Academic literature on the topic 'Novel synthesis protocols'
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Journal articles on the topic "Novel synthesis protocols"
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Voutyritsa, Errika, Ierasia Triandafillidi, Nikolaos V. Tzouras, Nikolaos F. Nikitas, Eleftherios K. Pefkianakis, Georgios C. Vougioukalakis, and Christoforos G. Kokotos. "Photocatalytic Atom Transfer Radical Addition to Olefins Utilizing Novel Photocatalysts." Molecules 24, no. 9 (April 26, 2019): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091644.
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Photocatalysis is a rapidly evolving area of research in modern organic synthesis. Among the traditional photocatalysts, metal-complexes based on ruthenium or iridium are the most common. Herein, we present the synthesis of two photoactive, ruthenium-based complexes bearing pyridine-quinoline or terpyridine ligands with extended aromatic conjugation. Our complexes were utilized in the atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) of haloalkanes to olefins, using bromoacetonitrile or bromotrichloromethane as the source of the alkyl group. The tailor-made ruthenium-based catalyst bearing the pyridine-quinoline bidentate ligand proved to be the best-performing photocatalyst, among a range of metal complexes and organocatalysts, efficiently catalyzing both reactions. These photocatalytic atom transfer protocols can be expanded into a broad scope of olefins. In both protocols, the photocatalytic reactions led to products in good to excellent isolated yields.
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Bahou, Calise, Daniel A. Richards, Antoine Maruani, Elizabeth A. Love, Faiza Javaid, Stephen Caddick, James R. Baker, and Vijay Chudasama. "Highly homogeneous antibody modification through optimisation of the synthesis and conjugation of functionalised dibromopyridazinediones." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 16, no. 8 (2018): 1359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ob03138f.
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Odaa, M. E., U. C. Okoro, and D. I. Ugwu. "Synthesis of Novel Angular Diazaphenoxazinone Derivatives via Palladium Catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig Amidation Protocols." Asian Journal of Chemistry 27, no. 8 (2015): 3069–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2015.18874.
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Chawla, P., Garg P, Panjwani D, and S. A. Saraf. "Synthesis of Some Novel 5-Substituted Arylidene – 2, 4 –Thiazolidinediones as Bioactive Agents." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 4, no. 1 (May 31, 2011): 1373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2011.4.1.10.
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A series of 5-substituted arylidine-2, 4-thiazolidinediones derivatives were synthesized from 2, 4-thiazolidinedione and substituted aromatic aldehydes. The synthesized title compounds were screened for their in-vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic and in-vitro antioxidant activities as per standard protocols. All the compounds were found to possess significant activities
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Genç, Hasan, Volkan Taşdemir, İsrafil Tozlu, and Erdal Ögün. "Synthesis of Novel Tetra-Substituted Pyrazole Derivatives from 2,3- Furandione." Letters in Organic Chemistry 16, no. 11 (October 2, 2019): 891–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570178616666190314150302.
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Synthesis of pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid was progressed via two different protocols, one of which is solid state. Pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid was converted into different derivatives such as ester, urea, amide and nitrile. The amide compound was converted to nitrile using SOCl2 and DMF. Solid state heating of carboxylic acid gave decarboxylated product. Cyclization of tetra-substituted pyrazole with hydrazines resulted in pyrazolopyridazinones. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized pyrazole derivatives against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were evaluated. One of the pyrazole derivatives which possess nitro group showed antimicrobial activity in only B. cereus, a Gram-positive bacteria, with an MIC of 128 μg/mL.
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Salas-Reyes, V. "Chiral Synthesis of (R)-(-)(5Z)-4-Hydroxy-5-tetradecenoic Acid-4-lactone." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 50, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 1537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1995-1018.
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R -(-)(5Z)-4-hydroxy-5-tetradecenoic acid-4-lactone has been synthesized from D-glucose as the precursor. Regio and stereoselective transformations of hydroxyl groups as well as protection-deprotection protocols provide a novel route to this compound.
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Herlekar, Mihir, Siddhivinayak Barve, and Rakesh Kumar. "Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanoparticles 2014 (October 2, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/140614.
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In the recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as a state-of-the-art and cutting edge technology with multifarious applications in a wide array of fields. It is a very broad area comprising of nanomaterials, nanotools, and nanodevices. Amongst nanomaterials, majority of the research has mainly focused on nanoparticles as they can be easily prepared and manipulated. Physical and chemical methods are conventionally used for the synthesis of nanoparticles; however, due to several limitations of these methods, research focus has recently shifted towards the development of clean and eco-friendly synthesis protocols. Magnetic nanoparticles constitute an important class of inorganic nanoparticles, which find applications in different areas by virtue of their several unique properties. Nevertheless, in comparison with biological synthesis protocols for noble metal nanoparticles, limited study has been carried out with respect to biological synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles. This review focuses on various studies outlining the novel routes for biosynthesis of these nanoparticles by plant resources along with outlining the future scope of work in this area.
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Gadde, Satyanarayana, Yun Cheuk Leung, Mohan Bhadbade, Belamy B. Cheung, David StC Black, and Naresh Kumar. "Synthesis of a Novel Library of 1-Substituted Pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles." Australian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 12 (2020): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch20173.
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The reactivity and synthesis of new analogues of pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles have been explored. Twenty-three derivatives bearing phenoxy, thiophenoxy, aniline, and aryl groups at the 1-position were successfully synthesised in 25–91% yield, via nucleophilic substitution, Buchwald–Hartwig amination, and Suzuki coupling type processes. Solvent free synthetic protocols were employed to achieve the nucleophilic substitution of anilines with electron donating groups or moderately electron withdrawing groups on a sterically demanding intermediate (7a). An unusual polycyclic heterocycle was identified as a side-product during this work: a dimeric bis(pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole).
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Hiroto, Satoru. "Development of synthetic protocols for porphyrins and their analogs based on distorted structures — a SPP/JPP Young Investigator Award paper." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 24, no. 11n12 (October 21, 2020): 1258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424620500376.
