satisfaire les exigences d’une application industrielle dans le domaine automobile. La technologie de sérigraphie utilisée a l’avantage d’être facilement transférable dans l’industrie pour une production de masse bas cout.Le principe de fonctionnement du capteur est basé sur la polarisation galvanostatique de l’électrode sensible permettant une détection sélective de NO2 sans interférence avec d’autres gaz comme CO et NO. De plus, afin d’augmenter la stabilité du capteur, de diminuer les temps de réponse et de recouvrement, un nouveau matériau d’électrode composite à base d’or a été développé.Enfin, la réduction électrochimique de l’oxygène sur l’or et sur des électrodes composite a été étudiée, afin de proposer un mécanisme de détection de NO2
Road transport is one of the main sources of NOx emitted into the atmosphere. The majority of this pollution is concentrated in urbanized areas. The permanent exposure to the exhaust gases has serious consequences for human health and for that, emission standards become more stringent. The modern technologies present in automotive need the continuous control of the exhaust composition. The variations of temperature, composition of exhaust gas, vibrations and other factors require long life robust control systems. In this work, we present the procedure of fabrication and characterization of an electrochemical sensor with three electrodes that can fulfill the demands of industrial applications in automotive industry. Manufacturing by screen-Printing technology allows producing low-Cost sensor with high reproducibility in industrial process.The principle of our sensor is based on galvanostatic polarization of a gold sensing electrode allowing the selective detection of NO2 without interference to other gases such as CO and NO. In order to increase stability, and to decrease the response and recovery time of the sensor, a new Au composite sensitive electrode was developed. The electrochemical reduction of oxygen on gold and gold-Based electrodes was then studied, to propose a detailed mechanism of NO2 detection
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Ru, Jifeng. "Adaptive estimation and detection techniques with applications." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2005. http://louisdl.louislibraries.org/u?/NOD,285.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of New Orleans, 2005.
Title from electronic submission form. "A dissertation ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering and Applied Science"--Dissertation t.p. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Storozhenko, V. A., A. V. Myagkiy, and R. P. Orel. "Filtering of interference of inhomogeneous regular structure in thermal non-destructive control of cellular structures." Thesis, Eskisehir technical university, 2021. https://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/18954.

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Honeycomb constructions are the most widely used materials in contemporary aviation and space technology. They are the basis for the housings of practically all products of this sector, where reliability of all parts should meet the in-creased requirements. Special attention is paid to the quality of composite materials and to the absence of defects such as the places of adhesion failure (exfoliation) between the skin and the honeycomb filler. Therefore, increase in the efficiency and reliability of thermal flaw detection, based on in-depth analysis of the processes of detecting defects and development of the principles of optimization of both the procedure of control and subsequent processing of the obtained information, is an important and relevant task.
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Makrakis, Dimitrios. "Generalized non-coherent detection." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6789.

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The objective of this thesis is to introduce new power efficient non-coherent receiver structures for linear (Quadrature Amplitude Modulated and Phase Shift Keyed) as well as Continuous Phase Modulated signals. A generalized non-coherent detection theory, addressing single or multi-amplitude/phase signals as well as operation in time dispersive channels has been developed. Structures of optimal non-coherent sequence estimators and symbol-by-symbol receivers are proposed. The analysis carried out provides the relation and link between existing non-coherent receivers and the optimal non-coherent detection concept. Using the framework set by the generalized non-coherent detection theory and applying approximations and reasonable simplifications wherever needed, we were able to propose new families of powerful, yet simple non-coherent receivers. Such receivers are the: (1) Block Decoders for PSK and CPM signals. They process the received signal information in a block form. Evaluation of them in both ideal and time dispersive channels has verified considerable gains (as compared to conventional differential receivers), especially when used with trellis coded schemes. The evaluation results have indicated improvements higher than 3 dB when the operation takes place in a Gaussian channel. In a faded channel, the results have shown improvements higher than 7 dB and a reduction in error floors close to one order of magnitude. (2) Asymptotically optimal decoders for a time dispersive channel and/or multi-amplitude/phase signals. They have been able to considerably improve the system's performance. When evaluated for uncoded and coded schemes they demonstrated excellent performance. Compared to the conventional differential receiver the results demonstrated improvements in excess of 5 dB. With the introduction of these receivers the extension of non-coherent technology to the power and bandwidth efficient family of the multi-amplitude/phase signals has been made possible. (3) Combined Squared Envelope and Multiple Differential Detection (recursive) Algorithms. They process the information provided by the use of a squared envelope and more than one (multiple) differential receivers in a recursive form. When evaluated with various linear and CPM signals they demonstrated considerable improvements. For white Gaussian noise channels, they achieved gains higher than 9 dB (compared to the conventional differential receiver). In a faded channel they were able to reduce the error floors by more than three orders of magnitude. (4) Symbol-by-symbol receivers based on phase correction and signal combining controlled by decision feedback. These receivers achieve their improvements by applying partial (decision directed) intersymbol interference (ISI) cancellation from the phase of the signal and by combining the outputs of more than one differential detector according to the decisions made regarding previous symbols. Evaluations have demonstrated improvements higher than 5 dB. In all of the above proposed receivers, a particular emphasis has been put on the simplicity factor. Possible efficient implementation scenarios of the receivers using today's digital signal processing technology are discussed in various parts of the present work. To evaluate the proposed schemes, an analytical framework has been developed. It covers evaluation in AWGN (ideal or time dispersive) as well as faded channels. Through this analysis, new distance expressions (equivalent to the Euclidean distance we encounter in coherent systems) which characterize the performance of the proposed non-coherent receivers have been identified. These distance metrics can be used for the design of improved coded schemes, developed to "match" the characteristics and operation principles of the proposed non-coherent receivers.
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Morrow, David John. "Non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose detection." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317087.

