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Journal articles on the topic 'Novel synthesis protocols'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Voutyritsa, Errika, Ierasia Triandafillidi, Nikolaos V. Tzouras, Nikolaos F. Nikitas, Eleftherios K. Pefkianakis, Georgios C. Vougioukalakis, and Christoforos G. Kokotos. "Photocatalytic Atom Transfer Radical Addition to Olefins Utilizing Novel Photocatalysts." Molecules 24, no. 9 (April 26, 2019): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091644.

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Photocatalysis is a rapidly evolving area of research in modern organic synthesis. Among the traditional photocatalysts, metal-complexes based on ruthenium or iridium are the most common. Herein, we present the synthesis of two photoactive, ruthenium-based complexes bearing pyridine-quinoline or terpyridine ligands with extended aromatic conjugation. Our complexes were utilized in the atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) of haloalkanes to olefins, using bromoacetonitrile or bromotrichloromethane as the source of the alkyl group. The tailor-made ruthenium-based catalyst bearing the pyridine-quinoline bidentate ligand proved to be the best-performing photocatalyst, among a range of metal complexes and organocatalysts, efficiently catalyzing both reactions. These photocatalytic atom transfer protocols can be expanded into a broad scope of olefins. In both protocols, the photocatalytic reactions led to products in good to excellent isolated yields.
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2

Bahou, Calise, Daniel A. Richards, Antoine Maruani, Elizabeth A. Love, Faiza Javaid, Stephen Caddick, James R. Baker, and Vijay Chudasama. "Highly homogeneous antibody modification through optimisation of the synthesis and conjugation of functionalised dibromopyridazinediones." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 16, no. 8 (2018): 1359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ob03138f.

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3

Odaa, M. E., U. C. Okoro, and D. I. Ugwu. "Synthesis of Novel Angular Diazaphenoxazinone Derivatives via Palladium Catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig Amidation Protocols." Asian Journal of Chemistry 27, no. 8 (2015): 3069–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2015.18874.

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4

Chawla, P., Garg P, Panjwani D, and S. A. Saraf. "Synthesis of Some Novel 5-Substituted Arylidene – 2, 4 –Thiazolidinediones as Bioactive Agents." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 4, no. 1 (May 31, 2011): 1373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2011.4.1.10.

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A series of 5-substituted arylidine-2, 4-thiazolidinediones derivatives were synthesized from 2, 4-thiazolidinedione and substituted aromatic aldehydes. The synthesized title compounds were screened for their in-vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic and in-vitro antioxidant activities as per standard protocols. All the compounds were found to possess significant activities
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5

Genç, Hasan, Volkan Taşdemir, İsrafil Tozlu, and Erdal Ögün. "Synthesis of Novel Tetra-Substituted Pyrazole Derivatives from 2,3- Furandione." Letters in Organic Chemistry 16, no. 11 (October 2, 2019): 891–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570178616666190314150302.

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Synthesis of pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid was progressed via two different protocols, one of which is solid state. Pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid was converted into different derivatives such as ester, urea, amide and nitrile. The amide compound was converted to nitrile using SOCl2 and DMF. Solid state heating of carboxylic acid gave decarboxylated product. Cyclization of tetra-substituted pyrazole with hydrazines resulted in pyrazolopyridazinones. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized pyrazole derivatives against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were evaluated. One of the pyrazole derivatives which possess nitro group showed antimicrobial activity in only B. cereus, a Gram-positive bacteria, with an MIC of 128 μg/mL.
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6

Salas-Reyes, V. "Chiral Synthesis of (R)-(-)(5Z)-4-Hydroxy-5-tetradecenoic Acid-4-lactone." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 50, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 1537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1995-1018.

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R -(-)(5Z)-4-hydroxy-5-tetradecenoic acid-4-lactone has been synthesized from D-glucose as the precursor. Regio and stereoselective transformations of hydroxyl groups as well as protection-deprotection protocols provide a novel route to this compound.
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7

Herlekar, Mihir, Siddhivinayak Barve, and Rakesh Kumar. "Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanoparticles 2014 (October 2, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/140614.

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In the recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as a state-of-the-art and cutting edge technology with multifarious applications in a wide array of fields. It is a very broad area comprising of nanomaterials, nanotools, and nanodevices. Amongst nanomaterials, majority of the research has mainly focused on nanoparticles as they can be easily prepared and manipulated. Physical and chemical methods are conventionally used for the synthesis of nanoparticles; however, due to several limitations of these methods, research focus has recently shifted towards the development of clean and eco-friendly synthesis protocols. Magnetic nanoparticles constitute an important class of inorganic nanoparticles, which find applications in different areas by virtue of their several unique properties. Nevertheless, in comparison with biological synthesis protocols for noble metal nanoparticles, limited study has been carried out with respect to biological synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles. This review focuses on various studies outlining the novel routes for biosynthesis of these nanoparticles by plant resources along with outlining the future scope of work in this area.
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8

Gadde, Satyanarayana, Yun Cheuk Leung, Mohan Bhadbade, Belamy B. Cheung, David StC Black, and Naresh Kumar. "Synthesis of a Novel Library of 1-Substituted Pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles." Australian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 12 (2020): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch20173.

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The reactivity and synthesis of new analogues of pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles have been explored. Twenty-three derivatives bearing phenoxy, thiophenoxy, aniline, and aryl groups at the 1-position were successfully synthesised in 25–91% yield, via nucleophilic substitution, Buchwald–Hartwig amination, and Suzuki coupling type processes. Solvent free synthetic protocols were employed to achieve the nucleophilic substitution of anilines with electron donating groups or moderately electron withdrawing groups on a sterically demanding intermediate (7a). An unusual polycyclic heterocycle was identified as a side-product during this work: a dimeric bis(pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole).
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9

Hiroto, Satoru. "Development of synthetic protocols for porphyrins and their analogs based on distorted structures — a SPP/JPP Young Investigator Award paper." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 24, no. 11n12 (October 21, 2020): 1258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424620500376.