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Creation of novel [Formula: see text]-conjugated molecules is an important research topic. I describe in this account an approach to this aim that is based on the use of the distorted conformation of porphyrins. Planarization of distorted molecules enables the synthesis of heteroatom-containing porphyrin derivatives. Furthermore, dearomatization reaction proves effective to construct distorted conformations from planar [Formula: see text]-conjugated molecules under mild reaction conditions. According to this protocol, we have succeeded in the synthesis of heteroatom-containing curved-[Formula: see text] conjugated molecules that had never been achieved by conventional protocols. In particular, a nitrogen-embedded buckybowl is the first example of a buckybowl having a heteroatom in its central position, which exhibits unique properties due to the incorporation of the heteroatom in its curved [Formula: see text]-surface.
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Cai, Qun, Yan-Ping Zhu, Yang Gao, Jing-Jing Sun, and An-Xin Wu. "A direct method for the synthesis of indolizine derivatives from easily available aromatic ketones, pyridines, and acrylonitrile derivatives." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 91, no. 6 (June 2013): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2012-0534.
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A concise and efficient strategy has been proposed to synthesize indolizine derivatives from easily available aryl or heteroaryl methyl ketones, pyridines, and acrylonitriles. The mechanistic pathway involved the integration of iodination, pyridinium ylide synthesis, and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The protocols were found to be highly efficient in terms of high yields, operational simplicity, mild reaction conditions, and easy workup. This method has provided an important supplement for the synthesis of indolizine derivatives via a novel tandem synthesis.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Novel synthesis protocols"
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Barton, William R. S. "Novel free radical protocols for the synthesis of heterocycles." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2002. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33919.
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The tributyltin hydride/AIBN combination used to mediate radical cyclisations has become a common protocol in organic chemistry. This system which allows good substrate flexibility is a useful complement to ionic annulation reactions. However, the tin residues are highly toxic and difficult to separate from reaction mixtures. In this project, alternatives to tin have been used with varying success and a SPOS approach was adopted to minimise the problems associated with tin. Acyl radical addition to 2- and 3-substituted electron deficient pyrroles was used to construct a variety of interesting bicyclic compounds including pyrrolizine alkaloids nordanaidone and hydroxydanaidol. Acyl radical reduction was retarded by slow syringe-pump addition of tributyltin hydride in cyclohexane to the acyl selenide and AIBN in acetonitrile as a two-phase solvent system. Carbon monoxide saturation of the reaction vessel and solution was also necessary to inhibit decarbonylation in slow cyclisations.
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Chang, Grace Xian Nian. "Synthesis of C-glycoside mimetics and a novel glycosylation protocol using anomeric pyridyl-sulfones /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486402957196402.
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Raihan, Mustafa Jahir, and 柴亦芳. "Development of New and Novel Protocols for the Synthesis of N-O Heterocycles and their Applications." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19823920052857203186.
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博士國立臺灣師範大學
化學系
99
This dissertation is divided into four chapters. Chapter I highlights the facts, those motivated us to pursue the research, presented in this dissertation. Chapter II deals with [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene (HTIB) mediated “on water” synthesis of chromeno-isoxazoles and isoxazolines. Chromeno-isoxazolines and chromeno-isoxazoles are synthetically and medicinally valuable compounds. However, the reported methodologies to access these compounds are plunged either by the usage of toxic solvents, long reaction time and applicable to limited number of substrates. We attempted to overcome these limitations by developing a protocol for HTIB mediated on water synthesis of chromeno-isoxazolines and isoxazoles from α-allyloxy and α-propargyloxy benzaldoxime derivatives. A mechanism for this conversion was postulated on the basis of our experimental outcome and related literature reports. In chapter III, an unprecedented synthesis of isoxazoline N-oxide, via HTIB mediated N-O coupling is described. The effect of the mediums on N-O coupling was studied by carrying out the reaction in homogeneous and heterogeneous mediums. A mechanism was postulated on the basis of the experimental outcomes and the mechanism is supported by the related literatures. On treating the cyclohexene fused isoxazoline N-oxide derivatives with halonium ion sources, TCC and NBS, the C-C bond which connects the isoxazoline with cyclohexene ring was cleaved. The ring cleavage is happened via a nitroso intermediate. Scope of this ring cleavage protocol, mechanistic study, and thermal effect on the life time of the nitroso intermediate are discussed in chapter IV. This chapter also deals with the treatment of the nitroso intermediate with a base, to synthesize novel types of oxime derivatives. Keywords:on water、chromeno-isoxazole、isoxazoline N-oxide、halonium ion
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Harrison, Christian L. "Lithium-iodine exchange initiated intramolecular additions : application of a novel annulation protocol to the total synthesis of (±)-mangicol F." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/15931.
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This dissertation is divided into two sections: methodological work and application of
one of the developed methods to the total synthesis of the racemic version of naturally occurring
mangicol F. In the first section, the possibility of effecting intramolecular conjugate addition
reactions initiated by lithium-iodine exchanges was explored. The required substrates for the
initial study were cyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones (Michael acceptors) bearing alkenyl iodide
functionalized sidechains. The preparation of such substrates began with the facile
hydriodination of acetylenic esters, supplying alkyl Z-iodoalkenoates such as 66, which were
subsequently converted (in two steps) into their corresponding allylic bromides. Alkylation of
cyclic vinylogous esters such as 45 with allylic bromides 44 afforded compounds such as 46
which were converted into the required enone substrates, 47. Stereoselective intramolecular
conjugate additions of the anions of these substrates, generated by lithium-iodine exchange
reactions, were cleanly effected at -78 °C in the presence of the additives TMSC1 and HMPA,
furnishing czs-fused bicyclic ketones of general structure 48 in very good yields. In addition, this
methodology was extended to the formation of tricyclic ketones (ie. 59 and 61) via the use of
cyclic alkenyl iodides (58) and aryl iodides (60), respectively.
