Journal articles on the topic 'Novel Pathways for Beyond Standard Model Physics'
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1
Andringa, S., J. Asaadi, J. T. C. Bezerra, F. Capozzi, D. Caratelli, F. Cavanna, E. Church, et al. "Low-energy physics in neutrino LArTPCs." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 50, no. 3 (January 1, 2023): 033001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/acad17.
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Abstract In this paper, we review scientific opportunities and challenges related to detection and reconstruction of low-energy (less than 100 MeV) signatures in liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) neutrino detectors. LArTPC neutrino detectors designed for performing precise long-baseline oscillation measurements with GeV-scale accelerator neutrino beams also have unique sensitivity to a range of physics and astrophysics signatures via detection of event features at and below the few tens of MeV range. In addition, low-energy signatures are an integral part of GeV-scale accelerator neutrino interaction final-states, and their reconstruction can enhance the oscillation physics sensitivities of LArTPC experiments. New physics signals from accelerator and natural sources also generate diverse signatures in the low-energy range, and reconstruction of these signatures can increase the breadth of Beyond the Standard Model scenarios accessible in LArTPC-based searches. A variety of experimental and theory-related challenges remain to realizing this full range of potential benefits. Neutrino interaction cross-sections and other nuclear physics processes in argon relevant to sub-hundred-MeV LArTPC signatures are poorly understood, and improved theory and experimental measurements are needed; pion decay-at-rest sources and charged particle and neutron test beams are ideal facilities for improving this understanding. There are specific calibration needs in the low-energy range, as well as specific needs for control and understanding of radiological and cosmogenic backgrounds. Low-energy signatures, whether steady-state or part of a supernova burst or larger GeV-scale event topology, have specific triggering, DAQ and reconstruction requirements that must be addressed outside the scope of conventional GeV-scale data collection and analysis pathways. Novel concepts for future LArTPC technology that enhance low-energy capabilities should also be explored to help address these challenges.
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Bruchholz, Ulrich, and Horst Eckardt. "Novel Methods Transcending the Standard Model of Physics." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 10 (October 30, 2020): 1294–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2136.
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The physical standard model is used to date to explain microscopic structure of nature on a more or less phenomenological basis. In this article, three principal approaches of physics are compared, which are foundational for classical theoretical physics of the 20th century: The General Relativity of Einstein, the theory of Rainich, which uses the Einstein-Maxwell equations, a first unification of phsics, and the Einsten-Cartan-Evans theory of Myron Evans. The latter unifies classical and quantum physics. The discussed methods take us beyond the standard model. Special focus is set to the known Einstein-Maxwell equations, for which a novel solution scheme was developed by Bruchholz. Consistently, quantities of elementary particles can be predicted on base of a classical theory.
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Bruchholz, Ulrich, and Horst Eckardt. "Novel Methods Transcending the Standard Model of Physics." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 10 (October 30, 2020): 1294–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.10.2136.
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The physical standard model is used to date to explain microscopic structure of nature on a more or less phenomenological basis. In this article, three principal approaches of physics are compared, which are foundational for classical theoretical physics of the 20th century: The General Relativity of Einstein, the theory of Rainich, which uses the Einstein-Maxwell equations, a first unification of phsics, and the Einsten-Cartan-Evans theory of Myron Evans. The latter unifies classical and quantum physics. The discussed methods take us beyond the standard model. Special focus is set to the known Einstein-Maxwell equations, for which a novel solution scheme was developed by Bruchholz. Consistently, quantities of elementary particles can be predicted on base of a classical theory.
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Xu, Wenqin. "Beyond the Standard Model Searches with the Majorana Demonstrator Experiment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012021.
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Abstract The Majorana Demonstrator experiment operated two modular arrays of p-type point contact high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors, of which 30 kg is enriched to 88% in Ge-76, to search for neutrinoless double beta decay. The data-taking campaign for double beta decay with enriched detectors was successfully concluded in March 2021, and data-taking with natural detectors is still ongoing. The Demonstrator has achieved excellent energy performance in a wide dynamic range covering 1 keV to 10 MeV. The extra-low background level and excellent energy performance achieved by the Demonstrator makes it competitive in various searches of physics beyond the Standard Model. If there is an axion-photon coupling, axions can be produced by the Primakoff conversion of photons in the Sun. Solar axions can inversely generate photon signals in germanium crystals, which can be coherently enhanced when the Bragg condition is satisfied. The Demonstrator is searching for solar axions with a novel method to correlate and leverage its high number of HPGe detectors. We will discuss the status and results of recent searches for new physics with the Demonstrator, including the first reporting of a solar axion search.
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RAI, SANTOSH KUMAR. "ASSOCIATED PHOTONS AND NEW PHYSICS SIGNALS AT LINEAR COLLIDERS." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 02 (January 20, 2008): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732308025942.
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We study signals for beyond standard model physics and consider the virtues of single photon signals or associated photons in the final states in identifying different scenarios of new physics models in a very efficient and novel way.
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DEKKER, H. "EFFECTIVE DIPOLE-RADIATION-FIELD THEORY II: ALL ORDERS BEYOND STANDARD COUPLING." International Journal of Modern Physics B 10, no. 10 (April 30, 1996): 1211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979296000453.
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The novel treatment of the interaction between a charged particle and the electromagnetic field, as presented in paper I [H. Dekker, Int. J. Mod. Phys.B8, 1–19 (1994)], is generalized to all orders beyond the standard dipole model. The resulting nonlinear problem is then again statistically linearized and the ensuing dynamics is solved exactly for a harmonically bound nonrelativistic electron. The earlier noted ultraviolet divergence in the system’s quantum mechanics is found to be absent, unless the bare electron mass were exactly zero. Inter alia it is also found that the electron’s generic quantum distribution is Gaussian.
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Yamawaki, Koichi. "Hidden local symmetry and beyond." International Journal of Modern Physics E 26, no. 01n02 (January 2017): 1740032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301317400328.
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Gerry Brown was a godfather of our hidden local symmetry (HLS) for the vector meson from the birth of the theory throughout his life. The HLS is originated from very nature of the nonlinear realization of the symmetry [Formula: see text] based on the manifold [Formula: see text], and thus is universal to any physics based on the nonlinear realization. Here, I focus on the Higgs Lagrangian of the Standard Model (SM), which is shown to be equivalent to the nonlinear sigma model based on [Formula: see text] with additional symmetry, the nonlinearly-realized scale symmetry. Then, the SM does have a dynamical gauge boson of the SU[Formula: see text] HLS, “SM [Formula: see text] meson”, in addition to the Higgs as a pseudo-dilaton as well as the NG bosons to be absorbed in to the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Based on the recent work done with Matsuzaki and Ohki, I discuss a novel possibility that the SM [Formula: see text] meson acquires kinetic term by the SM dynamics itself, which then stabilizes the skyrmion dormant in the SM as a viable candidate for the dark matter, what we call “dark SM skyrmion (DSMS)”.
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Pustelny, Szymon, Derek F. Jackson Kimball, Chris Pankow, Micah P. Ledbetter, Przemyslaw Wlodarczyk, Piotr Wcislo, Maxim Pospelov, et al. "The Global Network of Optical Magnetometers for Exotic physics (GNOME): A novel scheme to search for physics beyond the Standard Model." Annalen der Physik 525, no. 8-9 (August 19, 2013): 659–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.201300061.
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Bolton, Patrick D., Frank F. Deppisch, Kåre Fridell, Julia Harz, Chandan Hati, and Suchita Kulkarni. "Transition neutrino magnetic moments in CEvNS." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012218.
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Abstract Coherent Elastic Neutrino Nucleus Scattering (CEυNS) is a novel technique to look for new physics beyond the Standard Model. We study the prospects of probing a transition magnetic moment in CEvNS experiments. Showing the NUCLEUS experiment as an example, we demonstrate that properties of a potential sterile neutrino can be deduced.