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Creation of novel [Formula: see text]-conjugated molecules is an important research topic. I describe in this account an approach to this aim that is based on the use of the distorted conformation of porphyrins. Planarization of distorted molecules enables the synthesis of heteroatom-containing porphyrin derivatives. Furthermore, dearomatization reaction proves effective to construct distorted conformations from planar [Formula: see text]-conjugated molecules under mild reaction conditions. According to this protocol, we have succeeded in the synthesis of heteroatom-containing curved-[Formula: see text] conjugated molecules that had never been achieved by conventional protocols. In particular, a nitrogen-embedded buckybowl is the first example of a buckybowl having a heteroatom in its central position, which exhibits unique properties due to the incorporation of the heteroatom in its curved [Formula: see text]-surface.
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10

Cai, Qun, Yan-Ping Zhu, Yang Gao, Jing-Jing Sun, and An-Xin Wu. "A direct method for the synthesis of indolizine derivatives from easily available aromatic ketones, pyridines, and acrylonitrile derivatives." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 91, no. 6 (June 2013): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2012-0534.

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A concise and efficient strategy has been proposed to synthesize indolizine derivatives from easily available aryl or heteroaryl methyl ketones, pyridines, and acrylonitriles. The mechanistic pathway involved the integration of iodination, pyridinium ylide synthesis, and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The protocols were found to be highly efficient in terms of high yields, operational simplicity, mild reaction conditions, and easy workup. This method has provided an important supplement for the synthesis of indolizine derivatives via a novel tandem synthesis.
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11

Nourine, L., R. Ragab, and F. Toumani. "Decidability and Complexity of Web Service Business Protocol Synthesis." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 25, no. 03 (September 2016): 1650008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843016500088.

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Automatic synthesis of web services business protocols (BPs) aims at solving algorithmically the problem of deriving a mediator that realizes a BP of a target service using a set of specifications of available services. This problem, and its variants, gave rise to a large number of fundamental research work over the last decade. However, existing works considered this problem under the restriction that the number of instances of an available service that can be involved in a composition is bounded by a constant [Formula: see text] which is fixed a priori. This paper investigates the unbounded variant of this problem using a formal framework in which web service BPs are described by means of finite state machines (FSM). We show that in this context, the protocol synthesis problem can be reduced to that of testing simulation preorder between an FSM and an (infinitely) iterated product of FSMs. Existing results regarding close decision problems in the context of the so-called shuffle languages are rather negative and cannot be directly exploited in our context. In this paper, we develop a novel technique to prove the decidability of testing simulation in our case of interest. We provide complexity bounds for the general protocol synthesis problem and identify two cases of particular interest, namely loop-free target services and hybrid states-free component services, for which protocol synthesis is shown to be respectively NP-COMPETE and EXPTIME-COMPLETE.
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12

Wildermann, Angela, Yann Foricher, Thomas Netscher, and Werner Bonrath. "New application of indium catalysts: A novel and green concept in the fine chemicals industry." Pure and Applied Chemistry 79, no. 11 (January 1, 2007): 1839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200779111839.

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New industrially important catalytic processes for application in the fine chemicals industry (e.g., synthesis of vitamins and key-intermediates) are presented. Protocols with indium catalysts provide the advantages of high selectivity and low catalyst loading for Friedel-Crafts-type alkylation, Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, and acylation reactions. The transformations discussed could be carried out in a continuous manner.
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13

Forchetta, Mattia, Valeria Conte, Giulia Fiorani, Pierluca Galloni, and Federica Sabuzi. "A Sustainable Improvement of ω-Bromoalkylphosphonates Synthesis to Access Novel KuQuinones." Organics 2, no. 2 (June 3, 2021): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/org2020010.

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Owing to the attractiveness of organic phosphonic acids and esters in the pharmacological field and in the functionalization of conductive metal-oxides, the research of effective synthetic protocols is pivotal. Among the others, ω-bromoalkylphosphonates are gaining particular attention because they are useful building blocks for the tailored functionalization of complex organic molecules. Hence, in this work, the optimization of Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction conditions for ω-bromoalkylphosphonates has been performed, to improve process sustainability while maintaining good yields. Synthesized ω-bromoalkylphosphonates have been successfully adopted for the synthesis of new KuQuinone phosphonate esters and, by hydrolysis, phosphonic acid KuQuinone derivatives have been obtained for the first time. Considering the high affinity with metal-oxides, KuQuinones bearing phosphonic acid terminal groups are promising candidates for biomedical and photo(electro)chemical applications.
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14

Xu, Li-Wen, and Chun-Gu Xia. "A Catalytic Enantioselective Aza-Michael Reaction: Novel Protocols for Asymmetric Synthesis of ?-Amino Carbonyl Compounds." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2005, no. 4 (February 2005): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.200400619.

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15

Usui, Kenji, Shin-ichiro Yokota, Kazuya Iwata, and Yoshio Hamada. "Novel Purification Process for Amyloid Beta Peptide(1-40)." Processes 8, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8040464.

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Amyloid beta peptide (Aβ)-related studies require an adequate supply of purified Aβ peptide. However, Aβ peptides are “difficult sequences” to synthesize chemically, and low yields are common due to aggregation during purification. Here, we demonstrate an easier synthesis, deprotection, reduction, cleavage, and purification process for Aβ(1-40) using standard 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-protected amino acids and solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) resin [HMBA (4-hydroxymethyl benzamide) resin] that provides higher yields of Aβ(1-40) than previous standard protocols. Furthermore, purification requires a similar amount of time as conventional purification processes, although the peptide must be cleaved from the resin immediately prior to purification. The method described herein is not limited to the production of Aβ(1-40), and can be used to synthesize other easily-oxidized and aggregating sequences. Our proposed methodology will contribute to various fields using “difficult sequence” peptides, such as pharmaceutical and materials science, as well as research for the diagnosis and treatment of protein/peptide misfolding diseases.
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16

Zhang, Rui, Huaiwei Ding, Xiangling Pu, Zhiping Qian, and Yan Xiao. "Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Sulfides, Sulfoxides and Sulfones via C-S Bond Construction from Non-Halide Substrates." Catalysts 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10111339.