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Hill, Helena Anne. "Non cultural detection of Campylobacter." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247366.

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Frazer, Gordon John. "Aspects of time-varying non Gaussian non-linear signal analysis." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1996. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/105546/1/T%28BE%26E%29%201032%20Aspects%20of%20time-varying%20non-Gaussian%20non-linear%20signal%20analysis.pdf.

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This thesis addresses problems in the field of time-varying, non-Gaussian, non-linear signal processing. It concentrates on developing results in the areas of time-frequency signal analysis and higher-order spectra which are linked by the developing area of time-varying higher-order spectra. Motivation comes from applying procedures developed to underwater acoustic signals. Reviews of time-frequency analysis and higher-order spectra precede the research contributions. Three appendices cover: a review of the multiple-window spectrum estimation method, an improved procedure for computing analytic signals frequently used in time-frequency signal analysis, and an updated approach for computing Slepian sequences necessary for the multiple-window spectrogram.
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Pixton, Tonya S. "Expecting Happy Women, Not Detecting the Angry Ones : Detection and Perceived Intensity of Facial Anger, Happiness, and Emotionality." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Psykologiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-57167.

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Faces provide cues for judgments regarding the emotional state of individuals. Using signal-detection methodology and a standardized stimulus set, the overall aim of the present dissertation was to investigate the detection of emotional facial expressions (i.e., angry and happy faces) with neutral expressions as the nontarget stimuli. Study I showed a happy-superiority effect and a bias towards reporting happiness in female faces. As work progressed, questions arose regarding whether the emotional stimuli were equal with regard to perceived strength of emotion, and whether the neutral faces were perceived as neutral. To further investigate the effect of stimulus quality on the obtained findings, Study II was designed such that the facial stimuli were rated on scales of happy-sad, angry-friendly, and emotionality. Results showed that ‘neutral’ facial expressions were not rated as neutral, and that there was a greater perceived distance between happy and neutral faces than between angry and neutral faces. These results were used to adjust the detectability measures to compensate for the varying distances of the angry and happy stimuli from the neutral stimuli in the emotional space. The happy-superiority effect was weakened, while an angry-female disadvantage remained. However, as these results were based upon different participant groups for detection and emotional rating, Study III was designed to investigate whether the results from Studies I and II could be replicated in a design where the same participants performed both tasks. Again, the results showed the non-neutrality of ‘neutral’ expressions and that happiness was more easily detected than anger, as shown in general emotion as well as specific emotion detection. Taken together, the overall results of the present dissertation demonstrate a happy-superiority effect that was greater for female than male faces, that angry-female faces were the most difficult to detect, and a bias to report female faces as happy.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: In press. Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.
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Books on the topic "NOx detection"

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Roberto, Corradini, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Detection of Non-Amplified Genomic DNA. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012.

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Kassam, Saleem A. Signal Detection in Non-Gaussian Noise. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3834-8.

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Spoto, Giuseppe, and Roberto Corradini, eds. Detection of Non-Amplified Genomic DNA. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1226-3.

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Kassam, Saleem A. Signal Detection in Non-Gaussian Noise. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988.

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Kassam, Saleem A. Signal detection in non-Gaussian noise. Edited by Thomas John Bowman 1925-. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988.

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Kandel, Susan. Not a girl detective. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2005.

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Kandel, Susan. Not a Girl Detective. New York: HarperCollins, 2009.

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Kandel, Susan. Not a girl detective. New York: William Morrow, 2005.