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HEUSCH, CLEMENS A. "ELECTRON-ELECTRON SCATTERING AT TeV ENERGIES: AN INTEGRAL PART OF ANY LINEAR COLLIDER PROGRAM." International Journal of Modern Physics A 11, no. 09 (April 10, 1996): 1525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x96000705.
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We argue that at energies well beyond LEP II, no linear collider program makes sense unless it includes electron-electron scattering. Both their quantum numbers and the high degree of polarization achievable in both incoming beams set this initial state apart from the traditional annihilation channel; these features make experimentation at the edge of, and beyond, the Standard Model particularly promising, and complement the physics program of e+e− interactions in a unique and novel fashion.
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Deng, Wenjun, Emiri Mandeville, Yasukazu Terasaki, Wenlu Li, Julie Holder, Aaron TT Chuang, Mingming Ning, Ken Arai, Eng H. Lo, and Changhong Xing. "Transcriptomic characterization of microglia activation in a rat model of ischemic stroke." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 40, no. 1_suppl (June 17, 2020): S34—S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x20932870.
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Microglia are key regulators of inflammatory response after stroke and brain injury. To better understand activation of microglia as well as their phenotypic diversity after ischemic stroke, we profiled the transcriptome of microglia after 75 min transient focal cerebral ischemia in 3-month- and 12-month-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats. Microglia were isolated from the brains by FACS sorting on days 3 and 14 after cerebral ischemia. GeneChip Rat 1.0ST microarray was used to profile the whole transcriptome of sorted microglia. We identified an evolving and complex pattern of activation from 3 to 14 days after stroke onset. M2-like patterns were extensively and persistently upregulated over time. M1-like patterns were only mildly upregulated, mostly at day 14. Younger 3-month-old brains showed a larger microglial response in both pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways, compared to older 12-month-old brains. Importantly, our data revealed that after stroke, most microglia are activated towards a wide spectrum of novel polarization states beyond the standard M1/M2 dichotomy, especially in pathways related to TLR2 and dietary fatty acid signaling. Finally, classes of transcription factors that might potentially regulate microglial activation were identified. These findings should provide a comprehensive database for dissecting microglial mechanisms and pursuing neuroinflammation targets for acute ischemic stroke.
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Pinto, Fabrizio. "Efimov physics in curved spacetime: Field fluctuations and exotic matter." International Journal of Modern Physics D 27, no. 14 (October 2018): 1847001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271818470016.
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Several experimental detections have demonstrated the existence of Borromean states predicted by Vitaly Efimov within a nuclear physics context, that is, trimers bound despite the absence of bound states of any of the two-body subsystems. I show that novel Efimov Physics is expected in gravitationally polarizable nonbaryonic dark matter beyond the Standard Model with van der Waals-like forces driven by quantum gravitational fluctuations. I also discuss ground and space-based tests of spacetime curvature effects on weakly bound, highly diffuse quantum three-body systems with standard electrodynamical van der Waals forces. Finally, I consider exotic gravitational quantum matter from higher-order Brunnian structures and analogies with classical systems, already proven in three-stranded DNA, driven by the stochastic gravitational wave background.
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Papoulias, D. K., R. Sahu, T. S. Kosmas, V. K. B. Kota, and B. Nayak. "Novel Neutrino-Floor and Dark Matter Searches with Deformed Shell Model Calculations." Advances in High Energy Physics 2018 (August 26, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6031362.
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Event detection rates for WIMP-nucleus interactions are calculated for 71Ga, 73Ge, 75As, and 127I (direct dark matter detectors). The nuclear structure form factors, which are rather independent of the underlying beyond the Standard Model particle physics scenario assumed, are evaluated within the context of the deformed nuclear shell model (DSM) based on Hartree-Fock nuclear states. Along with the previously published DSM results for 73Ge, the neutrino-floor due to coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS), an important source of background to dark matter searches, is extensively calculated. The impact of new contributions to CEνNS due to neutrino magnetic moments and Z′ mediators at direct dark matter detection experiments is also examined and discussed. The results show that the neutrino-floor constitutes a crucial source of background events for multi-ton scale detectors with sub-keV capabilities.
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CLINE, DAVID B. "RARE FCNC-B DECAYS AT HADRON MACHINES." Modern Physics Letters A 08, no. 36 (November 30, 1993): 3397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732393003822.
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We review the current studies and future prospects for studies of Flavor Changing Neutral Current (FCNC) processes, emphasizing rare B decays. These experiments will be very sensitive to physics beyond the standard model. A key problem in these studies is the method to trigger the detector. We discuss a novel technique that uses an optical-Cherenkov light trigger to select events with significant impact parameters.
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Parida, M. K., and Rajesh Satpathy. "High Scale Type-II Seesaw, Dominant Double Beta Decay within Cosmological Bound and LFV Decays in SU(5)." Advances in High Energy Physics 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3572862.
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Very recently novel implementation of type-II seesaw mechanism for neutrino mass has been proposed in SU(5) grand unified theory with a number of desirable new physical phenomena beyond the standard model. Introducing heavy right-handed neutrinos and extra fermion singlets, in this work we show how the type-I seesaw cancellation mechanism works in this SU(5) framework. Besides predicting verifiable LFV decays, we further show that the model predicts dominant double beta decay with normal hierarchy or inverted hierarchy of active light neutrino masses in concordance with cosmological bound. In addition a novel right-handed neutrino mass generation mechanism, independent of type-II seesaw predicted mass hierarchy, is suggested in this work.
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Dekker, H. "Effective Dipole-Radiation-Field Theory: III. Three-Dimensional Oscillator." International Journal of Modern Physics B 12, no. 09 (April 10, 1998): 965–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979298000545.
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The novel analysis of the interaction between a harmonically bound, nonrelativistic "isotropic point" charge and the electromagnetic field as presented in paper I [Int. J. Mod. Phys.B8, 2307 (1994)] and II [Int. J. Mod. Phys.B10, 1211 (1996)], is finally extended to the case of a three-dimensional oscillator. The coupling between the electron and the field is treated through all orders beyond the standard dipole model. After a statistical linearization of the highly nonlinear dynamics, the problem is solved exactly in terms of the system's normal modes. The procedure intrinsically involves a generalized mass renormalization. The solution is free of runaway modes. The quantum mechanical ultraviolet divergence known from the standard dipole model is shown to be suppressed by the generalized coupling. Inter alia an effective equation of motion for the charge is derived. It is also shown that the zero-coupling and the infinite-system limits do not commute.
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Sakellariadou, Mairi. "Gravitational Waves: The Theorist’s Swiss Knife." Universe 8, no. 2 (February 19, 2022): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8020132.
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Gravitational waves provide a novel and powerful way to test astrophysical models of compact objects, early universe processes, beyond the Standard Model particle physics, dark matter candidates, Einstein’s theory of General Relativity and extended gravity models, and even quantum gravity candidate theories. A short introduction to the gravitational-wave background and the method we are using to detect it will be presented. Constraints on various astrophysical/cosmological models from the non-detectability of the gravitational-wave background will be discussed. Gravitational waves from transients will be highlighted and their physical implications will be summarised.
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Markoulakis, Emmanouil, and Emmanuel Antonidakis. "A ½ spin fiber model for the electron." International Journal of Physical Research 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijpr.v10i1.31874.
