Relevant bibliographies by topics / Novel BFR

Academic literature on the topic 'Novel BFR'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Novel BFR"

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Preobrazenski, Nicholas, Hashim Islam, Patrick J. Drouin, Jacob T. Bonafiglia, Michael E. Tschakovsky, and Brendon J. Gurd. "A novel gravity-induced blood flow restriction model augments ACC phosphorylation and PGC-1α mRNA in human skeletal muscle following aerobic exercise: a randomized crossover study." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 45, no. 6 (June 2020): 641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2019-0641.

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This study tested the hypothesis that a novel, gravity-induced blood flow restricted (BFR) aerobic exercise (AE) model will result in greater activation of the AMPK–PGC-1α pathway compared with work rate-matched non-BFR. Thirteen healthy males (age: 22.4 ± 3.0 years; peak oxygen uptake: 42.4 ± 7.3 mL/(kg·min)) completed two 30-min work rate-matched bouts of cycling performed with their legs below (CTL) and above their heart (BFR) at ∼2 weeks apart. Muscle biopsies were taken before, immediately, and 3 h after exercise. Blood was drawn before and immediately after exercise. Our novel gravity-induced BFR model led to less muscle oxygenation during BFR compared with CTL (O2Hb: p = 0.01; HHb: p < 0.01) and no difference in muscle activation (p = 0.53). Plasma epinephrine increased following both BFR and CTL (p < 0.01); however, only norepinephrine increased more following BFR (p < 0.01). PGC-1α messenger RNA (mRNA) increased more following BFR (∼6-fold) compared with CTL (∼4-fold; p = 0.036). VEGFA mRNA increased (p < 0.01) similarly following BFR and CTL (p = 0.21), and HIF-1α mRNA did not increase following either condition (p = 0.21). Phosphorylated acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) increased more following BFR (p < 0.035) whereas p-PKA substrates, p-p38 MAPK, and acetyl-p53 increased (p < 0.05) similarly following both conditions (p > 0.05). In conclusion, gravity-induced BFR is a viable BFR model that demonstrated an important role of AMPK signalling on augmenting PGC-1α mRNA. Novelty Gravity-induced BFR AE reduced muscle oxygenation without impacting muscle activation, advancing gravity-induced BFR as a simple, inexpensive BFR model. Gravity-induced BFR increased PGC-1α mRNA and ACC phosphorylation more than work rate-matched non-BFR AE. This is the first BFR AE study to concurrently measure blood catecholamines, muscle activation, and muscle oxygenation.
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Zhang, Yongshu, Yu Lei, Ali Khammanivong, and Mark C. Herzberg. "Identification of a Novel Two-Component System in Streptococcus gordonii V288 Involved in Biofilm Formation." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 6 (June 2004): 3489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.6.3489-3494.2004.

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ABSTRACT Streptococcus gordonii is a pioneer colonizer of the teeth, contributing to the initiation of the oral biofilm called dental plaque. To identify genes that may be important in biofilm formation, a plasmid integration library of S. gordonii V288 was used. After screening for in vitro biofilm formation on polystyrene, a putative biofilm-defective mutant was isolated. In this mutant, pAK36 was inserted into a locus encoding a novel two-component system (bfr [biofilm formation related]) with two cotranscribed genes that form an operon. bfrA encodes a putative response regulator, while bfrB encodes a receptor histidine kinase. The bfr mutant and wild-type strain V288 showed similar growth rates in Todd-Hewitt broth (THB). A bfr-cat fusion strain was constructed. During growth in THB, the reporter activity (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) was first detected in mid-log phase and reached a maximum in stationary phase, suggesting that transcription of bfr was growth stage dependent. After being harvested from THB, the bfr mutant adhered less effectively than did wild-type strain V288 to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (sHA). To simulate pioneer colonization of teeth, S. gordonii V288 was incubated with sHA for 4 h in THB with 10% saliva to develop biofilms. RNA was isolated, and expression of bfrAB was estimated. In comparison to that of cells grown in suspension (free-growing cells), bfr mRNA expression by sessile cells on sHA was 1.8-fold greater and that by surrounding planktonic cells was 3.5-fold greater. Therefore, bfrAB is a novel two-component system regulated in association with S. gordonii biofilm formation in vitro.
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Amiri, Achour, Adrian I. Zuniga, Leandro G. Cordova, and Natalia A. Peres. "The Importance of Selecting Appropriate Rotation and Tank-Mix Partners for Novel SDHIs to Enhance Botrytis Fruit Rot Control in Strawberry." Plant Disease 103, no. 4 (April 2019): 729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-18-1276-re.

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Botrytis fruit rot (BFR), caused by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, is the most important disease of strawberry and is mainly controlled by applications of fungicides from multiple chemical groups. To develop more effective and sustainable BFR management programs, field trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of fluopyram and penthiopyrad, two newly registered succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs), rotated or tank mixed with the multisites thiram and captan or the single-sites fludioxonil and fenhexamid. The treatments were applied at two different strawberry fields during the 2013–14 and 2014–15 seasons. Overall, tank mixtures of fluopyram and penthiopyrad increased yield and reduced BFR better than rotations with the same fungicides. The multisite thiram tank mixed with fluopyram reduced BFR incidence by 63 to 86% versus 56 to 84% when the two fungicides were rotated. Thiram tank mixed with penthiopyrad reduced BFR incidence by 55 to 72% versus 42 to 66% when rotated. Captan rotated or tank mixed with fluopyram had a positive effect on yield and BFR incidence, whereas the combination of captan with penthiopyrad had negative impacts. Similarly, the single-site fenhexamid had significant positive impacts when rotated or tank mixed with fluopyram but resulted in poor BFR control when combined with penthiopyrad. The rotation of fludioxonil with both SDHIs had a significant positive effect, although its combination with fluopyram was more effective. The multirotation consisting of both SDHIs and different multi- and single-site fungicides did not provide a greater efficacy than the dual rotation or tank-mixture programs. Our findings suggest more scrutiny is needed when recommending tank-mixture or rotation partners for new fungicides to ensure compatibility and enhanced BFR management. Future recommendations should emphasize the importance of such selections at an early stage for delaying fungicide resistance development and extending the lifespan of at-risk fungicides.
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Fry, Christopher S., Erin L. Glynn, Micah J. Drummond, Kyle L. Timmerman, Satoshi Fujita, Takashi Abe, Shaheen Dhanani, Elena Volpi, and Blake B. Rasmussen. "Blood flow restriction exercise stimulates mTORC1 signaling and muscle protein synthesis in older men." Journal of Applied Physiology 108, no. 5 (May 2010): 1199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01266.2009.