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Center, NASA Glenn Research, ed. Damage detection using holography and interferometry. Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2003.

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Decker, Arthur J. Damage detection using holography and interferometry. Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "NOx detection"

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Bohle, W., and W. Urban. "CO-Laser-Magnetic-Resonance facility for sensitive detection of radical trace gases (NOx, HO2?)." In Monitoring of Gaseous Pollutants by Tunable Diode Lasers, 172–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0989-2_17.

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Augsburger, Fiona, Aleksandra Filippova, and Vincent Jaquet. "Methods for Detection of NOX-Derived Superoxide Radical Anion and Hydrogen Peroxide in Cells." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 233–41. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9424-3_13.

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Chugg, Keith M., Achilleas Anastasopoulos, and Xiaopeng Chen. "Overview of Non-Iterative Detection." In Iterative Detection, 1–76. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1699-6_1.

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Toomay, J. C. "Detection Tracking." In Radar Principles for the Non-Specialist, 43–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6985-1_3.

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Bond, Charles F., Timothy R. Levine, and Maria Hartwig. "New Findings in Non-Verbal Lie Detection." In Detecting Deception, 37–58. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118510001.ch2.

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Rust, Wilhelm. "Contact Detection." In Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis in Structural Mechanics, 321–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13380-5_12.

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Thaller, Hannes, Lukas Linsbauer, and Alexander Egyed. "Semantic Clone Detection via Probabilistic Software Modeling." In Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering, 288–309. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99429-7_16.

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AbstractSemantic clone detection is the process of finding program elements with similar or equal runtime behavior. For example, detecting the semantic equality between the recursive and iterative implementation of the factorial computation. Semantic clone detection is the de facto technical boundary of clone detectors. In recent years, this boundary has been tested using interesting new approaches. This article contributes a semantic clone detection approach that detects clones which have 0 % syntactic similarity. We present Semantic Clone Detection via Probabilistic Software Modeling (SCD-PSM) as a stable and precise solution to semantic clone detection. PSM builds a probabilistic model of a program that is capable of evaluating and generating runtime data. SCD-PSM leverages this model and its model elements for finding behaviorally equal model elements. This behavioral equality is then generalized to semantic equality of the original program elements. It uses the likelihood between model elements as a distance metric. Then, it employs the likelihood ratio significance test to decide whether this distance is significant, given a pre-specified and controllable false-positive rate. The output of SCD-PSM are pairs of program elements (i.e., methods), their distance, and a decision on whether they are clones or not. SCD-PSM yields excellent results with a Matthews Correlation Coefficient greater than 0.9. These results are obtained on classical semantic clone detection problems such as detecting recursive and iterative versions of an algorithm, but also on complex problems used in coding competitions.
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Finotti, Alessia, Giulia Breveglieri, Monica Borgatti, and Roberto Gambari. "Genetic Analyses in Health Laboratories: Current Status and Expectations." In Detection of Non-Amplified Genomic DNA, 3–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1226-3_1.

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Knoll, Wolfgang, Jianyun Liu, Lifang Niu, Peter Eigil Nielsen, and Louis Tiefenauer. "Parallel Optical and Electrochemical DNA Detection." In Detection of Non-Amplified Genomic DNA, 263–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1226-3_10.

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Thompson, John F., Fatih Ozsolak, and Patrice M. Milos. "Recent Advances in Sequencing Technology." In Detection of Non-Amplified Genomic DNA, 281–308. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1226-3_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "NOx detection"

1

Braga, Rodrigo, Edjard Mota, and Alexandre Passito. "Lightweight DDoS flooding attack detection using NOX/OpenFlow." In 2010 IEEE 35th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcn.2010.5735752.

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Campbell, Michael, W. X. Peng, Kenneth W. D. Ledingham, A. Marshall, and Raghunandan P. Singhal. "Detection of atmospheric NOx gases and volatile organic compounds." In European Symposium on Optics for Environmental and Public Safety, edited by Ramon P. DePaula and John W. Berthold III. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.221691.

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Fischer, Sabine, Daniela Schönauer-Kamin, Ralf Moos, Roland Pohle, Erhard Magori, Maximilian Fleischer, and Boris Farber. "P1.6.4 NOx-Detection by Pulsed Polarization of Lambda Probes." In 14th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors - IMCS 2012. AMA Service GmbH, Von-Münchhausen-Str. 49, 31515 Wunstorf, Germany, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5162/imcs2012/p1.6.4.

