Academic literature on the topic 'Novel Adaptations'
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Journal articles on the topic "Novel Adaptations"
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Perdikaki, Katerina. "Film Adaptation as an Act of Communication: Adopting a Translation-oriented Approach to the Analysis of Adaptation Shifts." Meta 62, no. 1 (July 6, 2017): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1040464ar.
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Contemporary theoretical trends in Adaptation Studies and Translation Studies (Aragay 2005; Catrysse 2014; Milton 2009; Venuti 2007) envisage synergies between the two areas that can contribute to the sociocultural and artistic value of adaptations. This suggests the application of theoretical insights derived from Translation Studies to the adaptation of novels for the screen (i.e., film adaptations). It is argued that the process of transposing a novel into a filmic product entails an act of bidirectional communication between the book, the novel and the involved contexts of production and reception. Particular emphasis is placed on the role that context plays in this communication. Context here is taken to include paratextual material pertinent to the adapted text and to the film. Such paratext may lead to fruitful analyses of adaptations and, thus, surpass the myopic criterion of fidelity which has traditionally dominated Adaptation Studies. The analysis uses examples of adaptation shifts (i.e., changes between the source novel and the film adaptation) from the filmP.S. I Love You(LaGravenese 2007), which are examined against interviews of the author, the director and the cast, the film trailer and one film review.
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Bharat, Meenakshi. "Did We Need Another Emma? The Anxiety of Influence in the Bollywood Adaptation of Emma." Humanities 11, no. 4 (June 28, 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h11040080.
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The multiple screen adaptations of Jane Austen’s novels, and in particular, those of Emma (1815–1816), willy-nilly direct audience attention to the problematic continuities between the original novel and Rajshri Ojha’s twenty-first century Bollywood adaptation, Aisha (2010). This essay addresses the issue of the competing influence of Austen and the global cinematic adaptations that precede this Hindi adaptation, even as it assesses the film for its engagement with the adaptation of Austenian social concerns to the particularities of the contemporary upper-middle-class urban existence in India.
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Olena Volodymyrivna, Hlushchenko, Kornielaieva Yevheniia Valeriivna, and Moskaliuk Olena Viktorivna. "Interpreting Jane Austen’s Writing Style: Adaptations of the Novel Northanger Abbey." Arab World English Journal, no. 3 (November 15, 2020): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/elt3.19.
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The research paper focused on revealing the individual writing style of Jane Austen based on the novel Northanger Abbey and interpretations of its various adaptations. The purpose of the article is to prove that the individual author’s style can be reconstructed due to different stylistic devices that help the reader to understand the message of a literary work more profoundly and take into account in the process of film adaptations. An author’s style is characterized by numerous factors including spelling, word choices, sentence structures, punctuation, use of literary stylistic devices (irony, metaphors, rhyme, etc.) and organization of ideas, narration structure, and overall tone of the narration. The main analytic procedures used in the research are keyness, collocation, and cluster. The authors also define that the novel under analysis is a parody of Gothic fiction. The author ruined the conventions of eighteenth-century novels by making her heroine fall in love with the character before he has a serious thought of her and exposing the heroine’s romantic fears and curiosities as groundless. The article deals with adaptation as an integral part of the concept of intersemiotic translation. It is possible to say that adaptation is an attempt to translate the content of the adapted material into its screening; intersemiotic translation focuses on the analysis and interpretation of semiotic codes in the scope of adapted material. Seven basic operations used to differentiate the range of adaptation are substitution, reduction, addition, amplification, inversion, transaccentation, compression.
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SCHABRUN, SIOBHAN M., PAUL W. HODGES, BILL VICENZINO, EMMA JONES, and LUCINDA S. CHIPCHASE. "Novel Adaptations in Motor Cortical Maps." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47, no. 4 (April 2015): 681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000469.
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Strong, Jeremy. "Straight to the Source? Where Adaptations, Artworks, Historical Films, and Novels Connect." Adaptation 12, no. 2 (July 22, 2019): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/adaptation/apz020.
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AbstractResponding to several recent interventions in adaptation studies that have argued for history-as-adaptation, this article develops a sustained examination of how page-to-screen adaptations may be understood as structured and interpreted in ways analogous to the historical film. Considering the relationship between historical screen texts and the historical novel, including the many novel-to-film adaptations of such stories, the article identifies a distinct subset of adaptations in which artworks and literary works are engaged as the ‘source’ for fictional and semi-fictional narratives that ostensibly address the circumstances of their creation. Re-purposing the term ‘origin story’ to characterize these stories, the works of historical novelist Tracy Chevalier are posited as examples of this creative adaptive practice. In addition, this article argues for the trope of ‘bringing-to-life’ and the associated domain of re-enactment as key modes, deeply resonant since the earliest phases of cinema technology, for figuring both the page-to-screen adaptation and historical film. Finally, the 2015 historical biopic and adaptation Trumbo and its relationship to a range of sources are examined in the light of ideas proposed in this article.
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Sferra, Emily. "“One of her delusions”: Maternity, Selfhood, and Voice in Mr. Rochester." Victorians Institute Journal 48, no. 1 (December 2021): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/victinstj.48.2021.0043.
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Abstract Sarah Shoemaker’s Mr. Rochester, a recent adaptation of Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre, disputes understandings of women’s selfhood as promoted by Jane Eyre and Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea. By attributing the cause of Bertha Mason’s mental illness to disrupted maternity and not allowing her to articulate her loss fully to a compassionate listener, Shoemaker’s adaptation upholds the Victorian gender ideals which Brontë’s novel challenges and ignores the efforts of Wide Sargasso Sea to allow Bertha a voice. The positive reception of Mr. Rochester among readers signals that the politics of a source text may matter less than characters and plot to readers and writers of neo-Victorian adaptations. To understand how and why the reading public values Victorian novels today, scholars must critically examine adaptations and their fidelity to their source texts.
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Mutta, Maarit, and Andrea Hynynen. "The adaptation of three Manchette néo-polars to Machette-Tardi’s graphic novels." Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies 10, no. 1 (November 7, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/bells.v10i1.1412.
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Cultural adaptations have existed for a long time (Hutcheon & O’Flynn 2013). This article discusses adaptation from one narrative genre, the textual néo-polar crime novel, to another, multimodal comics. It explores three of Jean-Patrick Manchette’s néo-polars that have been adapted by Jacques Tardi to three graphic novels: Ô dingos, ô châteaux! (Folle à tuer), Le petit bleu de la côte Ouest and La position du tireur couché. The analysis suggests that Tardi remains attached to the fidelity paradigm while he also exploits characteristic features of comics, and his own personal style. While Tardi seemingly wishes to be respectful to his former friend Manchette’s novels, he creates adaptations that can be read without prior knowledge of the adapted works and which function as independent graphic novels in a recognizable Tardian style.
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Hu, Zhiyue. "Journey to the West: Cross-media adaptations of a Chinese classic tale." Journal of Adaptation in Film & Performance 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jafp_00071_1.
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Journey to the West as one of the ‘four great Chinese classic novels’ has had an extraordinary influence across history and around the world. Journey to the West depicts how a Tang Dynasty Buddhist monk Xuanzang and his three disciples went through 81 trials to obtain the Buddhist texts (Sutras) from the Western Heaven (ancient India). Despite the novel itself being a product of a long history of adaptation, this article aims to offer an overview of the modern and contemporary cross-media adaptations of both the novel and the tale Journey to the West, with examples of literature (including web fictions), stage performances, films, TV series, manga and animation, video games and music. These adaptations not only happen in the Chinese-speaking world but also on an Asian and global level. Through introducing the extensive and diverse cases that inform an idea of ‘IP (intellectual property)’ as favoured in the Chinese cultural market, this article aims to point out the cultural and capital flow within this one single series of adaptations. In place of a relationship between source and adaptation, the contemporary context supports the idea of a wider context in which a source may be seen to validate a range of new and highly commercialized genres. It is developed from a presentation in the 2019 JAFP symposium Looking Back, Stepping Forward.
