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1

Laptikhovsky, V. V., and C. M. Nigmatullin. "Egg size and fecundity in females of the subfamilies Todaropsinae and Todarodinae (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, no. 3 (June 1999): 569–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531549800071x.

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Size of ripe eggs and potential fecundity are described in the squid of the subfamilies Todaropsinae and Todarodinae (Oegopsida: Ommastrephidae)—Todaropsis eblanae from West Africa, Todarodes angolensis from Namibia, Todarodes sagittatus from north-west Africa and the Mediterranean Sea, Todarodes sp. from the south-east Pacific, Nototodarus hawaiiensis from the south-east Pacific and West Indian Ocean and Martialia hyadesi from the south-west Atlantic. Females of both subfamilies are characterized by a wide range of ripe egg size (0.7–2.4 mm) and low and medium values of potential fecundity (20,000–2,500,000).
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2

Jackson, G. D., S. Wotherspoon, and B. L. McGrath-Steer. "Temporal population dynamics in arrow squid Nototodarus gouldi in southern Australian waters." Marine Biology 146, no. 5 (January 20, 2005): 975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1491-7.

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3

Yokawa, K. "Allozyme differentiation of sixteen species of ommastrephid squid (Mollusca, Cephalopoda)." Antarctic Science 6, no. 2 (June 1994): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102094000313.

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Allozyme differentiation was investigated at 23 putative enzyme coding loci in 16 ommastrephid squids to identify species and to assess genetic relationships. The species examined were Illex illecebrosus, I. coindetii, I. argentinus, Todaropsis eblanae, Todarodes sagittatus, T. angolensis, T. filippovae, T. pacificus pacificus, Nototodarus sloanii, N. gouldi, Martialia hyadesi, Ommastrephes bartramii, Sthenoteuthis pteropus, S. oualaniensis, Eucleoteuthis luminosa, and Dosidicus gigas. A dendrogram based on Nei's genetic distance between the species closely approximates to the latest systematics based on morphological characters, but the positions of M. hyadesi and T. eblanae were considerably distant from all other species. The results demonstrate the benefits of further biochemical analysis to an understanding of the systematics of the ommastrephid squids.
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4

Castro, B. G., and A. Guerra. "Feeding Pattern of Sepia Officinalis (Cephalopoda: Sepiodidea) In The Ria De Vigo (Nw Spain)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 69, no. 3 (August 1989): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400030952.

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The importance of feeding pattern is well documented in fish (Jenkins & Green, 1977; Simenstad & Cailliet, 1986) but there are not many reported studies in cephalopods. Feeding patterns, as defined by Jenkins & Green (1977) have been studied, to our knowledge, only in Todarodes pacificus (Okiyama, 1965), Loligo pealei (Vovk, 1972), Loligo opalescens (Karpov & Cailliet, 1978), Illex illecebrosus (Amaratunga et ah, 1979; Amaratunga, 1980) and Nototodarus gouldi (O'Sullivan & Cullen, 1983). Boyle (1983) dealt with aspects of feeding in several cephalopod species but not specifically with feeding pattern. Aspects of feeding in Sepia officinalis have been reviewed by Nixon (1987). The present work describes the daily feeding pattern in Sepia officinalis from data collected in the field.
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5

Gales, R., D. Pemberton, CC Lu, and MR Clarke. "Cephalopod diet of the Australian fur seal: Variation due to location, season and sample type." Marine and Freshwater Research 44, no. 5 (1993): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9930657.

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In Tasmanian waters, Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus preyed on 11 species of cephalopods, predominantly Nototodarus gouldi followed by Sepioteuthis australis and Sepia apama. Cephalopods were more important in the diet of the seals in Bass Strait than in southern Tasmanian waters. The species composition in the diet of the seals in these two areas also differed, with the seals in Bass Strait eating mainly N. gouldi, whereas the seals in southern waters fed on benthic octopods. The seals preyed on mainly adult cephalopods over the continental shelf. The size range and species composition of the diet varied according to the sample types, with faeces containing only small beaks relative to regurgitates and stomachs. Errors associated with sample types and application of regression equations are discussed.
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6

Uozumi, Yuji, and Hiroe Ohara. "Age and Growth of Nototodarus sloanii (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) Based on Daily Increment Counts in Statoliths." NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 59, no. 9 (1993): 1469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.59.1469.

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7

Jackson, G. D., and Jean F. McKinnon. "Beak length analysis of arrow squid Nototodarus sloanii (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in southern New Zealand waters." Polar Biology 16, no. 3 (February 7, 1996): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050048.