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The construction of a C-S bond is a powerful strategy for the synthesis of sulfur containing compounds including sulfides, sulfoxides, and sulfones. Recent methodological developments have revealed lots of novel protocols for C-S bond formation, providing easy access to sulfur containing compounds. Unlike traditional Ullmann typed C-S coupling reaction, the recently developed reactions frequently use non-halide compounds, such as diazo compounds and simple arenes/alkanes instead of aryl halides as substrates. On the other hand, novel C-S coupling reaction pathways involving thiyl radicals have emerged as an important strategy to construct C-S bonds. In this review, we focus on the recent advances on the synthesis of sulfides, sulfoxides, and sulfones from non-halide substrates involving C-S bond construction.
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17

Danishefsky, Samuel J., Harold G. Selnick, David M. Armistead, and Francine E. Wincott. "The total synthesis of avermectin A1a. New protocols for the synthesis of novel 2-deoxypyranose systems and their axial glycosides." Journal of the American Chemical Society 109, no. 26 (December 1987): 8119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00260a046.

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18

Zamora, P. P. Zamora. "Theoretical study of Aniline-Thiophene based Polymers." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 6, no. 2 (April 24, 2017): 982–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v6i2.6582.

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In this work, two kinds of novel thiophene-aniline polymers, were studied through theoretical protocols in order to find new insights about the polymerization mechanism, the chemical structure and optical properties exhibited by this kind of conducting materials. The dual descriptor—a local reactivity descriptor derived from conceptual density functional theory— and the condensed electrophilic Fukui index were used to describe the most probable sites of polymerization. Frontier orbitals energies were calculated to predict the band gap of both polymeric films. All results demonstrated how theoretical protocols help in the understanding of chemical polymerization mechanism and in the prediction of relevant properties, which can accelerate the synthesis process of new monomers
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19

Avila-Ortiz, Claudia Gabriela, and Eusebio Juaristi. "Novel Methodologies for Chemical Activation in Organic Synthesis under Solvent-Free Reaction Conditions." Molecules 25, no. 16 (August 6, 2020): 3579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163579.

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One central challenge for XXI century chemists is the development of sustainable processes that do not represent a risk either to humanity or to the environment. In this regard, the search for more efficient and clean alternatives to achieve the chemical activation of molecules involved in chemical transformations has played a prominent role in recent years. The use of microwave or UV-Vis light irradiation, and mechanochemical activation is already widespread in many laboratories. Nevertheless, an additional condition to achieve “green” processes comes from the point of view of so-called atom economy. The removal of solvents from chemical reactions generally leads to cleaner, more efficient and more economical processes. This review presents several illustrative applications of the use of sustainable protocols in the synthesis of organic compounds under solvent-free reaction conditions.
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20

Behera, Archanamayee, and Suvarn Kulkarni. "Chemical Synthesis of Rare, Deoxy-Amino Sugars Containing Bacterial Glycoconjugates as Potential Vaccine Candidates." Molecules 23, no. 8 (August 10, 2018): 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081997.

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Bacteria often contain rare deoxy amino sugars which are absent in the host cells. This structural difference can be harnessed for the development of vaccines. Over the last fifteen years, remarkable progress has been made toward the development of novel and efficient protocols for obtaining the rare sugar building blocks and their stereoselective assembly to construct conjugation ready bacterial glycans. In this review, we discuss the total synthesis of a variety of rare sugar containing bacterial glycoconjugates which are potential vaccine candidates.
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21

Steingruber, H. Sebastián, Pamela Mendioroz, María A. Volpe, and Darío C. Gerbino. "Direct Arylation-Based Synthesis of Carbazoles Using an Efficient Palladium Nanocatalyst under Microwave Irradiation." Chemistry Proceedings 3, no. 1 (November 14, 2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-24-08314.

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Herein, an eco-friendly palladium-catalyzed tandem reaction for the one-pot synthesis of carbazoles under microwave irradiation is reported. This approach involves an amination and a direct arylation from available and inexpensive anilines and 1,2-dihaloarenes. For the development of this purpose, a novel recoverable palladium nanocatalyst supported on a green biochar under ligand-free conditions is used. Compared with other existing palladium-based protocols, the present synthetic methodology shows a drastic reduction in reaction times and excellent compatibility with different functional groups, allowing to obtain a small library of carbazoles with high yields and regioselectivity. The novel heterogeneous palladium nanocatalyst can be recycled and reused up to five times without significant loss activity.
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22

Özil, Musa, Güven Tacal, Nimet Baltaş, and Mustafa Emirik. "Synthesis and Molecular Docking Studies of Novel Triazole Derivatives as Antioxidant Agents." Letters in Organic Chemistry 17, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570178616666190828200207.

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A series of 1,2,4-triazole and 1,2,4- thiadiazole derivatives were prepared starting from ethyl 4-(3-methyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)benzoate. Firstly, both ethyl ester groups were simultaneously transformed into hydrazide groups, then into thiosemicarbazide groups using both microwave- assisted and conventional methods. The latter products were interacted with NaOH and H2SO4 to form ring assemblies containing two 1,2,4-triazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole fragments, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the synthesized compounds were determined with CUPRAC, ABTS, and DPPH assays. Most of the compounds showed significant antioxidant activity and especially, compound 3 exhibited very good SC50 value for DPPH method and compound 3, 4a, 5a exhibited very high scavenging activity to the ABTS method. In addition, the in silico analysis was carried out with the synthesized derivatives to understand the mode of interaction with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and human tyrosine kinase using docking protocols in order to find out the most active antioxidant drug having high inhibitory activity in cancer.
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23

Gill, Manjinder, Dinesh Tanwar, and Anjali Ratan. "Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Substituted Hydantoins from Carbamates." Synlett 28, no. 17 (August 3, 2017): 2285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588468.

