Academic literature on the topic 'Notes in German'

The early 1990s, with the collapse of the German Democratic Republic and the reunification of Germany, resulted in the most radical shake-up of German theatre since 1933. German theatre remains in a state of crisis, haunted by constant threats of cutbacks and closures. What is this German “theatre crisis” from the macroeconomic, political, and social perspectives? How might it be mitigated?

A catalogue of 29 German individuals who were active in the botanical exploration of Angola during the 19th and 20th centuries is presented. One of these is likely of Swiss nationality but with significant links to German settlers in Angola. The catalogue includes information on the places of collecting activity, dates on which locations were visited, the whereabouts of preserved exsiccata, maps with itineraries, and biographical information on the collectors. Initial botanical exploration in Angola by Germans was linked to efforts to establish and expand Germany's colonies in Africa. Later exploration followed after some Germans had settled in the country. However, Angola was never under German control. The most intense period of German collecting activity in this south-tropical African country took place from the early-1870s to 1900. Twenty-four Germans collected plant specimens in Angola for deposition in herbaria in continental Europe, mostly in Germany. Five other naturalists or explorers were active in Angola but collections have not been located under their names or were made by someone else. A further three collectors, who are sometimes cited as having collected material in Angola but did not do so, are also briefly discussed.

German immigrants who were evacuated by the German authorities in 1943–1944 from the USSR to the territory of Warthegau, Silesia, General Government and Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, became part of the human resources actively used not only in the economy, but also in defensive measures of the Reich. Contrary to the fact that the mobilization of that potential contingent was relatively low, tens of thousands of men were in the ranks of the armed forces of Germany. A significant number of Soviet Germans were replenishment for the SS troops. The initial process of attracting German settlers to military service was not easy and required adherence to a number of formalities related to their naturalization. One of the key factors that also had an effect on solving the issue of ethnic Germans in the internal service was the long-standing contradiction between the Wehrmacht and the SS. The article notes that, in the last months of the war, immigrants from the USSR found themselves in practically no alternative situation, since the military and political leadership of Germany decided to mobilize all men appropriate for military service, regardless of the naturalization. By the end of hostilities in Europe, many Soviet Germans serving in the German army had been captured by the Western allies or the Red Army.

The linguistic diversity of the Germans in Russia and Kazakhstan is due to the migration of ethnic groups to the territory of the Russian Empire from the lands of Germany and subsequent migrations within the country. Some ethnic Germans use the dialect in speech, for them it is their native language, the rest of the Germans speak literary German to varying degrees, and Russian is considered their native language. Today, it is impossible to uniquely identify one native language for an ethnic group, as Germans speak different dialects of German. The purpose of the study is to determine the states of the modern dialect language of the Germans of Russia and Kazakhstan, to consider how dialects were historically spread throughout the country, and how dialects are preserved now. The article considers the territorial distribution of dialects in Russia, primarily Siberia, where the majority of Germans live, as well as the circulation of German dialects in Kazakhstan after the deportation of Germans. The central part of the article is devoted to the modern state of dialects, which are preserved primarily in places of compact settlement of Germans. The article makes use of the results of ethno-sociological surveys of Germans in Russia and Kazakhstan on the issues of dialects, and analyzes contemporary methods of preserving and translating the language. Conclusions: dialects are preserved where Germans live compactly. The author notes that there are negative trends in the process of preserving dialects, but German public organizations today solve many problems concerning dialects.

The article examines the repressive policy of the USSR in relation to national minorities during the Holodomor of 1932–1933, in particular the testimony about the consequences of collectivization and famine in German colonial villages, which ethnic Germans gave to employees of the German consulate in the USSR. The article analyzes archival materials, namely detailed notes of employees of the ODPU, who were engaged in secret surveillance of representatives of German consulates, as well as their own detailed notes of consulate workers. Considerable attention in the article is devoted to the establishment of the consequences of the policy of collectivization, which in the period of the late 1920s and early 1930s became one of the causes of the Holodomor, in particular, the state of agriculture of the colonist peasants in southern and central Ukraine was established precisely at the beginning of the famine and during its greatest spread. The article attempts to analyze archival sources that serve as documentary evidence of the genocide not only of the Ukrainian people, but also of national minorities living on the territory of the USSR. The article also attempts to determine the actions of the German consulate aimed at saving and easing the lives of ethnic Germans who suffered from collectivization and hunger. In particular, about the efforts of the consulates to organize the departure of colonist peasants to Germany. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that, for the first time, an attempt was made to summarize the materials of the archives regarding information on the situation of German colonies during the Holodomor of 1932–1933, which are an important source for the general study of the Holodomor as a policy that was directed not only against Ukrainians, but also against national minorities.

John Kampfner, Why the Germans Do it Better: Notes from a Grown-Up Country (London: Atlantic Books, 2020).Karen Hagemann, Donna Harsch, and Friederike Brühöfener, eds., Gendering Post-1945 German History: Entanglements (New York: Berghahn Books, 2019).Daniel Marwecki, Germany and Israel: Whitewashing and Statebuilding (London: C. Hurst & Co., 2020).Robert Gellately, Hitler’s True Believers: How Ordinary People Became Nazis (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020).Thomas Fleischman, Communist Pigs: An Animal History of East Germany’s Rise and Fall (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2020).Joanne Miyang Cho, ed., Transnational Encounters between Germany and East Asia since 1900 (New York: Routledge, 2018).