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The loss of skeletal muscle mass during aging, sarcopenia, increases the risk for falls and dependence. Resistance exercise (RE) is an effective rehabilitation technique that can improve muscle mass and strength; however, older individuals are resistant to the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) with traditional high-intensity RE. Recently, a novel rehabilitation exercise method, low-intensity RE, combined with blood flow restriction (BFR), has been shown to stimulate mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and MPS in young men. We hypothesized that low-intensity RE with BFR would be able to activate mTORC1 signaling and stimulate MPS in older men. We measured MPS and mTORC1-associated signaling proteins in seven older men (age 70 ± 2 yr) before and after exercise. Subjects were studied identically on two occasions: during BFR exercise [bilateral leg extension exercise at 20% of 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) with pressure cuff placed proximally on both thighs and inflated at 200 mmHg] and during exercise without the pressure cuff (Ctrl). MPS and phosphorylation of signaling proteins were determined on successive muscle biopsies by stable isotopic techniques and immunoblotting, respectively. MPS increased 56% from baseline after BFR exercise ( P < 0.05), while no change was observed in the Ctrl group ( P > 0.05). Downstream of mTORC1, ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) phosphorylation and ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) phosphorylation increased only in the BFR group after exercise ( P < 0.05). We conclude that low-intensity RE in combination with BFR enhances mTORC1 signaling and MPS in older men. BFR exercise is a novel intervention that may enhance muscle rehabilitation to counteract sarcopenia.
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Mitchell, Emma A., Neil R. W. Martin, Mark C. Turner, Conor W. Taylor, and Richard A. Ferguson. "The combined effect of sprint interval training and postexercise blood flow restriction on critical power, capillary growth, and mitochondrial proteins in trained cyclists." Journal of Applied Physiology 126, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01082.2017.

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Sprint interval training (SIT) combined with postexercise blood flow restriction (BFR) is a novel method to increase maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) in trained individuals and also provides a potent acute stimulus for angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. The efficacy to enhance endurance performance, however, has yet to be demonstrated. Trained male cyclists ( n = 21) (V̇o2max: 62.8 ± 3.7 ml·min−1·kg−1) undertook 4 wk of SIT (repeated 30-s maximal sprints) either alone (CON; n = 10) or with postexercise BFR ( n = 11). Before and after training V̇o2max, critical power (CP) and curvature constant ( Wʹ) were determined and muscle biopsies obtained for determination of skeletal muscle capillarity and mitochondrial protein content. CP increased ( P = 0.001) by a similar extent following CON (287 ± 39 W to 297 ± 43 W) and BFR (296 ± 40 W to 306 ± 36 W). V̇o2max increased following BFR by 5.9% ( P = 0.02) but was unchanged after CON ( P = 0.56). All markers of skeletal muscle capillarity and mitochondrial protein content were unchanged following either training intervention. In conclusion, 4 wk of SIT increased CP; however, this was not enhanced further with BFR. SIT was not sufficient to elicit changes in skeletal muscle capillarity and mitochondrial protein content with or without BFR. However, we further demonstrate the potency of combining BFR with SIT to enhance V̇o2max in trained individuals. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This investigation has demonstrated that 4 wk of sprint interval training (SIT) increased critical power in trained individuals; however, postexercise blood flow restriction (BFR) did not enhance this further. SIT, with or without BFR, did not induce any changes in skeletal muscle capillarity or mitochondrial protein content in our trained population. We do, however, confirm previous findings that SIT combined with BFR is a potent stimulus to enhance maximal oxygen uptake.
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Slysz, Joshua T., and Jamie F. Burr. "The Effects of Blood Flow Restricted Electrostimulation on Strength and Hypertrophy." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 27, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0002.

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Context: The combined effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and blood flow restriction (BFR) on muscle mass and strength has not been thoroughly investigated. Objective: To examine the effects of combined and independent BFR and a low-intensity NMES on skeletal muscle adaptation. Design: Exploratory study. Setting: Laboratory. Participants: Twenty recreationally active subjects. Main Outcome Measures: Subjects had each leg randomly allocated to 1 of 4 possible intervention groups: (1) cyclic BFR alone, (2) NMES alone, (3) BFR + NMES, or (4) control. Each leg was stimulated in its respective intervention group for 32 minutes, 4 days per week for 6 weeks. Mean differences in size (in grams) and isometric strength (in kilograms), between week 0 and week 6, were calculated for each group. Results: Leg strength increased 32 (19) kg in the BFR + NMES group, which differed from the 3 (11) kg change in the control group (P = .03). The isolated NMES and BFR groups revealed increases of 16 (28) kg and 18 (17) kg, respectively, but these did not statistically differ from the control, or one another. No alterations were statistically significant for leg size. Conclusion: Compared with a control that received no treatment, the novel combination of BFR and NMES led to increasing muscular strength of the knee extensors, but not muscle mass which had a large interindividual variability in response.
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Kipps, T. J., A. Österborg, J. Mayer, S. Stilgenbauer, A. Hellmann, C. D. Williams, R. Furman, G. Chan, C. Russell, and W. G. Wierda. "Clinical improvement with a novel CD20 mAb, ofatumumab, in fludarabine-refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) also refractory to alemtuzumab or with bulky lymphadenopathy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 7043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.7043.

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7043 Background: Patients (pts) with CLL refractory tofludarabine and alemtuzumab (double-refractory, DR) or refractory to fludarabine with bulky (>5 cm) lymphadenopathy (bulky fludarabine-refractory, BFR) have a poor prognosis. Ofatumumab is a human mAb specific for a distinctive small-loop epitope of CD20 that appears more potent than rituximab in eliciting complement-dependent lysis of B cells in vitro. We report, for the first time, results from the planned interim analysis of the clinical benefit observed in pts with DR or BFR CLL treated with ofatumumab in an international pivotal clinical study. Methods: Pts with DR or BFR CLL received 8 weekly then 4 monthly ofatumumab infusions (Dose 1, 300 mg; Doses 2–12, 2,000 mg). Primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR; 1996 NCI-WG criteria), as assessed by an Independent Review Committee, over 24 wks. Results: Of 138 treated pts (DR: N = 59; BFR: N = 79; median age 64 and 62 yrs, respectively), 63% had Rai stage III/IV disease at screening. Pts had a median of 5 prior therapies. ORR (99% CI) was 58% (40, 74%) in the DR and 47% (32, 62%) in the BFR groups, and median overall survival (95% CI) was 13.7 mo (9.4, NR) and 15.4 mo (10.2, 20.2), respectively. Resolution of disease symptoms (maintained for ≥2 mo) were observed in a large proportion of pts (Table), including in pts considered nonresponders by NCI-WG criteria. Improvements in hematologic values were also observed in some pts with abnormal baseline values, particularly for platelet counts. Pts with thrombocytopenia at baseline (n = 73) experienced sustained increases in median platelet counts from 65 × 109/L to over 100 × 109/L by Wk 8; a similar pattern of rapid improvement was observed in Hgb values. Conclusions: Ofatumumab as single-agent achieves high ORR, and improves disease symptoms and hematologic parameters in heavily pretreated pts with DR and BFR disease who lack standard treatment options. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]
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Dai, Jianjian, Xiangyang Xu, Hao Yang, Chao Su, and Nan Ye. "Safety Risk Analysis of a New Design of Basalt Fiber Gabion Slope Based on Improved 3D Discrete Element Method and Monitoring Data." Sensors 22, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 3645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22103645.