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The Standard Model and Quantum Mechanics studies the quantum world as a collection of probabilistically interacting particles and does not tell us what a single isolated particle like the electron is, thus its intrinsic detailed field mechanics and how these are generating its intrinsic property values like charge, spin, magnetic moment and handedness. We herein are translating these intrinsic physical properties of the electron to a novel 4-dimensional (i.e. three spatial plus one temporal) fiber spinor and showing their possible deeper correlation and interconnection combined under a single energy manifold. From physical quantum emulation observations, mathematical analysis and Wolfram Alpha parametric polar simulations and mathematical 4D animations we calculated a fiber model for the dressed bare mass electromagnetic field of the electron that results to all of its known measured intrinsic properties. Therefore our model is an intrinsic mechanics model for the electron at rest and shows the possibility that the elementary electron although it has no inner sub-particles, it can posses a specific energy flux manifold. Why an electron is actually a ½ spin geometry, twisted photon. The fine structure constant is explained as a topological feature, proportionality constant, embedded inside our proposed fiber model for the electron. Our novel fiber model opens up a new door on theoretical intrinsic mechanics physics of elementary particles beyond the Standard Model.
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Yang, Yueling, Mingfei Duan, Junliang Lu, Jinshu Huang, and Junfeng Sun. "Study of the Υ(1S) → DP decays." International Journal of Modern Physics A 36, no. 05 (February 20, 2021): 2150061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x21500615.
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Inspired by the potential prospects of high-luminosity dedicated colliders and the high enthusiasms in searching for new physics in the flavor sector at the intensity frontier, the [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] weak decays are studied with the perturbative QCD approach. It is found within the standard model that the branching ratios for the concerned processes are tiny, about [Formula: see text], and far beyond the detective ability of current experiments unless there exists some significant enhancements from a novel interaction.
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Anto-Sztrikacs, Nicholas, Felix Ivander, and Dvira Segal. "Quantum thermal transport beyond second order with the reaction coordinate mapping." Journal of Chemical Physics 156, no. 21 (June 7, 2022): 214107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0091133.
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Standard quantum master equation techniques, such as the Redfield or Lindblad equations, are perturbative to second order in the microscopic system–reservoir coupling parameter λ. As a result, the characteristics of dissipative systems, which are beyond second order in λ, are not captured by such tools. Moreover, if the leading order in the studied effect is higher-than-quadratic in λ, a second-order description fundamentally fails even at weak coupling. Here, using the reaction coordinate (RC) quantum master equation framework, we are able to investigate and classify higher-than-second-order transport mechanisms. This technique, which relies on the redefinition of the system–environment boundary, allows for the effects of system–bath coupling to be included to high orders. We study steady-state heat current beyond second-order in two models: The generalized spin-boson model with non-commuting system–bath operators and a three-level ladder system. In the latter model, heat enters in one transition and is extracted from a different one. Crucially, we identify two transport pathways: (i) System’s current, where heat conduction is mediated by transitions in the system, with the heat current scaling as j q ∝ λ2 to the lowest order in λ. (ii) Inter-bath current, with the thermal baths directly exchanging energy between them, facilitated by the bridging quantum system. To the lowest order in λ, this current scales as j q ∝ λ4. These mechanisms are uncovered and examined using numerical and analytical tools. We contend that the RC mapping brings, already at the level of the mapped Hamiltonian, much insight into transport characteristics.
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Greco, F., and I. V. Krasnyy. "The novel pushing gravity model and volcanic activity. Is alignment of planets with compact stars a possible cause of natural phenomena?" Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2081, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2081/1/012019.
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Abstract We developed the model, and carried out its discussion at the PIRT-2021 conference, within the framework of the research topic “External Forcing on Volcanoes and Volcanic Processes: Observations, Analysis and Implications” announced by the journal “Frontiers in Earth Science” in October 2020. Besides other, external processes considered in this Research Topic included astronomical. In this study, in the category “Hypothesis and Theory”, we investigate how changes in the position of large bodies of the Solar system can cause natural phenomena, associated with the movement of free masses, such as volcanism, earthquakes and landslides in the lithosphere, as well as various catastrophic events in the atmosphere and hydrosphere. The analysis has shown that the discovered phenomena of celestial bodies’ alignments accompanying manifestations of natural phenomena require going beyond the standard cosmological model and clarify the fundamental mechanism of gravity. We propose the novel Bidirectional Pushing Gravitation model (BPG), which, in addition to application in Earth Sciences, may occur useful in Astrophysics, Cosmology and Gravitation research.
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FRAMPTON, P. H. "DARK MATTER CANDIDATE FROM CONFORMALITY." Modern Physics Letters A 22, no. 13 (April 30, 2007): 931–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732307022918.
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Abelian quiver gauge theories provide candidates for the conformality approach to physics beyond the standard model which possess novel cancellation mechanisms for quadratic divergences. A Z2 symmetry ( R parity) can be imposed and leads naturally to a dark matter candidate which is the Lightest Conformality Particle (LCP), a neutral spin-1 / 2 state with weak interaction annihilation cross-section, mass in the 100 GeV region and relic density of non-baryonic dark matter Ωdm which can be consistent with the observed value Ωdm≃0.24.
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Yoon, Boram, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, and Rajan Gupta. "Neutron Electric Dipole Moment on the Lattice." EPJ Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817501014.
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For the neutron to have an electric dipole moment (EDM), the theory of nature must have T, or equivalently CP, violation. Neutron EDM is a very good probe of novel CP violation in beyond the standard model physics. To leverage the connection between measured neutron EDM and novel mechanism of CP violation, one requires the calculation of matrix elements for CP violating operators, for which lattice QCD provides a first principle method. In this paper, we review the status of recent lattice QCD calculations of the contributions of the QCD Θ-term, the quark EDM term, and the quark chromo-EDM term to the neutron EDM.
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Tierno, Davide, Victor Vega-Gonzalez, Simone Esposto, and Ivan Ciofi. "Resistance modeling of short-range connections: impact of current spreading." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 62, SC (January 24, 2023): SC1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/acad0b.
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Abstract We investigated the impact of current spreading on the resistance of short-range connections by performing simulations in Synopsys Sentaurus, based on a calibrated resistivity model. As a main case study, we considered vertical-horizontal-vertical (VHV) connections, a novel cell-routing architecture based on a two-level middle-of-line scheme, that has been proposed to boost the routing of four-track standard cells beyond the 2 nm technology node. We analyzed the impact of vias and line geometry on VHV link resistance and we found that low aspect ratio (AR) lines are needed to minimize the average cell resistance. We performed extensive resistance simulations of various short-range connection schemes beyond VHV links. We concluded that large AR lines are detrimental in all cases in which the link resistance is dominated by the vias. Finally, we show that ignoring current spreading can lead to a significant miscalculation of the link resistance in such scenarios.
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Moser, Daniel, Hartmut Abele, Joachim Bosina, Harald Fillunger, Torsten Soldner, Xiangzun Wang, Johann Zmeskal, and Gertrud Konrad. "NoMoS: An R × B drift momentum spectrometer for beta decay studies." EPJ Web of Conferences 219 (2019): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921904003.
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The beta decay of the free neutron provides several probes to test the Standard Model of particle physics as well as to search for extensions thereof. Hence, multiple experiments investigating the decay have already been performed, are under way or are being prepared. These measure the mean lifetime, angular correlation coefficients or various spectra of the charged decay products (proton and electron). NoMoS, the neutron decay products mo___mentum spectrometer, presents a novel method of momentum spectroscopy: it utilizes the R ×B drift effect to disperse charged particles dependent on their momentum in an uniformly curved magnetic field. This spectrometer is designed to precisely measure momentum spectra and angular correlation coefficients in free neutron beta decay to test the Standard Model and to search for new physics beyond. With NoMoS, we aim to measure inter alia the electron-antineutrino correlation coefficient a and the Fierz interference term b with an ultimate precision of Δa/a < 0.3% and Δb < 10−3 respectively. In this paper, we present the measurement principles, discuss measurement uncertainties and systematics, and give a status update.
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Crespo-Anadón, J. I. "Status of the Short-Baseline Near Detector at Fermilab." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012148.