John Kampfner, Why the Germans Do it Better: Notes from a Grown-Up Country (London: Atlantic Books, 2020).Karen Hagemann, Donna Harsch, and Friederike Brühöfener, eds., Gendering Post-1945 German History: Entanglements (New York: Berghahn Books, 2019).Daniel Marwecki, Germany and Israel: Whitewashing and Statebuilding (London: C. Hurst & Co., 2020).Robert Gellately, Hitler’s True Believers: How Ordinary People Became Nazis (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020).Thomas Fleischman, Communist Pigs: An Animal History of East Germany’s Rise and Fall (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2020).Joanne Miyang Cho, ed., Transnational Encounters between Germany and East Asia since 1900 (New York: Routledge, 2018).

The article ‘Hellas and Germania’ by Alfred Baeumler explores the relationship between ancient Greece and modern Germany. Baeumler discusses Nietzsche's relationship with Winckelmann in his work on the conquest of German Hellenism. He notes that Nietzsche was deeply influenced by Winckelmann's insights into the Hellenic world and saw himself as continuing Winckelmann's work. Baeumler argues that Nietzsche believed that subsequent scholars had failed to fully appreciate the essence of the Hellenic spirit, and that he saw himself as carrying on Winckelmann's legacy in this regard. He also notes that Nietzsche believed that the Germans had a special affinity with the Hellenic world, and that he saw Winckelmann and Goethe as examples of this connection.

The ending. Continued from Voprosy Literatury (2022, 2).The publication features a commented translation (the ending) of the brochure La Russie Envahie par les Allemands, authored by Filipp Vigel (Weigel), a former member of the Arzamas Society. Printed anonymously, it became a sensation in Russia and Europe alike. Giving the formal reason of responding to A. de Custine’s La Russie en 1839, Vigel’s brochure served as the first manifesto and the first attempt at a historical-philosophical justification of the anti-German sentiment espoused by members of the Russian elite during the reign of Nicholas I. In his overview spanning the early epochs and the contemporary period, Vigel describes Russia’s whole history in terms of the gradual subjugation by Germans (in particular, Baltic Germans) and their growing representation among the ruling elite. The same viewpoint is applied to the analysis of Russian literature, especially Pushkin, who is depicted as an opponent and eventually a victim of the German party. In the conclusion of his work, Vigel shares his thoughts on contemporary Germany and Pan-Slavism.

Since April 1982, Professor Dr. Ulrich Unger (Ostasiatisches Seminar der Universitat Münster, 4400 Münster, Prinzipalmarkt 3811, West Germany) has been circulating a series of research notes in German under the title “Hao Ku : Sinologische Rundbriefe.” The following brief English abstracts have been prepared by Lisbeth Egerod Hubbard of the Department of Oriental Languages, University of California, Berkeley. Interested scholars may obtain copies of the German originals by writing Unger directly.