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Gabion has been extensively used in retaining walls and slope protection. This study carries out a safety risk analysis of a new structure combining basalt fiber reinforcement (BFR) and the traditional gabion structure. The micro-parameters of BFR and soil were calibrated by using the 3D discrete element method after the tensile test of BFR was completed. The mechanical property of the gabion unit was investigated by using a refined model and a numerical test of uniaxial compression. This work developed a simplified method to simulate the seepage effect. The stress condition and sliding displacement between gabions were also investigated. Deformation, stress, and porosity were all used to evaluate the stability of the new type of gabion slope. According to this study, BFR has a tensile strength of 68.22 MPa, and the safety factor increased by 25.68% after using these BFR gabions. The damage is mainly manifested by bending the BFRs and the dislocation of the gabion units, as the slope does not slip. It is indicated this novel gabion structure has a lower safety risk compared to traditional ones, and thus can be popularized and used in retaining walls and slope protection.
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Horiuchi, Masahiro, and Koichi Okita. "Blood Flow Restricted Exercise and Vascular Function." International Journal of Vascular Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/543218.

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It is established that regular aerobic training improves vascular function, for example, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and arterial stiffness or compliance and thereby constitutes a preventative measure against cardiovascular disease. In contrast, high-intensity resistance training impairs vascular function, while the influence of moderate-intensity resistance training on vascular function is still controversial. However, aerobic training is insufficient to inhibit loss in muscular strength with advancing age; thus, resistance training is recommended to prevent sarcopenia. Recently, several lines of study have provided compelling data showing that exercise and training with blood flow restriction (BFR) leads to muscle hypertrophy and strength increase. As such, BFR training might be a novel means of overcoming the contradiction between aerobic and high-intensity resistance training. Although it is not enough evidence to obtain consensus about impact of BFR training on vascular function, available evidences suggested that BFR training did not change coagulation factors and arterial compliance though with inconsistence results in endothelial function. This paper is a review of the literature on the impact of BFR exercise and training on vascular function, such as endothelial function, arterial compliance, or other potential factors in comparison with those of aerobic and resistance training.
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Muyobela, Jackson, Christian W. W. Pirk, Abdullahi A. Yusuf, Njelembo J. Mbewe, and Catherine L. Sole. "A novel vehicle-mounted sticky trap; an effective sampling tool for savannah tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and Glossina morsitans centralis Machado." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): e0009620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009620.

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Background Black screen fly round (BFR) is a mobile sampling method for Glossina morsitans. This technique relies on the ability of operator(s) to capture flies landing on the screen with hand nets. In this study, we aimed to evaluate a vehicle-mounted sticky panel trap (VST) that is independent of the operator’s ability to capture flies against BFR, for effective and rapid sampling of G. m. morsitans Westwood and G. m. centralis Machado. We also determined the influence of the VST colour (all-blue, all-black or 1:1 blue-black), orientation and presence of odour attractants on tsetse catch. Methodology/Principal findings Using randomised block design experiments conducted in Zambia, we compared and modelled the number of tsetse flies caught in the treatment arms using negative binomial regression. There were no significant differences in the catch indices of the three colour designs and for in-line or transversely oriented panels for both subspecies (P > 0.05). When baited with butanone and 1-octen-3-ol, VST caught 1.38 (1.11–1.72; P < 0.01) times more G. m. centralis flies than the un-baited trap. Attractants did not significantly increase the VST catch index for G. m. morsitans (P > 0.05). Overall, the VST caught 2.42 (1.91–3.10; P < 0.001) and 2.60 (1.50–3.21; P < 0.001) times more G. m. centralis and G. m. morsitans respectively, than the BFR. The VST and BFR took 10 and 35 min respectively to cover a 1 km transect. Conclusion/Significance The VST is several times more effective for sampling G. m. morsitans and G. m. centralis than the BFR and we recommend its use as an alternative sampling tool.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Novel BFR"

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POMA, GIULIA. "Evaluation of bioaccumulation processes of brominated flame retardants in biotic matrices." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/50902.

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The global reduction in the use of PBDEs and HBCD as flame retardants has opened the way for the introduction of “Novel” BFRs (NBFRs) in place of the banned formulations, indicating those BFRs that are new in the market or newly/recently observed in the environment in respect to PBDEs and HBCD. Consequently, consumption and production of these NBFRs will keep rising, and increasing environmental levels of these chemicals are expected in the near future. Important representatives of this group are decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HBB), and pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB). In Italy, previous studies have shown that some BFRs (PBDEs) were measured at high concentrations in the Varese province due to the presence of a great number of textile and plastic industries, and particularly in the sediments of Lake Maggiore, where those facilities wastewaters are finally collected mainly through two lake tributaries (Bardello and Boesio). For these reasons, the present thesis has the aim to evaluate the presence, and the potential bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes of six different classes of BFRs (PBDEs, HBCD, DBDPE, BTBPE, HBB and PBEB) in the Lake Maggiore ecosystem, with particular regard to zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), zooplankton, one littoral fish species (common roach - Rutilus rutilus), and two different pelagic species (twaite shad – Alosa agone and European whitefish – Coregonus lavaretus). Finally, the study has also considered the BFR contamination in the lake sediments with the aim of characterizing in detail the possible presence of temporal trends and/or identifying potential sources of contamination. Moreover, it is plausible that the BFR uptake by benthic organisms, followed by fish predation, might be a significant source of bioaccumulation.
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Drabick, Christopher L. "The Way We Get By." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1369830067.

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Simoes, Isabella. "Development of a novel probiotic fortified protein bar." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5868.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 29, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Vaughn, Samuel. "PXK and Lupus: Novel Immunobiology for a Lupus-Risk Gene." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1447690650.