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Abstract The Short-Baseline Near Detector (SBND) will be one of three liquid argon time projection chamber neutrino detectors positioned along the axis of the Booster Neutrino Beam at Fermilab, as part of the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) Program. The detector is currently in the construction phase and is anticipated to begin operation in the second half of 2022. SBND is characterized by superb imaging capabilities and will record over a million neutrino interactions per year. Thanks to its unique combination of measurement resolution and statistics, SBND will carry out a rich program of neutrino interaction measurements and novel searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. It will enable the potential of the overall SBN sterile neutrino program by performing a precise characterization of the unoscillated event rate, and by constraining BNB flux and neutrino-argon cross-section systematic uncertainties.
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Acharya, B., J. Alexandre, J. Bernabéu, M. Campbell, S. Cecchini, J. Chwastowski, M. De Montigny, et al. "The physics programme of the MoEDAL experiment at the LHC." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 23 (September 15, 2014): 1430050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14300506.
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The MoEDAL experiment at Point 8 of the LHC ring is the seventh and newest LHC experiment. It is dedicated to the search for highly-ionizing particle avatars of physics beyond the Standard Model, extending significantly the discovery horizon of the LHC. A MoEDAL discovery would have revolutionary implications for our fundamental understanding of the Microcosm. MoEDAL is an unconventional and largely passive LHC detector comprised of the largest array of Nuclear Track Detector stacks ever deployed at an accelerator, surrounding the intersection region at Point 8 on the LHC ring. Another novel feature is the use of paramagnetic trapping volumes to capture both electrically and magnetically charged highly-ionizing particles predicted in new physics scenarios. It includes an array of TimePix pixel devices for monitoring highly-ionizing particle backgrounds. The main passive elements of the MoEDAL detector do not require a trigger system, electronic readout, or online computerized data acquisition. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the MoEDAL physics reach, which is largely complementary to the programs of the large multipurpose LHC detectors ATLAS and CMS.
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Bernabeu, Jose. "Symmetries and Their Breaking in the Fundamental Laws of Physics." Symmetry 12, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12081316.
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Symmetries in the Physical Laws of Nature lead to observable effects. Beyond the regularities and conserved magnitudes, the last few decades in particle physics have seen the identification of symmetries, and their well-defined breaking, as the guiding principle for the elementary constituents of matter and their interactions. Flavour SU(3) symmetry of hadrons led to the Quark Model and the antisymmetric requirement under exchange of identical fermions led to the colour degree of freedom. Colour became the generating charge for flavour-independent strong interactions of quarks and gluons in the exact colour SU(3) local gauge symmetry. Parity Violation in weak interactions led us to consider the chiral fields of fermions as the objects with definite transformation properties under the weak isospin SU(2) gauge group of the Unifying Electro-Weak SU(2) × U(1) symmetry, which predicted novel weak neutral current interactions. CP-Violation led to three families of quarks opening the field of Flavour Physics. Time-reversal violation has recently been observed with entangled neutral mesons, compatible with CPT-invariance. The cancellation of gauge anomalies, which would invalidate the gauge symmetry of the quantum field theory, led to Quark–Lepton Symmetry. Neutrinos were postulated in order to save the conservation laws of energy and angular momentum in nuclear beta decay. After the ups and downs of their mass, neutrino oscillations were discovered in 1998, opening a new era about their origin of mass, mixing, discrete symmetries and the possibility of global lepton-number violation through Majorana mass terms and Leptogenesis as the source of the matter–antimatter asymmetry in the universe. The experimental discovery of quarks and leptons and the mediators of their interactions, with physical observables in spectacular agreement with this Standard Theory, is the triumph of Symmetries. The gauge symmetry is exact only when the particles are massless. One needs a subtle breaking of the symmetry, providing the origin of mass without affecting the excellent description of the interactions. This is the Brout–Englert–Higgs Mechanism, which produces the Higgs Boson as a remnant, discovered at CERN in 2012. Open present problems are addressed with by searching the New Physics Beyond-the-Standard-Model.
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Powers, Joseph M. "On the Necessity of Positive Semi-Definite Conductivity and Onsager Reciprocity in Modeling Heat Conduction in Anisotropic Media." Journal of Heat Transfer 126, no. 5 (October 1, 2004): 670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1798913.
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It is demonstrated by a concise standard derivation, motivated by principles of rational continuum mechanics and irreversible thermodynamics augmented by novel detailed examples, that for heat conduction in linearly anisotropic solids: (1) common restrictions placed on the form of the thermal conductivity tensor are insufficient to guarantee satisfaction of the second law of thermodynamics, and (2) satisfaction of the first and second laws of thermodynamics alone is still insufficient to insure agreement between heat flow predictions and observation. An additional constraint beyond that given in many standard studies, namely that all three principal invariants of the conductivity tensor be positive semi-definite, is imposed in order to guarantee satisfaction of the entropy inequality. Thus constrained, such a theory remains under-restricted and can admit purely cyclic heat fluxes, which are not observed in nature. Imposition of the conjectures of Duhamel and Stokes, which are in fact earlier specific incarnations of Onsager’s reciprocity theory, on the constitutive model relating heat flux to temperature gradient is a sufficient remedy.
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Wagner, V., G. Angloher, A. Bento, L. Canonica, F. Cappella, L. Cardani, N. Casali, et al. "Exploring CEνNS of reactor neutrinos with the NUCLEUS experiment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012118.
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Abstract Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS) offers a unique way to study neutrino properties and to search for new physics beyond the Standard Model. The NUCLEUS experiment aims to measure CEνNS of reactor anti-neutrinos down to unprecedented low nuclear recoil energies. The novel gram-scale cryogenic detectors feature an ultra-low energy threshold of ≤20eVnr and a rise time of a few 100 μs which allows the operation above ground. The fiducialization of the detectors provides an effective discrimination of ambient γ- and surface backgrounds. Furthermore, the use of multiple targets promises a high physics potential. The NUCLEUS experiment will be located at a new experimental site at the Chooz nuclear power plant in France, providing a high anti-neutrino flux of 1.7 ⋅ 10 12 ν ¯ e / ( s ⋅ cm 2 ) . The commissioning of the experimental setup with a comprehensive background measurement is planned for 2022.
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CAMPBELL, B. A., J. ELLIS, K. ENQVIST, M. K. GAILLARD, and D. V. NANOPOULOS. "SUPERSTRING MODELS CHALLENGED BY RARE PROCESSES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 02, no. 03 (June 1987): 831–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x87000326.
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Superstring models compactified on Calabi–Yau manifolds contain additional matter fields and gauge bosons beyond those in the Standard Model. The new matter and gauge couplings would make additional contributions to conventional electroweak processes, generate extra flavor-changing neutral interactions, and mediate new interactions leading to proton decay and neutrino masses. We use the phenomenological constraints on such effects to derive upper bounds on Yukawa couplings in low-energy dynamical models inspired by the superstring. We draw attention to the processes which give the best bounds on new Yukawa couplings, and which are those where novel superstring effects might first appear as experimental sensitivity is improved. Our bounds are not sufficient to exclude most superstring models with additional light particles, but do suggest that some couplings are too small to realize certain scenarios for symmetry breaking by radiative corrections.
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Jegerlehner, Fred. "The role of mesons in muon g − 2." EPJ Web of Conferences 199 (2019): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201919901010.
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The muon anomaly aμ=(gμ-2)/2 showing a persisting 3 to 4 σ deviation between the SM prediction and the experiment is one of the most promising signals for physics beyond the SM. As is well known, the hadronic uncertainties are limiting the accuracy of the Standard Model prediction. Therefore a big effort is going on to improve the evaluations of hadronic effects in order to keep up with the 4-fold improved precision expected from the new Fermilab measurement in the near future. A novel complementary type experiment planned at J-PARC in Japan, operating with ultra cold muons, is expected to be able to achieve the same accuracy but with completely different systematics. So exciting times in searching for New Physics are under way. I discuss the role of meson physics in calculations of the hadronic part of the muon g-2. The improvement is expected to substantiate the present deviation $\Delta a_\mu ^{{\rm{New}}\,{\rm{physics}}} = \Delta a_\mu ^{{\rm{Experiment}}} - \Delta a_\mu ^{{\rm{Standard Model}}}$ to a 6 to 10 standard deviation effect, provided hadronic uncertainties can be reduce by a factor two. This concerns the hadronic vacuum polarization as well as the hadronic light-by-light scattering contributions, both to a large extent determined by the low lying meson spectrum. Better meson production data and progress in modeling meson form factors could greatly help to improve the precision and reliability of the SM prediction of aμ and thereby provide more information on what is missing in the SM.