[cat] Ser el germà o germana d’una persona amb discapacitat és un repte, doncs, sovint aquesta figura ha quedat exclosa de tota consideració social. A més, cuidar d’una persona amb discapacitat provoca nombrosos canvis i transformacions familiars que condueixen, sovint, a una major responsabilitat dels germans i, especialment, de les germanes que acaba incidint, per força, en el seu benestar al llarg del seu itinerari vital. De fet, es tracta d’una activitat amb un rerefons sociopolític molt destacable, on s’entrellacen elements microestructurals com el gènere i la generació i macroestructurals, com l’ordenament econòmic i simbòlic-cultural. Amb el temps, els elements macro s’han postulat a favor de canvis o transformacions d’una aparença més equitativa entre homes i dones, però conserven valors androcèntrics i heteronormatius que incideixen en la posició social de les dones. Per aquest motiu, la investigació s’emmarca sota el paradigma críticosocial des d’una mirada feminista i sota el corpus teòric de Nancy Fraser i el seu concepte bàsic de Justícia Social. Aquest concepte permet abordar l’activitat de cuidar des d’una perspectiva sociològica i esbrinar com s’interrelaciona, molt especialment en el cas de les dones, amb qüestions de redistribució, reconeixement i representativitat. L’objectiu d’aquesta investigació és explorar com els germans i germanes de persones amb discapacitat desenvolupen el rol de cuidador i com aquest impacta en la seva vida. En concret es pretén respondre als següent objectius específics: 1) Explorar quins elements participen en el desenvolupament del rol de cuidador de germans i germanes de tres generacions diferents 2) Explorar com el rol de cuidador desenvolupat pels germans i germanes intercedeix sobre el seu benestar i dimensions de salut al llarg del cicle vital. S’ha dut a terme una Investigació Qualitativa Longitudinal, mitjançant entrevistes semiestructurades a 22 germans i germanes de persones amb discapacitat residents a l’Illa de Mallorca de tres generacions diferents (primera, segona i tercera), configurant 6 perfils de participants. El criteri d’inclusió va ser que aquestes persones fossin el germà o germana amb més implicació a la cura o el que es denominarà en aquest treball com a frater familias. Es va dur a terme un mostreig teòricintencional i de conveniència. El disseny de la investigació es va aprovar pel Comitè d’Ètica d’Investigació de les Illes Balears i ha respectat els criteris de voluntarietat i confidencialitat de la informació dels participants. La recollida de dades es va dur a terme entre juny i desembre de 2017. S’ha realitzat una anàlisi crítica de les transcripcions de les entrevistes. Les dades que es presenten han aconseguit uns criteris òptims de saturació per la majoria de perfils discursius i s’ha realitzat una triangulació de dades i d’investigadors per la realització de l’arbre de codis i categories. Les dades obtingudes s’han dividit en tres supracategories: desenvolupament del rol de cuidador que al llarg de l’itinerari vital es diferencia amb les següents tipologies: precuidador, cuidador (paracuidador i metacuidador) i postcuidador; impacte psicoemocional i social. L’anàlisi dels discursos obtinguts ha permès concloure que l’activitat de cuidar d’una persona amb discapacitat continua estant, en un grau encara molt alt, feminitzada, malgrat que al llarg de les generacions es pot observar que entre les dones hi ha hagut una clara millora de posició de classe i estatus, que també es reflecteix en una major capacitat de decisió sobre el grau d’implicació en el benestar de la persona afectada i la tendència de les dones a viure el seu rol de cuidadores com una obligació moral. Els homes, malgrat viure igualment la seva implicació com una necessitat, solen ser capaços d’establir una línia molt més definitòria entre la pròpia vida i la dels altres.
[spa] Ser el hermano o hermana de una persona con discapacidad es un reto, pues, frecuentemente, esta figura ha sido excluida de toda consideración social. Además, cuidar de una persona con discapacidad supone cambios y transformaciones familiares que conducen, a una mayor responsabilidad de los hermanos y, especialmente, de las hermanas, incidiendo, por fuerza, sobre su bienestar en su itinerario vital. De hecho, se trata de una actividad con un gran trasfondo sociopolítico donde se entremezclan elementos microestructurales como género y generación, y macroestructurales como el ordenamiento económico y simbólicocultural. Con el tiempo, los elementos macro se han postulado a favor de cambios o transformaciones de apariencia más equitativa entre hombres y mujeres, pero conservando valores androcéntricos y heteronormativos que inciden sobre la posición social de las mujeres. Así pues, la investigación se enmarca en el paradigma crítico-social desde una mirada feminista y en el corpus teórico de Nancy Fraser y su concepto básico de Justicia Social. Este concepto permite abordar la actividad de cuidar desde una perspectiva sociológica y descubrir cómo se interrelaciona, muy especialmente en el caso de las mujeres, con cuestiones de redistribución, reconocimiento y representatividad. El objetivo de esta investigación es explorar como hermanos y hermanas de personas con discapacidad desarrollan el rol de cuidador y como éste impacta en su vida, concretándose en los siguientes objetivos específicos: 1) Explorar que elementos participan en el desarrollo del rol de cuidador de hermanos y hermanas de tres generaciones 2) Explorar como el rol de cuidador desarrollado por hermanos y hermanas de tres generaciones interfiere en su bienestar y dimensiones de salud a lo largo de su itinerario vital. Se ha llevado a cabo una Investigación Cualitativa Longitudinal mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a 22 hermanos y hermanas de personas con discapacidad residentes en la Isla de Mallorca de tres generaciones distintas (primera, segunda y tercera), configurando 6 perfiles de participantes. El criterio de inclusión fue que estas personas fueran el hermano o hermana más implicada en los cuidados, o lo que se denominará en este trabajo como frater familias, mediante un muestreo teórico-intencional y de conveniencia. El diseño de investigación fue aprobado por el Comité Ético de Investigación de las Islas Baleares, respetando los criterios de voluntariedad y confidencialidad de la información de los participantes. La recogida de datos fue realizada entre junio y septiembre de 2017, realizando un análisis crítico de las transcripciones de las entrevistas. Los datos que se presentan han logrado unos criterios óptimos de saturación para la mayoría de los perfiles discursivos y se ha realizado una triangulación de datos e investigadores para la realización del árbol de códigos y categorías. Además, los datos se han se han dividido en tres supracategorías: desarrollo del rol de cuidador que se subdivide a lo largo del itinerario vital en las siguientes tipologías: precuidador, cuidador (paracuidador y metacuidador) y postcuidador; impacto psicoemocional y social. El análisis de los discursos obtenidos ha permitido concluir que la actividad de cuidar de una persona con discapacidad continua estando, en un grado aún muy alto, feminizada, aunque a lo largo de las generaciones se puede observar que entre las mujeres ha habido una clara mejoría de posición de clase y estatus que, también, se refleja en una mayor capacidad de decisión sobre su grado de implicación del bienestar de la persona afectada, y la tendencia de las mujeres a vivir su rol de cuidadoras como una obligación moral, a diferencia de los hombres, que aunque vivir, igualmente su implicación como una necesidad, suelen ser capaces de establecer una línea mucho más definitoria entre una vida propia y la de los otros.
[eng] Being the sibling of a person with a disability is a challenge as often this figure has been excluded from all social consideration. In addition, caring for a person with disability causes numerous changes and family transformations that often lead to greater responsibility for siblings and, especially, the sisters who eventually intervene, necessarily, in his/her wellbeing throughout their life path. In fact, this is an activity with remarkable socio-political background, where micro-structural factors such as gender and generation, are interlinked with those macro-structural, such as the economic and symbolic-cultural order. Over time, macro elements have developed in favour of changes or transformations towards more equal standing between men and women, yet retaining androcentric and heteronormative value that affect the social position of women. That is why this research is framed under the critical-social paradigm from a feminist perspective and under the theoretical corpus of Nancy Fraser and its basic concept of Social Justice. This concept allows us to approach the activity of caring from a sociological perspective and find out how it is related, especially in the case of women, to questions of redistribution, recognition and representation. The purpose of this research is to explore how brothers and sisters of people with disabilities develop the role of caregiver and what impact this has upon their lives. Specifically, pursuing the following concrete objectives: 1) Exploring which elements participate in the development of the caregiver role of brothers and sisters in three different generations. 2) Addressing how the caregiving role developed by brothers and sisters affects welfare and health dimensions over the course of their life. A Longitudinal Qualitative Research was carried out, through semi-structured interviews with 22 brothers and sisters of people with disabilities living on the Island of Mallorca, in three different generations (first, second and third), putting forth 6 participant profiles. The criterion for inclusion was that these people were the brother or sister with most involvement in the caregiving, or what will be termed in this work the frater familias. A theoretical-intentional and convenience sampling was then carried out. The research design was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Balearic Islands and has adhered to the criteria of voluntary and confidential nature of the participants’ information. Collection of data was carried out between June and December 2017. A critical analysis of interview transcripts has been performed. The data presented have achieved certain criteria of optimal saturation for the majority of discursive profiles and a triangulation of data and researchers has been carried out in drawing up the tree of codes and categories. The data obtained has been divided into three super-categories: the development of the caretaker role, which in turn takes three forms throughout giver’s life: precaregiver, caregiver (paracaregiver amb metacaregiver) and postcaregiver; psycho-emotional and social impacts. Analysis of the obtained discourses has allowed for the conclusion that the activity of caring for a person with a disability continues to be, to an as-yet very high degree, feminized. Despite women have noticeably achieved an improvement in class and status throughout generations, which is also reflected in a greater decision capacity on their degree of involvement in the welfare of the affected person and thereby the tendency of women to live their role of caregiving as a moral obligation. Men, while also experiencing their involvement as a necessity, are generally able to draw a much more definite line between one's life and that of others.