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Walker, Christopher James. "Novel therapies for treatment of Ph+ acute leukemias." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374148492.

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Du, Nan. "Beyond "More than Moore": Novel applications of BiFeO3 (BFO)-based nonvolatile resistive switches." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-202508.

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The size reduction of transistors has been the main reason for a successful development of semiconductor integrated circuits over the last decades. Because of the physically limited downscaling of transistors, alternative technologies namely the information processing and nonvolatile resistive switches (also termed memristors) have come into focus. Memristors reveal a fast switching speed, long retention time, and stable endurance. Nonvolatile analog bipolar resistive switching with a considerable large On/Off ratio is reported in BiFeO3 (BFO)-based resistive switches. So far resistive switches are mainly applied in memory applications or logic operations. Given the excellent properties of BFO based memristors, the further exploration of functionalities for memristive devices is required. A new approach for hardware based cryptographic system was developed within the framework of this dissertation. By studying the power conversion efficiencies on BFO memristor at various harmonics, it has been shown that two sets of clearly distinguishable power ratios are achievable when the BFO memristor is set into high or into low resistance state. Thus, a BFO-based binary encoding system can be established. As an example the unrecoverable seizure information from encoded medical data suggests the proper functioning of the proposed encryption system. Aside from cryptographic functionality, the single pairing spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) in BFO-based artificial synapses is demonstrated, which can be considered as the cornerstone for energy-efficient and fast hardware-based neuromorphic networks. In comparison to the biological driven realistic way, only single one pairing of pre- and postsynaptic spikes is applied to the BFO-based artificial synapse instead of 60-80 pairings. Thus, the learning time constant of STDP function can be reduced from 25 ms to 125 us
In den letzten Jahrzehnten war die Größenreduktion von Transistoren einer der Hauptgründe für die Leistungssteigerung von integrierten Halbleiterschaltungen. Aufgrund des physikalisch beschränkten Skalierungspotentials, werden alternative Technologien für Halbleiterschaltungen entwickelt. Dazu zählen neuartige Widerstandsschalter, sogenannte Memristoren, welche wegen ihrer schnellen Schaltgeschwindigkeit, langen Speicherzeit und stabilen Haltbarkeit in den Fokus der Forschung gerückt sind. Das nichtflüchtige analoge bipolare Schalten des Widerstandwertes mit einem On/Off Verhältnis größer als 100 wurde in BiFeO 3 (BFO)-basierten Widerstands-schaltern beobachtet. Bisher wurden Widerstandsschalter hauptsächlich als Speicher oder in rekonfigurierbaren Logikschaltungen verwendet. Aufgrund der ausgezeichneten Eigenschaften von BFO-basierten Memristoren, ist die Untersuchung weiterer neuer Funktionalitäten vielversprechend. Als neuer Ansatz für ein Hardware-basiertes Kryptosystem wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Ausnutzung des Leistungsübertragungskoeffizienten in BFO Memristoren vorgeschlagen. Mit Hilfe der unterschiedlichen Oberschwingungen, welche von einem BFO Memristor im ON und OFF Zustand generiert werden, wurde ein Kryptosystem zum Kodieren binärer Daten entwickelt. Ein Test des Hardware-basierten Kryptosystems an Biodaten ergab, dass die kodierten Biodaten keine vorhersagbare Korrelation mehr enthielten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden darüberhinaus BFO-basierte künstliche Synapsen mit einer Aktionspotentials-Intervall abhängigen Plastizität (STDP) für Einzelpulse entwickelt. Diese Einzelpuls-STDP legt den Grundstein für energieffiziente und schnelle neuromorphe Netzwerke mit künstlichen Synapsen. Im Vergleich zu biologischen Synapsen mit einer 60-80-Puls-STDP und einem Lernfenster auf der ms-Zeitskale, konnte das Lernfenster von BFO-basierten künstlichen Synapsen von 25 ms auf 125 μs reduziert werden. Solch ein schnelles Lernen ermöglicht auch die extreme Reduzierung des Leistungsverbrauchs in neuromorphen Netzwerken
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Clark, Matthew Patterson. "A Novel Aza-Anthrapyrazole BBR 3378 Arrests Th1 Development Preventing Progression of EAE." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1438091548.

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Colella, Gennaro Giovanni Domenico. "Molecular analysis of DNA damage induced by a novel trinuclear platinum complex (BBR 3464)." Thesis, Open University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343821.

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Rodrigues, Binoy Johann. "DYNAMIC FRICTIONAL RESPONSE OF GRANULAR MATERIALS UNDER SEISMICALLY RELEVANT CONDITIONS USING A NOVEL TORSIONAL KOLSKY BAR APPARATUS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1508455191610014.

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Deininger, Michael Werner Nikolaus. "STI571, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor : pre-clinical evaluation and application to identify downstream targets of BCR-ABL." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325912.

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Books on the topic "Novel BFR"

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Bonk's Bar: A novel. United States: Hawser, 2009.

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The sand bar: A novel. Denver, Colo: Outskirts Press, 2012.

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Byrd, A. J. Chasing Romeo: A BFF novel. New York: Kimani Press, 2009.

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Michael, Turner. American whiskey bar: A novel. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, 1997.

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Grace, Carol. Rich girl: A BFF novel. New York: Berkley JAM, 2008.

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The Tabernacle Bar: A novel. Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1997.

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Grace, Carol. Manderley Prep: A BFF novel. New York: Berkley Jam, 2007.

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Mulford, Clarence Edward. Bar-20: A Hopalong Cassidy novel. Thorndike, Me: Center Point Pub., 2010.

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Mulford, Clarence Edward. Bar-20: A Hopalong Cassidy novel. New York: TOR, 1992.

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Applegate, Norm. Blood bar: A Kim Bennett novel. Roseville, CA: Black Bed Sheet Books, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Novel BFR"

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Albayrak, Ismail, and Robert M. Boes. "Fish Guidance Structure with Wide Bar Spacing: Mechanical Behavioural Barrier." In Novel Developments for Sustainable Hydropower, 99–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99138-8_8.