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8

Pethybridge, H., P. Virtue, R. Casper, T. Yoshida, C. P. Green, G. Jackson, and P. D. Nichols. "Seasonal variations in diet of arrow squid (Nototodarus gouldi): stomach content and signature fatty acid analysis." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92, no. 1 (August 3, 2011): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315411000841.

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This study details the feeding ecology of arrow squid,Nototodarus gouldi, collected opportunistically from trawlers in waters south-east off Australia in 2007 and 2008. Combined stomach content and fatty acid (FA) signature analyses provided clear evidence of seasonal dietary shifts in prey composition. Teleost fish remains (mainly otoliths) were found in 67% of stomachs with the two mesopelagic planktivorous fish,Lampanyctodes hectorisandMaurolicus muelleridominating. Cephalopods and crustaceans were supplementary dietary components, with an increased representation in the diet over winter. Digestive gland lipid content was moderate (16.4 ± 8.4% wet weight) and was rich in triacylglycerol and monounsaturated fatty acids. Multivariate analysis of FA profiles grouped arrow squid with profiles of mesopelagic fish and cephalopods, thus supporting the findings of stomach content analysis. Seasonal differences in total lipid content were likely related to summer upwelling events and local changes in productivity, while intraspecific differences in lipid class and FA composition were related to seasonal differences of prey consumption. FA analyses also demonstrated dietary differences associated with gender, size and female maturation. Such relationships demonstrate that the diet ofN. gouldiis closely linked to prey size, abundance and availability and possibly also, to key life-history stages.
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9

Triantafillos, L., G. D. Jackson, M. Adams, and B. L. McGrath Steer. "An allozyme investigation of the stock structure of arrow squid Nototodarus gouldi (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) from Australia." ICES Journal of Marine Science 61, no. 5 (January 1, 2004): 829–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2003.12.010.

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AbstractAllozyme electrophoresis was used to examine the stock structure of arrow squid Nototodarus gouldi (McCoy 1888) from Australia. Samples collected from six localities around southern Australia, separated by distances of between 700 and 4300 km, were examined for allozyme variation at 48 loci. The data revealed no evidence of more than a single species among the 203 squid examined. Nine polymorphic loci were detected, although only three were sufficiently variable to provide real insight into the population structure of arrow squid. There were no significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations for any locus, population, or for the metapopulation. Pairwise comparisons of allele frequencies revealed minor evidence of stock structure, with the Iluka (north New South Wales) sample set displaying significant allelic differences from the Tasmanian sample set at Acyc and from the Ulladulla (south New South Wales) sample set at Sordh. F-statistics also provided weak support that the Australian metapopulation is not panmictic. Further studies are needed to delineate the degree of stock segregation within the Australian/New Zealand region in order to successfully manage the arrow squid fishery in these waters.
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10

Jackson, G. D., A. G. P. Shaw, and C. Lalas. "Distribution and biomass of two squid species off southern New Zealand: Nototodarus sloanii and Moroteuthis ingens." Polar Biology 23, no. 10 (September 22, 2000): 699–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000000141.

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11

McGrath Steer, B. L., and G. D. Jackson. "Temporal shifts in the allocation of energy in the arrow squid, Nototodarus gouldi : sex-specific responses." Marine Biology 144, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 1141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1289-z.

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12

Falshaw, R., U. Hubl, D. Ofman, G. C. Slim, M. Amjad Tariq, D. K. Watt, and S. C. Yorke. "Comparison of the glycosaminoglycans isolated from the skin and head cartilage of Gould's arrow squid (Nototodarus gouldi)." Carbohydrate Polymers 41, no. 4 (April 2000): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8617(99)00103-4.

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13

BRALEY, MICHELLE, SIMON D. GOLDSWORTHY, BRAD PAGE, MIKE STEER, and JEREMY J. AUSTIN. "Assessing morphological and DNA‐based diet analysis techniques in a generalist predator, the arrow squid Nototodarus gouldi." Molecular Ecology Resources 10, no. 3 (April 6, 2010): 466–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02767.x.

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14

Finger, J. M., and J. D. Smith. "Molecular association of Cu, Zn, Cd and 210Po in the digestive gland of the squid Nototodarus gouldi." Marine Biology 95, no. 1 (June 1987): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00447489.

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15

B., McGrath, and Jackson G. "Egg production in the arrow squid Nototodarus gouldi (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae), fast and furious or slow and steady?" Marine Biology 141, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0864-z.

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16

Green, Corey P., Simon G. Robertson, Paul A. Hamer, Patti Virtue, George D. Jackson, and Natalie A. Moltschaniwskyj. "Combining statolith element composition and Fourier shape data allows discrimination of spatial and temporal stock structure of arrow squid (Nototodarus gouldi)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, no. 11 (November 2015): 1609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0559.