The substrates required for the second methodology project were the vinylogous ester
intermediates (46). Intramolecular addition of alkenyl anions, generated by lithium-iodine
exchange, to the carbonyl function of the vinylogous esters furnished, after an acid-promoted
hydrolysis-dehydration protocol, bicyclic dienones of general structure 50 in excellent yields.
This methodology was extended to the formation of tricyclic compounds such as aryl enone
(172) and furyl enone (177) via the use of aryl iodide (143) and furyl iodide (162) substrates,
respectively.
To commence the work described in the second part of this dissertation, the second
method described above was employed to prepare approximately 30 g of bicyclic dienone 164.
This latter material was the starting material for the total synthesis of the tetracyclic sesterterpene
diol, (±)-mangicol F (52). Stereoselective hydrogenation of 164 with Lindlar's catalyst supplied
enone 198. The third ring in the tetracyclic core of (±)-mangicol F was installed via an
annulation sequence that involved the stereoselective conjugate addition of cuprate 208 to the
enone function of 198. After conversion of the tributylgermanium function in 210 to the iodide in
211, a palladium-catalyzed coupling between the alkenyl iodide and the enolate anion of the
ketone was effected to complete the annulation sequence, by producing enone 212.
Stereoselective hydrogenation of the alkene function in tricyclic enone 212 followed by
IBX-promoted dehydrogenation of the resulting ketone furnished enone 239. The fourth ring in
the core of (±)-mangicol F was installed via an annulation protocol that began with the conjugate
addition of organocopper species 249 to enone 239, furnishing 240. Base-promoted ring closure
followed by stereoselective methylation of the resulting tetracyclic ketone afforded compound
236. Dehydration of the alcohol resulting from the reduction of the carbonyl function in 236
furnished diene 194.
The final quaternary chirality centre in the core of (±)-mangicol F was introduced via a
chemoselective cyclopropanation reaction, using ethyl diazoacetate. After conversion of the ester
function in 291 into its corresponding aldehyde, selective cleavage of the cyclopropyl C - C bond
distal to the spiro-junction was achieved via hydrogenolysis, supplying 193. Addition of the
alkenyllithium 347 to aldehyde 193 afforded a diastereomeric mixture of alcohols 348 and 349.
Reaction of the hydroxyl function of 348 with acetic anhydride and ketohydroxylation of the
alkene function on the sidechain of the resulting acetate supplied the mono-acetate of mangicol
F. Hydrolysis of the acetate function afforded (±)-mangicol F (52). The total synthesis of
mangicol F was effected in 21 steps and in 0.94% overall yield from known materials. Further, due to X-ray crystallographical data obtained at a late stage of the synthesis, the relative
configuration at the hydroxyl bearing carbon chirality centre in the sidechain was assigned,
information that had not been determined in the original isolation report due to lack of material. [Chemical Diagrams]Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate
Books on the topic "Novel synthesis protocols"
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Taberlet, Pierre, Aurélie Bonin, Lucie Zinger, and Eric Coissac. Environmental DNA. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767220.001.0001.
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Environmental DNA (eDNA), i.e. DNA released in the environment by any living form, represents a formidable opportunity to gather high-throughput and standard information on the distribution or feeding habits of species. It has therefore great potential for applications in ecology and biodiversity management. However, this research field is fast-moving, involves different areas of expertise and currently lacks standard approaches, which calls for an up-to-date and comprehensive synthesis. Environmental DNA for biodiversity research and monitoring covers current methods based on eDNA, with a particular focus on “eDNA metabarcoding”. Intended for scientists and managers, it provides the background information to allow the design of sound experiments. It revisits all steps necessary to produce high-quality metabarcoding data such as sampling, metabarcode design, optimization of PCR and sequencing protocols, as well as analysis of large sequencing datasets. All these different steps are presented by discussing the potential and current challenges of eDNA-based approaches to infer parameters on biodiversity or ecological processes. The last chapters of this book review how DNA metabarcoding has been used so far to unravel novel patterns of diversity in space and time, to detect particular species, and to answer new ecological questions in various ecosystems and for various organisms. Environmental DNA for biodiversity research and monitoring constitutes an essential reading for all graduate students, researchers and practitioners who do not have a strong background in molecular genetics and who are willing to use eDNA approaches in ecology and biomonitoring.
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William H, Boothby. 9 Poison, Poisoned Weapons, Asphyxiating Gases, Biological and Chemical Weapons. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198728504.003.0009.
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Chapter 9 looks at a group of weapon technologies. The long-standing and customary prohibition of the use of poisons and of poisoned weapons is examined first. Then the discussion addresses efforts in 1899 to address the use of asphyxiating gases, pointing out that a prohibition on use was only achieved in 1925 with the adoption of the Geneva Protocol. While that protocol also addressed bacteriological methods of warfare, comprehensive arms control provision prohibiting all forms of biological weapon had to await the adoption in 1972 of the Biological Weapons Convention, whereas similar provision in relation to chemical weapons was not achieved until 1993. Both of these conventions are considered, and the status of the prohibition on use, and of related provisions, in both treaties is analysed. Novel technologies including incapacitating chemical agents, synthetic biology and the use of viruses are also considered.
Book chapters on the topic "Novel synthesis protocols"
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Choi, Joonwon, Adam Chlipala, and Arvind. "Hemiola: A DSL and Verification Tools to Guide Design and Proof of Hierarchical Cache-Coherence Protocols." In Computer Aided Verification, 317–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13188-2_16.
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AbstractCache-coherence protocols have been one of the greatest challenges in formal verification of hardware, due to their central complication of executing multiple memory-access transactions concurrently within a distributed message-passing system. In this paper, we introduce Hemiola, a framework embedded in Coq that guides the user to design protocols that never experience inconsistent interleavings while handling transactions concurrently. The framework provides a DSL, where any protocol designed in the DSL always satisfies the serializability property, allowing a user to verify the protocol assuming that transactions are executed one-at-a-time. Hemiola also provides a novel invariant proof method, for protocols designed in Hemiola, that only requires considering execution histories without interleaved memory accesses. We used Hemiola to design and prove hierarchical MSI and MESI protocols as case studies. We also demonstrated that the case-study protocols are hardware-synthesizable, by using a compilation/synthesis toolchain targeting FPGAs.