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AbstractThis chapter deals with the fish guidance structures (FGS) with wide bar spacing and focuses on Curved-Bar Rack-Bypass Systems (CBR-BS) (Beck 2020) for fish protection and fish guidance at water intakes. In: Boes RM (ed) VAW-Mitteilung, vol 257. VAW, ETH Zurich, Switzerland. https://vaw.ethz.ch/en/the-institute/publications/vaw-communications/2010-2019.html, Beck et al., J Hydraul Res 58:807–818, 2020a; Beck et al., J Hydraul Res 58:819–830, 2020b; Beck et al., Water 12:3244, 2020c). FGS with wider bar spacing are classified as mechanical behavioural barriers and designed for use mainly at run-of-river hydropower plants (HPPs) and water intakes with large design discharges. In the following, different types of the FGS with wide bar spacing are introduced and, fish guidance performance and design recommendations of CBR-BS are presented.
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David, Laurent, Ludovic Chatellier, Dominique Courret, Ismail Albayrak, and Robert M. Boes. "Fish Guidance Structures with Narrow Bar Spacing: Physical Barriers." In Novel Developments for Sustainable Hydropower, 91–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99138-8_7.

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AbstractChapter 7 deals with the fish guidance structures (FGS) with narrow bar spacing and focuses on both vertically inclined and horizontal bar racks as well as vertically inclined perforated plate with bypass systems. These FGSs are physical barriers and placed in front of a water intake with either vertical or horizontal angle to the flow direction. They protect fish from entering the water intakes and guide them to the bypass systems and hence into the tailwater. They are suitable for small-to-medium size hydropower plants with design discharge less than 120 m3/s. In the following, different types of FGSs with narrow bar spacing are introduced and their fish guidance performance, head loss prediction and design recommendations presented.
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Larochelle, Pierre, and Sida Du. "A Novel S-C-U Dual Four-Bar Linkage." In Advances in Robot Kinematics 2016, 43–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56802-7_5.

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Xu, Ke, Haitao Liu, Xingqiao Zhu, and Yongbin Song. "Kinematic analysis of a novel planar six-bar bionic leg." In Advances in Mechanism and Machine Science, 13–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20131-9_2.

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Gonzalez, Palma, Ning Qin, and Xiao Ming. "Novel Spanwise Vortex Generator for Separation Control on BFS: Experiment and Simulation." In Advances in Effective Flow Separation Control for Aircraft Drag Reduction, 255–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29688-9_15.

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Rao, B. Srinivasa. "A Novel BFS and CCDS-Based Efficient Sleep Scheduling Algorithm for WSN." In Computational Intelligence in Data Mining, 181–93. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9447-9_14.

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Malvido, Alberto, Fernando Pérez-González, and Armando Cousiño. "A Novel Model for the Print-and-Capture Channel in 2D Bar Codes." In Multimedia Content Representation, Classification and Security, 627–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11848035_83.

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York, Jason R., John T. Foster, Erik E. Nishida, and Bo Song. "A Novel Torsional Kolsky Bar for Testing Materials at Constant-Shear-Strain Rates." In Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1, 301–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00771-7_36.

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Wang, Zhi, Delun Wang, Xiaopeng Li, Huimin Dong, and Shudong Yu. "A Novel Kinematic Model of Spatial Four-bar Linkage RSPS for Testing Accuracy of Actual R-Pairs with Ball-bar." In Computational Kinematics, 27–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60867-9_4.

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Commins, T. R., and C. R. Siviour. "A Novel Method of Validating Polymer Relaxation Using Hopkinson Bar and Quasi-Static Loading." In Challenges in Mechanics of Time Dependent Materials, Volume 2, 69–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59542-5_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Novel BFR"

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Clarkson, W. A., N. S. Felgate, and D. C. Hanna. "Power-scaling and frequency-doubling of a diode-bar-pumped Nd:YAG laser at 946nm." In Novel Lasers and Devices-Basic Aspects. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nlda.1999.lwb4.

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Fu, Lixia, Yiyuan Xie, Tingting Song, Ye Su, Yichen Ye, and Bocheng Liu. "Low-BER communications in optical networks-on-chip using coding technology." In Second Symposium on Novel Technology of X-Ray Imaging, edited by Peng Liu, Yangchao Tian, and Tiqiao Xiao. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2522958.

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wu, chenchen, Ning He, hongyan jiang, and lekun deng. "BER performance of the polar-coded underwater wireless optical communication." In Seventh Symposium on Novel Photoelectronic Detection Technology and Application 2020, edited by Junhao Chu, Qifeng Yu, Huilin Jiang, and Junhong Su. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2587492.

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Rahman, Hamood Ur, and Rodica Ramer. "Three-bar novel RF MEMS switches." In 2009 Asia Pacific Microwave Conference - (APMC 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apmc.2009.5384208.

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Shash, Yomna H., Mohamed M. Dohiem, Mohamed T. Elwakad, and Mohamed A. A. Eldosoky. "Effect of bar material on the biomechanical performance of hybrid dental prosthesis." In 2021 3rd Novel Intelligent and Leading Emerging Sciences Conference (NILES). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/niles53778.2021.9600489.

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Yang, Jing, Luis San Andrés, and Xueliang Lu. "On the Leakage and Dynamic Force Coefficients of a Novel Stepped Shaft Pocket Damper Seal: Experimental and Numerical Verification." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14153.

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Abstract High performance turbomachinery favors annular seals with a large damping coefficient to ensure rotor system stability. Pocket damper seals (PDSs), a variation of labyrinth seals with axial blades (ribs) and adding circumferential partition walls (ridges), produce a favorable damping performance. To further enhance the damping characteristic and reduce leakage, a novel stepped shaft PDS is hereby introduced. The invention has a unique arrangement of steps on the rotor surface, each facing an upstream rib in a pocket row. Thus, the step and a blade tip form a tight clearance (c1), while the rotor surface and the downstream blade tip make a larger clearance (c2). The convergence-divergence variation of cross-section areas along the flow direction increases the PDS damping coefficient. To validate the performance of the novel design, a stepped shaft PDS (c1/c2 = 0.5) with four axial ribs and eight circumferential pockets is built and tested. A comprehensive investigation, experimental and computational, produces the seal leakage and dynamic force coefficients for the stepped shaft PDS, as well as similar performance characteristics for an identical PDS with a smooth rotor surface (c1/c2 = 1, i.e., a uniform clearance PDS). The stepped shaft PDS operates with air at supply pressure (PS) ranging from 1.1 bar to 3.2 bar. The measured leakage for the stepped shaft PDS is 50% of that for the uniform clearance PDS. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and bulk flow model (BFM) predictions of leakage agree well with the test data. For PS = 2.3 bar, the test damping coefficient (C) for the stepped shaft PDS is ∼ 1.5 times greater than the one for the uniform clearance PDS. With an increase in PS to 3.2 bar, the stepped shaft PDS shows a two and one half increase in damping coefficient. In comparison to the test data, a CFD model over estimates C by 29% for operation at PS = 3.2 bar, though capturing the variation trend versus whirl frequency. The BFM largely under predicts C for the stepped shaft PDS and is abandoned for future work. Both the test data and CFD predictions demonstrate the superior damping performance of the stepped shaft PDS, thus providing a novel alternative seal configuration for turbomachinery usage.
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Fu, Yulong, Xin Li, Jing Ma, and Hui Wang. "BER analysis of coherent FSO systems with SC receive diversity over correlated turbulence channels." In Eighth Symposium on Novel Photoelectronic Detection Technology and Applications, edited by Shining Zhu, Qifeng Yu, Junhong Su, Lianghui Chen, and Junhao Chu. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2622534.