An Introduction to the thesis presents a "Forschungsbericht" which summarises and discusses research to date. Both Heinrich von Beringen and Jacobus de Cessolis are introduced, and the German and Latin manuscripts used in the production of the texts are described. The text of Heinrich von Beringen's "Schachbuch" edited from manu-script Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. poet. et phil. 4o Nr. 25 follows: Part 1 (the poet's introduction to his text), Part 2 (the noble chess-pieces), Part 3 (the pawns) and Part 4 (the moves in the game of chess). This is accompanied by readings from manuscript London, British Library, Additional Manuscript 24946 and in Part 3 by a Latin parallel text from Bloomington (Indiana), Lilly Library, Indiana University, Ricketts 194 (or from Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard University, Houghton Library, MS Lat 169 where the Bloomington text fails). Endnotes relating to the text have been added. Appendix I correlates verses in the Stuttgart and London manuscripts, and Appendix II presents an up-to-date list (with references) of extant manuscripts of the "Liber de ludo scaccorum".

This thesis examines the role played by protest song in the development of the political culture of Germany’s industrial working class between 1844 and 1933. Protest song was an integral component in the struggle of the German working class to achieve some measure of political and social equality in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Throughout this period, the working class found itself subjected to varying levels of political repression by the German authorities, and in order to promote their political views, industrial workers used the medium of song to protest against injustice. The thesis seeks to determine the significance of protest song for the political development of the German industrial working class through an analysis of song lyrics. The study of working-class protest song lyrics has largely been the preserve of historians from the former German Democratic Republic, where scholarship was shaped by the unique political imperatives of history writing under the Communist regime. This thesis seeks to redress the historiographical imbalance that this approach engendered, arguing that protest song produced under the auspices of the Social Democrats was both a culturally valid and politically significant feature of German working-class political life, albeit one that offered a different ideological approach to that of the overtly revolutionary output of the Communist movement. Additionally this thesis will acknowledge that working-class song was not merely used as an instrument of protest, but also as a medium to communicate political ideology. Protest song was an integral part of the cultural capital of the working class milieu, creating a distinct canon upon which German industrial workers drew in a variety of political, social and cultural situations. This study will engage with this canon in order to establish how the cultural practice of singing endowed working-class protest songs with an intrinsic political significance.

This essay attempts to discuss the decolonial memorialscape in Germany and Sierra Leone, bringing into focus the few existing examples. Coming from the visual arts, my wish is to bring art-practice into the communication for development feld. This means allowing associations, emotions and subjective observations to be part of the research on memorial-cultures, understanding images and layout as integral parts of a political-aesthetic thesis. The examples from Germany and Sierra Leone are not only understood in their national frameworks, but rather in their un/common coloniality. The essay explores at frst the material world of colonial-critical memorials, an undertaking that I deemed to be achievable in view of the limited number of memorials both countries have. The research feld is still very complex and therefore the essay itself is a condensed and fragmented frst step along peripheral paths. Listening to voices from Freetown as well as observing activities around a memorial in the German city of Bremen helped me gain an enlarged understanding of memorials. Communication aspects and performative approaches surrounding a sculptural form are able to give memorials living and discursive dimensions. The hypothesis that memorials could be helpful for the decolonialization of colonizing – as well as colonized - societies could not be fully answered as the examples described all have their weaknesses. If immaterial, sometimes ephemeral forms like writings, theatre, activism and spiritual ceremonies are included in the memorialscape, the answer is clearly positive, even though the majority in Germany would not be reached by these actions. In contrast to Germany, in Sierra Leone I found a millieux de mémoire (Pierre Nora) which might not be that active in the defnition of Aleida Assmann, but which, with the empowering impacts of the West African concept of Sankofa, is able to create creole realms of memory. Besides the image of the path along the fragmented, multilingual Dékolonεlízashɔn process, different bodies of water became powerful imaginations for decolonial memorials, connecting different times and places. The element of water itself is a palimpsest and at the same time an unchanging Mahnmal. A Mahnmal which is absent from the collective memory (Maurice Halbwachs) in Germany and can therefore be perceived as a void – unlike in the collective memory-culture of The Black Atlantic (Paul Gilroy). With reference to the examples described and analyzed, proposals are included and put forward for discussion.

