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Journal articles on the topic 'Nosocomial infections'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Schultalbers, Marie, Tammo L. Tergast, Nicolas Simon, Abdul-Rahman Kabbani, Markus Kimmann, Christoph Höner zu Siederdissen, Svetlana Gerbel, Michael P. Manns, Markus Cornberg, and Benjamin Maasoumy. "Frequency, characteristics and impact of multiple consecutive nosocomial infections in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis and ascites." United European Gastroenterology Journal 8, no. 5 (March 13, 2020): 567–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050640620913732.

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Background Nosocomial infections are a particular threat for patients with liver cirrhosis. It is not uncommon that individuals develop even several consecutive infections during a single hospital stay. We aimed to investigate the impact and characteristics of multiple, consecutive nosocomial infections. Methods A total of 514 consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites were included and followed up for 28 days for nosocomial infection, death or liver transplantation (LTx). Laboratory values were assessed at the time of hospitalization as well as at the onset of each new infectious episode. Results 58% ( n = 298) of the patients developed at least one nosocomial infection and in 23% ( n = 119) even multiple infections were documented during a single hospital stay. Consecutive infections usually occurred shortly after the previous episode. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) was the most common infection. However, the proportion of SBP declined from 43% at the first to only 31% at the third nosocomial infection ( p = 0.096). In contrast, the likelihood for other, less common types of infection such as blood stream infections increased. Third nosocomial infections were also more likely to be linked to the detection of fungal pathogens (21% vs. 52%; p = 0.001). Each additional infectious episode had a dramatic detrimental impact on LTx-free survival that was independent from the stage of liver disease (adjusted-HR: 6.76, p = 0.002 for first nosocomial infection; adjusted-HR: 14.69, p<0.001 for second nosocomial infection; adjusted-HR: 24.95, p<0.001 for third nosocomial infection). Conclusion In patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis LTx-free survival significantly decreases with every consecutive infectious episode. Development of prevention strategies is urgently required.

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Gajovic, Olgica, Predrag Canovic, Zeljko Mijailovic, and Zorica Lazic. "Nosocomial infections in patients with acute central nervous system infections." Medical review 60, no. 1-2 (2007): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0702012g.

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Due to current increase in the rate of nosocomial infections, our objective was to examine the frequency, risk factors, clinical presentation and etiology of nosocomial infections in patients with central nervous system infections. 2246 patients with central nervous system infections, treated in the intensive care units of the Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia in Belgrade and at the Department of Infectious Diseases of the Clinical Hospital Center Kragujevac, were included in this retrospective and prospective study. Clinical manifestations of nosocomial infections were registered in 180 (12.7%) patients. Direct risk factors for nosocomial infections were: venous lines, urinary catheter, length of stay over 20 days, inhibitors of gastric secretion, consciousness disorders and coma, endotracheal intubation, tracheotomy and controlled ventilation for 5 days or more. The most frequent clinical presentations of nosocomial infections were: tract urinary infections, bacteriemia/sepsis and nosocomial pneumonia. Significantly higher frequency of death outcomes was registered in patients with nosocomial infections.

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Breathnach, Aodhán S. "Nosocomial infections and infection control." Medicine 41, no. 11 (November 2013): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2013.08.010.

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4

Jenkins, David R. "Nosocomial infections and infection control." Medicine 45, no. 10 (October 2017): 629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2017.07.005.

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Gastmeier, Petra, Helga Bräuer, Thomas Hauer, Martin Schumacher, Franz Daschner, and Henning Rüden. "How Many Nosocomial Infections Are Missed If Identification Is Restricted to Patients With Either Microbiology Reports or Antibiotic Administration?" Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 20, no. 02 (February 1999): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501600.