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A novel and simple approach for the preparation of 3-substituted, 5-substituted, or 3,5-disubstituted hydantoins is reported. It involves the reaction of α-amino methyl ester hydrochlorides with carbamates to yield the corresponding ureido derivatives, which subsequently cyclize under basic conditions to produce substituted ­hydantoins in good yields. By applying this method, the bioactive anticonvulsant drug ethotoin was synthesized in good yield. The process avoids conventional multistep protocols and does not use the hazardous, irritant, toxic, or moisture-sensitive reagents, such as isocyanates or chloroformates, that are commonly used for the synthesis of these important compounds.
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24

Hong. "“Cell-Free Synthetic Biology”: Synthetic Biology Meets Cell-Free Protein Synthesis." Methods and Protocols 2, no. 4 (October 8, 2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps2040080.

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Since Nirenberg and Matthaei used cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) to elucidate the genetic code in the early 1960s [1], the technology has been developed over the course of decades and applied to studying both fundamental and applied biology [2]. Cell-free synthetic biology integrating CFPS with synthetic biology has received attention as a powerful and rapid approach to characterize and engineer natural biological systems. The open nature of cell-free (or in vitro) biological platforms compared to in vivo systems brings an unprecedented level of control and freedom in design [3]. This versatile engineering toolkit has been used for debugging biological networks, constructing artificial cells, screening protein libraries, prototyping genetic circuits, developing biosensors, producing metabolites, and synthesizing complex proteins including antibodies, toxic proteins, membrane proteins, and novel proteins containing nonstandard (unnatural) amino acids. The Methods and Protocols “Cell-Free Synthetic Biology” Special Issue consists of a series of reviews, protocols, benchmarks, and research articles describing the current development and applications of cell-free synthetic biology in diverse areas. [...]
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25

Lusardi, Matteo, Aldo Profumo, Chiara Rotolo, Erika Iervasi, Camillo Rosano, Andrea Spallarossa, and Marco Ponassi. "Regioselective Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Antiproliferative Activity of Novel Tetra-Substituted Phenylaminopyrazole Derivatives." Molecules 27, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 5814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185814.

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A small library of highly functionalized phenylaminopyrazoles, bearing different substituents at position 1, 3, and 4 of the pyrazole ring, was prepared by the one-pot condensation of active methylene reagents, phenylisothiocyanate, and substituted hydrazine (namely, methyl- and benzyl-hydrazine). The identified reaction conditions proved to be versatile and efficient. Furthermore, the evaluation of alternative stepwise protocols affected the chemo- and regio-selectivity outcome of the one-pot procedure. The chemical identities of two N-methyl pyrazole isomers, selected as prototypes of the whole series, were unambiguously identified by means of NMR and mass spectrometry studies. Additionally, semiempirical calculations provided a structural rationale for the different chromatographic behavior of the two isomers. The prepared tetra-substituted phenylaminopyrazoles were tested in cell-based assays on a panel of cancer and normal cell lines. The tested compounds did not show any cytotoxic effect on the selected cell lines, thus supporting their pharmaceutical potentials.
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26

Turner, Nicholas J. "The Application of Enzymes in the Synthesis of Amino Acids, Peptides and Carbohydrates." Current Organic Chemistry 1, no. 1 (May 1997): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272801666220121183432.

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Enzymatic transformations have recently assumed great importance in the synthesis of enantiomerically pure amino acids and carbohydrates, particularly as the requirement for efficient methods in catalytic asymmetric synthesis increases. A large number of enzymes, that catalyse a wide range of different synthetic transformations, have been identified and are J currently being applied in many laboratories including our own. This Chapter will focus on recent work from the Edinburgh group and will address the application of those enzymes that catalyse the (i) hydrolysis of esters (ii) the ring-opening of oxazolones in. organic solvents (iii) the hydrolysis and synthesis of glycosides (iv) the asymmetric synthesis of carbon-carbon bonds. Emphasis will be placed on the development of protocols for carrying out these biocatalytic transformations on a medium to large scale. The use of .enzymes in the preparation of amino acid and carbohydrate derivatives will be illustrated by the syntheses of biologically active pharmaceutical intermediates and selected target molecules such as morphine-6-glucuronide, L-tert-leucine, pseudopeptides, and novel glycosidase inhibitors. Finally, a brief section on the use of enzymes in solid -phase synthesis will be included in which it will be shown that enzymes can be used not only to carry out selective transformations on a solid support, but also to act as highly selective reagents for the cleavage of the products by the design of appropriate enzyme­cleavable linker systems.
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27

Ihnatova, Tetiana, Andriy Kaplaushenko, Yuliia Frolova, and Evheniy Pryhlo. "Synthesis and antioxidant properties of some new 5-phenethyl-3-thio-1,2,4-triazoles." Pharmacia 68, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.68.e53320.

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Novel derivatives of 4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols were synthesized. The proposed approaches and developed synthetic protocols provided the possibility to design 4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols and their derivatives have been shown. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated in vitro by the method of the non-enzymatic initiation of BOD with salts of iron (II). When compared with existing antioxidants, some of our compounds were found to be more potent.
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28

Ihnatova, Tetiana, Andriy Kaplaushenko, Yuliia Frolova, and Evheniy Pryhlo. "Synthesis and antioxidant properties of some new 5-phenethyl-3-thio-1,2,4-triazoles." Pharmacia 68, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.68.e53320.

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Novel derivatives of 4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols were synthesized. The proposed approaches and developed synthetic protocols provided the possibility to design 4-R-5-phenethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols and their derivatives have been shown. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated in vitro by the method of the non-enzymatic initiation of BOD with salts of iron (II). When compared with existing antioxidants, some of our compounds were found to be more potent.
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29

Edr, Antonín, Dominika Wrobel, Alena Krupková, Lucie Červenková Šťastná, Petra Cuřínová, Aleš Novák, Jan Malý, et al. "Adaptive Synthesis of Functional Amphiphilic Dendrons as a Novel Approach to Artificial Supramolecular Objects." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 2114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042114.