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Kaur, Manmeet. "A study on screen adaptations from Literature with reference to Chetan Bhagat’s Novel." Journal of Advanced Research in Journalism & Mass Communication 05, no. 01 (February 27, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2395.3810.201801.
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van Breukelen, Frank, and Sandra L. Martin. "Invited Review: Molecular adaptations in mammalian hibernators: unique adaptations or generalized responses?" Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 2640–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01007.2001.
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Hibernators are unique among mammals in their ability to attain, withstand, and reverse low body temperatures. Hibernators repeatedly cycle between body temperatures near zero during torpor and 37°C during euthermy. How do these mammals maintain cardiac function, cell integrity, blood fluidity, and energetic balance during their prolonged periods at low body temperature and avoid damage when they rewarm? Hibernation is often considered an example of a unique adaptation for low-temperature function in mammals. Although such adaptation is apparent at the level of whole animal physiology, it is surprisingly difficult to demonstrate clear examples of adaptations at the cellular and biochemical levels that improve function in the cold and are unique to hibernators. Instead of adaptation for improved function in the cold, the key molecular adaptations of hibernation may be to exploit the cold to depress most aspects of biochemical function and then rewarm without damage to restore optimal function of all systems. These capabilities are likely due to novel regulation of biochemical pathways shared by all mammals, including humans.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Novel Adaptations"
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Vardaxis, Vassilios. "Learning adaptations in performance production measures of novel multijoint tasks." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40016.
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The present thesis investigated the process of gross motor skill acquisition in the context of how movement pattern characteristics are organized and modified as a result of learning. The process of multisegmental skill acquisition was studied using performance production measures as a window to explore stable and transient changes in the movement control process. Bernstein's principles of exploitation of motion dependent torques, and the minimization of the degree of freedom were tested.Twenty male subjects performed a total of 240 trials, as fast and accurate as possible, over 4 sessions for two tasks with different level of complexity (10 subjects per task). Kinematic and EMG data were acquired for a two segment model of the arm using a lightweight, adjustable manipulandum, and surface EMG for the PDL, PEC, TRI, and BIC muscles. Movement organization characteristics were revealed by wave pattern analyses performed with a phase breakdown technique, CCCF on torque partitioning components, and the CFs on the muscle activation waveforms.
The experimental protocol allowed enough practice for the tasks to be learned resulting in PT decrease. Consistent adaptations in movement organization were revealed by all three levels of analysis. Improvement in the performance production measures were in the same direction for both learning conditions, and the rate of change within experimental sessions decreased over time. The significant adaptations in movement organization occurred at the critical phases of each task (i.e. the power absorption--phase simple task, and the reversal phase--complex task). The EMG and joint torque components demonstrated significant amplitude and profile changes particularly during the critical phases. The subjects learned to perform the tasks faster by compensating the motion dependent torques components with the muscle torques in time and amplitude. This finding was consistent with the principle of exploitation of motion dependent torques which was enhanced with learning. Significant task specific motor program adaptations were revealed by the SVD analysis. The minimization of the degree of freedom hypothesis is consistent with the increasing covariation observed over learning between the antagonists PEC and BIC in the simple task, and for both the agonists PDL and TRI and antagonists PEC and BIC in the complex task. In addition the results justified the use of waveform analysis on performance production measures, as a method that can reveal important adaptation details in the underlying control mechanisms for gross motor skill.
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Cummings, Stephen Paul. "Physiological adaptations to increasing salinity of a novel eubacterial halophile." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387713.
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Malone, Paul Matthew. "Starring Joseph K, four stage adaptations of Franz Kafka's novel The trial." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25107.pdf.
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Wier, John W. (John William). "An Animated Screenplay Adaptation Based on John R. Erickson's Novel: The Adventures of Hank the Cowdog." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278417/.
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Screenplay for animated feature film. Story and characters are based on a short novel, The Adventures of Hank the Cowdog. first in a series. This adaptation aims to translate the humor and unique dog-centered perspective of the original source into the medium of film. Hank the Cowdog, head of security on an isolated ranch, works undercover inside a pack of coyotes to solve a series of chicken murders. To solve the case, Hank defends his ranch, sheep and chickens from a devious and powerful coyote leader, Scraunch. With help from a variety of friends and a change in attitude, Hank saves the ranch. Screenplay places detective film conventions in an action-adventure cartoon format. Thesis includes notes on adaptation process.
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Sarantinos, George D. V. "Learning and retention adaptations of myoelectric activity during a novel multi-joint task." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0024/MQ50569.pdf.
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Eastwood, Rodney Gordon, and N/A. "Ant Association and Speciation in Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): Consequences of Novel Adaptations and Pleistocene Climate Changes." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20071130.134932.
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The butterfly family Lycaenidae (including the Riodinidae) contains an estimated 30% of all butterfly species and exhibits a diverse array of life history strategies. The early stages of most lycaenids associate with ants to varying degrees, ranging from casual facultative coexistence through to obligate association where the long-term survival of the butterfly is dependent on the presence of its attendant ants. Attendant ants guard the butterflies against predators and parasites during their vulnerable period of larval growth and pupation. The caterpillars, in return, reward the ants by providing attractive secretions from specialized glands in their cuticle. The prevalence of caterpillar-ant associations in the species rich Lycaenidae is in contrast with other Lepidoptera, where ant association appears only as isolated cases in otherwise non ant-associated lineages. This has led to the proposal that ant association may have influenced lycaenid diversification or even enhanced the rates of speciation in the group. In contrast, facultative ant-associated butterflies exhibit high levels of host plant integrity, so it is reasonable to assume that host plants may have played a significant role in their diversification. Since the influence of ants (or plants) on diversification is independent of geographic speciation modes such as vicariance or peripheral isolates, there is an underlying inference of sympatric speciation. Certain prerequisites thought to be important for sympatric speciation, such as mating on the host plant (or in the presence of the appropriate ant) as well as ant dependent oviposition preferences are characteristic of many obligate myrmecophiles. Not surprisingly, it has been suggested that evidence for sympatric speciation is more likely to be found in the Insecta since this additional mode of diversification could account for the large numbers of insect species. This thesis tested the diversification processes in obligate and facultative ant associated lycaenids using comparative methodologies in hierarchical molecular phylogenetic analyses. First, several hypotheses relating to the influence of ants on diversification in obligately ant associated lycaenid butterflies were tested in a phylogeographic analysis of the Australian endemic Jalmenus evagoras. The phylogeographic analysis revealed that regional isolation of butterfly subpopulations coincident with locally adapted ant taxa could generate a phylogenetic pattern in which related lycaenids would be seen to associate with related or ecologically similar ants. Likewise, ecological shifts in habitat preferences by lycaenids could lead to co-diversification with habitat specialist ants, even though in both cases, the ants may play only an incidental role in the diversification process. A comparative methodology was then applied in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Jalmenus to test for a signal of diversification consistent with shifts in ant partners, and to infer the processes by which ants could influence speciation. Several other specific hypotheses relating to monophyly and taxonomy were also examined. Comparative analysis of the Jalmenus phylogeny found that attendant ant shifts coincided with high levels of sympatry among sister species. This pattern could be explained by sympatric speciation; however, data suggested it was more likely that ant shifts occurred during butterfly population expansions as a result of vegetation and climate changes in the Pleistocene. Fragmentation of populations associating with novel ants could promote rapid ecological and behavioural changes and this could result in reproductive isolation of conspecifics when in secondary contact. Diversification would