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Zhdanova, D. Y., A. V. Chaplygina, V. I. Kovalev, and N. V. Bobkova. "IMPACT OF COVID-19 OF ON NEUROGENESIS IN THE ADULT BRAIN." In NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-2-1.174-179.

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The recent outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has resulted in a huge num-ber of infected patients worldwide. This article provides a brief overview of the current state of the problem of the neurological consequences of COVID-19 caused by impaired neurogen-esis in the adult brain under the influence of the RNA-containing SARS‑CoV‑2 virus. The reported study was funded by RSF № 18-15-00392.
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Dutta, N., S. K. Bandyopadhyay, P. Sen, A. K. Himanshu, P. Y. Naviraj, R. Menon, P. K. Mukhopadhyay, and P. Ray. "A simple novel method of developing BFO nanostructures." In SOLID STATE PHYSICS: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 57TH DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2012. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4790997.

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Slaboch, Brian J., and Bradley W. Hobbs. "Novel Classification of Planar Four-Bar Mechanisms With Variable Topology." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86005.

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This paper provides a classification system and naming convention for twelve novel types of 4R-RRRP mechanisms with variable topology (MVTs). A mechanism with variable topology is a mechanism that changes from one topological state to another due to a change in joint geometry. An example 4R-RRRP mechanism is provided for each novel mechanism type, along with the appropriate classification and naming convention. The new 4R-RRRP mechanism classes and naming conventions presented in this paper will aid designers in the analysis and synthesis of 4R-RRRP mechanisms. These novel MVTs have practical applications in areas such as manufacturing, space applications, and novel medical devices.
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Reports on the topic "Novel BFR"

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Peters, E. J. A novel approach to modeling unstable BOR displacements. Annual report, August 1991--September 1992. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/32318.

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Bhalla, Kapil. Combinations of Novel Histone Deacetylase and Bcr-Abl Inhibitors in the Therapy of Imatinib Mesylate-Sensitive and Refractory Bcr-Abl Expressing Leukemia. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada484223.

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Bhalla, Kapil. Combinations of Novel Histone Deacetylase and Bcr-Abl Inhibitors in the Therapy of Imatinib Mesylate-Sensitive and -Refractory Bcr-Abl Expressing Leukemia. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada517391.

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Zhao, Bingyu, Saul Burdman, Ronald Walcott, and Gregory E. Welbaum. Control of Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Cucurbits Using the Maize Non-Host Disease Resistance Gene Rxo1. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699843.bard.

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The specific objectives of this BARD proposal were: (1) To determine whether Rxol can recognize AacavrRxo1 to trigger BFB disease resistance in stable transgenic watermelon plants. (2) To determine the distribution of Aac-avrRxo1 in a global population of Aae and to characterize the biological function of Aac-avrRxo1. (3) To characterize other TIS effectors of Aae and to identify plant R gene(s) that can recognize conserved TIS effectors of this pathogen. Background to the topic: Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits, caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Aae), is a devastating disease that affects watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and melon (Cucumis melo) production worldwide, including both Israel and USA. Two major groups of Aae strains have been classified based on their virulence on host plants, genetics and biochemical properties. Thus far, no effective resistance genes have been identified from cucurbit germplasm. In this project, we assessed the applicability of a non-host disease resistance gene, Rxol, to control BFB in watermelon. We also tried to identify Aae type III secreted (TIS) effectors that can be used as molecular probes to identify novel disease resistance genes in both cucurbits and Nieotianatabaeum. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We generated five independent transgenic watermelon (cv. Sugar Babay) plants expressing the Rxol gene. The transgenic plants were evaluated with Aae strains AAC001 and M6 under growth chamber conditions. All transgenic plants were found to be susceptible to both Aae strains. It is possible that watermelon is missing other signaling components that are required for Rxol-mediated disease resistance. In order to screen for novel BFB resistance genes, we inoculated two Aae strains on 60 Nieotiana species. Our disease assay revealed Nicotiana tabaeum is completely resistant to Aae, while its wild relative N. benthamiana is susceptible to Aae. We further demonstrated that Nieotiana benthamiana can be used as a surrogate host for studying the mechanisms of pathogenesis of Aae. We cloned 11 TIS effector genes including the avrRxolhomologues from the genomes of 22 Aae strains collected worldwide. Sequencing analysis revealed that functional avrRxol is conserved in group" but not group I Aae strains. Three effector genes- Aave_1548, Aave_2166 and Aave_2708- possessed the ability to trigger an HR response in N. tabacum when they were transiently expressed by Agrobaeterium. We conclude that N. tabacum carries at least three different non-host resistance genes that can specifically recognize AaeTIS effectors to trigger non-host resistance. Screening 522 cucurbits genotypes with two Aae strains led us to identify two germplasm (P1536473 and P1273650) that are partially resistant to Aae. Interestingly, transient expression of the TIS effector, Aave_1548, in the two germplasms also triggered HR-Iike cell death, which suggests the two lines may carry disease resistance genes that can recognize Aave_1548. Importantly, we also demonstrated that this effector contributes to the virulence of the bacterium in susceptible plants. Therefore, R genes that recognize effector Aave1548 have great potential for breeding for BFB resistance. To better understand the genome diversity of Aae strains, we generated a draft genome sequence of the Israeli Aae strain, M6 (Group I) using Iliumina technology. Comparative analysis of whole genomes of AAC001, and M6 allowed us to identify several effectors genes that differentiate groups I and II. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The diversity of TIS effectors in group I and II strains of Aae suggests that a subset of effectors could contribute to the host range of group I and II Aae strains. Analysis of these key effectors in a larger Aae population may allow us to predict which cucurbit hosts may be at risk to BFB. Additionally, isolation of tobacco and cucurbit Rgenes that can recognize Aae type III effectors may offer new genetic resources for controlling BFB.
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Pilot, Justin R. Search for the Higgs Boson in the $ZH\to\mu^+\mu^- b\bar{b}$ Channel at CDF Using Novel Multivariate Techniques. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1249483.