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Supramolecular structures, such as micelles, liposomes, polymerosomes or dendrimerosomes, are widely studied and used as drug delivery systems. The behavior of amphiphilic building blocks strongly depends on their spatial distribution and shape of polar and nonpolar component. This report is focused on the development of new versatile synthetic protocols for amphiphilic carbosilane dendrons (amp-CS-DDNs) capable of self-assembly to regular micelles and other supramolecular objects. The presented strategy enables the fine modification of amphiphilic structure in several ways and also enables the facile connection of a desired functionality. DLS experiments demonstrated correlations between structural parameters of amp-CS-DDNs and the size of formed nanoparticles. For detailed information about the organization and spatial distribution of amp-CS-DDNs assemblies, computer simulation models were studied by using molecular dynamics in explicit water.
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30

Orlandin, Andrea, Ivan Guryanov, Lucia Ferrazzano, Barbara Biondi, Francesca Biscaglia, Claudia Storti, Marzio Rancan, Fernando Formaggio, Antonio Ricci, and Walter Cabri. "Carbodiimide-Mediated Beckmann Rearrangement of Oxyma-B as a Side Reaction in Peptide Synthesis." Molecules 27, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 4235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134235.

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The suppression of side reactions is one of the most important objectives in peptide synthesis, where highly reactive compounds are involved. Recently, the violuric acid derivative Oxyma-B was introduced into peptide synthesis protocols as a promising additive to efficiently control the optical purity of the amino acids prone to racemization. However, we discovered a side reaction involving the Beckmann rearrangement of Oxyma-B during the coupling reaction, which compromises the yield and purity of the target peptides. Here, we present the investigation of the mechanism of this rearrangement and the optimization of the coupling reaction conditions to control it. These results can be taken into account for the design of novel efficient oxime-based coupling reagents.
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31

Abdelazeem, Ahmed H., Yasser M. A. Mohamed, Ahmed M. Gouda, Hany A. Omar, and Majed M. Al Robaian. "Novel Thymohydroquinone Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Screening." Australian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 11 (2016): 1277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch16102.

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The safety and efficacy of naturally occurring anticancer agents and their derivatives such as thymoquinone (TQ) and thymohydroquinone (THQ) have gained a rapidly growing interest. In an attempt to develop novel anticancer agents with superior activity, TQ was allowed to react with hydrazine hydrate, producing hydrazino thymohydroquinone 3. This new intermediate was subsequently reacted with various isocyanates, isothiocyanates, and acyl halides, affording three series of semicarbazone, semithiocarbazone, and acyl hydrazone derivatives, respectively. Subsequently, the anticancer activity of all the newly synthesised compounds against a panel of cancer cell lines was evaluated. Initial screening of the ability of the test compounds to inhibit cancer cell viability using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay revealed that compounds 5d and 6 exerted better activity against breast cancer than TQ, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 9.6 and 10.0 μM, respectively. MTT results were confirmed by the ability of these compounds to elicit apoptotic cell death through the activation of caspase 3/7 enzymes. Together, the present work provided a novel class of THQ-based derivatives with potent anticancer and apoptosis properties, thereby warranting further optimisation of these derivatives as novel members in cancer treatment protocols.
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32

Kumar, Amit, Muhammad Omar Shaikh, and Cheng-Hsin Chuang. "Silver Nanowire Synthesis and Strategies for Fabricating Transparent Conducting Electrodes." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030693.

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One-dimensional metal nanowires, with novel functionalities like electrical conductivity, optical transparency and high mechanical stiffness, have attracted widespread interest for use in applications such as transparent electrodes in optoelectronic devices and active components in nanoelectronics and nanophotonics. In particular, silver nanowires (AgNWs) have been widely researched owing to the superlative thermal and electrical conductivity of bulk silver. Herein, we present a detailed review of the synthesis of AgNWs and their utilization in fabricating improved transparent conducting electrodes (TCE). We discuss a range of AgNW synthesis protocols, including template assisted and wet chemical techniques, and their ability to control the morphology of the synthesized nanowires. Furthermore, the use of scalable and cost-effective solution deposition methods to fabricate AgNW based TCE, along with the numerous treatments used for enhancing their optoelectronic properties, are also discussed.
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33

Bhosale, Rohit Rajendra, A. S. Kulkarni, S. S. Gilda, N. H. Aloorkar, R. A. Osmani, and B. R. Harkare. "Innovative Eco-friendly Approaches for Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 7, no. 1 (February 28, 2014): 2328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2014.7.1.3.

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Nanotechnology is an escalating field that has made its contribution to all spheres of human life. The green synthesis of nanoparticles has paved for better methodologies and approaches in the medicinal field. Nowadays silver, gold and other metallic nanoparticles are used as an efficient carrier for drug molecules for developing novel drug delivery systems. In course of synthesizing these nanoparticles various chemicals, solvents and reagents are used which harms our eco system directly or indirectly. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been widely used as a novel therapeutic agent extending its use as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-viral and anti-inflammatory agent. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) prepared by green synthesis have many advantages over conventional methods involving chemical agents associated with environmental toxicity. Green synthetic methods include polysaccharide method, irradiation method, biological method, polyoxometallates method and tollens method. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is found to be an emerging branch of nanotechnology. The use of environmentally benign materials like plant leaf extract for the synthesis of nanoparticles offers numerous benefits of eco-friendliness and compatibility for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications as they do not use toxic chemicals in the synthesis protocols. Rapid and green synthetic methods using various plant extracts have shown a great potential in silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesis. This review article describes the bio-inspired synthesis of nanoparticles that provides advancement over chemical and physical methods as it is cost effective, eco-friendly and more effective in a variety of applications.
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34

Sultana, Shameem, and Rangapuram Vasanthi. "Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Pyrazole-4-carboxamide Derivatives." Asian Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 9 (2022): 2222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2022.23834.