then continue in sympatry. In contrast, secondary contact of populations associating with the same ant species would result in homogenisation of the two lycaenid lineages or the extinction of one. A phylogeographic analysis of the facultative myrmecophiles, Theclinesthes albocincta/T. hesperia, was then undertaken to infer the evolutionary processes (such as the effects of host plant shifts) that could result in extant demographics. Species-specific questions of taxonomy, relative population ages and dispersal routes in arid Australia were also addressed. Results from the analysis suggested the two taxa were conspecific and had diversified in the late Pleistocene as a consequence of isolation in refugia in and around the arid areas of mainland Australia. However, as was the case in the J. evagoras population analysis in which attendant ant shifts were not detected, host plant shifts were not detected in the population analysis of T. albocincta/hesperia. Host plant or attendant ant shifts manifest more frequently at the species level, thus it was necessary to test the influence of host plant shifts at this higher level. The comparative methodology was then applied to a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the facultative ant-associated section Theclinesthes (comprising Theclinesthes, Sahulana and Neolucia) to test for modes of diversification consistent with host plant shifts. The relative importance of other influences on diversification was also assessed. Akin to the Jalmenus analysis, the prediction that sister species ranges should broadly overlap when a shift in host plants had taken place was upheld in the comparative analysis. Species in the genera Jalmenus and Theclinesthes were found to have diversified in the Pleistocene so were subject to the same climatic oscillations that influenced patterns of vegetation expansion and contraction across much of Australia. Thus, the similarity and predictability of relationships in the comparative analyses based on biological data suggested that host plant shifts have influenced diversification in facultative myrmecophiles by inhibiting gene flow in secondary contact in similar fashion to that of attendant ant shifts identified in the Jalmenus phylogeny. Interpretation of data in these analyses suggested that allopatric diversification was the most common mode of speciation. Isolation was inferred to be the result of fragmentation following long distance dispersal across wide expanses of marginal habitat, or vicariance following the closing of biogeographical barriers. However, attendant-ant and host-plant shifts clearly played an important role in the diversification process, and in the maintenance of species integrity among lycaenid butterflies. Furthermore, exceptions to the predicted patterns of range overlap and ecological shifts provided clues to additional modes of diversification including shifts in habitat preferences and an unusual temporal shift following changes in specific host plant phenology resulting in allochronic diversification. Inferring modes of diversification using comparative methods based on range overlap and biological traits in a phylogenetic context is not new; however, the interpretation presented in this thesis is in contrast with contemporary methods. It is clear that the patterns of species range overlap and the ecological preferences of sister taxa are intimately related among lycaenid species that diversified during the Pleistocene. As a result, different influences on diversification can be highlighted in phylogenies when applying existing comparative methodologies but without necessarily drawing the same conclusions about modes of diversification. A more inclusive explanation for patterns of range overlap among sister taxa is detailed, a consequence of which is a method for estimating rates of extinction in a phylogeny where comprehensive distributional, biological and taxonomic data are available. These patterns and predictions may be applicable to a range of taxa, especially those that have diversified in the Pleistocene. Plans for future studies are outlined.
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Connolly, Alexandra. "Crypsis in non-flying mammal pollinated Proteaceae: novel adaptations and evidence of nectarivorous bird avoidance." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31394.
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A defining feature of the non-flying mammal pollinated (NMP) syndrome is inflorescence crypsis whereby flowers are close to the ground and somewhat hidden within the canopy. A number of species in the Cape Proteaceae are NMP, two of which were chosen as focal species for this study: Protea amplexicaulis and Protea humiflora. This study investigated the two previously suggested hypotheses for crypsis: hidden flowers are more difficult for nectarivorous birds to access, or hidden flowers provide greater cover for small mammal pollinators from aerial predators. Using remote triggered cameras, P. amplexicaulis and P. humiflora inflorescences were observed over the 2017 flowering period, noting visitation by birds and small mammals and assessing the legitimacy of birds as pollinators. In the literature, bird visitation to exposed inflorescences is suggested to be rare, but this study showed that it is considerable. Observations of camera footage suggest that birds are in fact illegitimate pollinators and thus nectar rob. Bird visitation to exposed inflorescences was more than tenfold that of hidden inflorescences, suggesting that crypsis is likely a strategy to avoid nectar robbing by birds. Both P. amplexicaulis and P. humiflora have been observed to retain dead leaves, which may contribute to their cryptic nature. Alternative hypotheses for dead leaf retention in Proteaceae – that it may increase flammability or result in a below canopy spike in nutrients post fire (selfish fertilization) – were assessed and rejected. Sampling of eight local Protea species showed that dead leaf retention is not a consequence of prolonged live leaf retention, with P. amplexicaulis retaining dead leaves for up to 6 years. The removal of dead leaves in 30 P. amplexicaulis individuals resulted in a significant decrease in the number of inflorescences hidden from aerial view, thus suggesting that dead leaf retention may be a strategy to enhance crypsis and thus forms part of the NMP syndrome. This research expands on the knowledge of the NMP syndrome; providing evidence in support of an anti- nectar robbing crypsis function, discovering a novel crypsis adaptation regarding dead leaf retention, and casting doubt on the Restricted Distributions hypothesis for the evolution of the syndrome.
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Eastwood, Rodney Gordon. "Ant Association and Speciation in Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): Consequences of Novel Adaptations and Pleistocene Climate Changes." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365668.
Full textAbstract:
The butterfly family Lycaenidae (including the Riodinidae) contains an estimated 30% of all butterfly species and exhibits a diverse array of life history strategies. The early stages of most lycaenids associate with ants to varying degrees, ranging from casual facultative coexistence through to obligate association where the long-term survival of the butterfly is dependent on the presence of its attendant ants. Attendant ants guard the butterflies against predators and parasites during their vulnerable period of larval growth and pupation. The caterpillars, in return, reward the ants by providing attractive secretions from specialized glands in their cuticle. The prevalence of caterpillar-ant associations in the species rich Lycaenidae is in contrast with other Lepidoptera, where ant association appears only as isolated cases in otherwise non ant-associated lineages. This has led to the proposal that ant association may have influenced lycaenid diversification or even enhanced the rates of speciation in the group. In contrast, facultative ant-associated butterflies exhibit high levels of host plant integrity, so it is reasonable to assume that host plants may have played a significant role in their diversification. Since the influence of ants (or plants) on diversification is independent of geographic speciation modes such as vicariance or peripheral isolates, there is an underlying inference of sympatric speciation. Certain prerequisites thought to be important for sympatric speciation, such as mating on the host plant (or in the presence of the appropriate ant) as well as ant dependent oviposition preferences are characteristic of many obligate myrmecophiles. Not surprisingly, it has been suggested that evidence for sympatric speciation is more likely to be found in the Insecta since this additional mode of diversification could account for the large numbers of insect species. This thesis tested the diversification processes in obligate and facultative ant associated lycaenids using comparative methodologies in hierarchical molecular phylogenetic analyses. First, several hypotheses relating to the influence of ants on diversification in obligately ant associated lycaenid butterflies were tested in a phylogeographic analysis of the Australian endemic Jalmenus evagoras. The phylogeographic analysis revealed that regional isolation of butterfly subpopulations coincident with locally adapted ant taxa could generate a phylogenetic pattern in which related lycaenids would be seen to associate with related or ecologically similar ants. Likewise, ecological shifts in habitat preferences by lycaenids could lead to co-diversification with habitat specialist ants, even though in both cases, the ants may play only an incidental role in the diversification process. A comparative methodology was then applied in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Jalmenus to test for a signal of diversification consistent with shifts in ant partners, and to infer the processes by which ants could influence speciation. Several other specific hypotheses relating to monophyly and taxonomy were also examined. Comparative analysis of the Jalmenus phylogeny found that attendant ant shifts coincided with high levels of sympatry among sister species. This pattern could be explained by sympatric speciation; however, data suggested it was more likely that ant shifts occurred during butterfly population expansions as a result of vegetation and climate changes in the Pleistocene. Fragmentation of populations