La tesi di dottorato analizza la recezione del modello pandettistico tedesco da parte della cultura giuridica italiana a cavallo tra Otto e Novecento. Particolare attenzione è riservata alle traduzioni italiane delle opere pandettistiche, sviluppatesi soprattutto grazie alla strategia “attualizzante” applicata da Filippo Serafini agli studi romanistici. La tesi include pertanto un repertorio dettagliato delle traduzioni e della manualistica italiana di diritto romano, che si svilupparono come filoni paralleli. Pure le traduzioni acquisirono progressivamente il valore di opere originali, soprattutto grazie all’inserimento di contributi personali dei traduttori italiani in forma di note, come si può notare in particolare nella versione italiana del Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts di Bernhard Windscheid, realizzata da Paolo Emilio Bensa e Carlo Fadda. L’esame delle loro note in tema di interpretazione del diritto italiano, diritti della personalità e condizione giuridica della donna dimostra l’importanza della comparazione giuridica per lo sviluppo della scienza giuridica italiana.
This doctoral thesis analyses the influence of German Pandectist model on Italian legal culture between the 19th and 20th centuries. Particular attention is paid to Italian translations of Pandectist literature, whose development was especially due to the “revitalizing” strategy applied to Romanistic studies by Filippo Serafini. Therefore, the thesis includes also a detailed catalogue of Italian translations and original handbooks of Roman law, which developed as parallel literatures. The translations were turned into original works too, thanks to the personal contributions introduced by Italian translators through their notes. This can be seen especially in the Italian version of the Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts by Bernhard Windscheid, written by Paolo Emilio Bensa and Carlo Fadda. The analysis of their notes on the matters of interpretation of Italian law, individual rights and juridical condition and rights of women shows the importance of legal comparison to the development of Italian legal studies.

The cross-border mobility of educational services, commonly known as transnational higher education (TNHE), represents an important dimension of the internationalisation of higher education. Its relationship with the mobility of students and graduates has raised interest among scholars from different disciplines, but empirical evidence is rare. This thesis addresses this gap by providing three empirical studies on this issue. Overall, the results indicate that TNHE is not substituting student mobility and suggest that the provision of TNHE can constitute a strategy for developed countries to increase skilled migrants’ and students’ recruitment. The results equally imply that caution should be devoted to these kinds of issues by developing countries when opening their educational market to foreign providers. A range of other findings contribute to a deeper and nuanced understanding of the phenomenon of TNHE. The insights provided can benefit future research both on international migration and higher education.
La mobilitat internacional dels serveis educatives, comunament coneguda com l'educació superior transnacional (TNHE), representa un aspecte important de la internacionalització de l'educació superior. La seva relació amb la mobilitat dels estudiants d'educació superior i graduats ha despertat interès entre acadèmics de diferents disciplines. L'evidència empírica és però escassa. Aquesta tesi proporciona tres estudis empírics sobre aquesta qüestió. Els resultats indiquen que la TNHE no està substituint la mobilitat d'estudiants i suggereixen que la provisió de TNHE pot constituir una bona estratègia per els països desenvolupats per atreure més immigrants qualificats i estudiants. Els resultats impliquen igualment que els països en desenvolupament, que obren el seu mercat educatiu als proveïdors estrangers, han de prestar atenció a aquest tipus de possibles conseqüències. Una gamma d'altres resultats contribueixen a una comprensió més profunda i matisada del fenomen de la TNHE. Si proporciona també una sèrie de pistes i reflexions per a futures investigacions.

This thesis addresses critical conceptions of Scottish literary development in the twentieth-century which inscribe realism as both the authenticating tradition and necessary telos of modern Scottish writing. To this end I identify and explore a Scottish ‘counter-tradition’ of modern uncanny fiction. Drawing critical attention to techniques of modal disruption in the works of a number of post-1970s Scottish writers gives cause to reconsider that realist teleology while positing a range of other continuities and tensions across modern Scottish literary history. The thesis initially defines the critical context for the project, considering how realism has come to be regarded as a medium of national literary representation. I go on to explore techniques of modal disruption and uncanny in texts by five Scottish writers, contesting ways in which habitual recourse to the realist tradition has obscured important aspects of their work. Chapter One investigates Ali Smith’s reimagining of ‘the uncanny guest’. While this trope has been employed by earlier Scottish writers, Smith redesigns it as part of a wider interrogation of the hyperreal twenty-first-century. Chapter Two considers two texts by James Robertson, each of which, I argue, invokes uncanny techniques familiar to readers of James Hogg and Robert Louis Stevenson in a way intended specifically to suggest concepts of national continuity and literary inheritance. Chapter Three argues that James Kelman’s political stance necessitates modal disruption as a means of relating intimate individual experience. Re-envisaging Kelman as a writer of the uncanny makes his central assimilation into the teleology of Scottish realism untenable, complicating the way his work has been positioned in the Scottish canon. Chapter Four analyses A.L. Kennedy’s So I Am Glad, delineating a similarity in the processes of repetition which result in both uncanny effects and the phenomenon of tradition, leading to Kennedy’s identification of an uncanny dimension in the concept of national tradition itself. Chapter Five considers the work of Alan Warner, in which the uncanny appears as an unsettling sense of significance embedded within the banal everyday, reflecting an existentialism which reaches beyond the national. In this way, I argue that habitual recourse to an inscribed realist tradition tends to obscure the range, complexity and instability of the realist techniques employed by the writers at issue, demonstrating how national continuities can be productively accommodated within wider, pluralistic analytical approaches.