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AbstractObjective:To investigate how many nosocomial infections would be missed if surveillance activities were restricted to patients having either microbiology reports or antibiotic administration.Design:Analysis of data from a large prevalence study on nosocomial infections (Nosocomial Infections in Germany— Surveillance and Prevention).Setting:A total of 14,966 patients were investigated in medical, surgical, obstetric-gynecologic, and intensive-care units of 72 German hospitals representatively selected according to size. Five hundred eighteen patients (3.5%) had at least one nosocomial infection. Microbiology reports were available for 56.6% of these patients on the prevalence day, and 86.3% received antibiotics.Results:Only 31 nosocomially infected patients (6%) would have been missed by using either microbiology reports or antibiotic treatment as an indicator. These indicators of nosocomial infections had a high diagnostic sensitivity for nosocomial pneumonia (98.8%), urinary tract infections (96.3%), and primary bloodstream infections (95.3%), but a lower sensitivity for wound infections (85.4%). Thus, 97.4% of all nosocomial infections were found with this method in intensive-care units and 96.1% in medicine units, but only 89.7% in surgical departments. In 9 (12.5%) of 72 hospitals, the overall sensitivity would have been <80% using a combination of the two indicators. For this reason, the situation in one's own hospital should be checked before using this method.Conclusions:After checking the situation in one's own hospital, the “either-or” approach using the two indicators “microbiology report” and “antibiotic administration” can be recommended as a time-saving measure to diagnose pneumonia, urinary tract, and primary bloodstream infections. For wound infections, additional information obtained by changing dressings or participating in ward rounds is necessary to achieve satisfactory sensitivity in the surveillance of nosocomial infections. Of course, it is necessary that the surveillance staff discard all false positives to ensure a satisfactory specificity.

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MEMON, BADARUDDIN A. "NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS." Professional Medical Journal 14, no. 01 (March 10, 2007): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2007.14.01.3627.

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Nosocomial infections are an important cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. This paper highlights some of the serious but avoidable aspects of this largely ignored but vital issue of nosocomial infections in Pakistan. Also this paper aims to alert the health policy makers, medical staff, microbiologists and other experts to consider more clearly the serious threat of nosocomial infections. This is for the Pakistan Ministry of Health to become actively involved in the development of a structured and coherent approach to the problem.

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Breathnach, Aodhán S. "Nosocomial infections." Medicine 33, no. 3 (March 2005): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.33.3.22.61114.

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RUSSELL, BARBARA. "Nosocomial Infections." American Journal of Nursing 99, no. 6 (June 1999): 24J—24P. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199906000-00026.

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Breathnach, Aodhán S. "Nosocomial infections." Medicine 37, no. 10 (October 2009): 557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2009.07.008.

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10

&NA;. "Nosocomial infections." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 1, no. 5 (September 1988): 803–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-198809000-00019.

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11

Ayliffe, G. A. J., and R. P. Wenzel. "Nosocomial infections." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2, no. 5 (October 1989): 657–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-198910000-00008.

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&NA;. "Nosocomial infections." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2, no. 5 (October 1989): 719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-198910000-00019.

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&NA;. "Nosocomial infections." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 3, no. 4 (August 1990): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199008000-00023.

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Johnson, Justine A. "Nosocomial infections." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 32, no. 5 (September 2002): 1101–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(02)00038-4.

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Becker, Linda, and Rita F. Palencsar. "Nosocomial Infections." AORN Journal 43, no. 1 (January 1986): 274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)65594-x.

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Inweregbu, Ken, Jayshree Dave, and Alison Pittard. "Nosocomial infections." Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain 5, no. 1 (February 2005): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mki006.

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CLARK, ANGELA P. "Nosocomial Infections." Clinical Nurse Specialist 17, no. 6 (November 2003): 284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002800-200311000-00007.

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CLARK, ANGELA P., and SUSAN HOUSTON. "Nosocomial Infections." Clinical Nurse Specialist 18, no. 2 (March 2004): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002800-200403000-00009.

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Liu, Jia-Yia, and Jana K. Dickter. "Nosocomial Infections." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America 30, no. 4 (October 2020): 637–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.giec.2020.06.001.

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Hong, John, and John Mihran Davis. "Nosocomial infections and nosocomial pneumonia." American Journal of Surgery 172, no. 6 (December 1996): 33s—37s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9610(96)00348-0.

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Badsha Miah, Shila Veronica Corranya, Monjur Hossain, Nazma Begum, Biroti Rani, Suraia Akter, Sabina Ieasmin, Kawsar Alam, and Momtaz Begum. "Assessment of nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding nosocomial infection at 250 bedded Mohammad Ali Hospital, Bogura, Bangladesh." International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive 5, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.1.0104.