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Ferrari, Eric, and Hsueh-Cheng Huang. "A Novel Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Polymerase Assay of De Novo Initiated RNA Synthesis Directed from a Heteropolymeric RNA Template." In Antiviral Methods and Protocols, 81–92. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-484-5_7.
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Kim, Hack-Joo, Chan-Young Ko, Jeong Su Jang, and Young-Deug Kim. "A Novel Protocol of Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis with 2-(4-Nitrophenyl)sulfonylethoxycarbonyl(Nsc)-Amino Acids." In Peptides: The Wave of the Future, 77–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0464-0_32.
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Arnoldi, Michele, Giulia Zarantonello, Stefano Espinoza, Stefano Gustincich, Francesca Di Leva, and Marta Biagioli. "Design and Delivery of SINEUP: A New Modular Tool to Increase Protein Translation." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 63–87. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2010-6_4.
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AbstractSINEUP is a new class of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) which contain an inverted Short Interspersed Nuclear Element (SINE) B2 element (invSINEB2) necessary to specifically upregulate target gene translation. Originally identified in the mouseAS-Uchl1 (antisense Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1) locus, natural SINEUP molecules are oriented head to head to their sense protein coding, target gene (Uchl1, in this example). Peculiarly, SINEUP is able to augment, in a specific and controlled way, the expression of the target protein, with no alteration of target mRNA levels. SINEUP is characterized by a modular structure with the Binding Domain (BD) providing specificity to the target transcript and an effector domain (ED)—containing the invSINEB2 element—able to promote the loading to the heavy polysomes of the target mRNA. Since the understanding of its modular structure in the endogenous AS-Uchl1 ncRNA, synthetic SINEUP molecules have been developed by creating a specific BD for the gene of interest and placing it upstream the invSINEB2 ED. Synthetic SINEUP is thus a novel molecular tool that potentially may be used for any industrial or biomedical application to enhance protein production, also as possible therapeutic strategy in haploinsufficiency-driven disorders.Here, we describe a detailed protocol to (1) design a specific BD directed to a gene of interest and (2) assemble and clone it with the ED to obtain a functional SINEUP molecule. Then, we provide guidelines to efficiently deliver SINEUP into mammalian cells and evaluate its ability to effectively upregulate target protein translation.
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Lorencova, Lenka, Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni, Peter Kasak, and Jan Tkac. "Ti3C2 MXene-Based Nanobiosensors for Detection of Cancer Biomarkers." In Novel Nanomaterials. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94309.
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This chapter provides information about basic properties of MXenes (2D nanomaterials) that are attractive for a design of various types of nanobiosensors. The second part of the chapter discusses MXene synthesis and various protocols for modification of MXene making it a suitable matrix for immobilization of bioreceptors such as antibodies, DNA aptamers or DNA molecules. The final part of the chapter summarizes examples of MXene-based nanobiosensors developed using optical, electrochemical and nanomechanical transducing schemes. Operational characteristics of such devices such as sensitivity, limit of detection, assay time, assay reproducibility and potential for multiplexing are provided. In particular MXene-based nanobiosensors for detection of a number of cancer biomarkers are shown here.
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Wani, Irshad A. "Nanomaterials, Novel Preparation Routes, and Characterizations." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 1–40. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6304-6.ch001.
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The important aspect of nanotechnology is the remarkable size dependant physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials that have led to the development of synthesis protocols for synthesizing nanomaterials over a range of sizes, shapes, and chemical compositions. This chapter describes the various aspects of nanotechnology: its dimensions and manipulation of matter with primary focus on inorganic materials. Detailed accounts of various methods lying within top-down and bottom-up synthesis approaches are discussed, like Chemical Vapour Condensation (CVC), arc discharge, hydrogen plasma-metal reaction, and laser pyrolysis in the vapour phase, microemulsion, hydrothermal, sol-gel, sonochemical taking place in the liquid phase, and ball milling carried out in the solid phase. The chapter also presents a brief account of the various characterization techniques used for the identification of the nanomaterials: X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectroscopy, and electron microscopy (e.g. Transmission Electron Microscopy [TEM], Scanning Electron Microscopy [SEM], Atomic Force Microscopy [AFM]).
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Jaswal, Radhika R., Kanica Kaushal, Shubhi Joshi, Pratibha Sharma, Shweta Sharma, Simran Preet, and Avneet Saini. "Exploring the Potential of Peptides and Peptidomimetics in Biosensing." In Advances in Medical Diagnosis, Treatment, and Care, 33–65. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0307-2.ch003.
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Biosensors are devices that capture the biological signal and convert it into a detectable electrical signal through transduction. Biological entities like DNA, RNA, and proteins/enzymes can be conjugated onto the biosensor surface to detect and observe certain biological analytes in environment, biomedical, and food industries. Peptides have been efficiently used in the fabrication of peptide-based biosensors due to their attractive properties like established synthesis protocols, diverse structures, and as highly enzyme-selective substrates. However, owing to their labile nature, peptidomimetics are the best alternatives at the bioreceptor interface due to their specificity and stability, relatively low cost and easy modifications, and capability to form supramolecular assemblies like nanosheets. Such bioconjugation strategies efficiently convert interaction information into a measurable signal, thus highlighting the importance in the fabrication of next-generation novel robust biosensors desirable for detection and dissemination of pathogens causing infections in the living and non-living worlds.
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"Bioinspired Metal Nanoparticles for Microbicidal Activity." In Materials Research Foundations, 36–62. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901571-2.