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Microbial resistance to the clinically employed antibiotics becomes a threat to the treatment protocols of microbial infectious diseases. Current work aims to synthesize a novel series of pyrazole-4- carboxamide derivatives (6a-j) in a multicomponent reaction between 1H-pyrazole-4-cabaldehyde and various substituted anilines in the presence of 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (iPr)/TEMPO/phenol under oxidative amidation condition. All the synthesized derivatives (6a-j) were examined for their antifungal and antibacterial activities. All compounds (6a-j) showed significant antimicrobial potential against Gram-positive bacteria (B. subtilis and S. aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and P. seruginosa) and fungal strains (A. niger and C. albicans). Compounds 6a, 6f and 6g exhibited better antimicrobial activities.
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35

Eghbali, Paria, Bilal Nişancı, and Önder Metin. "Graphene hydrogel supported palladium nanoparticles as an efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalysts in the transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes using ammonia borane as a hydrogen source." Pure and Applied Chemistry 90, no. 2 (February 23, 2018): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0714.

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Abstract Addressed herein is a facile one-pot synthesis of graphene hydrogel (GHJ) supported Pd nanoparticles (NPs), namely Pd-GHJ nanocomposites, via a novel method that comprises the combination of hydrothermal treatment and polyol reduction protocols in water. The structure Pd-GHJ nanocomposites were characterized by TEM, HR-TEM, XRD, XPS, Raman spectroscopy and BET surface area analysis. Then, Pd-GHJ nanocomposites were used as a heterogeneous catalysts in the tandem dehydrogenation of ammonia borane and hydrogenation of nitroarenes (Ar–NO2) to anilines (Ar–NH2) in the water/methanol mixture at room temperature. A variety of Ar–NO2 derivatives (total 9 examples) were successfully converted to the corresponding Ar–NH2 by the help of Pd-GHJ nanocomposites catalyzed tandem reactions with the conversion yields reaching up to 99% in only 20 min reaction time. Moreover, Pd-GHJ nanocomposites were demonstrated to be the reusable catalysts in the tandem reactions by preserving their initial catalytic performance after five consecutive catalytic cycles. It is believed that the presented synthesis protocol for the Pd-GHJ nanocomposites and the catalytic tandem hydrogenation reactions will make a significant contribution to the catalysis and synthetic organic chemistry fields.
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36

Javed, Salim, Mahipal Bodugam, Jessica Torres, Arghya Ganguly, and Paul R. Hanson. "Modular Synthesis of Novel Macrocycles Bearing α,β-Unsaturated Chemotypes through a Series of One-Pot, Sequential Protocols." Chemistry - A European Journal 22, no. 20 (April 5, 2016): 6755–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201601004.

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37

Bozhanova, Nina, Mikhail Baranov, Nadezhda Baleeva, Alexey Gavrikov, and Alexander Mishin. "Red-Shifted Aminated Derivatives of GFP Chromophore for Live-Cell Protein Labeling with Lipocalins." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12 (November 28, 2018): 3778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123778.

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Fluorogens are an attractive type of dye for imaging applications, eliminating time-consuming washout steps from staining protocols. With just a handful of reported fluorogen-protein pairs, mostly in the green region of spectra, there is a need for the expansion of their spectral range. Still, the origins of solvatochromic and fluorogenic properties of the chromophores suitable for live-cell imaging are poorly understood. Here we report on the synthesis and labeling applications of novel red-shifted fluorogenic cell-permeable green fluorescent protein (GFP) chromophore analogs.
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38

Valsami-Jones, E., D. Berhanu, A. Dybowska, S. Misra, A. R. Boccaccini, T. D. Tetley, S. N. Luoma, and J. A. Plant. "Nanomaterial synthesis and characterization for toxicological studies: TiO2 case study." Mineralogical Magazine 72, no. 1 (February 2008): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.515.

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AbstractIn recent years it has become apparent that the novel properties of nanomaterials may predispose them to a hitherto unknown potential for toxicity. A number of recent toxicological studies of nanomaterials exist, but these appear to be fragmented and often contradictory. Such discrepancies may be, at least in part, due to poor description of the nanomaterial or incomplete characterization, including failure to recognise impurities, surface modifications or other important physicochemical aspects of the nanomaterial. Herew em ake a casef or the importance of good quality, well-characterized nanomaterials for future toxicological studies, combined with reliable synthesis protocols, and we present our efforts to generate such materials. The model system for which we present results is TiO2 nanoparticles, currently used in a variety of commercial products.
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39

Abdelazeem, Ahmed H., Yasser M. A. Mohamed, Ahmed M. Gouda, Hany A. Omar, and Majed M. Al Robaian. "Corrigendum to: Novel Thymohydroquinone Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Screening." Australian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 6 (2017): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch16102_co.

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The safety and efficacy of naturally occurring anticancer agents and their derivatives such as thymoquinone (TQ) and thymohydroquinone (THQ) have gained a rapidly growing interest. In an attempt to develop novel anticancer agents with superior activity, TQ was allowed to react with hydrazine hydrate, producing hydrazino thymohydroquinone 3. This new intermediate was subsequently reacted with various isocyanates, isothiocyanates, and acyl halides, affording three series of semicarbazone, semithiocarbazone, and acyl hydrazone derivatives, respectively. Subsequently, the anticancer activity of all the newly synthesised compounds against a panel of cancer cell lines was evaluated. Initial screening of the ability of the test compounds to inhibit cancer cell viability using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay revealed that compounds 5d and 6 exerted better activity against breast cancer than TQ, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 9.6 and 10.0?M, respectively. MTT results were confirmed by the ability of these compounds to elicit apoptotic cell death through the activation of caspase 3/7 enzymes. Together, the present work provided a novel class of THQ-based derivatives with potent anticancer and apoptosis properties, thereby warranting further optimisation of these derivatives as novel members in cancer treatment protocols.
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40

Grillo, Alessandro, and Bruno Mattia Bizzarri. "Catalytic Enantioselective Diels Alder Reaction: Application in the Synthesis of Antiviral Agents." Catalysts 12, no. 2 (January 25, 2022): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12020150.