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While arrow squid (Nototodarus gouldi) in Australia are currently managed as a single population, biological differences in individuals between locations of capture suggests these are separate stocks requiring stock-specific harvest strategies. We used two techniques to derive information about stock structure from different parts of the life cycle, providing a novel holistic approach to exploring stock structure. This study combined two techniques, statolith shape and statolith elemental composition, to determine dispersal patterns of N. gouldi between regions and evidence of separate stocks. While adult statolith shape provided evidence that adults caught in the two locations belonged to different stocks, statolith elemental composition suggested that N. gouldi caught at each location had hatched throughout their distribution, with egg mass and juvenile drift potentially facilitated by seasonal longitudinal ocean currents. However, there was evidence of asymmetry in ontogenetic movement of N. gouldi, with adults in Victoria contributing more to the Great Australian Bight stock than vice versa and with the implication that the Victorian stock may need to be managed as the source stock.
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17

Fea, Nyree I., Robert Harcourt, and Chris Lalas. "Seasonal variation in the diet of New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) at Otago Peninsula, New Zealand." Wildlife Research 26, no. 2 (1999): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98024.

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We examined the diet of New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) at a rookery on Otago Peninsula, New Zealand, by analysing diagnostic remains from 500 faecal samples and 84 regurgitates collected between July 1993 and September 1994. In total, 27 taxa (species or genera) were identified. Small fish were numerically dominant in faecal samples, with five fish species (three species of lanternfish (Myctophidae), ahuru (Auchenoceros punctatus) and juvenile red cod (Pseudophycis bachus)) accounting for over 90% of prey items. Regurgitates occurred only seasonally and contained predominantly cephalopod remains (99% of prey items). Numerical analyses may prove misleading as an indicator of the composition of seal diet because the contribution of large fish that dominate estimates of prey biomass are underrepresented. Estimates of prey biomass were made by combining estimates from both faecal and regurgitate samples. Possible biases created by using this method are considered. A seasonal variation in prey composition was apparent, with arrow squid (Nototodarus sloanii) dominant in summer and autumn, replaced by a combination of barracouta (Thrysites atun), mackerel (Trachurus sp.) and New Zealand octopus (Octopus maorum) in winter and spring.
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18

Uozumi, Yuji, Satoru Koshida, and Shigeru Kotoda. "Maturation of Arrow Squids Nototodarus gouldi and N. sloanii with Age in New Zealand Waters." Fisheries science 61, no. 4 (1995): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/fishsci.61.559.

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19

Lischka, Alexandra, Chris J. Pook, Kathrin S. R. Bolstad, Jennifer L. Pannell, and Heather E. Braid. "Metal composition of arrow squid (Nototodarus sloanii [Gray 1849]) from the Chatham Rise, New Zealand: implications for human consumption." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 12 (March 1, 2019): 11975–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04510-w.

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20

Breen, Paul A., Ray Hilborn, Mark N. Maunder, and Susan W. Kim. "Effects of alternative control rules on the conflict between a fishery and a threatened sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 527–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-046.

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In New Zealand, a fishery for squid (Nototodarus sloanii) incidentally catches a threatened sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri. Bycatch is managed with an annual limit designed to ensure rebuilding of the sea lion population. We explore the conservation and cost effects of the current limit and two simple alternative rules, comparing them with no fishing and unrestricted fishing. We fitted an age-structured Bayesian model to sea lion pup estimates to obtain samples of the joint posterior distribution of parameters; from these we made 100-year simulations with five harvest control rules under six different sets of environmental conditions. The base-case fit suggests that the current sea lion population may be near its carrying capacity, although this may be sensitive to modelling choices. The fishery bycatch constitutes little risk to the sea lion population in the absence of catastrophes and generates small marginal risks when catastrophes are simulated. The current management rule does not minimise the marginal risk of extinction, is much more costly to the fishery than simple alternative rules, and incurs greatest cost when risk is smallest. The model appears to be a good tool for evaluating alternative management strategies against predefined objectives.
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21

Uozumi, Yuji, and Ellen Forch. "Distribution of Juvenile Arrow Squids Nototodarus gouldi and N. sloanii (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) in New Zealand Waters." Fisheries science 61, no. 4 (1995): 566–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/fishsci.61.566.

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22

Jackson, GD, B. McGrath Steer, S. Wotherspoon, and AJ Hobday. "Variation in age, growth and maturity in the Australian arrow squid Nototodarus gouldi over time and space-what is the pattern?" Marine Ecology Progress Series 264 (2003): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps264057.