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Schönauer-Kamin, D., M. Schubert, Y. Jännsch, H. Kurz, I. Marr, and R. Moos. "P1GS.21 - Dosimeter for Low-Level NOx Detection – Influence of the Deposition Method of the NOx Storage Film." In 17th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors - IMCS 2018. AMA Service GmbH, Von-Münchhausen-Str. 49, 31515 Wunstorf, Germany, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5162/imcs2018/p1gs.21.

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Ingrisch, Kurt, Astrid Zeppenfeld, Michael Bauer, Botho Ziegenbein, Heiner Holland, and Bernd Schumann. "Chemical Sensors for CO/NOx-Detection in Automotive Climate Control Systems." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/960692.

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Peng, W., K. W. D. Ledingham, A. Marshall, R. P. Singhal, M. Campbell, and R. Zheng. "A laser based procedure for the detection of atmospheric NOx gases." In The 7th international symposium: Resonance ionization spectroscopy 1994. AIP, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.47552.

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Damiao Nascimento Silva, Caike, lutero c. de lima, Mona lisa Oliveira, Daniel Serra, and Thiago Sousa. "APPLICATION OF AN AUTOMOTIVE LAMBDA SENSOR FOR NOx DETECTION IN LPG COMBUSTION." In 25th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering. ABCM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.cobem2019.cob2019-0055.

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Pastel, R. L., and R. C. Sausa. "Nitrocompound Analysis by 226 nm Laser Photofragmentation/Fragment Detection." In Laser Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lacea.1996.lthd.2.

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The development of fast and sensitive detectors for NOx (NO+NO2) and nitrocompounds is important in many military and civilian applications.2,3 Some applications include environmental compliance to state and federal regulations, clean up of ammunition sites, aviation security, and atmospheric monitoring.
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Sausa, R. C., and R. L. Pastel. "Trace NOx Analysis by Laser Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Photoacoustic Spectroscopy near 454 nm." In Laser Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lacea.1996.lfa.5.

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There is a growing interest in laser-based analytical techniques for remote or in situ trace detection of NOx (NO+NO2) pollutants.3 Much of this interest stems from concerns related to health and the environment. The detection of these species is also important in photofragmentation/fragment detection techniques being developed for the chemical analysis of energetic materials.4,5
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Fischer, S., R. Pohle, M. Fleischer, U. Guth, B. Farber, and R. Moos. "D3.4 - Pulsed-Potential Method for NOx-Detection Using Standard Zirconia-Based Lambda Sensors." In SENSOR+TEST Conferences 2011. AMA Service GmbH, Von-Münchhausen-Str. 49, 31515 Wunstorf, Germany, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5162/sensor11/d3.4.

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Reports on the topic "NOx detection"

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Hanson, Ronald K. Novel Extended-Wavelength Diode Lasers to Enable Sensitive Detection of CO and NOx. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada383138.

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Tao, Yang, Victor Alchanatis, and Yud-Ren Chen. X-ray and stereo imaging method for sensitive detection of bone fragments and hazardous materials in de-boned poultry fillets. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695872.bard.

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As Americans become increasingly health conscious, they have increased their consumptionof boneless white and skinless poultry meat. To the poultry industry, accurate detection of bonefragments and other hazards in de-boned poultry meat is important to ensure food quality andsafety for consumers. X-ray imaging is widely used for internal material inspection. However,traditional x-ray technology has limited success with high false-detection errors mainly becauseof its inability to consistently recognize bone fragments in meat of uneven thickness. Today’srapid grow-out practices yield chicken bones that are less calcified. Bone fragments under x-rayshave low contrast from meat. In addition, the x-ray energy reaching the image detector varieswith the uneven meat thickness. Differences in x-ray absorption due to the unevenness inevitablyproduce false patterns in x-ray images and make it hard to distinguish between hazardousinclusions and normal meat patterns even by human visual inspection from the images.Consequently, the false patterns become camouflage under x-ray absorptions of variant meatthickness in physics, which remains a major limitation to detecting hazardous materials byprocessing x-ray images alone.Under the support of BARD, USDA, and US Poultry industries, we have aimed todeveloping a new technology that uses combined x-ray and laser imaging to detect bonefragments in de-boned poultry. The technique employs the synergism of sensors of differentprinciples and has overcome the deficiency of x-rays in physics of letting x-rays work alone inbone fragment detection. X-rays in conjunction of laser-based imaging was used to eliminatefalse patterns and provide higher sensitivity and accuracy to detect hazardous objects in the meatfor poultry processing lines.Through intensive research, we have met all the objectives we proposed during the researchperiod. Comprehensive experiments have proved the concept and demonstrated that the methodhas been capable of detecting frequent hard-to-detect bone fragments including fan bones andfractured rib and pulley bone pieces (but not cartilage yet) regardless of their locations anduneven meat thickness without being affected by skin, fat, and blood clots or blood vines.
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Hamlin, Alexandra, Erik Kobylarz, James Lever, Susan Taylor, and Laura Ray. Assessing the feasibility of detecting epileptic seizures using non-cerebral sensor. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42562.