Die Zeit­schrift für Recht und Islam (ZRI) (vor­mals GAIR-Mitteilungen) ist die Ver­eins­zeit­schrift der Gesell­schaft für Ara­bi­sches und Isla­mi­sches Recht e.V. Neben Nach­rich­ten aus dem Ver­ein befasst sich die ZRI vor allem mit neuen Ent­wick­lun­gen zum und im Recht isla­misch gepräg­ter Staa­ten, gibt einen Über­blick über die Gesetz­ge­bung im In– und Aus­land, berich­tet über aktu­elle Recht­spre­chung und Fatawa, sich­tet jüngst erschie­nene Lite­ra­tur und ent­hält Rezen­sio­nen, Tagungs­be­richte und Auf­sätze.

Eine wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft kann ihren inneren Austausch und ihre Wirkung nach Außen nur sicherstellen, wenn sie ihren Mitgliedern und auswärtigen Interessierten ein zeitgemäßes Diskussionsforum bietet. Angesichts des gestiegenen Bedarfs an zuverlässigen Informationen über das islamische Recht und die rechtlichen Entwicklungen in islamisch geprägten Staaten besteht seitens der GAIR die Notwendigkeit, hierzu einen verantwortungsvollen Beitrag zu leisten. Um dieser Aufgabe gerecht zu werden, wird zukünftig der Schwerpunkt der GAIR-Mitteilungen deutlich stärker auf den fachlichen Diskurs gelegt. Das neue Format deckt neueste Entwicklungen in Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung aller Rechtsgebiete im In- und Ausland ab, soweit sie das Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten oder aber Menschen aus solchen Staaten betreffen. Wesentlich ergänzt wird dieses Angebot durch Tagungsberichte, Rezensionen und Aufsätze, in denen auch islamrechtliche Fragestellungen diskutiert werden.:Editorial (5–6) Zur Rechtsprechung: KG, Beschluss vom 7. 4. 2015 – Verfahrenskostenhilfe für Antrag auf Zahlung einer Brautgabe von Peter Scholz (7–9) AG Baden-Baden, Beschluss vom 11. 9. 2015, in Fortführung von AG Darmstadt, Beschluss vom 15. 5. 2014 – Sittenwidrigkeit der Vereinbarung auf Zahlung einer Brautgabe für den Ehevollzug von Peter Scholz (11–14) Artikel: Religionsfreiheit im Lichte der Neutralität. Zu den Entscheidungen des Bundes-verfassungsgerichts, des Landesarbeitsgerichts Berlin-Brandenburg, des Verwaltungsgerichts Augsburg und des Europäischen Gerichtshofes zu Musliminnen mit Kopftuch am Arbeitsplatz von Kirsten Wiese (15–41) Kopftuchverbote für Lehrerinnen im Rückblick von Sabine Berghahn (43–67) Gerechtigkeit und gutes Leben in der Kopftuchdebatte von Felix Ekardt (69–83) Zwischen Logozentrismus und Dekonstruktion. Zur Rolle des istiḥsān im System der uṣūl al-fiqh von Rike Sinder (85–105) Textautorität und Dekanonisierung — Zeitgenössische muslimische Zugänge zum säkularen Topos Menschenwürde im Horizont einer historisch sensibilisierten Exegese des Qurʾān von Rüdiger Braun (107–119) Das islamrechtliche Genre der themenspezifischen Rechtsliteratur Themenspezifische Rechtsliteratur als gegenwärtiges Phänomen von Noha Abdel-Hady (121–140) The Approach to Homosexuality in Contemporary Fatāwā: Sexual Practices or Sexual Orientation? von Serena Tolino (141–158) Die Debatte über weibliche Genitalverstümmelung in ägyptischen Fatwas des 20. Jahrhunderts von Elisabeth Trepesch (159–180) Rechtswissenschaftliche Argumentationsstrukturen und propagandistische Rhetorik in ʿAbdullāh ʿAzzāms Rechtsgutachten „Die Verteidigung der muslimischen Gebiete ist die oberste individuelle Pflicht“ von Petra Nendwich (181–196) How Islamic Is the West? Recent Approaches to Determining the “Islamicity” and “šarī ʿa Compliance” of Modern States* von Sarah Albrecht (197–223) “Paralleljustiz” in Berlin’s Mḥallamī Community in View of Predominately Customary Mechanisms von Mahmoud Jaraba (225–237) Legal Framework of Doing Business with Iran von Tannaz Jourabchi-Eisenhut (239–249) Product Liability in the Near and Middle East. A Comparative Study of Egyptian, Qatari and Iranian Law von Nicolas Bremer (251–274) Liability of Managers and Directors under the Law of the GCC Countries: A Comparative Study of the Liability Regimes Existing in the Gulf Cooperation Council Region Illustrated at the Example of Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates von Nicolas Bremer (275–303) Buchbesprechungen: Hans-Georg Ebert / Julia Heilen: Islamisches Recht. Ein Lehrbuch von Peter Scholz (305–307) Hatem Elliesie / Thilo Marauhn (eds.): Legal Transformation in Northern Africa and South Sudan von Matthias Hartwig (309–314) Bruno Menhofer / Dirk Otto (Hgg.): Recht nach dem Arabischen Frühling, Beiträge zum islamischen Recht IX von Katrin Seidel (315–321) Hans-Georg Ebert (Hg.): Beiträge zum Islamischen Recht X von Aouni Shahoud Almousa (323–329) Mahmoud Bassiouni: Menschenrechte zwischen Universalität und islamischer Legitimität von Assem Hefny (331–333) Ghassem Ghassemi: Criminal Policy in Iran Following the Revolution of 1979 – A Comparative Analysis of Criminal Punishment and Sentencing in Iran and Germany von Silvia Tellenbach (335–337) Tagungsberichte: Tagungsbericht „Interdisciplinary Approaches to Legal Pluralism in Muslim Context“ (6.–7. 10. 2016), Institut für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft und Exzellenzcluster „Religion und Politik“, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster von Ulrike Qubaja & Yvonne Prief (339–344) Tagungsbericht Workshop „Islamisches Recht: Methoden und Kontexte“ (14. / 15. 4. 2016), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt von Hakkı Arslan (345–351) Tagungsbericht: „Zakāt in Deutschland? Ansätze, Ideen und Perspektiven“ (21.–22. 9. 2015), Institut für Islamische Theologie (IIT), Universität Osnabrück von Souheil Thabti (353–355) Konferenzbericht: „The Reform of Islamic Law“ (9. / 10. 10. 2015), Zentrum für Islamische Theologie (ZITh), Universität Tübingen vonDebora Müller (357–361) Konferenzbericht: „Bioethik im Islam – Theologische, kulturelle und juristische Perspektiven“ (9.–11. 5. 2016), Institut für Islamische Theologie (IIT), Universität Osnabrück von Samet Balci (363–371) Conference Report: 2015 Gingko Library – British Institute of Persian Studies Conference: Iran’s Constitutional Revolution of 1906 and the Narratives of the Enlightenment (14.–16. 9. 2015), British Academy, London, UK von Victor Rohm (373–383) Call for Papers (385–388) Impressum (389–390)