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Kurup, A. "Muon to electron conversion: how to find an electron in a muon haystack." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, no. 1924 (August 13, 2010): 3645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0058.
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The standard model (SM) of particle physics describes how the Universe works at a fundamental level. Even though this theory has proven to be very successful over the past 50 years, we know it is incomplete. Many theories that go beyond the SM predict the occurrence of certain processes that are forbidden by the SM, such as muon to electron conversion. This paper will briefly review the history of muon to electron conversion and focus on the high-precision experiments currently being proposed, COMET (Coherent Muon to Electron Transition) and Mu2e, and a next-generation experiment, PRISM. The PRISM experiment intends to use a novel type of accelerator called a fixed-field alternating-gradient (FFAG) accelerator. There has recently been renewed interest in FFAGs for the Neutrino Factory and the Muon Collider, and because they have applications in many areas outside of particle physics, such as energy production and cancer therapy. The synergies between these particle physics experiments and other applications will also be discussed.
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Gutsche, Thomas, Mikhail Ivanov, Jürgen Körner, and Valery Lyubovitskij. "Novel Ideas in Nonleptonic Decays of Double Heavy Baryons." Particles 2, no. 2 (June 13, 2019): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/particles2020021.
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The recent discovery of double charm baryon states by the LHCb Collaborarion and their high precision mass determination calls for a comprehensive analysis of the nonleptonic decays of double and single heavy baryons. Nonleptonic baryon decays play an important role in particle phenomenology since they allow for studying the interplay of long and short distance dynamics of the Standard Model (SM). Furthermore, they allow one to search for New Physics effects beyond the SM. We review recent progress in experimental and theoretical studies of the nonleptonic decays of heavy baryons with a focus on double charm baryon states and their decays. In particular, we discuss new ideas proposed by the present authors to calculate the W-exchange matrix elements of the nonleptonic decays of double heavy baryons. An important ingredient in our approach is the compositeness condition of Salam and Weinberg, and an effective implementation of infrared confinement both of which allow one to describe the nonperturbative structure of baryons composed of light and heavy quarks. Furthermore, we discuss an ab initio calculational method for the treatment of the so-called W-exchange diagrams generated by W ± boson exchange between quarks. We found that the W ± -exchange contributions are not suppressed in comparison with the tree-level (factorizing) diagrams and must be taken into account in the evaluation of matrix elements. Moreover, there are decay processes such as the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed decay Ξ c + → p ϕ recently observed by the LHCb Collaboration, which is contributed to only by one single W-exchange diagram.
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Rakib, A. K. M., Rummanur Rahad, Md Omar Faruque, and Rakibul Hasan Sagor. "ZrN-based plasmonic sensor: a promising alternative to traditional noble metal-based sensors for CMOS-compatible and tunable optical properties." Optics Express 31, no. 15 (July 14, 2023): 25280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.494550.
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In this article, we introduce a novel comb shaped plasmonic refractive index sensor that employs a ZrN-Insulator-ZrN configuration. The sensor is constructed using Zirconium Nitride (ZrN), an alternative refractory material that offers advantages over traditional metals such as silver and gold, as ZrN is standard Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible and has tunable optical properties. The sensor has recorded a maximum sensitivity, figure of merit (FOM), and sensing resolution of 1445.46 nm/RIU, 140.96, and 6.91 × 10−7 RIU−1, respectively. Beyond that, the integration of ZrN offers the sensor with various advantages, including higher hardness, thermal stability at high temperatures, better corrosion and abrasion resistance, and lower electrical resistivity, whereas traditional plasmonic metals lack these properties, curtailing the real-world use of plasmonic devices. As a result, our suggested model surpasses the typical noble material based Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) arrangement and offers potential for the development of highly efficient, robust, and durable nanometric sensing devices which will create a bridge between nanoelectronics and plasmonics.
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Llinares, Claudio. "Simulation techniques for modified gravity." International Journal of Modern Physics D 27, no. 15 (November 2018): 1848003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271818480036.
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The standard paradigm of cosmology assumes General Relativity (GR) is a valid theory for gravity at scales in which it has not been properly tested. Developing novel tests of GR and its alternatives is crucial if we want to give strength to the model or find departures from GR in the data. Since alternatives to GR are usually defined through nonlinear equations, designing new tests for these theories implies a jump in complexity and thus, a need for refining the simulation techniques. We summarize existing techniques for dealing with modified gravity (MG) in the context of cosmological simulations. [Formula: see text]-body codes for MG are usually based on standard gravity codes. We describe the required extensions, classifying the models not according to their original motivation, but by the numerical challenges that must be faced by numericists. MG models usually give rise to elliptic equations, for which multigrid techniques are well suited. Thus, we devote a large fraction of this review to describing this particular technique. Contrary to other reviews on multigrid methods, we focus on the specific techniques that are required to solve MG equations and describe useful tricks. Finally, we describe extensions for going beyond the static approximation and dealing with baryons.
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Bernabéu, José. "Discrete symmetries with neutral mesons." EPJ Web of Conferences 166 (2018): 00004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201816600004.
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Symmetries, and Symmetry Breakings, in the Laws of Physics play a crucial role in Fundamental Science. Parity and Charge Conjugation Violations prompted the consideration of Chiral Fields in the construction of the Standard Model, whereas CP-Violation needed at least three families of Quarks leading to Flavour Physics. In this Lecture I discuss the Conceptual Basis and the present experimental results for a Direct Evidence of Separate Reversal-in-Time T, CP and CPT Genuine Asymmetries in Decaying Particles like Neutral Meson Transitions, using Quantum Entanglement and the Decay as a Filtering Measurement. The eight transitions associated to the Flavour-CP eigenstate decay products of entangled neutral mesons have demonstrated with impressive significance a separate evidence of TRV and CPV in Bd-physics, whereas a CPTV asymmetry shows a 2σ effect interpreted as an upper limit. Novel CPTV observables are discussed for K physics at KLOE-2, including the difference between the semileptonic asymmetries from KL and KS, the ratios of double decay rate Intensities to Flavour-CP eigenstate decay products and the ω-effect. Their observation would lead to a change of paradigm beyond Quantum Field Theory, however there is nothing in Quantum Mechanics forbidding CPTV.
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Yao, Qiong, Xiang Xu, and Wensheng Li. "A Sparsified Densely Connected Network with Separable Convolution for Finger-Vein Recognition." Symmetry 14, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): 2686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14122686.
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At present, ResNet and DenseNet have achieved significant performance gains in the field of finger-vein biometric recognition, which is partially attributed to the dominant design of cross-layer skip connection. In this manner, features from multiple layers can be effectively aggregated to provide sufficient discriminant representation. Nevertheless, an over-dense connection pattern may induce channel expansion of feature maps and excessive memory consumption. To address these issues, we proposed a low memory overhead and fairly lightweight network architecture for finger-vein recognition. The core components of the proposed network are a sequence of sparsified densely connected blocks with symmetric structure. In each block, a novel connection cropping strategy is adopted to balance the channel ratio of input/output feature maps. Beyond this, to facilitate smaller model volume and faster convergence, we substitute the standard convolutional kernels with separable convolutional kernels and introduce a robust loss metric that is defined on the geodesic distance of angular space. Our proposed sparsified densely connected network with separable convolution (hereinafter dubbed ‘SC-SDCN’) has been tested on two benchmark finger-vein datasets, including the Multimedia Lab of Chonbuk National University (MMCBNU)and Finger Vein of Universiti Sains Malaysia (FV-USM), and the advantages of our SC-SDCN can be evident from the experimental results. Specifically, an equal error rate (EER) of 0.01% and an accuracy of 99.98% are obtained on the MMCBNU dataset, and an EER of 0.45% and an accuracy of 99.74% are obtained on the FV-USM dataset.