associating with novel ants could promote rapid ecological and behavioural changes and this could result in reproductive isolation of conspecifics when in secondary contact. Diversification would then continue in sympatry. In contrast, secondary contact of populations associating with the same ant species would result in homogenisation of the two lycaenid lineages or the extinction of one. A phylogeographic analysis of the facultative myrmecophiles, Theclinesthes albocincta/T. hesperia, was then undertaken to infer the evolutionary processes (such as the effects of host plant shifts) that could result in extant demographics. Species-specific questions of taxonomy, relative population ages and dispersal routes in arid Australia were also addressed. Results from the analysis suggested the two taxa were conspecific and had diversified in the late Pleistocene as a consequence of isolation in refugia in and around the arid areas of mainland Australia. However, as was the case in the J. evagoras population analysis in which attendant ant shifts were not detected, host plant shifts were not detected in the population analysis of T. albocincta/hesperia. Host plant or attendant ant shifts manifest more frequently at the species level, thus it was necessary to test the influence of host plant shifts at this higher level. The comparative methodology was then applied to a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the facultative ant-associated section Theclinesthes (comprising Theclinesthes, Sahulana and Neolucia) to test for modes of diversification consistent with host plant shifts. The relative importance of other influences on diversification was also assessed. Akin to the Jalmenus analysis, the prediction that sister species ranges should broadly overlap when a shift in host plants had taken place was upheld in the comparative analysis. Species in the genera Jalmenus and Theclinesthes were found to have diversified in the Pleistocene so were subject to the same climatic oscillations that influenced patterns of vegetation expansion and contraction across much of Australia. Thus, the similarity and predictability of relationships in the comparative analyses based on biological data suggested that host plant shifts have influenced diversification in facultative myrmecophiles by inhibiting gene flow in secondary contact in similar fashion to that of attendant ant shifts identified in the Jalmenus phylogeny. Interpretation of data in these analyses suggested that allopatric diversification was the most common mode of speciation. Isolation was inferred to be the result of fragmentation following long distance dispersal across wide expanses of marginal habitat, or vicariance following the closing of biogeographical barriers. However, attendant-ant and host-plant shifts clearly played an important role in the diversification process, and in the maintenance of species integrity among lycaenid butterflies. Furthermore, exceptions to the predicted patterns of range overlap and ecological shifts provided clues to additional modes of diversification including shifts in habitat preferences and an unusual temporal shift following changes in specific host plant phenology resulting in allochronic diversification. Inferring modes of diversification using comparative methods based on range overlap and biological traits in a phylogenetic context is not new; however, the interpretation presented in this thesis is in contrast with contemporary methods. It is clear that the patterns of species range overlap and the ecological preferences of sister taxa are intimately related among lycaenid species that diversified during the Pleistocene. As a result, different influences on diversification can be highlighted in phylogenies when applying existing comparative methodologies but without necessarily drawing the same conclusions about modes of diversification. A more inclusive explanation for patterns of range overlap among sister taxa is detailed, a consequence of which is a method for estimating rates of extinction in a phylogeny where comprehensive distributional, biological and taxonomic data are available. These patterns and predictions may be applicable to a range of taxa, especially those that have diversified in the Pleistocene. Plans for future studies are outlined.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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Lamarque-Rootering, Marie-Pierre. "Les adaptations théâtrales de romans français au XIXe siècle." Paris 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA030155.
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Littérature ou imposture ? Les adaptations théâtrales de romans français au XIXe siècle envahissent les scènes parisiennes sous la plume des plus grands écrivains : Paul de Kock, Alexandre Dumas père, Eugène Sue, Paul Féval, George Sand, Alexandre Dumas fils, Octave Feuillet, Jules Sandeau, Emile Zola, Alphonse Daudet, Edmond de Goncourt, Jules Verne… Spéculant sur la popularité d’un roman, elles entraînent dans une spirale créative redondante auteurs, directeurs de théâtre et public, tous prisonniers volontaires d’un système de production fondé sur le lucre. Le roman déborde le cadre étroit du théâtre. Le lit de Procuste se métamorphose en boîte de Pandore. Du texte au hors-texte, le roman transporté au théâtre bouscule tous les codes dramatiques référentiels (génériques, structurels, stylistiques, thématiques et spectaculaires), se joue de la conventionnelle Dame Anastasie et affronte une critique dramatique majoritairement hostile, désorientée par une nouvelle poétique d’origine imitative. Du roman-feuilleton à sa dérivation théâtrale, l’imitation, au sens de copie avec transformation, essence de la création littéraire dans son acception aristotélicienne, modifie le paysage dramatique. Invention ou copie ? La propriété littéraire dicte sa loi au sein de conventions littéraires internationales. Le procédé de l’adaptation théâtrale de romans est légalisé en 1886 lors du Congrès de Berne. De « l’imitation » à « l’adaptation », la dérivation en littérature acquiert un statut d’œuvre seconde, œuvre secondaire, indigne de l’histoire littéraireLiterature or imposture ? The theatrical adaptations of 19th century French novels invaded the Parisian scene signed by the greatest writers : Paul de Kock, Alexandre Dumas (the father), Eugène Sue, Paul Féval, George Sand, Alexandre Dumas (the son), Octave Feuillet, Jules Sandeau, Emile Zola, Alphonse Daudet, Edmond de Goncourt, and Jules Verne… Speculating on the popularity of a novel, they swept into a verbose creative spiral authors, theatre directors and the public, all voluntary prisoners of a lucrative production system. The novel went beyond the scope of theatre’s narrow context. The Procrustean Couch : The Weight of Word sis metamorphosed into a Pandora’s Box. From text to out of (con)text, the novel transferred to theatre threw all referential drama codes (generic, structural, stylistics, sets of themes and the spectacular) off balance, making a mockery of conventional censurers. It faces a mainly hostile, dramatic criticism disorientated by poetically imitated origins. From the serial story with its theatrical downward spiral, imitation in the sense of a transformed copy, the essence of literary creation in its Aristotelician sense was modifying an already dramatic landscape. Was it invention or copy ? Literary ownership dictated its law within international literary conventions. The process of the theatrical adaptation of novels was legalized in 1886 during the Congress of Bern. From « imitation » to « adaptation », literature spiralled downward to acquire a secondary, second place status unworthy of literary history
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Casprov, Alexandra Genţiana. "Two Film Adaptations of Larsson’s novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo : A Semiotic and Audience Reception Study." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för mediestudier, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-77603.
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Stieg Larsson has reached vast audiences with his popular, page-turning crime novels, the Millennium Series. The series tells a story not just for fictional purposes, but to draw attention to what people did not see about the society that Larsson lived in. In 2009, local actors starred in a film adaptation of Larsson’s first novel, which went beyond the Swedish public. In December 2011 an English-language remake based on the same bestseller was released, starring famous Hollywood actors. Considering language can hinder the reach of foreign language movies in international markets and that international and Swedish audiences demands differ, the current research aims to find out how the two movie adaptations diverge in terms of gender representation, production, graphic content, ideological meaning, and cultural representation as they attempt to target their respective audiences. In order to find answers, this thesis adopted a qualitative approach using two different, supporting methods. First a semiotic analysis of a representative scene with a high psychological and graphic impact on the viewer in both movies was conducted. Second, focus group interviews, with International and Swedish audience members, were conducted. The findings suggest that considerable differences exist between the two movies and that audiences have a different pre-conception in the way they perceive the same media product: gender role dynamic has been reversed in the two movies, the American version is more graphic in its display of nudity, and lacks the ideological layer. Furthermore, this study can serve as a basis for future research that could try to statistically represent the way Swedish and international moviegoers draw on the two adaptations.
Books on the topic "Novel Adaptations"
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Tharoor, Shashi. The great Indian novel. New York: Arcade Pub., 1989.
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McNamara, Eugene. "Laura" as novel, film, and myth. Lewiston [N.Y.]: Edwin Mellen Press, 1992.
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Lester, Julius. Othello: A novel. New York: Scholastic, 1995.
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Lester, Julius. Othello: A novel. Carmel, Calif: Hampton-Brown, 1995.
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Out of darkness: A novel. American Fork, Utah: Covenant Communications, 1995.