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23

Lischka, Alexandra, Chris J. Pook, Jennifer L. Pannell, Heather E. Braid, Sally Gaw, and Kathrin S. R. Bolstad. "Distribution of trace elements in the tissues of arrow squid (Nototodarus sloanii) from the Chatham Rise, New Zealand: Human health implications." Fisheries Research 221 (January 2020): 105383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2019.105383.

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24

Baylis, A. M. M., B. Page, K. Peters, R. McIntosh, J. Mckenzie, and S. Goldsworthy. "The ontogeny of diving behaviour in New Zealand fur seal pups (Arctocephalus forsteri)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 1149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-097.

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This study investigated the development of diving in 21 New Zealand fur seal pups, Arctocephalus forsteri (Lesson, 1828), prior to weaning at Cape Gantheaume, Kangaroo Island. Diving behaviour was examined using time–depth recorders, which were deployed during two time periods, 5 months prior to weaning (n = 6) and 2 months prior to weaning (n = 15). Scats were also examined to assess whether fur seal pups foraged prior to weaning. The maximum dive depth attained was 44 m, while the maximum dive duration was 3.3 min. Immediately prior to weaning, fur seal pups spent a greater proportion of their time diving at night, and concomitantly several measures of diving performance also increased. In general, pups dived successively deeper (6–44 m between June and September), and the average number of dives per day, dive frequency, and vertical distance travelled increased. Prey remains were present in approximately 30% of scats and indicated that some pups were foraging as early as June (5–6 months of age, approximately 4–5 months prior to weaning). Of the scats that contained prey remains, fish (South American pilchard, Sardinops sagax (Jenyns, 1842); Australian anchovy, Engraulis australis (White, 1790); and redbait, Emmelichthys nitidus Richardson, 1845) accounted for 43% of the prey items found, crustaceans accounted for 36%, and cephalopods (Gould's squid, Nototodarus gouldi (McCoy, 1888)) accounted for 20%.
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25

Burton, H., and J. van den Hoff. "Humans and the Southern Elephant Seal Mirounga leonina." Australian Mammalogy 24, no. 1 (2002): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am02127.

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Southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) populations appear remarkably unaffected by interactions with humans. They are very tolerant of close human presence whilst they are ashore for pupping, mating and moulting. Their behaviour in close proximity to helicopter operations suggests disturbance of moulting male M. leonina is minimal. There is no evidence that M. leonina have been affected by persistent organic pollutants; and few M. leonina have been reported as having been injured or killed by interactions with fishery gear. The number of prey species common to their diet and commercial fisheries in the Southern Ocean are few; but one commercial squid species, Martialia hyadesi, accounted for as much as 94% of the biomass consumed by M. leonina. Two harvested commercial squid species (Mar. hyadesi and Todarodes filippovae) were found in the stomachs of M. leonina; and some other squid species (Alluroteuthis antarcticus, Brachioteuthis spp., Gonatus antarcticus, Histeoteuthis spp., Kondokovia longimana, Moroteuthis ingens, Mor. knipovitchi, Pholidoteuthis boschmani and Psychroteuthis glacialis) have potential as commercial catch too. There is cause for concern if a future directed fishery for any of these species escalates or the by-catch of Mar. hyadesi and T. filippovae in the Illex and Nototodarus fisheries increase. There is also concern if fin-fish fisheries expand and take more of those species already taken by both M. leonina and fisheries. These species are benthic (Notothenia squamifrons), benthopelagic (Dissostichus eleginoides and Champsocephalus gunnari) and, perhaps most importantly, the pelagic myctophid species (e.g., Electrona carlsbergi).
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26

Dunning, M. "First records of Nototodarus hawaiiensis (Berry, 1912) (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) from northern Australia with a reconsideration of the identity of N. sloani philippinensis (Voss, 1962)." Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 49, no. 1 (1988): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1988.49.10.

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27

Nowara, Gabrielle B., and Terence I. Walker. "Effects of time of solar day, jigging method and jigging depth on catch rates and size of Gould's squid, Nototodarus gouldi (McCoy), in southeastern Australian waters." Fisheries Research 34, no. 3 (April 1998): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-7836(97)00095-7.

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28

Lischka, A., H. E. Braid, J. L. Pannell, C. J. Pook, S. Gaw, M. Yoo, and K. S. R. Bolstad. "Regional assessment of trace element concentrations in arrow squids (Nototodarus gouldi, N. sloanii) from New Zealand waters: Bioaccessibility and impact on food web and human consumers." Environmental Pollution 264 (September 2020): 114662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114662.

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