The article is devoted to Russia in the election programs of the leading parties in Germany. The author notes the important, but not the primary place of Russia in the political programs of German parties, draws attention to the cautious attitude towards our country. It is concluded that the further development of relations between Russia and Germany largely depends on the election results.

The article analyses the authors’ translation experience concerning travel notes by Messerschmidt, the first German explorer of Siberia. The travel notes (Tobolsk – Tara – Tomsk, 1721) were for the first time translated into Russian. The authors proceed from language features of the text, many of which can be attributed to the period or the genre. Among translation problems, the authors emphasize complicated cases and unclear (obsolete) terms. In addition, an overlook of the used means of historical stylization is given. All observations are exemplified by numerous fragments of the original and the target text.

The work analyzes the rights of future generations in a perspective of solidarity within Italian-European environmental law, in a similar way to what was done in the German legal system. The analysis is conducted through a survey of the Italian-European regulatory framework, also with specific reference to the objectives of European social policies and through the jurisprudential comparative analysis with the legal system of the Federal Republic of Germany. In particular, with specific reference to a recent environmental dispute brought before the German Constitutional Court (Case Neubauer, et all v. Germany), within which the rights of future generations to live in a healthy environment are recognized. In the aforementioned case, the complainants allege that the German government has not introduced a legal framework sufficient to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and has not limited the increase in global temperature, according to the parameters agreed in the Paris Climate Agreement of 2015. The ruling of the German Constitutional Court is relevant since it considers it inadequate to achieve the objectives set by the international obligations on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions assumed by the federal law on climate protection of 2019. The aforementioned law is considered partly unconstitutional because it does not sufficiently protect people from future violations and limitations of the rights of freedom following the gradual intensification of climate change. In particular, in a perspective of solidarity, in a not local but global conception of the environment, with the recognition of the progressive and dangerous climate change, the German Constitutional Court notes that the German legislator has not distributed the CO2 emission balance proportionally and therefore, an adequate distribution of the sacrifice among current and future generations. In particular, the German Court writes: "one generation must not be allowed to consume large portions of the CO2 balance by supporting a relatively smaller share of the reduction effort, if this would leave subsequent generations with a drastic reduction burden and expose their lives to serious losses of liberty". The European and sometimes national regulatory framework still appears to be unsatisfactory with respect to the sustainable development objectives. So, the task of the national courts is that, as in the case of the German Constitutional Court, to evaluate the national regulatory provisions on climate protection, in the light of the principle of solidarity towards future generations, adopting an environmental approach that is not limited in time and in space but global.

The article analyzes the perception of Japan in the middle of the 19th century through the eyes of the Russian writer Ivan Goncharov. As secretary of Yevfimiy Putyatin’s mission (who concluded the first Russian-Japanese treaty in 1855), he kept travel notes, which later turned into a famous essay about a trip to Japan. The study is based on a rare edition of “Russians in Japan”, published in 1855, a few years before the appearance of the famous book “Frigate Pallada”. Goncharov’s notes marked the beginning of a new stage of awareness about Japan in the Russian Empire. His impressions added new colors to the portrayal of the country of Rising Sun, which Russians already knew from notes about the captivity of Vasily Golovnin (1816) and the three-volume work of the famous German Japanologist Philipp Franz von Siebold (1854). The valuable edition of Goncharov’s notes from the Library of the Faculty of Asian and African Studies of St. Petersburg State University (with an inscription from the author to Putyatin) differs from the text in the “Frigate Pallada” that was subjected to severe revision. Unlike this later version, this one, in many ways, resembles the unredacted travel notes made by Gonncharov during the Putyatin’s mission. Also, Iosif Goshkevich, who mastered the Japanese language during his stay in the country, accompanied Yevfimiy Putyatin as an interpreter. “Russian-Japanese Dictionary” (in fact, it is a Japanese-Russian dictionary) was published by him in collaboration with Tachibana Kosai in 1857. Two copies of this dictionary are available in the faculty’s Library (with autographs). One was a gift from Nicholas of Japan, and another - from the faculty teacher Kurono Yoshibumi. The authors aim to familiarize the general public with these rarities of the Library, which date back to the time of the conclusion of the first treaty between Russia and Japan and are directly related to the beginning of Russia’s in-depth acquaintance with Japan.