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Steele, Hunter. Lord Hamlet'scastle: Based on a novel treatment by William Shakespeare. London: Deutsch, 1987.
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Legend of the Emerald Rose: A novel. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2005.
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Sharer, Michael. A rendition of Alexander Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin": A novel in verse. Los Angeles, CA: Beamish Publishers, 1996.
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Romancing the Nephites: A novel. [Salt Lake]: Covenant Communications, 1993.
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Novel to film: An introduction to the theory of adaptation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Novel Adaptations"
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Hood, Kathryn E. "Emergence and Constraint in Novel Behavioral Adaptations." In Handbook of Developmental Science, Behavior, and Genetics, 323–52. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444327632.ch11.
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Miller, J. Scott. "From Madness To Murder: Victorian Novel As Ninjôbanashi." In Adaptations of Western Literature in Meiji Japan, 77–109. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230107557_4.
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Court, Tanya, and Joshua Zeunert. "Novel horticultural adaptations to climate and their unique landscapes." In The Routledge Handbook of Sustainable Cities and Landscapes in the Pacific Rim, 164–79. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003033530-16.
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Miller, J. Scott. "A Visible Poetics: American Dime Novel as Paradigm for Theater Reform." In Adaptations of Western Literature in Meiji Japan, 111–39. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230107557_5.
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Tucker, Abigail S. "Salivary Gland Adaptations: Modification of the Glands for Novel Uses." In Frontiers of Oral Biology, 21–31. Basel: KARGER, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000313705.
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Botelho, Keith. "De-emphasizing race in young adult novel adaptations of Othello." In The Routledge Handbook of Shakespeare and Global Appropriation, 370–77. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315168968-33.
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Reyes-Rodríguez, Mae Lynn, and Debra Franko. "Cultural Adaptations of Evidence-Based Treatments for Eating Disorders." In Adapting Evidence-Based Eating Disorder Treatments for Novel Populations and Settings, 3–30. New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429031106-1.
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Gough, Noel, and Simon Gough. "Watchmen, Scientific Imaginaries, and the Capitalocene: The Media and Their Messages for Science Educators." In Palgrave Studies in Education and the Environment, 277–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79622-8_17.
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AbstractThis chapter explores the generativity of comics/graphic novels and their filmic adaptations as contributions to the “cultural literacy” of science educators by examining: (i) representations of science in Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons’ graphic novel Watchmen; (ii) the unique capability of sequential art to depict key scientific imaginaries, such as complexity and simultaneity; (iii) the treatment of these imaginaries in Zack Snyder’s (Watchmen. Universal Pictures, 2009) filmic adaptation of Watchmen; and (iv) the shift from the novel’s threats of Cold War nuclear annihilation toward the film’s concern with contemporary fears of a climate crisis. Many science educators treat comics/graphic novels (and much science fiction) with suspicion, tending to focus on their fidelity (or lack thereof) with canonical “textbook science” and the im/plausibility of their narratives. We argue that both versions of Watchmen constitute distinctively generative media resources (with cross-generational relevance) for rethinking science education in the Capitalocene.
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Fashing, Norman J. "Two novel adaptations for dispersal in the mite family Histiostomatidae (Astigmata)." In Trends in Acarology, 81–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9837-5_12.
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Peterson, Carol B., Emily M. Pisetsky, and Lisa M. Anderson. "Afterword: Novel Research, Training, and Supervision Opportunities for Evidence-Based Treatment Adaptations." In Adapting Evidence-Based Eating Disorder Treatments for Novel Populations and Settings, 397–408. New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429031106-19.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Novel Adaptations"
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Jalali, Vahid, David Leake, and Najmeh Forouzandehmehr. "Learning and Applying Case Adaptation Rules for Classification: An Ensemble Approach." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/685.
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The ability of case-based reasoning systems to solve novel problems depends on their capability to adapt past solutions to new circumstances. However, acquiring the knowledge required for case adaptation is a classic challenge for CBR. This motivates the use of machine learning methods to generate adaptation knowledge. A popular approach uses the case difference heuristic (CDH) to generate adaptation rules from pairs of cases in the case base, based on the premise that the observed differences in case solutions result from the differences in the problems they solve, so can form the basic of rules to adapt cases with similar problem differences. Extensive research has successfully applied the CDH approach to adaptation rule learning for case-based regression (numerical prediction) tasks. However, classification tasks have been outside of its scope. The work presented in this paper addresses that gap by extending CDH-based learning of adaptation rules to apply to cases with categorical features and solutions. It presents the generalized case value heuristic to assess case and solution differences and applies it in an ensemble-based case-based classification method, ensembles of adaptations for classification (EAC), built on the authors' previous work on ensembles of adaptations for regression (EAR). Experimental results support the effectiveness of EAC.
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Murzina, S. A., V. P. Voronin, D. V. Artemenkov, and A. M. Orlov. "ECOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ADAPTATIONS OF LIPIDS AND FATTY ACIDS CERTAIN FISH SPECIES FROM THE IRMINGER SEA TO DEEPWATER HABBIT." In NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-2-1.196-203.
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Lipid profiling and identification of lipid status were carried out in certain species of meso-pelagic fish species - Lampanyctus macdonaldi and Bathylagus euryops of the Irminger Sea, which are manifested as integral components of the aquatic ecosystem and prevail in habitat, life cycle, specific development, intraspecific degree and the presence of specialization. For the first time, changes in the lipid profiles and the contents, observed by the specific adaptive sensitivity of fish to a deep-sea lifestyle, have been revealed.
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Mareshova, Halyna, and Tatiana Savchenko. "Фольклор и мистика в повести Н. В. Гоголя «вий». От авторского текста к современным экранизациям." In Пражская Русистика 2020 – Prague Russian Studies 2020. Charles University, Faculty of Education, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/9788076032088.11.
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This article discusses folklore, mysticism and humor in the novel Viy by N. V. Gogol. The article compares the novel and in the selected film adaptations, it draws attention to the depiction of the main characters, folklore, mysticism and humor.
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Kachorsky, Dani. "Graphic Novel Adaptations of Young Adult Literature: Comparing Book Covers Through Multimodal Content Analysis." In 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1578701.
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Panigrahi, Gati, Prakash Praharaj, Kiran Sai, Gargi Mahapatra, Taylor Peak, Sierra Patterson, Hakeem Oufkir, Anthony Molina, Steven Kridel, and Gagan Deep. "Abstract 2437: Novel metabolic adaptations support proliferation of African American prostate cancer cells under hypoxia." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2018; April 14-18, 2018; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-2437.
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Wang, Wenya, and Sinno Jialin Pan. "Transition-based Adversarial Network for Cross-lingual Aspect Extraction." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/622.
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In fine-grained opinion mining, the task of aspect extraction involves the identification of explicit product features in customer reviews. This task has been widely studied in some major languages, e.g., English, but was seldom addressed in other minor languages due to the lack of annotated corpus. To solve it, we develop a novel deep model to transfer knowledge from a source language with labeled training data to a target language without any annotations. Different from cross-lingual sentiment classification, aspect extraction across languages requires more fine-grained adaptation. To this end, we utilize transition-based mechanism that reads a word each time and forms a series of configurations that represent the status of the whole sentence. We represent each configuration as a continuous feature vector and align these representations from different languages into a shared space through an adversarial network. In addition, syntactic structures are also integrated into the deep model to achieve more syntactically-sensitive adaptations. The proposed method is end-to-end and achieves state-of-the-art performance on English, French and Spanish restaurant review datasets.
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Hurwich, Talia. ""Pictures Maybe Add a Whole Other Dimension": Students' Reading Gender and Religion in Graphic Novel Adaptations of the Bible." In 2021 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1680891.
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Farahat, Abdallah Magdy, and Domenico Defina. "Novel Adaptive Approach for Applying and Combining Traditional Waterfall and Agile Project Management Methodologies." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210867-ms.