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The Diels–Alder reaction (DAR) is one of the most effective and reliable strategies for the construction of six-membered carbocyclic and heterocyclic rings, and it is widely used in the synthesis of organic molecules and drugs. Due to the high regio- and stereo-selectivity and its versatility, DARs have represented a powerful tool for organic chemistry for many years. In addition, the asymmetric DAR has become a fundamental synthetic approach in the preparation of optically active six-membered rings and natural compounds. The COVID-19-related pandemic requires continuous research; DAR represents an useful method to obtain optically active intermediates for the synthesis of antiviral agents under different catalytic conditions. We would like to highlight an intriguing synthetic procedure applied to the development of novel synthetic protocols that are potentially useful against a large panel of viruses and other unmet diseases.
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41

Taherkhorsand, Hasti, and Mohammad Nikpassand. "One-pot Synthesis of Novel 2-pyrazolo-3-phenyl-1,3-thiazolidine-4-ones Using DSDABCOC as an Effective Media." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 21, no. 1 (March 20, 2018): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207321666180124094055.

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Background: Thiazolidine compounds are known to show interesting pharmacological activity. In particular, they are used as antiseizure, fungicidal, anti-bacterial, antitubercular, antiinflammatory, antiamoebic, anti-diabetic and local anesthetic agents. Some of these compounds have also shown antiparkinsonism, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, hypoglycemic and non-narcotic analgesic activities. On the other hand, pyrazoles have shown antibacterial, antitumor, antiviral, antifungal, anti-tubercular, antiparasitic, anesthetic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and insecticidal activities. In order to improve the pharmacological effects of thiazolidine-4-ones, new pyrazole derivatives have been synthesized. Material and Methods: A mixture of pyrazolcarbaldehydes, anilines, thioglycolic acid and DSDABCOC was stirred at room temperature for the required reaction times. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (EtOAc: petroleum ether 1:3). After completion of the reaction as indicated by TLC, the ionic liquid was separated by extraction with 2×15 mL of water. The solid residue was separated by column chromatography. The product was recrystallized from EtOH. The pure products were collected in 82-92% yields. Results: In continuation of our ongoing studies to synthesize heterocyclic and pharmaceutical compounds under mild and practical protocols, we wish to report herein our experimental results on the ultrasound promoted synthesis of 2-pyrazolo-3-phenyl-1,3-thiazolidine-4-ones using various synthesized pyrazolecarbaldehydes, anilines and thioglycolic acid at room temperature. The results illustrated that ionic liquid DSDABCOC certainly improved the yield of the products and reduced the reaction time. Conclusion: In conclusion, we have developed an efficient and simple protocol for the synthesis of novel pyrazolo-1,3-thiazolidine-4-ones using DSDABCOC as an ionic liquid. The easy workup together with the use of inexpensive, reusable and eco-friendly ionic liquid is the notable feature of this novel procedure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the synthesis of a new library of 1,3-thiazolidine-4-ones bearing a pyrazolyl moiety that enhances the biological activity under solvent-free conditions.
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42

Ramachandran, P. Veeraraghavan, and Thomas E. Burghardt. "Recent developments in the chiral synthesis of homoallylic amines via organoboranes." Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, no. 7 (January 1, 2006): 1397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200678071397.

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Among the plethora of protocols for the preparation of chiral homoallylic amines, the use of boron-based reagents remains relatively undeveloped. However, the recent advances in the use of α-pinene-based versatile reagents for the synthesis of such amines confirmed that very high enantioselectivity and outstanding diastereoselectivity can be readily achieved. Addition of the "allyl"boron reagents to various N-substituted imines provided the desired amine products in high yields and high to very high ee. The discovery that an addition of 1.0 equiv of methanol or water to the "allyl"boration reaction with N-masked imines is critical allowed for higher yields and noticeably improved ee. The use of N-aluminoimines, which are not only easy to prepare by a partial reduction of nitriles, but are also relatively stable for both enolizable and non-enolizable substrates, considerably expanded the scope of the reactions. In this review, the developments in the syntheses of chiral homoallylic amines using organoboranes, with the particular accent on the reagent-controlled reactions, are summarized. Additionally, the novel methodology for the crotyl- and alkoxyallylboration of imines using trialkylboron "ate" complexes is described.
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43

Kumar, Suresh, Bhavna Saroha, Gourav Kumar, Ekta Lathwal, Sanjeev Kumar, Badri Parshad, Meena Kumari, Naveen Kumar, Mabel M. Mphahlele-Makgwane, and Peter R. Makgwane. "Recent Developments in Nanocatalyzed Green Synthetic Protocols of Biologically Potent Diverse O-Heterocycles—A Review." Catalysts 12, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12060657.

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The dynamic growth in green organic synthetic methodologies for diverse heterocyclic scaffolds has substantially contributed to the field of medicinal chemistry over the last few decades. The use of hybrid metal nanocatalysts (NCs) is one such benign strategy for ensuring the advancement of modern synthetic chemistry by adhering to the principles of green chemistry, which call for a sustainable catalytic system that converts reacting species into profitable chemicals at a faster rate and tends to reduce waste generation. The metal nanoparticles (NPs) enhance the exposed surface area of the catalytic active sites, thereby making it easier for reactants and metal NCs to have an effective interaction. Several review articles have been published on the preparation of metal NCs and their uses for various catalytic heterocyclic transformations. This review will summarize different metal NCs for the efficient green synthesis of various O-heterocycles. Furthermore, the review will provide a concise overview of the role of metal NCs in the synthesis of O-heterocycles and will be extremely useful to researchers working on developing novel green and simple synthetic pathways to various O-heterocyclic-derived molecules.
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44

Guo, Juan, Huan Guo, Jin Liu, Fangrui Zhong, and Yuzhou Wu. "Manganese(II) Oxidizing Bacteria as Whole-Cell Catalyst for β-Keto Ester Oxidation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 5 (March 2, 2020): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051709.