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The broad reception for nanotechnology is due to their appreciable size and versatile applications in the interdisciplinary areas. In this modern era one of the major problems is microorganisms possessing antibiotic resistance, nanoparticles (NPs) are a lucrative option to solve this. In materials science, “green synthesis” has gained extensive attention as a reliable, sustainable, and eco-friendly protocol for synthesizing a wide range of materials, especially metals, and metal oxides nanomaterials, hybrid materials and bioinspired materials. As such, green synthesis is regarded as an important tool to reduce the destructive effects associated with the traditional methods for synthesis of nanoparticles commonly utilized in laboratory and industry. Bio-inspired NPs held edges over conventionally synthesized nanoparticles due to their low cost, easy synthesis and low toxicity. This chapter elaborates the developments on the biosynthesis of NPs using natural extracts with particular emphasis on their application as microbiocidal agents. This chapter has very specifically dealt with coinage metals such as Cu, Ag, Au due to their significance of antimicrobial activities. Succeeding, reported the developments in the synthetic methodologies of metal-oxide (Titanium dioxide, TiO2) nanoparticles using novel plant extracts with high medicinal value and their corresponding ability to degrade bacterial pathogens through advanced oxidation process (AOPs) based on heterogeneous photocatalysis.
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Taber, Douglass F. "Substituted Benzenes: The Piers/Lau Synthesis of Hamigeran B." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199965724.003.0064.
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Govindasamy Sekar of the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, developed ( Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 5076) an environmentally friendly procedure for the amination of 1 to 2. Jens-Uwe Peters of Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 749) that the Udenfriend protocol could be used to convert drugs such as 3 to their hydroxylated metabolites. Suman L. Jain and Anil K. Sinha of the Indian Institute of Petroleum reported (Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 1610) complementary conditions for arene hydroxylation. Dimethyl aniline has been used, inter alia, as a nucleophile in enantioselective MacMillan conjugate addition. Zhong-Xia Wang of USTC established (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 4901) that the quaternized salt 5 could participate in Negishi coupling. Mark R. Biscoe of the City College of New York discovered (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 1218) that with a Ni catalyst, the secondary organozinc 9 will couple without rearrangement. Igor V. Alabugin of Florida State University devised (J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 1521) a radical-based protocol for replacing a phenolic OH with alkyl, to give 12. Petr Beier of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic used (J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 4781) vicarious nucleophilic substitution followed by alkylation to convert 13 to 15. Robin B. Bedford of the University of Bristol developed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 5524) a Pd-catalyzed procedure for the ortho bromination of an anilide 16. Jin-Quan Yu of Scripps/La Jolla took advantage (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 7652) of the energetic N-O bond of 19 to drive the functionalization of 18 to 20. Lei Liu of Tsinghua University devised (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 3235) a Rh-mediated oxidative ortho coupling of the carbamate 21 with 22. Kohtaro Kirimura of Waseda University inserted (Chem. Lett. 2011, 40 , 206) the DNA for a novel Trichosporon decarboxylase into Escherichia coli and found that the resulting fermentation efficiently converted 24 into 25. The alternative Kolbe-Schmitt reaction requires high temperature and pressure. Sometimes, usually with more highly substituted benzene rings, creating the ring is worthwhile.
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Taber, Douglass. "Reactions of Alkenes." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0022.
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One of the most powerful of alkene transformations is enantioselective epoxidation. Tsutomu Katsuki of Kyushu University has developed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 4559) a Ti catalyst that with H2O2, selectively epoxidized terminal alkenes with high ee. The same catalyst converted a Z 2-alkene such as 3 into the epoxide. This is significant, because such epoxides are opened with nucleophiles selectively at the less congested center. Novel procedures for alkene functionalization have been put forward. Philippe Renaud of the University of Berne has developed (Adv. Synth. Cat. 2008, 350, 1163) a simple protocol for terminal halogenation, based on catalyzed addition of catecholborane, followed by free radical substitution. Sulfides and selenides were also prepared. H. Zoghlami of the Faculty of Sciences of Tunis has devised (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 5645) an oxidative sulfinylation, converting a terminal alkene 7 to the sulfide 8. M. Christina White of the University of Illinois (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 3316) and Guosheng Liu of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 4733) independently developed Pd catalysts for the oxidation of a terminal alkene 9 to the terminal allylic amine 10. Shannon S. Stahl of the University of Wisconsin-Madison has established (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 4331) conditions for the complementary transformation of a terminal alkene 11 to the enamide 12. Douglas B. Grotjahn of San Diego State University has optimized (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 9592) Ru-catalyzed alkene (“zipper”) migration, effecting the conversion of 13 to 14 and of 15 to 16 . There have been several new observations on alkene cleavage. Marcus A. Tius of the University of Hawaii and Bakthan Singaram of the University of California, Santa Cruz have found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 2764) that epoxides such as 17 are cleaved directly by NaIO4, providing a simple alternative to ozonolysis. Rolando A. Spanevello of the Universidad Nacional de Rosario has extended (Tetrahedron 2007, 63, 11410) unsymmetrical ozonolysis to highly substituted norbornene derivatives such as 19, observing 20 as the only product. Patrick H. Dussault of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln has established (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 4688) that alkene ozonolysis in wet acetone delivered the ketone or aldehyde directly, without reductive workup.
Conference papers on the topic "Novel synthesis protocols"
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Yuan, Chengzhi, Fen Wu, and Chang Duan. "Cooperative Output Regulation of Multi-Agent Systems With Switched Leader Dynamics via Smooth Switching." In ASME 2017 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2017-5055.