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Abstract In modern oil and gas projects, especially in brown field contexts, there are always challenges of working with uncertainties and un-definitions in particular at the late stage of project development. On the other hand, engineering firms need to adapt and implement these changes, in every phase of the development cycle, with high accuracy to reduce delay time and meet client expectations. Hybrid Agile methods ensure that change can be adopted during the development process since they are based on an empirical control model that works through frequent increments, inspections and adaptations. During a brownfield NGL project, EniProgetti Egypt was responsible for detailed design engineering activities to replace traditional cold box heat exchanger with Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger (PCHE). The early phase of the project was characterized by collaborations with involved stakeholders from operations and projects departments in order to define the requirements. Due to the fact that the project was executed in detail engineering following feasibility study neglecting the intermediate front-end engineering design (FEED) phase, there were several criticalities, project un-definitions, risks and uncertainties. This continuous change and uncertainties were a trigger to enable the hybrid agile project management approach, which combines waterfall model and agile. This approach was followed to allow the execution of the engineering design respecting quality standards, meeting deadlines and optimizing the project budget. The paper presents efficient ways to implement and tailor the agile approach in oil and gas projects and how it can be combined with the structured waterfall methodology. The Scrum framework was activated in the early stage of the project development to create the product backlog and categorize requirements and feature stories. Planning was done via Gantt-Agile to outline the devoted deliverable through multiple sprints and monitor performance with S-curve dashboards and burn down charts. The Scrumban with sprint cycles has been applied to each sprint, ending with a review and retrospective meeting to identify lessons learned and improve the remaining sprints. The findings presented in this paper are a novel adaptation of the Agile framework and the predictive methodology for oil and gas projects that determine the important tailor-made process that directly impacts the project success, which in turn helps formulate policies to ensure reliable planning and execution.
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Grimm, Tyler J., Amit B. Deshpande, Gowtham V. Parvathy, and Laine Mears. "Friction Element Riveting: Effects of Lower Element Geometry." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-68751.
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Abstract Within manufacturing, resistance spot welding (RSW) has been the traditional method of choice when joining steel-steel sheets. However, within the transportation industry, the use of lighter weight materials such as aluminum has become necessary in order to improve fuel economy. This has required the creation of new technologies and adaptations of traditional ones in order to successfully join these materials. One such adaptation, useful in joining aluminum-aluminum sheets, is friction element riveting (FER). This process is similar to the friction element welding process; however, two or more aluminum sheets are secured together between the element head and a relatively small steel sheet, which is termed lower element. Since this is a novel technology, the influence of different sized lower elements is unknown. A study is conducted which varies the diameter and thickness of the lower elements. A simulation was also created to estimate the thermal effects of these various geometries. Strength testing was used to determine the success of each parameter. It was discovered that the maximum joint strength occurs when using a lower element diameter of 25 mm and a thickness of 1.6 mm.
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Chreim, Jose Rodolfo, Marcos de Mattos Pimenta, Joao Lucas Dozzi Dantas, Gustavo R. S. Assi, and Eduardo Tadashi Katsuno. "Development of a Lifting-Line-Based Method for Preliminary Propeller Design." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77995.
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A novel formulation for marine propellers based on adaptations from wing lifting-line theory is presented; the method is capable of simulating propellers with skewed and raked blades. It also incorporates the influence of viscosity on thrust and torque from hydrofoil data through a nonlinear scheme that changes the location of the control points iteratively. Several convergence studies are conducted to verify the different aspects of the numerical implementation and the results indicate satisfactory convergence rates for Kaplan, KCA, and B-Troost propellers. It is expected that the method accurately describes thrust, torque, and efficiency under the moderately loaded propeller assumption.
Reports on the topic "Novel Adaptations"
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Banda, Peter. Novel Methods for Learning and Adaptation in Chemical Reaction Networks. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2326.
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Thompson, Joseph. How WASH Programming has Adapted to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.001.
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Since first appearing at the end of 2019, the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread at a pace and scale not seen before. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. A rapid response was called for, and actors across the globe worked quickly to develop sets of preventative measures to contain the disease. One mode of transmission identified early on in the crisis was via surfaces and objects (fomites) (Howard et al. 2020). To combat this, hand hygiene was put forward as a key preventative measure and heralded as ‘the first line of defence against the disease’ (World Bank 2020). What followed was an unprecedented global focus on handwashing with soap. Health messages on how germs spread, the critical times at which hands should be washed, and methods for correct handwashing were shared (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2020). Political leaders around the world promoted handwashing and urged people to adopt the practice to protect against the coronavirus. The primary and secondary impacts of COVID-19 have affected people and industries in a variety of different ways. For the WASH sector, the centring of handwashing in the pandemic response has led to a sudden spike in hygiene activity. This SLH Rapid Topic Review takes stock of some of the cross-cutting challenges the sector has been facing during this period and explores the adaptations that have been made in response. It then looks forwards, thinking through what lies ahead for the sector, and considers the learning priorities for the next steps.
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Thompson, Joseph. How WASH Programming has Adapted to the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Sanitation Learning Hub, Institute of Development Studies, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.0015.
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Since first appearing at the end of 2019, the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread at a pace and scale not seen before. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. A rapid response was called for, and actors across the globe worked quickly to develop sets of preventative measures to contain the disease. One mode of transmission identified early on in the crisis was via surfaces and objects (fomites) (Howard et al. 2020). To combat this, hand hygiene was put forward as a key preventative measure and heralded as ‘the first line of defence against the disease’ (World Bank 2020). What followed was an unprecedented global focus on handwashing with soap. Health messages on how germs spread, the critical times at which hands should be washed, and methods for correct handwashing were shared (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2020). Political leaders around the world promoted handwashing and urged people to adopt the practice to protect against the coronavirus. The primary and secondary impacts of COVID-19 have affected people and industries in a variety of different ways. For the WASH sector, the centring of handwashing in the pandemic response has led to a sudden spike in hygiene activity. This SLH Rapid Topic Review takes stock of some of the cross-cutting challenges the sector has been facing during this period and explores the adaptations that have been made in response. It then looks forwards, thinking through what lies ahead for the sector, and considers the learning priorities for the next steps.
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Christopher, David A., and Avihai Danon. Plant Adaptation to Light Stress: Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586534.bard.
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Original Objectives: 1. Purify and biochemically characterize RB60 orthologs in higher plant chloroplasts; 2. Clone the gene(s) encoding plant RB60 orthologs and determine their structure and expression; 3. Manipulate the expression of RB60; 4. Assay the effects of altered RB60 expression on thylakoid biogenesis and photosynthetic function in plants exposed to different light conditions. In addition, we also examined the gene structure and expression of RB60 orthologs in the non-vascular plant, Physcomitrella patens and cloned the poly(A)-binding protein orthologue (43 kDa RB47-like protein). This protein is believed to a partner that interacts with RB60 to bind to the psbA5' UTR. Thus, to obtain a comprehensive view of RB60 function requires analysis of its biochemical partners such as RB43. Background & Achievements: High levels of sunlight reduce photosynthesis in plants by damaging the photo system II reaction center (PSII) subunits, such as D1 (encoded by the chloroplast tpsbAgene). When the rate of D1 synthesis is less than the rate of photo damage, photo inhibition occurs and plant growth is decreased. Plants use light-activated translation and enhanced psbAmRNA stability to maintain D1 synthesis and replace the photo damaged 01. Despite the importance to photosynthetic capacity, these mechanisms are poorly understood in plants. One intriguing model derived from the algal chloroplast system, Chlamydomonas, implicates the role of three proteins (RB60, RB47, RB38) that bind to the psbAmRNA 5' untranslated leader (5' UTR) in the light to activate translation or enhance mRNA stability. RB60 is the key enzyme, protein D1sulfide isomerase (Pill), that regulates the psbA-RN :Binding proteins (RB's) by way of light-mediated redox potentials generated by the photosystems. However, proteins with these functions have not been described from higher plants. We provided compelling evidence for the existence of RB60, RB47 and RB38 orthologs in the vascular plant, Arabidopsis. Using gel mobility shift, Rnase protection and UV-crosslinking assays, we have shown that a dithiol redox mechanism which resembles a Pill (RB60) activity regulates the interaction of 43- and 30-kDa proteins with a thermolabile stem-loop in the 5' UTR of the psbAmRNA from Arabidopsis. We discovered, in Arabidopsis, the PD1 gene family consists of II members that differ in polypeptide length from 361 to 566 amino acids, presence of signal peptides, KDEL motifs, and the number and positions of thioredoxin domains. PD1's catalyze the reversible formation an disomerization of disulfide bonds necessary for the proper folding, assembly, activity, and secretion of numerous enzymes and structural proteins. PD1's have also evolved novel cellular redox functions, as single enzymes and as subunits of protein complexes in organelles. We provide evidence that at least one Pill is localized to the chloroplast. We have used PDI-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to characterize the PD1 (55 kDa) in the chloroplast that is unevenly distributed between the stroma and pellet (containing membranes, DNA, polysomes, starch), being three-fold more abundant in the pellet phase. PD1-55 levels increase with light intensity and it assembles into a high molecular weight complex of ~230 kDa as determined on native blue gels. In vitro translation of all 11 different Pill's followed by microsomal membrane processing reactions were used to differentiate among PD1's localized in the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles. These results will provide.1e insights into redox regulatory mechanisms involved in adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to light stress. Elucidating the genetic mechanisms and factors regulating chloroplast photosynthetic genes is important for developing strategies to improve photosynthetic efficiency, crop productivity and adaptation to high light environments.