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Doudican, Nicole A., Shireen Vali, Shweta Kapoor, Anay Talawdekar, Zeba Sultana, Aftab Alam, Taher Abbasi, and Amitabha Mazumder. "Predictive Simulation Based Design and Validation Of Repurposed Novel Therapeutics With Multi-Target Mechanisms For Multiple Myeloma." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 3859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.3859.3859.
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Abstract Introduction Development of resistance to single agent therapy is a significant clinical obstacle in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). Genetic mutations and the bone marrow micro-environment are major determinants of MM resistance mechanisms. Given the complexity of MM, the need for combinatorial therapeutic regimens targeting multiple biological mechanisms of action is pressing. Repurposing has the advantage of using drugs with known clinical history. Methodology We used a predictive simulation-based approach that models MM disease physiology in plasma cells by integrating and aggregating signaling and metabolic networks across all disease phenotypes. We tested the efficacy of over 50 repurposed molecularly targeted agents both individually and in combination across simulation avatars of the MM cell lines OPM2 and U266. OPM2 harbors mutations in KRAS, CDKN2A/2C, PTEN, RASSF1A and P53, whereas U266’s mutational components include BRAF, CDKN2A, P53, P73, RASSF1A and RB1. These cell lines were used as models because they possess mutations in genes classically known to be involved in myeloma. The predicted activity of novel combinations of existing drug agents was validated in vitro using standard molecular assays. MTT and flow cytometry were used to assess cellular proliferation. Western blotting was used to monitor the combinatorial effects on apoptotic and cellular signaling pathways. Synergy was analyzed using isobologram plots and the Bliss independence model. Results Through simulation modeling, we identified two novel therapeutic regimens for MM using repurposed drugs: (1) AT101 (Bcl2 antagonist) and tesaglitazar (PPAR α/γ agonist) and (2) Ursolic acid (UA, inhibitor of NFκβ) and SP600125 (pan-JNK inhibitor). Simulation predictions showed that combining the IC30 concentrations with respect to viability of AT101 and tesaglitazar reduced proliferation by 40% and viability by 50%. Similarly simulation predictions showed that the combination of the IC30 concentrations of UA and SP600125 reduced proliferation by 50% and viability by 40%. Corroborating our predictive simulation assays, 10 µM tesaglitazar and 2 µM AT101 caused minimal growth inhibition as single agents in OPM2 and U266 MM cell lines. Growth inhibition in these cell lines is synergistically enhanced when the drugs are used in combination, reducing cellular viability by 88% and 77% in OPM2 and U266 cells, respectively. Similarly, proliferation was reduced by 34% with 7.5 μM UA and 25% with 10 μM SP600125 in OPM2 cells. When used in combination, cellular proliferation was synergistically reduced by 64%. In addition, isobologram analysis predicted synergy of lowered doses of the drugs in combination. Both combinations synergistically inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis as evidenced by an increase in the percentage sub-G1 phase cells and cleavage of caspase 3 and poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). Conclusions These results highlight and validate the use of our predictive simulation approach to design therapeutic regimens with novel biological mechanisms using drugs with known chemistries. This allows for design of personalized treatments for patients using their tumor genomic signature beyond the “one-gene, one-drug” paradigm. The reuse of existing drugs with clinical data facilitates a rapid translational path into clinic and avoids the uncertainties associated with new chemistry. The corroboration of these results with patient derived cell lines will be pursued and discussed. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Jiang, Shenglong, Hongzhi Qi, Jie Zhang, Shufeng Zhang, Rui Xu, Yuan Liu, Lin Meng, and Dong Ming. "A Pilot Study on Falling-Risk Detection Method Based on Postural Perturbation Evoked Potential Features." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 16, 2019): 5554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245554.
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In the human-robot hybrid system, due to the error recognition of the pattern recognition system, the robot may perform erroneous motor execution, which may lead to falling-risk. While, the human can clearly detect the existence of errors, which is manifested in the central nervous activity characteristics. To date, the majority of studies on falling-risk detection have focused primarily on computer vision and physical signals. There are no reports of falling-risk detection methods based on neural activity. In this study, we propose a novel method to monitor multi erroneous motion events using electroencephalogram (EEG) features. There were 15 subjects who participated in this study, who kept standing with an upper limb supported posture and received an unpredictable postural perturbation. EEG signal analysis revealed a high negative peak with a maximum averaged amplitude of −14.75 ± 5.99 μV, occurring at 62 ms after postural perturbation. The xDAWN algorithm was used to reduce the high-dimension of EEG signal features. And, Bayesian linear discriminant analysis (BLDA) was used to train a classifier. The detection rate of the falling-risk onset is 98.67%. And the detection latency is 334ms, when we set detection rate beyond 90% as the standard of dangerous event onset. Further analysis showed that the falling-risk detection method based on postural perturbation evoked potential features has a good generalization ability. The model based on typical event data achieved 94.2% detection rate for unlearned atypical perturbation events. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using neural response to detect dangerous fall events.
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Ahluwalia, Manmeet Singh, Drew Watson, Shweta Kapoor, Rajan Parashar, Kunal Ghosh Ghosh Roy, Aftab Alam, Swaminathan Rajagopalan, et al. "Superior therapy response predictions for patients with low-grade glioma (LGG) using Cellworks Singula: MyCare-009-04." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): 2569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.2569.
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2569 Background: Despite using cytogenetic and molecular-risk stratification and precision medicine, the current overall outcome of LGG patients remains relatively poor. Therapy selection is often based on information considering only a single aberration and ignoring other patient-specific omics data which could potentially enable more effective treatments. The Cellworks Singula report predicts response for physician prescribed therapies (PPT) using the novel Cellworks Omics Biology Model (CBM) to simulate downstream molecular effects of cell signaling, drugs, and radiation on patient-specific in silico diseased cells. We test the hypothesis that Singula is a superior predictor of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) compared to PPT. Methods: Singula’s ability to predict response was evaluated in an independent, randomly selected, retrospective cohort of 137 LGG patients aged 14 to 73 years treated with PPT. Patient omics data was available from TCGA. Singula uses PubMed to generate protein interaction network activated and inactivated disease pathways. We simulated the PPT for each patient and calculated the quantitative drug effect on a composite LGG disease inhibition score based on specific phenotypes while blinded to clinical response. Univariate and multivariate proportional hazards (PH) regression analyses were performed to determine if Singula provides predictive information for PFS and OS, respectively, above and beyond age and PPT. Results: In univariate analyses, Singula was a significant predictor of both PFS (HR = 3.587, p < 0.0001) and OS (HR = 3.044, p = 0.0007). In multivariate PH regression analyses, Singula (HR = 3.707, p < 0.0001) remained an independent predictor of PFS after adjustment for PPT (p = 0.3821) and patient age (p = 0.0020). Singula (HR = 2.970, p = 0.0013) was also a significant independent predictor of OS after adjustment for PPT (p = 0.0540) and patient age (p < 0.0001). Results indicate that Singula is a superior predictor of both PFS and OS compared to PPT. Singula provided alternative standard of care therapy selections for all 34 disease progressors. Conclusions: Singula is a superior predictor of PFS and OS in LGG patients compared to PPT. Singula can correctly identify non-responders to PPT and provide alternative therapy selections.
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Bhupal Dev, P. S., Jean-François Fortin, Steven P. Harris, Kuver Sinha, and Yongchao Zhang. "Light scalars in neutron star mergers." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2022, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): 006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/01/006.