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This paper deals with the leader-following cooperative output regulation problem for heterogeneous multi-agent systems by considering a switched leader dynamics. The switched leader dynamics is composed by multiple linear models and a switching rule governing the switches among them, which is capable of generating more diverse and sophisticated reference signals so as to enhance the multi-agent system’s capability in coping with more complicated coordination tasks. A novel distributed switching control scheme, namely, the smooth switching control strategy, is proposed to achieve cooperative output regulation performance. Distributed switching stability of the overall network is established using multiple Lyapunov functions from the switching control theory. Moreover, under the proposed design framework, the overall cooperative switching output regulation problem can be decomposed into several independent switching stabilization subproblems, and the associated switching control synthesis conditions for each subproblems are formulated as a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) plus linear algebraic equations. As a result, stabilizing switching rules for the leader and distributed switching protocols for the follower agents can be jointly synthesized via semi-definite programming. A numerical example has been used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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Hagiwara, Kenta, and Satoshi Horikoshi. "Rapid Synthesis of highly luminescent Carbon Quantum Dots using Low-Pressurized Microwave Solvothermal Heating." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9784.
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Since the first serendipity of carbon quantum dots (CQDs)1, it is expected to be used for imaging materials for reusable living bodies (e.g. Hela cells). However, the reported CQDs synthetic methods have yet to be at the practical levels; the quantum yields is low, and synthetic condition is over 5 hrs under more than 30 atms. In this research, we ameliorated the problems of CQDs synthesis and luminescence (quantum yields) by the novel synthesis protocol using microwave chemistry. Specifically, we synthesized high quantum yields CQDs (61%) by utilizing a microwave chemical synthesis, synthesizing at low pressure condition (lower than 5 atom) and short reaction time (3 hrs). The achievement of this high quantum yields made it clear that the contribution of polyethylene glycol (PEG) shell to CQDs is large. It was confirmed from the DLS and TEM image that the particle size of the synthesized particles was 8 to 13 nm (Fig. 1). On the other hand, the relationship between the polymerization degree of added PEG and the quantum yields to the addition amount is summarized in Table 1. The quantum yields of CQDs without addition of PEG was 16.7 %, while it was improved at 61.1 % when 0.6 g of PEG6000 (Molecular weight: 6000) was added.We succeeded in remarkably improving the quantum yields by using PEG, which is usually used as a protective agent, as a shell. By using this method, we succeeded in improving the quantum yields of the existing report by approximately 3 times. From the surface modified structure of PEG, the mechanism of improvement of quantum yields will be considered.[1] X. Xu et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 12736–12737.
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Siegmund, R., and D. Muller. "A novel synthesis technique for communication controller hardware from declarative data communication protocol specifications." In Proceedings of 39th Design Automation Conference. IEEE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dac.2002.1012696.
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Siegmund, Robert, and Dietmar Müller. "A novel synthesis technique for communication controller hardware from declarative data communication protocol specifications." In the 39th conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/513918.514071.
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Kappe, C., and Rajender Varma. "A Novel High-Speed Method for the Generation of 4-Aryldihydropyrimidine Compound Libraries Using a Microwave-Assisted Biginelli Condensation Protocol." In The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-3-01759.
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Phillips, Lyn. "Pressure Ulcer Prevention: Keep it Safe, Keep it Simple!" In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100475.
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Pressure Ulcer (PU) Prevention Guidelines typically recommend that vulnerable patients be physically repositioned every 2-4 hours, although the risk of caregiver injury is rarely discussed. Some guidelines, concerned with the fabric and construction of slings, continue to mandate the removal of lift equipment from beneath the patient after use and, despite a weak evidence base, this might lessen repositioning frequency and discourage safe practice. A pragmatic solution may be a flexible, breathable, quick-drying, low-friction lift sheet, designed to work in synergy with a pressure-redistributing mattress and which replaces the standard sheet. A series of standardised laboratory tests compared key performance characteristics of two sheet textiles: a 100% cotton hospital bed sheet and the Maxi Transfer™ sheet, a novel synthetic lift sheet. Results showed that when compared to the cotton sheet, the synthetic sheet was more breathable, had lower heat retention properties, superior wicking and better synergy with the therapeutic mattress. Regular repositioning, the cornerstone of PU prevention, is most likely to occur when clinicians have immediate access to lifting equipment. Replacing the standard bed sheet with an advanced textile, lifting device, may positively impact concordance with repositioning protocols, improve tissue microclimate and so improve patient outcomes and, importantly, caregiver safety.
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Randellini, Enrico, Leonardo Rigutini, and Claudio Saccà. "Data Augmentation and Transfer Learning Approaches Applied to Facial Expressions Recognition." In 2nd International Conference on NLP Techniques and Applications (NLPTA 2021). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.111912.
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The face expression is the first thing we pay attention to when we want to understand a person’s state of mind. Thus, the ability to recognize facial expressions in an automatic way is a very interesting research field. In this paper, because the small size of available training datasets, we propose a novel data augmentation technique that improves the performances in the recognition task. We apply geometrical transformations and build from scratch GAN models able to generate new synthetic images for each emotion type. Thus, on the augmented datasets we fine tune pretrained convolutional neural networks with different architectures. To measure the generalization ability of the models, we apply extra-database protocol approach, namely we train models on the augmented versions of training dataset and test them on two different databases. The combination of these techniques allows to reach average accuracy values of the order of 85% for the InceptionResNetV2 model.
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Deguillard, Estelle, Hon Vai Yee, Ismail Mohd Saaid, Ivy Chin Hsia, Noor Amira Mohd Fauzi, Jan van Male, and Jan-Willem Handgraaf. "Multiscale Computational Chemistry: How Molecular Modelling Accelerates Innovation in the Oil & Gas Industry." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/32138-ms.