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Coyner, Kelley, and Jason Bittner. Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Electrification. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2022029.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Highly automated vehicles are being developed alongside a variety of novel, disruptive technologies and a global focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transportation. ADS can reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency for vehicles powered by traditional internal combustion engines. Electric motors can further raise the bar for both those areas, especially if the power used to charge an electric vehicle is generated from renewable sources. However, implementing electrified AVs requires a viable charging infrastructure. </div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><b>Automated Vehicles and Infrastructure Enablers: Electrification</b> covers issues concerning infrastructure and the electrification of all forms of vehicles: heavy-duty vehicles like trucks and buses, light-duty vehicles like cars and vans, micro-mobility, and new form factors. </div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank">Click here to access the full SAE EDGE</a><sup>TM</sup><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank"> Research Report portfolio.</a></div></div>
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Savaldi-Goldstein, Sigal, and Todd C. Mockler. Precise Mapping of Growth Hormone Effects by Cell-Specific Gene Activation Response. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699849.bard.

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Plant yield largely depends on a complex interplay and feedback mechanisms of distinct hormonal pathways. Over the past decade great progress has been made in elucidating the global molecular mechanisms by which each hormone is produced and perceived. However, our knowledge of how interactions between hormonal pathways are spatially and temporally regulated remains rudimentary. For example, we have demonstrated that although the BR receptor BRI1 is widely expressed, the perception of BRs in epidermal cells is sufficient to control whole-organ growth. Supported by additional recent works, it is apparent that hormones are acting in selected cells of the plant body to regulate organ growth, and furthermore, that local cell-cell communication is an important mechanism. In this proposal our goals were to identify the global profile of translated genes in response to BR stimulation and depletion in specific tissues in Arabidopsis; determine the spatio-temporal dependency of BR response on auxin transport and signaling and construct an interactive public website that will provide an integrated analysis of the data set. Our technology incorporated cell-specific polysome isolation and sequencing using the Solexa technology. In the first aim, we generated and confirmed the specificity of novel transgenic lines expressing tagged ribosomal protein in various cell types in the Arabidopsis primary root. We next crossed these lines to lines with targeted expression of BRI1 in the bri1 background. All lines were treated with BRs for two time points. The RNA-seq of their corresponding immunopurified polysomal RNA is nearly completed and the bioinformatic analysis of the data set will be completed this year. Followed, we will construct an interactive public website (our third aim). In the second aim we started revealing how spatio-temporalBR activity impinges on auxin transport in the Arabidopsis primary root. We discovered the unexpected role of BRs in controlling the expression of specific auxin efflux carriers, post-transcriptionally (Hacham et al, 2012). We also showed that this regulation depends on the specific expression of BRI1 in the epidermis. This complex and long term effect of BRs on auxin transport led us to focus on high resolution analysis of the BR signaling per se. Taking together, our ongoing collaboration and synergistic expertise (hormone action and plant development (IL) and whole-genome scale data analysis (US)) enabled the establishment of a powerful system that will tell us how distinct cell types respond to local and systemic BR signal. BR research is of special agriculture importance since BR application and BR genetic modification have been shown to significantly increase crop yield and to play an important role in plant thermotolerance. Hence, our integrated dataset is valuable for improving crop traits without unwanted impairment of unrelated pathways, for example, establishing semi-dwarf stature to allow increased yield in high planting density, inducing erect leaves for better light capture and consequent biomass increase and plant resistance to abiotic stresses.
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Darity Jr., William, M’Balou M’Balou Camara, and Nancy MacLean. Setting the Record Straight on the Libertarian South African Economist W. H. Hutt and James M. Buchanan. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp184.

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In their stormy response to Nancy MacLean’s book Democracy in Chains, some academics on the libertarian right have conducted a concerted defense of Nobel Laureate James Buchanan’s credentials as an anti-racist, or at least a non-racist. An odd component of their argument is a claim of innocence by association: the peripatetic South African economist and Mont Pelerin Society founding member William Harold Hutt was against apartheid; Buchanan was a friend and supporter of Hutt; therefore, Buchanan could not have been abetting segregationists with his support for public funding of segregationist private schools. At the core of this chain of argument is the inference that Hutt’s opposition to apartheid proves that Hutt himself was committed to racial equality. However, just as there were white supremacists who opposed slavery in the United States, we demonstrate Hutt was a white supremacist who opposed apartheid in South Africa. We document how Hutt embraced notions of black inferiority, even in The Economics of the Colour Bar, his most ferocious attack on apartheid. Whether or not innocence by association is a sound defense of anyone’s ideology or conduct, Hutt, himself, was not innocent of white supremacy.
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Lichter, Amnon, Gopi K. Podila, and Maria R. Davis. Identification of Genetic Determinants that Facilitate Development of B. cinerea at Low Temperature and its Postharvest Pathogenicity. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592641.bard.

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Botrytis cinerea is the postharvest pathogen of many agricultural produce with table grapes, strawberries and tomatoes as major targets. The high efficiency with which B. cinerea causes disease on these produce during storage is attributed in part due to its exceptional ability to develop at very low temperature. Our major goal was to understand the genetic determinants which enable it to develop at low temperature. The specific research objectives were: 1. Identify expression pattern of genes in a coldenriched cDNA library. 2. Identify B. cinerea orthologs of cold-induced genes 3. Profile protein expression and secretion at low temperature on strawberry and grape supplemented media. 4. Test novel methods for the functional analysis of coldresponsive genes. Objective 1 was modified during the research because a microarray platform became available and it allowed us to probe the whole set of candidate genes according to the sequence of 2 strains of the fungus, BO5.10 and T4. The results of this experiment allowed us to validate some of our earlier observations which referred to genes which were the product of a SSH suppression-subtraction library. Before the microarray became available during 2008 we also analyzed the expression of 15 orthologs of cold-induced genes and some of these results were also validated by the microarray experiment. One of our goals was also to perform functional analysis of cold-induced genes. This goal was hampered for 3 years because current methodology for transformation with ‘protoplasts’ failed to deliver knockouts of bacteriordopsin-like (bR) gene which was our primary target for functional analysis. Consequently, we developed 2 alternative transformation platforms, one which involves an air-gun based technique and another which involves DNA injection into sclerotia. Both techniques show great promise and have been validated using different constructs. This contribution is likely to serve the scientific community in the near future. Using these technologies we generated gene knockout constructs of 2 genes and have tested there effect on survival of the fungus at low temperature. With reference to the bR genes our results show that it has a significant effect on mycelial growth of the B. cinerea and the mutants have retarded development at extreme conditions of ionic stress, osmotic stress and low temperature. Another gene of unknown function, HP1 is still under analysis. An ortholog of the yeast cold-induced gene, CCH1 which encodes a calcium tunnel and was shown to be cold-induced in B. cinerea was recently cloned and used to complement yeast mutants and rescue them from cold-sensitivity. One of the significant findings of the microarray study involves a T2 ribonuclease which was validated to be cold-induced by qPCR analysis. This and other genes will serve for future studies. In the frame of the study we also screened a population of 631 natural B. cinerea isolates for development at low temperature and have identified several strains with much higher and lower capacity to develop at low temperature. These strains are likely to be used in the future as candidates for further functional analysis. The major conclusions from the above research point to specific targets of cold-induced genes which are likely to play a role in cold tolerance. One of the most significant observations from the microarray study is that low temperature does not induce ‘general stress response in B. cinerea, which is in agreement to its exceptional capacity to develop at low temperature. Due to the tragic murder of the Co-PI Maria R. Davis and GopiPodila on Feb. 2010 it is impossible to deliver their contribution to the research. The information of the PI is that they failed to deliver objective 4 and none of the information which relates to objective 3 has been delivered to the PI before the murder or in a visit to U. Alabama during June, 2010. Therefore, this report is based solely on the IS data.
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Poverenov, Elena, Tara McHugh, and Victor Rodov. Waste to Worth: Active antimicrobial and health-beneficial food coating from byproducts of mushroom industry. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600015.bard.