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Abstract Due to their unique set of multimessenger signals, neutron star mergers have emerged as a novel environment for studies of new physics beyond the Standard Model (SM). As a case study, we consider the simplest extension of the SM scalar sector involving a light CP-even scalar singlet S mixing with the SM Higgs boson. These S particles can be produced abundantly in neutron star mergers via the nucleon bremsstrahlung process. We show that the S particles may either be trapped in or stream freely out of the merger remnant, depending on the S mass, its mixing with the SM Higgs boson, and the temperature and baryon density in the merger. In the free-streaming region, the scalar S will provide an extra channel to cool down the merger remnant, with cooling timescales as small as 𝒪(ms). On the other hand, in the trapped region, the Bose gas of S particles could contribute a larger thermal conductivity than the trapped neutrinos in some parts of the parameter space, thus leading to faster thermal equilibration than expected. Therefore, future observations of the early postmerger phase of a neutron star merger could effectively probe a unique range of the S parameter space, largely complementary to the existing and future laboratory and supernova limits. In view of these results, we hope the merger simulation community will be motivated to implement the effects of light CP-even scalars into their simulations in both the free-streaming and trapped regimes.
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Shaughnessy, John D., Pingping Qu, Ricky Edmondson, Damir Herman, Yiming Zhou, Erming Tian, Frits van Rhee, et al. "Changes in the Expression of Proteasome Genes in Tumor Cells Following Short-Term Proteasome Inhibitor Therapy Predicts Survival in Multiple Myeloma Treated with Bortezomib-Containing Multi-Agent Chemotherapy." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.733.733.
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Abstract Introduction: The mechanism of action and resistance to chemotherapy is poorly understood and measures of efficacy typically rely on clinical outcome data. Recent advances suggest that prospective gene expression profiling (GEP) can be used to more accurately define not only short-term but lasting treatment benefits. We recently reported that baseline tumor cell gene signatures, encompassing 70 and as few as 17 genes, can discriminate risk groups of myeloma patients both in the untreated and previously treated settings. However, a subset of predicted low-risk cases followed an aggressive clinical course accompanied by a shift from 70-gene-defined low-to high-risk over time, either reflecting clonal evolution or outgrowth of aggressive clones present, but undetectable, at diagnosis. Accurately identifying this patient population is a first step in preempting such transformation. We hypothesized that changes in gene expression patterns of tumor cells following a short term in-vivo challenge with a single agent chemotherapeutic might expose these latently aggressive cells. Unlike in-vitro testing, clinical drug administration also allows for assessing tumor cell perturbation in the context of host interactions. Building on recent observations that clinical outcome in myeloma patients could be correlated with 48hr GEP changes induced in vivo following single agent administration of thalidomide, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone, we now examined whether such short-term tumor-cell GEP and proteomic alterations could fine-tune clinical outcome prediction beyond the well established 70-gene-based baseline prediction model. Methods: Affymetrix U133Plus2.0 microarray analysis and mass spectrometry were performed on CD138-enriched tumor cells prior to and 48hr following a single test-dose application of bortezomib at 1.0mg/m2 in 142 newly diagnosed patients with MM. A total of 1051 genes (P < .005) were differentially expressed at 48 hours. Both change in expression, adjusting for baseline expression, and post-drug expression levels of each gene were examined for correlations with event-free survival in a Cox proportional hazards model. Post-drug expression was chosen and 113 genes were retained (p <= .05). The difference of the mean log2 expression of genes with hazard ratios (HR) of < 1.0 (favorable) and genes with HR >=1 (unfavorable) was used to create a score which, in the context of running log rank statistics, was used to classify patients into high- and low-risk groups. The independent prognostic power of the score for event-free and overall survival was investigated, together with baseline prognostic variables, by multivariate analysis. This method was tested in a 10-fold cross-validation procedure using the same data set. The model is currently being validated in an independent set of 100 cases and results will be reported. Results: Changes in the expression of proteasome genes, and their related proteins, predominated a list of 113 outcome-related genes. A high-risk score, associated with upregulation of proteasome genes, seen in 24% of cases, was associated with median survival of less than 24 months, dramatically contrasting with a 3-year survival estimate of greater than 80% in the 76% in whom proteasome genes were not activated (p<0.0001). The cross-validated post-bortezomib score was an independent predictor of outcome in multivariate analysis of standard and genetic variables, including the well established and validated baseline 70-gene risk score. Importantly, 12% of patients in the 70-gene model-defined low-risk category were upgraded to high-risk by the 113-gene post-bortezomib model, with poor outcomes resembling those in the 70-gene-defined high-risk baseline model. Moreover, the 113-gene post-bortezomib score alone accounted for an unprecedented 57% of outcome variability by R2 statistics, with hazard ratio values of 5.45 for overall and 7.84 for event-free survival. Conclusions: The rapid activation of proteasome genes and their corresponding proteins in MM cells within 48hr of a single bortezomib test-dose exposure as an indicator of poor clinical outcome suggests a novel and perhaps central mechanism of resistance to this new class of cancer therapeutics and perhaps standard genotoxic agents, which were part of the overall treatment. We are now testing the hypothesis whether the high-risk associated with the post-bortezomib proteasome activation can be overcome by higher doses of bortezomib or the addition of agents targeting other critical pathways.
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Muzquiz, M. Ivette, Landan Mintch, M. Ryne Horn, Awadh Alhawwash, Rizwan Bashirullah, Michael Carr, John H. Schild, and Ken Yoshida. "A Reversible Low Frequency Alternating Current Nerve Conduction Block Applied to Mammalian Autonomic Nerves." Sensors 21, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 4521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134521.
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Electrical stimulation can be used to modulate activity within the nervous system in one of two modes: (1) Activation, where activity is added to the neural signalling pathways, or (2) Block, where activity in the nerve is reduced or eliminated. In principle, electrical nerve conduction block has many attractive properties compared to pharmaceutical or surgical interventions. These include reversibility, localization, and tunability for nerve caliber and type. However, methods to effect electrical nerve block are relatively new. Some methods can have associated drawbacks, such as the need for large currents, the production of irreversible chemical byproducts, and onset responses. These can lead to irreversible nerve damage or undesirable neural responses. In the present study we describe a novel low frequency alternating current blocking waveform (LFACb) and measure its efficacy to reversibly block the bradycardic effect elicited by vagal stimulation in anaesthetised rat model. The waveform is a sinusoidal, zero mean(charge balanced), current waveform presented at 1 Hz to bipolar electrodes. Standard pulse stimulation was delivered through Pt-Black coated PtIr bipolar hook electrodes to evoke bradycardia. The conditioning LFAC waveform was presented either through a set of CorTec® bipolar cuff electrodes with Amplicoat® coated Pt contacts, or a second set of Pt Black coated PtIr hook electrodes. The conditioning electrodes were placed caudal to the pulse stimulation hook electrodes. Block of bradycardic effect was assessed by quantifying changes in heart rate during the stimulation stages of LFAC alone, LFAC-and-vagal, and vagal alone. The LFAC achieved 86.2±11.1% and 84.3±4.6% block using hook (N = 7) and cuff (N = 5) electrodes, respectively, at current levels less than 110 µAp (current to peak). The potential across the LFAC delivering electrodes were continuously monitored to verify that the blocking effect was immediately reversed upon discontinuing the LFAC. Thus, LFACb produced a high degree of nerve block at current levels comparable to pulse stimulation amplitudes to activate nerves, resulting in a measurable functional change of a biomarker in the mammalian nervous system.
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Bonet, H., A. Bonhomme, C. Buck, K. Fülber, J. Hakenmüller, G. Heusser, T. Hugle, et al. "Novel constraints on neutrino physics beyond the standard model from the CONUS experiment." Journal of High Energy Physics 2022, no. 5 (May 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep05(2022)085.