The early stages of product development are arguably the most important in the design of successful products. This paper describes different approaches to the conceptual design phase of product development, how they are taught to undergraduate engineering students, and how they are practiced in industry both in Germany and in the United States. The authors note that teaching the early stages of product development to future engineers at German Universities is more focused on methodology and processes. In the United States teaching design is more about being creative and overcoming individual constraints in order to find good and unconventional concepts. To understand how the conceptual phase is implemented in industry, the authors interviewed 16 companies in Germany and the United States. A thematic analysis was performed on the responses. In German industry, the authors observe uncertainty about how to apply process management in the very early stage of product development where different concepts are developed and evaluated. In U.S. industry most companies do not claim to follow a process during the early stage of concept development. Observing the differences between what is taught to engineering students in school and what is practiced in industry some conclusions recommendations are drawn. The observations demonstrate a weakness in process reliability during the early stage of product development both, in German and U.S. industry that should motivate academia to adapt its pedagogy in order to enable future engineers to create successful concepts.

The actual problem of our time is the aggravated fundamental contradiction between the digital and humanitarian components of the corresponding Sciences. And as a result, it begins to manifest itself in a sharp way both in professional activities and in everyday life. In this regard, addressing the topic of psychological security in education is justified and necessary. The purpose of the article is to discuss the educational potential of the discipline "Psychological security", and its role and place in master's programs in non-pedagogical and non-psychological areas. Method. Using the method of content analysis, the article tests the hypothesis that "psychological security" can be the goal of education, and not just its material. Results and discussion. Based on the material of 21 Russian and foreign educational programs, the content units of the discipline are presented. Analysis of training practices and methods in both Russian and foreign programs allows us to offer a modular structure of the discipline "Psychological security", where the psychological security of the individual, workplace and global processes is its content core. Conclusions. The key difference between Russian education and American and German education is that in the Russian academic tradition, the main subject is the psychological security of the individual. While foreign programs are more focused on the psychological safety of the workplace and the environment. In addition, the author notes that the main educational methods coincide in the programs of foreign and Russian universities. The results obtained and the conclusions drawn allow us to offer a modular structure of the discipline "Psychological security", where the individual, workplace and global processes are the focus of work with students in non-pedagogical and psychological programs.

Persistent gendered assumptions about women and violence predominately depict women as non-violent and peaceful. Due to this gender blindness and simplistic frames used to understand the attraction of women toward far-right extremist groups, women tend to get overlooked as active participants, and their roles ignored or downplayed. This not only hinders the overall understanding of far-right extremist groups but also impedes the development of effective counterprograms that specifically address the experiences and paths of these women. Drawing from the experiences and insights of German initiatives and from additional literature on the topic, this policy note explores the wide-ranging motivations of women joining far-right extremist groups and the different roles they can play in them. By including wider research to why women leave far-right extremist groups, the policy note offers lessons learned and recommendations that may be helpful in optimizing prevention and exit programs aimed at women in far-right extremist groups beyond the German context.

This paper proposes a statistical model and a conceptual framework to estimate inflation volatility assuming rational inattention, where the decay in the level of attention reflects the arrival of news in the market. We estimate trend inflation and the conditional inflation volatility for Germany, Spain, the euro area and the United States using monthly data from January 2002 to March 2022 and test whether inflation was equal to or below 2% in this period in these regions. We decompose inflation volatility into positive and negative surprise components and characterise different inflation volatility scenarios during the Great Financial Crisis, the Sovereign Debt Crisis, and the post-COVID period. Our volatility measure outperforms the GARCH(1,1) model and the rolling standard deviation in one-step ahead volatility forecasts both in-sample and out-of-sample. The methodology proposed in this article is appropriate for estimating the conditional volatility of macro-financial variables. We recommend the inclusion of this measure in inflation dynamics monitoring and forecasting exercises.

The oak processionary moth (Thaumetopoea processionea>) is native to Central and Southern Europe and has been spreading to Northern Europe, including Southern England since 2006. The larvae feed on various oak species (Quercus spp.), contributing to oak decline and causing significant health issues for humans and pets due to their urticating hairs. There is no history of classical biological control for this pest, but several promising natural enemies exist. The most promising natural enemies include the larval parasitoids Carcelia iliaca and Pales processioneae, which are specific to Thaumetopoea spp. and have been dominant in Germany and the Netherlands, with C. iliaca also found in invasive UK populations. The egg parasitoid Ooencyrtus masii is noted in Italy but seems less significant than other polyphagous species, such as Anastatus bifasciatus and Trichogramma spp. Pimpla processioneae and other Pimpla species are frequently found parasitizing pupae, with P. processioneae being the most specific. Other natural enemies such as A. bifasciatus, the larval parasitoid Meteorus versicolor, and various tachinid parasitoids are abundant but too polyphagous for classical biological control programs.