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Bray, Elizabeth, Zvi Lerner, and Alexander Poljakoff-Mayber. The Role of Phytohormones in the Response of Plants to Salinity Stress. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7613007.bard.
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Salinity is an increasing problem in many irrigated areas of crop production and is a significant factor in reducing crop productivity. Developmental, physiological, and molecular responses to salinity were studied in order to improve our understanding of these responses. Improvements in our understanding of plant responses to salinity are necessary in order to develop crops with improved salt tolerance. Previously, in Israel, it was shown that Sorghum biccolor can adapt to an otherwise lethal concentration of NaCl. These experiments were refined and it was shown that there is a specific window of development in which this adaption can occur. Past the window of development, Sorghum plants can not be adapted. In addition, the ability to adapt is not present in all genotypes of Sorghum. Cultivars that adapt have an increased coefficient of variation for many of the physiological parameters measured during the mid-phase of adaptation. Therefore, it is possible that the adaptation process does not occur identically in the entire population. A novel gene was identified, isolated and characterized from Sorghum that is induced in roots in response to salinity. This gene is expressed in roots in response to salt treatments, but it is not salt-induced in leaves. In leaves, the gene is expressed without a salt treatment. The gene encodes a proline-rich protein with a novel proline repeat, PEPK, repeated more than 50 times. An antibody produced to the PEPK repeat was used to show that the PEPK protein is present in the endodermal cell wall of the root during salt treatments. In the leaves, the protein is also found predominantly in the cell wall and is present mainly in the mesophyll cells. It is proposed that this protein is involved in the maintenance of solute concentration.
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Shpigel, Nahum Y., Ynte Schukken, and Ilan Rosenshine. Identification of genes involved in virulence of Escherichia coli mastitis by signature tagged mutagenesis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699853.bard.
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Mastitis, an inflammatory response of the mammary tissue to invading pathogenic bacteria, is the largest health problem in the dairy industry and is responsible for multibillion dollar economic losses. E. coli are a leading cause of acute mastitis in dairy animals worldwide and certainly in Israel and North America. The species E. coli comprises a highly heterogeneous group of pathogens, some of which are commensal residents of the gut, infecting the mammary gland after contamination of the teat skin from the environment. As compared to other gut microflora, mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) may have undergone evolutionary adaptations that improve their fitness for colonization of the unique and varied environmental niches found within the mammary gland. These niches include competing microbes already present or accompanying the new colonizer, soluble and cellular antimicrobials in milk, and the innate immune response elicited by mammary cells and recruited immune cells. However, to date, no specific virulence factors have been identified in E. coli isolates associated with mastitis. The original overall research objective of this application was to develop a genome-wide, transposon-tagged mutant collection of MPEC strain P4 and to use this technology to identify E. coli genes that are specifically involved in mammary virulence and pathogenicity. In the course of the project we decided to take an alternative genome-wide approach and to use whole genomes bioinformatics analysis. Using genome sequencing and analysis of six MPEC strains, our studies have shown that type VI secretion system (T6SS) gene clusters were present in all these strains. Furthermore, using unbiased screening of MPEC strains for reduced colonization, fitness and virulence in the murine mastitis model, we have identified in MPEC P4-NR a new pathogenicity island (PAI-1) encoding the core components of T6SS and its hallmark effectors Hcp, VgrG and Rhs. Next, we have shown that specific deletions of T6SS genes reduced colonization, fitness and virulence in lactating mouse mammary glands. Our long-term goal is to understand the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions in the mammary gland and to relate these mechanisms to disease processes and pathogenesis. We have been able to achieve our research objectives to identify E. coli genes that are specifically involved in mammary virulence and pathogenicity. The project elucidated a new basic concept in host pathogen interaction of MPEC, which for the best of our knowledge was never described or investigated before. This research will help us to shed new light on principles behind the infection strategy of MPEC. The new targets now enable prevalence and epidemiology studies of T6SS in field strains of MPEC which might unveil new geographic, management and ecological risk factors. These will contribute to development of new approaches to treat and prevent mastitis by MPEC and perhaps other mammary pathogens. The use of antibiotics in farm animals and specifically to treat mastitis is gradually precluded and thus new treatment and prevention strategies are needed. Effective mastitis vaccines are currently not available, structural components and effectors of T6SS might be new targets for the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics.
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Freeman, Stanley, Russell Rodriguez, Adel Al-Abed, Roni Cohen, David Ezra, and Regina Redman. Use of fungal endophytes to increase cucurbit plant performance by conferring abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7613893.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Major threats to agricultural sustainability in the 21st century are drought, increasing temperatures, soil salinity and soilborne pathogens, all of which are being exacerbated by climate change and pesticide abolition and are burning issues related to agriculture in the Middle East. We have found that Class 2 fungal endophytes adapt native plants to environmental stresses (drought, heat and salt) in a habitat-specific manner, and that these endophytes can confer stress tolerance to genetically distant monocot and eudicot hosts. In the past, we generated a uv non-pathogenic endophytic mutant of Colletotrichum magna (path-1) that colonized cucurbits, induced drought tolerance and enhanced growth, and protected 85% - 100% against disease caused by certain pathogenic fungi. We propose: 1) utilizing path-1 and additional endophtyic microorganisms to be isolated from stress-tolerant local, wild cucurbit watermelon, Citrulluscolocynthis, growing in the Dead Sea and Arava desert areas, 2) generate abiotic and biotic tolerant melon crop plants, colonized by the isolated endophytes, to increase crop yields under extreme environmental conditions such as salinity, heat and drought stress, 3) manage soilborne fungal pathogens affecting curubit crop species growing in the desert areas. This is a unique and novel "systems" approach that has the potential to utilize natural plant adaptation for agricultural development. We envisage that endophyte-colonized melons will eventually be used to overcome damages caused by soilborne diseases and also for cultivation of this crop, under stress conditions, utilizing treated waste water, thus dealing with the limited resource of fresh water.
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Schuster, Gadi, and David Stern. Integration of phosphorus and chloroplast mRNA metabolism through regulated ribonucleases. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695859.bard.