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Abstract The measurements of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS) experiments have opened up the possibility to constrain neutrino physics beyond the standard model of elementary particle physics. Furthermore, by considering neutrino-electron scattering in the keV-energy region, it is possible to set additional limits on new physics processes. Here, we present constraints that are derived from Conus germanium data on beyond the standard model (BSM) processes like tensor and vector non-standard interactions (NSIs) in the neutrino-quark sector, as well as light vector and scalar mediators. Thanks to the realized low background levels in the Conus experiment at ionization energies below 1 keV, we are able to set the world’s best limits on tensor NSIs from CEνNS and constrain the scale of corresponding new physics to lie above 360 GeV. For vector NSIs, the derived limits strongly depend on the assumed ionization quenching factor within the detector material, since small quenching factors largely suppress potential signals for both, the expected standard model CEνNS process and the vector NSIs. Furthermore, competitive limits on scalar and vector mediators are obtained from the CEνNS channel at reactor-site which allow to probe coupling constants as low as 5 ∙ 10−5 of low mediator masses, assuming the currently favored quenching factor regime. The consideration of neutrino-electron scatterings allows to set even stronger constraints for mediator masses below ∼ 1 MeV and ∼ 10 MeV for scalar and vector mediators, respectively.
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Perrevoort, Ann-Kathrin. "The rare and forbidden: Testing physics beyond the standard model with Mu3e." SciPost Physics Proceedings, no. 1 (February 22, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.21468/scipostphysproc.1.052.
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The upcoming Mu3e experiment aims to search for the lepton flavour violating decay \boldsymbol{\muposeeemath} with an unprecedented final sensitivity of one signal decay in \boldsymbol{\num{e16}} observed muon decays by making use of an innovative experimental design based on novel ultra-thin silicon pixel sensors. In a first phase, the experiment is operated at an existing muon beam line with rates of up to \boldsymbol{\num{e8}} muons per second. Detailed simulation studies confirm the feasibility of background-free operation and project single event sensitivities in the order of \boldsymbol{\num{e-15}} for signal decays modelled in an effective field theory approach. The precise tracking of the decay electrons and large geometric and momentum acceptance of Mu3e enable searches for physics beyond the Standard Model in further signatures. Examples of which are searches for lepton flavour violating two-body decays of the muon into an electron and an undetected boson as well as for electron-positron resonances in \boldsymbol{\muposeeenunumath} which could result for instance from a dark photon decay. The Mu3e experiment is expected to be competitive in all of these channels already in phase I.
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Badal, Shawn S., Tareq Al Tuhaifi, Ya-Fen Yu, David Lopez, Craig T. Plato, Kristin Joly, David G. Breckenridge, Hai-Chun Yang, John T. Liles, and Agnes B. Fogo. "Selonsertib Enhances Kidney Protection Beyond Standard of Care in a Hypertensive, Secondary Glomerulosclerosis CKD Model." Kidney360, April 11, 2022, 10.34067/KID.0001032022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34067/kid.0001032022.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Despite widespread use of renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system inhibitors and the benefits of lowering glomerular pressure in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), there remains a major unmet need for therapies targeting underlying causes of CKD progression. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) promotes apoptosis and glomerulosclerosis, and is implicated in the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a major cause of CKD. Selonsertib is a selective ASK1 inhibitor currently in clinical development for the treatment of DKD. We examined the added benefits of selonsertib on existing glomerulosclerosis and related molecular pathways in the non-diabetic 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 Nx) rat model in combination with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) enalapril. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats underwent 5/6 Nx with kidney biopsy 8 weeks later for assessment of glomerulosclerosis, and were randomized to four treatment groups with equal glomerulosclerosis: selonsertib, enalapril, combination (selonsertib+enalapril), and untreated controls. Serum creatinine, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and urinary albumin were measured at intervals. Animals were sacrificed at week 12 for histological, biochemical, and molecular analyses. Results: All rats developed hypertension, albuminuria, and glomerulosclerosis by week 8. Kidney function further declined, and glomerulosclerosis and albuminuria progressively increased in controls from week 8 to 12. Enalapril treatment alone from week 8-12 reduced SBP versus controls, decreased albuminuria and resulted in numerically lower glomerulosclerosis. Selonsertib alone had no effect on SBP but preserved kidney function. Combined treatment significantly reduced glomerulosclerosis, with more regression than either monotherapy. Enalapril treatment resulted in fewer interstitial macrophages, while selonsertib treatment reduced apoptosis and podocyte loss. RNA-Seq revealed that combined treatment impacted pathways related to extracellular matrix and wound-healing. Conclusions: Selonsertib targets a novel, non-hemodynamic pathway in CKD. Our data suggest that ASK1 inhibition when combined with ACEI has additive effects to reduce progression of glomerulosclerosis, attenuate kidney function decline, and reduce podocyte loss.
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Camaiani, Benedetta, Roberto Seidita, Lucio Anderlini, Rudy Ceccarelli, Vitaliano Ciulli, Piergiulio Lenzi, Mattia Lizzo, and Lorenzo Viliani. "Model independent measurements of standard model cross sections with domain adaptation." European Physical Journal C 82, no. 10 (October 18, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10871-3.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWith the ever growing amount of data collected by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the CERN LHC, fiducial and differential measurements of the Higgs boson production cross section have become important tools to test the standard model predictions with an unprecedented level of precision, as well as seeking deviations that can manifest the presence of physics beyond the standard model. These measurements are in general designed for being easily comparable to any present or future theoretical prediction, and to achieve this goal it is important to keep the model dependence to a minimum. Nevertheless, the reduction of the model dependence usually comes at the expense of the measurement precision, preventing to exploit the full potential of the signal extraction procedure. In this paper a novel methodology based on the machine learning concept of domain adaptation is proposed, which allows using a complex deep neural network in the signal extraction procedure while ensuring a minimal dependence of the measurements on the theoretical modeling of the signal.
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Gubernari, Nico, Méril Reboud, Danny van Dyk, and Javier Virto. "Improved theory predictions and global analysis of exclusive b → sμ+μ− processes." Journal of High Energy Physics 2022, no. 9 (September 19, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep09(2022)133.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract We provide improved Standard Model theory predictions for the exclusive rare semimuonic processes B → K(*)μ+μ− and Bs → ϕμ+μ−. Our results are based on a novel parametrization of the non-local form factors, which manifestly respects a recently developed dispersive bound. We critically compare our predictions to those obtained in the framework of QCD factorization. Our predictions provide, for the first time, parametric estimates of the systematic uncertainties due to non-local contributions. Comparing our predictions within the Standard Model to available experimental data, we find a large tension for B → Kμ+μ−. A simple model-independent analysis of potential effects beyond the Standard Model yields results compatible with other approaches, albeit with larger uncertainties for the B → K*μ+μ− and Bs → ϕμ+μ− decays. Our approach yields systematically improvable predictions, and we look forward to its application in further analyses beyond the Standard Model.
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Araz, Jack Y., Andy Buckley, Benjamin Fuks, Humberto Reyes-González, Wolfgang Waltenberger, Sophie L. Williamson, and Jamie Yellen. "Strength in numbers: Optimal and scalable combination of LHC new-physics searches." SciPost Physics 14, no. 4 (April 20, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.21468/scipostphys.14.4.077.
Full textAbstract:
To gain a comprehensive view of what the LHC tells us about physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM), it is crucial that different BSM-sensitive analyses can be combined. But in general search-analyses are not statistically orthogonal, so performing comprehensive combinations requires knowledge of the extent to which the same events co-populate multiple analyses’ signal regions. We present a novel, stochastic method to determine this degree of overlap, and a graph algorithm to efficiently find the combination of signal regions with no mutual overlap that optimises expected upper limits on BSM-model cross-sections. The gain in exclusion power relative to single-analysis limits is demonstrated with models with varying degrees of complexity, ranging from simplified models to a 19-dimensional supersymmetric model.