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Abstract Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (CEOR) is a method developed to recover the remaining oil from the fields by injecting a mixture of chemicals into the well to create type III microemulsion. Formulation design of such mixture to a specific crude is challenging and time-consuming. Recent developments in computational chemistry methodologies applied to the Oil and Gas industry showed great potential in being used to develop such mixtures. Work from the 1990s and recent advancements in coarse-grained computational chemistry has shown that a stable type III microemulsion presents 3 main properties: an ultra-low interfacial tension (∼10−3 mN/m), a torque value close to 0, and a high bending rigidity (∼ kBT). We developed a methodology combining the automatic generation of molecules from patent literature, their coarse-graining and parameterization, and the simulation of a synthetic crude/surfactant/brine system where the interfacial properties are measured. We investigate the potentiality of exclusively using simulation to understand the influence of molecule composition and how modifying their structure can lead to a potential candidate for synthesis. We selected 3 main surfactant structures from 3 different patents: a linear multicarboxylate, a linear sulfonate, and a Gemini-type surfactant. We automatically generated 24 structures consisting exclusively of a combination of polyethylene oxide, ethylene oxide, or carbon groups. Results from the numerical simulation showed that linear surfactants may not be optimum to form type III microemulsion without the addition of a co-surfactant due to poor stability at the interface or the tendency to form type II microemulsion. Modification of their structure by elongating their tails or changing their composition by adding or substituting chemical groups did not improve their performance. The Gemini-type surfactant showed promising results. We saw that a tail exclusively composed of carbon atoms could form an oil in water emulsion while a tail composed of polyethylene oxide favored oil in water emulsion. Following the simulation results, we modified the design by creating a molecule containing a combination of both carbon and polyethylene oxide groups. These modifications resulted in a molecule that showed optimum properties for a type III microemulsion making it a candidate for synthesis and further testing. This investigation shows that it is now possible to exclusively use computational chemistry simulation to create and screen for surfactant structures that will show optimum properties for cEOR without the need for extensive experimental testing. This protocol effectively reduces the time needed to design and test novel chemicals ten-fold, opening the door to faster chemical development in the Oil and Gas industry for applications ranging from oil production to transport and demulsification.
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Deguillard, Estelle, Hon Vai Yee, Ismail Mohd Saaid, Ivy Chin Hsia, Noor Amira Mohd Fauzi, Jan van Male, and Jan-Willem Handgraaf. "Multiscale Computational Chemistry: How Molecular Modelling Accelerates Innovation in the Oil & Gas Industry." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/32138-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (CEOR) is a method developed to recover the remaining oil from the fields by injecting a mixture of chemicals into the well to create type III microemulsion. Formulation design of such mixture to a specific crude is challenging and time-consuming. Recent developments in computational chemistry methodologies applied to the Oil and Gas industry showed great potential in being used to develop such mixtures. Work from the 1990s and recent advancements in coarse-grained computational chemistry has shown that a stable type III microemulsion presents 3 main properties: an ultra-low interfacial tension (∼10−3 mN/m), a torque value close to 0, and a high bending rigidity (∼ kBT). We developed a methodology combining the automatic generation of molecules from patent literature, their coarse-graining and parameterization, and the simulation of a synthetic crude/surfactant/brine system where the interfacial properties are measured. We investigate the potentiality of exclusively using simulation to understand the influence of molecule composition and how modifying their structure can lead to a potential candidate for synthesis. We selected 3 main surfactant structures from 3 different patents: a linear multicarboxylate, a linear sulfonate, and a Gemini-type surfactant. We automatically generated 24 structures consisting exclusively of a combination of polyethylene oxide, ethylene oxide, or carbon groups. Results from the numerical simulation showed that linear surfactants may not be optimum to form type III microemulsion without the addition of a co-surfactant due to poor stability at the interface or the tendency to form type II microemulsion. Modification of their structure by elongating their tails or changing their composition by adding or substituting chemical groups did not improve their performance. The Gemini-type surfactant showed promising results. We saw that a tail exclusively composed of carbon atoms could form an oil in water emulsion while a tail composed of polyethylene oxide favored oil in water emulsion. Following the simulation results, we modified the design by creating a molecule containing a combination of both carbon and polyethylene oxide groups. These modifications resulted in a molecule that showed optimum properties for a type III microemulsion making it a candidate for synthesis and further testing. This investigation shows that it is now possible to exclusively use computational chemistry simulation to create and screen for surfactant structures that will show optimum properties for cEOR without the need for extensive experimental testing. This protocol effectively reduces the time needed to design and test novel chemicals ten-fold, opening the door to faster chemical development in the Oil and Gas industry for applications ranging from oil production to transport and demulsification.
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Van Wylick, Aurélie, Elise Elsacker, Li Li Yap, Eveline Peeters, and Lars de Laet. "Mycelium Composites and their Biodegradability: An Exploration on the Disintegration of Mycelium-Based Materials in Soil." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.652.
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In the search for environmentally friendly materials, mycelium composites have been labelled as high potential bio-based alternatives to fossil-based and synthetic materials in various fields. Mycelium-based materials are praised for their biodegradability, however no scientific research nor standard protocols exist to substantiate this claim. This research therefore aims to develop an appropriate experimental methodology as well as to deliver a novel proof of concept of the material’s biodegradability. The applied methodology was adapted from a soil burial test under predefined laboratory conditions and hands-on preliminary experiments. The mycelium composite samples were placed in a nylon netting and then buried in potting soil with a grain size of 2 mm for different time-intervals ranging between one and sixteen weeks. Results showed that mycelium, which acted as the binder, had the tendency to decompose first. A weight loss of 43% was witnessed for inert samples made of the fungal strain Ganoderma resinaceum and hemp fibres after sixteen weeks. The disintegration rate in this method however depended on various parameters which were related to the material’s composition, its production method and the degradation process which involved the used equipment, materials and environmental properties.
Reports on the topic "Novel synthesis protocols"
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Corriveau, L., J. F. Montreuil, O. Blein, E. Potter, M. Ansari, J. Craven, R. Enkin, et al. Metasomatic iron and alkali calcic (MIAC) system frameworks: a TGI-6 task force to help de-risk exploration for IOCG, IOA and affiliated primary critical metal deposits. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329093.