Full textAbstract:
New potential for engineering chloroplasts to express novel traits has stimulated research into relevant techniques and genetic processes, including plastid transformation and gene regulation. This proposal continued our long time BARD-funded collaboration research into mechanisms that influence chloroplast RNA accumulation, and thus gene expression. Previous work on cpRNA catabolism has elucidated a pathway initiated by endonucleolytic cleavage, followed by polyadenylation and exonucleolytic degradation. A major player in this process is the nucleus-encoded exoribonuclease/polymerasepolynucleotidephoshorylase (PNPase). Biochemical characterization of PNPase has revealed a modular structure that controls its RNA synthesis and degradation activities, which in turn are responsive to the phosphate (P) concentration. However, the in vivo roles and regulation of these opposing activities are poorly understood. The objectives of this project were to define how PNPase is controlled by P and nucleotides, using in vitro assays; To make use of both null and site-directed mutations in the PNPgene to study why PNPase appears to be required for photosynthesis; and to analyze plants defective in P sensing for effects on chloroplast gene expression, to address one aspect of how adaptation is integrated throughout the organism. Our new data show that P deprivation reduces cpRNA decay rates in vivo in a PNPasedependent manner, suggesting that PNPase is part of an organismal P limitation response chain that includes the chloroplast. As an essential component of macromolecules, P availability often limits plant growth, and particularly impacts photosynthesis. Although plants have evolved sophisticated scavenging mechanisms these have yet to be exploited, hence P is the most important fertilizer input for crop plants. cpRNA metabolism was found to be regulated by P concentrations through a global sensing pathway in which PNPase is a central player. In addition several additional discoveries were revealed during the course of this research program. The human mitochondria PNPase was explored and a possible role in maintaining mitochondria homeostasis was outlined. As polyadenylation was found to be a common mechanism that is present in almost all organisms, the few examples of organisms that metabolize RNA with no polyadenylation were analyzed and described. Our experiment shaded new insights into how nutrient stress signals affect yield by influencing photosynthesis and other chloroplast processes, suggesting strategies for improving agriculturally-important plants or plants with novel introduced traits. Our studies illuminated the poorly understood linkage of chloroplast gene expression to environmental influences other than light quality and quantity. Finely, our finding significantly advanced the knowledge about polyadenylation of RNA, the evolution of this process and its function in different organisms including bacteria, archaea, chloroplasts, mitochondria and the eukaryotic cell. These new insights into chloroplast gene regulation will ultimately support plant improvement for agriculture
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Sela, Hanan, Eduard Akhunov, and Brian J. Steffenson. Population genomics, linkage disequilibrium and association mapping of stripe rust resistance genes in wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598170.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The primary goals of this project were: (1) development of a genetically characterized association panel of wild emmer for high resolution analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits; (2) characterization and mapping of genes and QTL for seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust in wild emmer populations; (3) characterization of LD patterns along wild emmer chromosomes; (4) elucidation of the multi-locus genetic structure of wild emmer populations and its correlation with geo-climatic variables at the collection sites. Introduction In recent years, Stripe (yellow) rust (Yr) caused by Pucciniastriiformis f. sp. tritici(PST) has become a major threat to wheat crops in many parts of the world. New races have overcome most of the known resistances. It is essential, therefore, that the search for new genes will continue, followed by their mapping by molecular markers and introgression into the elite varieties by marker-assisted selection (MAS). The reservoir of genes for disease and pest resistance in wild emmer wheat (Triticumdicoccoides) is an important resource that must be made available to wheat breeders. The majority of resistance genes that were introgressed so far in cultivated wheat are resistance (R) genes. These genes, though confering near-immunity from the seedling stage, are often overcome by the pathogen in a short period after being deployed over vast production areas. On the other hand, adult-plant resistance (APR) is usually more durable since it is, in many cases, polygenic and confers partial resistance that may put less selective pressure on the pathogen. In this project, we have screened a collection of 480 wild emmer accessions originating from Israel for APR and seedling resistance to PST. Seedling resistance was tested against one Israeli and 3 North American PST isolates. APR was tested on accessions that did not have seedling resistance. The APR screen was conducted in two fields in Israel and in one field in the USA over 3 years for a total of 11 replicates. We have found about 20 accessions that have moderate stripe rust APR with infection type (IT<5), and about 20 additional accessions that have novel seedling resistance (IT<3). We have genotyped the collection using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and the 90K SNP chip array. GBS yielded a total 341K SNP that were filtered to 150K informative SNP. The 90K assay resulted in 11K informative SNP. We have conducted a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) and found one significant locus on 6BL ( -log p >5). Two novel loci were found for seedling resistance. Further investigation of the 6BL locus and the effect of Yr36 showed that the 6BL locus and the Yr36 have additive effect and that the presence of favorable alleles of both loci results in reduction of 2 grades in the IT score. To identify alleles conferring adaption to extreme climatic conditions, we have associated the patterns of genomic variation in wild emmer with historic climate data from the accessions’ collection sites. The analysis of population stratification revealed four genetically distinct groups of wild emmer accessions coinciding with their geographic distribution. Partitioning of genomic variance showed that geographic location and climate together explain 43% of SNPs among emmer accessions with 19% of SNPs affected by climatic factors. The top three bioclimatic factors driving SNP distribution were temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and isothermality. Association mapping approaches revealed 57 SNPs associated with these bio-climatic variables. Out of 21 unique genomic regions controlling heading date variation, 10 (~50%) overlapped with SNPs showing significant association with at least one of the three bioclimatic variables. This result suggests that a substantial part of the genomic variation associated with local adaptation in wild emmer is driven by selection acting on loci regulating flowering. Conclusions: Wild emmer can serve as a good source for novel APR and seedling R genes for stripe rust resistance. APR for stripe rust is a complex trait conferred by several loci that may have an additive effect. GWAS is feasible in the wild emmer population, however, its detection power is limited. A panel of wild emmer tagged with more than 150K SNP is available for further GWAS of important traits. The insights gained by the bioclimatic-gentic associations should be taken into consideration when planning conservation strategies.
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Tuller, Markus, Asher Bar-Tal, Hadar Heller, and Michal Amichai. Optimization of advanced greenhouse substrates based on physicochemical characterization, numerical simulations, and tomato growth experiments. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600009.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last decade there has been a dramatic shift in global agricultural practice. The increase in human population, especially in underdeveloped arid and semiarid regions of the world, poses unprecedented challenges to production of an adequate and economically feasible food supply to undernourished populations. Furthermore, the increased living standard in many industrial countries has created a strong demand for high-quality, out-of-season vegetables and fruits as well as for ornamentals such as cut and potted flowers and bedding plants. As a response to these imminent challenges and demands and because of a ban on methyl bromide fumigation of horticultural field soils, soilless greenhouse production systems are regaining increased worldwide attention. Though there is considerable recent empirical and theoretical research devoted to specific issues related to control and management of soilless culture production systems, a comprehensive approach that quantitatively considers all relevant physicochemical processes within the growth substrates is lacking. Moreover, it is common practice to treat soilless growth systems as static, ignoring dynamic changes of important physicochemical and hydraulic properties due to root and microbial growth that require adaptation of management practices throughout the growth period. To overcome these shortcomings, the objectives of this project were to apply thorough physicochemical characterization of commonly used greenhouse substrates in conjunction with state-of-the-art numerical modeling (HYDRUS-3D, PARSWMS) to not only optimize management practices (i.e., irrigation frequency and rates, fertigation, container size and geometry, etc.), but to also “engineer” optimal substrates by mixing organic (e.g., coconut coir) and inorganic (e.g., perlite, pumice, etc.) base substrates and modifying relevant parameters such as the particle (aggregate) size distribution. To evaluate the proposed approach under commercial production conditions, characterization and modeling efforts were accompanied by greenhouse experiments with tomatoes. The project not only yielded novel insights regarding favorable physicochemical properties of advanced greenhouse substrates, but also provided critically needed tools for control and management of containerized soilless production systems to provide a stress-free rhizosphere environment for optimal yields, while conserving valuable production resources. Numerical modeling results provided a more scientifically sound basis for the design of commercial greenhouse production trials and selection of adequate plant-specific substrates, thereby alleviating the risk of costly mistrials.