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This paper investigates the feasibility of using non-cerebral, time-series data to detect epileptic seizures. Data were recorded from fifteen patients (7 male, 5 female, 3 not noted, mean age 36.17 yrs), five of whom had a total of seven seizures. Patients were monitored in an inpatient setting using standard video electroencephalography (vEEG), while also wearing sensors monitoring electrocardiography, electrodermal activity, electromyography, accelerometry, and audio signals (vocalizations). A systematic and detailed study was conducted to identify the sensors and the features derived from the non-cerebral sensors that contribute most significantly to separability of data acquired during seizures from non-seizure data. Post-processing of the data using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) shows that seizure data are strongly separable from non-seizure data based on features derived from the signals recorded. The mean area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve for each individual patient that experienced a seizure during data collection, calculated using LDA, was 0.9682. The features that contribute most significantly to seizure detection differ for each patient. The results show that a multimodal approach to seizure detection using the specified sensor suite is promising in detecting seizures with both sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, the study provides a means to quantify the contribution of each sensor and feature to separability. Development of a non-electroencephalography (EEG) based seizure detection device would give doctors a more accurate seizure count outside of the clinical setting, improving treatment and the quality of life of epilepsy patients.
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Lowdermilk, W. Accelerator-Detector Complex for Photonuclear Detection of Hidden Explosives, CRADA No. TC02065.0. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1061533.

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Lukow, Steven, Ross Lee, Jonathan Gigax, and David Grow. Improving Non-Destructive Detection Technology Through SAVY Feature Detection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1884728.

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Stromer, Bobbi, Rebecca Crouch, Katrinka Wayne, Ashley Kimble, Jared Smith, and Anthony Bednar. Methods for simultaneous determination of 29 legacy and insensitive munition (IM) constituents in aqueous, soil-sediment, and tissue matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/1168142105.

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Standard methods are in place for analysis of 17 legacy munitions compounds and one surrogate in water and soil matrices; however, several insensitive munition (IM) and degradation products are not part of these analytical procedures. This lack could lead to inaccurate determinations of munitions in environmental samples by either not measuring for IM compounds or using methods not designed for IM and other legacy compounds. This work seeks to continue expanding the list of target analytes currently included in the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 8330B. This technical report presents three methods capable of detecting 29 legacy, IM, and degradation products in a single High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method with either ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorbance detection or mass spectrometric detection. Procedures were developed from previously published works and include the addition of hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX); hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine (DNX); hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX); 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT); and 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene (2,6-DANT). One primary analytical method and two secondary (confirmation) methods were developed capable of detecting 29 analytes and two surrogates. Methods for high water concentrations (direct injection), low-level water concentrations (solid phase extraction), soil (solvent extraction), and tissue (solvent extraction) were tested for analyte recovery of the new compounds.
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Clausen, Jay, Christopher Felt, Michael Musty, Vuong Truong, Susan Frankenstein, Anna Wagner, Rosa Affleck, Steven Peckham, and Christopher Williams. Modernizing environmental signature physics for target detection—Phase 3. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43442.

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The present effort (Phase 3) builds on our previously published prior efforts (Phases 1 and 2), which examined methods of determining the probability of detection and false alarm rates using thermal infrared for buried object detection. Environmental phenomenological effects are often represented in weather forecasts in a relatively coarse, hourly resolution, which introduces concerns such as exclusion or misrepresentation of ephemera or lags in timing when using this data as an input for the Army’s Tactical Assault Kit software system. Additionally, the direct application of observed temperature data with weather model data may not be the best approach because metadata associated with the observations are not included. As a result, there is a need to explore mathematical methods such as Bayesian statistics to incorporate observations into models. To better address this concern, the initial analysis in Phase 2 data is expanded in this report to include (1) multivariate analyses for detecting objects in soil, (2) a moving box analysis of object visibility with alternative methods for converting FLIR radiance values to thermal temperature values, (3) a calibrated thermal model of soil temperature using thermal IR imagery, and (4) a simple classifier method for automating buried object detection.
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Topp, S. V. Unseated septifoil non-detection probability. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10157270.

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Topp, S. V. Unseated septifoil non-detection probability. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6800765.

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Lowdermilk, W. H., and L. J. Brothers. Accelerator-Detector Complex for Photonuclear Detection of Hidden Explosives Final Report CRADA No. TC2065.0. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1396209.

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