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Australia's and China's resources (e.g. Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag and Bayan Obo REE deposits) highlight how discovery and mining of iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG), iron oxide±apatite (IOA) and affiliated primary critical metal deposits in metasomatic iron and alkali-calcic (MIAC) mineral systems can secure a long-term supply of critical metals for Canada and its partners. In Canada, MIAC systems comprise a wide range of undeveloped primary critical metal deposits (e.g. NWT NICO Au-Co-Bi-Cu and Québec HREE-rich Josette deposits). Underexplored settings are parts of metallogenic belts that extend into Australia and the USA. Some settings, such as the Camsell River district explored by the Dene First Nations in the NWT, have infrastructures and 100s of km of historic drill cores. Yet vocabularies for mapping MIAC systems are scanty. Ability to identify metasomatic vectors to ore is fledging. Deposit models based on host rock types, structural controls or metal associations underpin the identification of MIAC-affinities, assessment of systems' full mineral potential and development of robust mineral exploration strategies. This workshop presentation reviews public geoscience research and tools developed by the Targeted Geoscience Initiative to establish the MIAC frameworks of prospective Canadian settings and global mining districts and help de-risk exploration for IOCG, IOA and affiliated primary critical metal deposits. The knowledge also supports fundamental research, environmental baseline assessment and societal decisions. It fulfills objectives of the Canadian Mineral and Metal Plan and the Critical Mineral Mapping Initiative among others. The GSC-led MIAC research team comprises members of the academic, private and public sectors from Canada, Australia, Europe, USA, China and Dene First Nations. The team's novel alteration mapping protocols, geological, mineralogical, geochemical and geophysical framework tools, and holistic mineral systems and petrophysics models mitigate and solve some of the exploration and geosciences challenges posed by the intricacies of MIAC systems. The group pioneers the use of discriminant alteration diagrams and barcodes, the assembly of a vocab for mapping and core logging, and the provision of field short courses, atlas, photo collections and system-scale field, geochemical, rock physical properties and geophysical datasets are in progress to synthesize shared signatures of Canadian settings and global MIAC mining districts. Research on a metamorphosed MIAC system and metamorphic phase equilibria modelling of alteration facies will provide a foundation for framework mapping and exploration of high-grade metamorphic terranes where surface and near surface resources are still to be discovered and mined as are those of non-metamorphosed MIAC systems.
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Dolja, Valerian V., Amit Gal-On, and Victor Gaba. Suppression of Potyvirus Infection by a Closterovirus Protein. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580682.bard.
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The plant virus family Polyviridae is the largest and most destructive of all plant viruses. Despite the continuous effort to develop resistant plant varieties, there is a desperate need for novel approaches conferring wide-range potyvirus resistance. Based on experiments with the tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV)-derived gene expression vector, we suggested approach for screening of the candidate resistance genes. This approach relies on insertion of the genes into a virus vector and evaluation of the phenotypes of the resulting recombinant viruses. The genes which suppress infection by the recombinant virus are selected as candidates for engineering transgenic resistance. Our analysis of the TEV variants expressing proteins of the beet yellows closterovirus (BYV) revealed that one of those, the leader proteinase (L-Pro), strongly and specifically interfered with the hybrid TEV infection. Since closterovirus L-Pro is evolutionary related to potyviral helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), we suggested that the L-Pro interfered with HC-Pro function via a trans-dominant inhibitory effect. Based on these findings, we proposed to test two major hypotheses. First, we suggested that L-Pro-mediated suppression of potyvirus infection is a general phenomenon effective against a range of potyviruses. The second hypothesis stated that the suppression effect can be reproduced in transgenic plants expressing L-Pro, and can be utilized for generation of resistance to potyviruses. In accord with these hypotheses, we developed two original objectives of our proposal: A) to determine the range of the closterovirus-derived suppression of potyviral infection, and B) to try and utilize the L-Pro-mediated suppression for the development of transgenic resistance to potyviruses. In the first phase of the project, we have developed all major tools and technologies required for successful completion of the proposed research. These included TEV and ZYMV vectors engineered to express several closteroviral L-Pro variants, and generation of the large collection of transgenic plants. To our satisfaction, characterization of the infection phenotypes exhibited by chimeric TEV and ZYMV variants confirmed our first hypothesis. For instance, similar to TEV-L- Pro(BYV) chimera, ZYMV-L-Pro(LIYV) chimera was debilitated in its systemic spread. In contrast, ZYMV-GUS chimera (positive control) was competent in establishing vigorous systemic infection. These and other results with chimeric viruses indicated that several closteroviral proteinases inhibit long-distance movement of the potyviruses upon co-expression in infected plants. In order to complete the second objective, we have generated ~90 tobacco lines transformed with closteroviral L-Pro variants, as well as ~100 lines transformed with BYV Hsp70-homolog (Hsp70h; a negative control). The presence and expression of the trans gene in each line was initially confirmed using RT-PCR and RNA preparations isolated from plants. However, since detection of the trans gene-specific RNA can not guarantee production of the corresponding protein, we have also generated L-Pro- and Hsp70h-specific antisera using corresponding synthetic peptides. These antisera allowed us to confirm that the transgenic plant lines produced detectable, although highly variable levels of the closterovirus antigens. In a final phase of the project, we tested susceptibility of the transgenic lines to TEV infection. To this end, we determined that the minimal dilution of the TEV inoculum that is still capable of infecting 100% of nontransgenic plants was 1:20, and used 10 plants per line (in total, ~2,000 plants). Unfortunately, none of the lines exhibited statistically significant reduction in susceptibility. Although discouraging, this outcome prompted us to expand our experimental plan and conduct additional experiments. Our aim was to test if closteroviral proteinases are capable of functioning in trans. We have developed agroinfection protocol for BYV, and tested if co- expression of the L-Pro is capable of rescuing corresponding null-mutant. The clear-cut, negative results of these experiments demonstrated that L-Pro acts only in cis, thus explaining the lack of resistance in our transgenic plants. We have also characterized a collection of the L-Pro alanine- scanning mutants and found direct genetic evidence of the requirement for L-Pro in virus systemic spread. To conclude, our research supported by BARD confirmed one but not another of our original hypotheses. Moreover, it provided an important insight into functional specialization of the viral proteinases and generated set of tools and data with which we will be able to address the molecular mechanisms by which these proteins provide a variety of critical functions during virus life cycle.