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Background. In this proposal we suggest developing a common solution for three seemingly unrelated acute problems: (1) improving sustainability of fast-growing mushroom industry producing worldwide millions of tons of underutilized leftovers; (2) alleviating the epidemic of vitamin D deficiency adversely affecting the public health in both countries and in other regions; (3) reducing spoilage of perishable fruit and vegetable products leading to food wastage. Based on our previous experience we propose utilizing appropriately processed mushroom byproducts as a source of two valuable bioactive materials: antimicrobial and wholesome polysaccharide chitosan and health-strengthening nutrient ergocalciferol⁽ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2⁾. ᴬᵈᵈⁱᵗⁱᵒⁿᵃˡ ᵇᵉⁿᵉᶠⁱᵗ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉˢᵉ ᵐᵃᵗᵉʳⁱᵃˡˢ ⁱˢ ᵗʰᵉⁱʳ ᵒʳⁱᵍⁱⁿ ᶠʳᵒᵐ ⁿᵒⁿ⁻ᵃⁿⁱᵐᵃˡ ᶠᵒᵒᵈ⁻ᵍʳᵃᵈᵉ source. We proposed using chitosan and vitamin D as ingredients in active edible coatings on two model foods: highly perishable fresh-cut melon and less perishable health bars. Objectives and work program. The general aim of the project is improving storability, safety and health value of foods by developing and applying a novel active edible coating based on utilization of mushroom industry leftovers. The work plan includes the following tasks: (a) optimizing the UV-B treatment of mushroom leftover stalks to enrich them with vitamin D without compromising chitosan quality - Done; (b) developing effective extraction procedures to yield chitosan and vitamin D from the stalks - Done; (c) utilizing LbL approach to prepare fungal chitosan-based edible coatings with optimal properties - Done; (d) enrichment of the coating matrix with fungal vitamin D utilizing molecular encapsulation and nano-encapsulation approaches - Done, it was found that no encapsulation methods are needed to enrich chitosan matrix with vitamin D; (e) testing the performance of the coating for controlling spoilage of fresh cut melons - Done; (f) testing the performance of the coating for nutritional enhancement and quality preservation of heath bars - Done. Achievements. In this study numerous results were achieved. Mushroom waste, leftover stalks, was treated ʷⁱᵗʰ ᵁⱽ⁻ᴮ ˡⁱᵍʰᵗ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵗʳᵉᵃᵗᵐᵉⁿᵗ ⁱⁿᵈᵘᶜᵉˢ ᵃ ᵛᵉʳʸ ʰⁱᵍʰ ᵃᶜᶜᵘᵐᵘˡᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2, ᶠᵃʳ ᵉˣᶜᵉᵉᵈⁱⁿᵍ any other dietary vitamin D source. The straightforward vitamin D extraction procedure and ᵃ ˢⁱᵐᵖˡⁱᶠⁱᵉᵈ ᵃⁿᵃˡʸᵗⁱᶜᵃˡ ᵖʳᵒᵗᵒᶜᵒˡ ᶠᵒʳ ᵗⁱᵐᵉ⁻ᵉᶠᶠⁱᶜⁱᵉⁿᵗ ᵈᵉᵗᵉʳᵐⁱⁿᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2 ᶜᵒⁿᵗᵉⁿᵗ suitable for routine product quality control were developed. Concerning the fungal chitosan extraction, new freeze-thawing protocol was developed, tested on three different mushroom sources and compared to the classic protocol. The new protocol resulted in up to 2-fold increase in the obtained chitosan yield, up to 3-fold increase in its deacetylation degree, high whitening index and good antimicrobial activity. The fungal chitosan films enriched with Vitamin D were prepared and compared to the films based on animal origin chitosan demonstrating similar density, porosity and water vapor permeability. Layer-by-layer chitosan-alginate electrostatic deposition was used to coat fruit bars. The coatings helped to preserve the quality and increase the shelf-life of fruit bars, delaying degradation of ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity loss as well as reducing bar softening. Microbiological analyses also showed a delay in yeast and fungal growth when compared with single layer coatings of fungal or animal chitosan or alginate. Edible coatings were also applied on fresh-cut melons and provided significant improvement of physiological quality (firmness, weight ˡᵒˢˢ⁾, ᵐⁱᶜʳᵒᵇⁱᵃˡ ˢᵃᶠᵉᵗʸ ⁽ᵇᵃᶜᵗᵉʳⁱᵃ, ᵐᵒˡᵈ, ʸᵉᵃˢᵗ⁾, ⁿᵒʳᵐᵃˡ ʳᵉˢᵖⁱʳᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵖʳᵒᶜᵉˢˢ ⁽Cᴼ2, ᴼ²⁾ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵈⁱᵈ not cause off-flavor (EtOH). It was also found that the performance of edible coating from fungal stalk leftovers does not concede to the chitosan coatings sourced from animal or good quality mushrooms. Implications. The proposal helped attaining triple benefit: valorization of mushroom industry byproducts; improving public health by fortification of food products with vitamin D from natural non-animal source; and reducing food wastage by using shelf- life-extending antimicrobial edible coatings. New observations with scientific impact were found. The program resulted in 5 research papers. Several effective and straightforward procedures that can be adopted by mushroom growers and food industries were developed. BARD Report - Project 4784
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