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Manganese oxidizing bacteria can produce biogenic manganese oxides (BMO) on their cell surface and have been applied in the fields of agriculture, bioremediation, and drinking water treatment to remove toxic contaminants based on their remarkable chemical reactivity. Herein, we report for the first time the synthetic application of the manganese oxidizing bacteria, Pseudomonas putida MnB1 as a whole-cell biocatalyst for the effective oxidation of β-keto ester with excellent yield. Differing from known chemical protocols toward this transformation that generally necessitate the use of organic solvents, stoichiometric oxygenating agents and complex chemical catalysts, our strategy can accomplish it simply under aqueous and mild conditions with higher efficiency than that provided by chemical manganese oxides. Moreover, the live MnB1 bacteria are capable of continuous catalysis for this C-O bond forming reaction for several cycles and remain proliferating, highlighting the favorable merits of this novel protocol for sustainable chemistry and green synthesis.
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45

Mumtaz, Saira, Mark J. Robertson, and Michael Oelgemöller. "Recent Advances in Photodecarboxylations Involving Phthalimides." Australian Journal of Chemistry 71, no. 9 (2018): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch18220.

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Owing to their favourable photophysical and electrochemical properties, phthalimides undergo a variety of highly efficient photodecarboxylation reactions. These transformations have been applied to the synthesis of macrocyclic compounds as well as bioactive addition adducts. N-Acetoxyphthalimides are versatile precursors to imidyl and alkyl radicals through photodecarboxylation and have subsequently been used for a variety of coupling reactions. The generally mild reaction conditions make these reactions attractive for green chemical applications. The process protocols were successfully transferred to novel photoreactor devices, among these falling film or continuous flow reactors.
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46

Franzén, Robert, and Youjun Xu. "Review on green chemistry — Suzuki cross coupling in aqueous media." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 83, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v05-048.

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The Suzuki cross-coupling reaction is a very efficient, reliable, and environmentally friendly method for the introduction of novel carbon–carbon bonds into molecules. This review summarizes recent advances in the use of the reaction in aqueous media with a focus on different types of ligands and the ligandless protocols currently in use. Several synthetic targets for the reaction have been mentioned. The work summarizes recent results from studies on asymmetric Suzuki reactions performed in organic – aqueous mixed solvents.Key words: Suzuki reaction, green chemistry, metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, aqueous synthesis media.
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47

Heywood, Brigid R. "Crystal tectonics: Novel routes to the ordered aggregation and self assembly of inorganic solids." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 424–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100169857.

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Oriented materials attract considerable attention since thay have the potential to exhibit collective properties which exceed those of the isotropic species by several orders of magnitude. Much success has already been achieved with organic materials, e.g. liquid crystals, conducting polymers, but reliable protocols for the construction of organised crystal micro-architectures from inorganic solids have yet to be established. Given the potential advantages of translating molecular properties (optical, piezoelectric, catalytic) to the macroscopic scale strategies for the construction of hierarchical crystal assemblies, crystal tectonics, merit particular consideration.This crystal tectonics route to the synthesis of anisotropic inorganic materials remains entirely untested, but draws much of its inspiration from the study of deterministic self-organisation in biological systems. Such self-organisation relies on a series of highly specific “host-guest”, ligandreceptor type interactions (more typically cited examples of such include, enzyme-substrate-cofactor binding, antibody-antigen complexation, and triplet/base matching during polypeptide synthesis). The biogenic formation of hierarchical inorganic arrays, biomineralization, is remarkable not only for its control of crystallisation to yield solids of uniform size and unusual habit, but equally for the construction of elaborate functional micro-architectures from these biosolids.
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48

Ryckmans, Thomas, Martin P. Edwards, Val A. Horne, Ana Monica Correia, Dafydd R. Owen, Lisa R. Thompson, Isabelle Tran, Michelle F. Tutt, and Tim Young. "Rapid assessment of a novel series of selective CB2 agonists using parallel synthesis protocols: A Lipophilic Efficiency (LipE) analysis." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 19, no. 15 (August 2009): 4406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.05.062.

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49

Ziarani, Ghodsi M., Fatemeh Mohajer, Razieh Moradi, and Parisa Mofatehnia. "The Molecular Diversity Scope of Urazole in the Synthesis of Organic Compounds." Current Organic Synthesis 16, no. 7 (December 26, 2019): 953–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179416666190925162215.

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Background: As a matter of fact, nitrogen as a hetero atom among other atoms has had an important role in active biological compounds. Since heterocyclic molecules with nitrogen are highly demanded due to biological properties, 4-phenylurazole as a compound containing nitrogen might be important in the multicomponent reaction used in agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Considering the case of fused derivatives “pyrazolourazoles” which are highly applicable because of their application for analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities as HSP-72 induction inhibitors (I and III) and novel microtubule assembly inhibitors. It should be mentioned that spiro-pyrazole also has biological activities like cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and cardiotonic activities. Objective: Urazole has been used in many heterocyclic compounds which are valuable in organic syntheses. This review disclosed the advances in the use of urazole as the starting material in the synthesis of various biologically active molecules from 2006 to 2019. Conclusion: Compounds of urazole (1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione) are the most important molecules which are highly active from the biological perspective in the pharmaceuticals as well as polymers. In summary, many protocols for preparations of the urazole derivatives from various substrates in multi-component reactions have been reported from different aromatic and aliphatic groups which have had carbonyl groups in their structures. It is noted that several catalysts have been synthesized to afford applicable molecules with urazole scaffolds. In some papers, being environmentally friendly, short time reactions and high yields are highlighted in the protocols. There is a room to synthesize new catalysts and perform new reactions by manipulating urazole to produce biologically active compounds, even producing chiral urazole component as many groups of chiral urazole compounds are important from biological perspective.
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50

Boodida, Sathyanarayana, Parandhama Gudla, and Srinivasula Reddy Maddula. "An Efficient, Novel Synthetic Route to (R)-Salmeterol Xinafoate and Facile Synthetic Protocols for Preparation of its Process Related Potential Impurities." Asian Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 12 (2022): 3333–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2022.26887.

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In present work, an effective, innovative enantioselective synthetic strategy for the synthesis of salmeterol xinafoate and its probable process-related impurities was reported. Seven pharmacopeia specified impurities were synthesized and confirmed by FT-IR, mass, 1H & 13C NMR spectroscopy. With respect to the corresponding retention factors, these contaminants were validated using the available RP-HPLC method. These compounds can be used as a reference standard for the active pharmaceutical ingredient manufactures and research organizations.
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