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Background: Nosocomial infections, otherwise known as Hospital-acquired infections, are infections that are not present or incubating when the person is admitted to a healthcare facility (WHO, 1988). In other words, infections are considered nosocomial if they first appear 48 hours or more after hospital admissions or 30 days after discharge (Wikipedia 2007). Hospital-acquired or Nosocomial infection is the result of the transmission of pathogenic organisms to a previously un-infected patient from a source in a hospital's environment. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in developed countries is much lower than in developing countries, and studies show it is 15.5 per 100 patients in Europe and USA. In Intensive care units, the prevalence rate was 48 per 1000 patients. The most common infection was surgical site infection, which was 5.6 per 100 surgical procedures. Nosocomial infection significantly impacts the health of hundreds of millions of people and is considered a major global issue today by all stakeholders (Basson, 2006). Objective: The aim was to assess nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding nosocomial infection at 250 Bedded Mohammad Ali Hospital, Bogura, Bangladesh. Methodology: This descriptive type of cross-sectional study design was used. A 120 sample size that was purposive sampling followed those who met the inclusion criteria to assess the knowledge and practice regarding nosocomial infection. The instruments for data collection were a semi-structured questionnaire and a self-report method composed of three parts: Demographic variables, knowledge and practice-based information on nosocomial infection. Results: The findings of the present study revealed that the majority of the 55% were between 31-40 years, 91% were female, 96% were Muslim, and 63% were a Diploma in nursing in professional education. Regarding nurses’ knowledge, an average of 40% had a moderate knowledge of nosocomial infection. It is expected that the study will provide a better understanding of the uses of contraceptive methods. Conclusion: it is clear that nosocomial infections are a significant problem for both developed and developing countries. To achieve good health for every patient in the hospital, it is essential for all nurses to have a moderate level of nurse’s knowledge on nosocomial infections and to practice standard protocols so that the spread of infection in any healthcare setting can be minimized. However, the nosocomial infection does not create a significant problem if maintained adequate aseptic precautions during any procedure. Senior staff Nurses, as a part of the health care team, play an essential role in providing care to both infectious and non-infectious patients in the same ward.

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Glózik, Ágnes. "Az infekciókontroll mérföldkövei – történelmi kitekintés." Kaleidoscope history 10, no. 21 (2020): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17107/kh.2020.21.313-323.

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Infectious diseases and epidemics associated since ever the men’s history. In each historical age, arose different methods and theories about treating and preventing infectious diseases. It is important to separate hospital-acquired infections and community-acquired infectious diseases. Within epidemiology, a specific branch deals with nosocomial infections. The most important goal is their prevention named as infection control. To be able to assess the extent of current progress in nosocomial infections, it is important to understand the history of infection control, which is nowadays a worldwide program because healthcare-associated infections affected hundreds of millions of patients every year.

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Hughes, James M. "Nosocomial Infection Surveillance in the United States: Historical Perspective." Infection Control 8, no. 11 (November 1987): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700069769.

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AbstractDuring the past 30 years, many important strides have been made in the prevention of nosocomial infections in the United States. Infection control programs have been established in hospitals throughout the country. Techniques for surveillance of nosocomial infections have been developed and utilized extensively. Results of the Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control (SENIC Project) and the experience with surveillance of surgical wound infections have documented the fact that surveillance is an integral component of an effective nosocomial infection control program. In recent years, a number of approaches to nosocomial infection surveillance have been proposed as alternatives to comprehensive or hospital-wide surveillance. In 1986, four surveillance components were introduced in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system to provide participating institutions the option to tailor their surveillance program to their local needs and priorities while continuing to provide information to the national database on nosocomial infections. Infection control practitioners currently face a challenge to develop more meaningful nosocomial infection rates to permit identification of new infection control priorities for their institution and to assess progress toward specific prevention objectives.

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Pirushi, Rudina, Denisa Bego (Veseli), and Zamira Imeraj. "Management and Prevention of Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, A (February 2, 2022): 1334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8436.

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BACKGROUND: Nosocomial infections are the leading cause of mortality, due to acquired nosocomial infections. Nosocomial urinary tract infections occur during or after hospitalization in patients who did not have an incubation phase of the infection at the time of admission to the hospital. AIM: In this study, we aim to define and manage nosocomial urinary tract infections in intensive care at University Hospital Center “Mother Teresa” Tirana. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1350 patients were included in the study, of which 115 patients resulted in nosocomial nosocomial infections. The mean age of patients was 62 ± 16.6 years. RESULTS: Out of 1350 patients hospitalized in the Intensive Care during the period October 2019 - December 2020, 4% of patients result in urinary tract infections or 45% of the total for 115 cases of nosocomial infections. We see that men have a higher percentage than women of being affected by urinary tract infections, it is significant (p < 0.001). The etiological cause of nosocomial urinary tract infections was Escherichia coli in 61.5% of cases. For nosocomial urinary tract infections, patients are monitored for fever, examination of urine complete, and uroculture. The mean hospital stay for patients without nosocomial infection of the urinary tract was 4 days, while that of those with urinary tract infection was 18.49 ± 27.68 (from 5 to 180 days). In comparison to the mean mentioned above, it is significant (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Nosocomial urinary tract infections are common in patients admitted to intensive care. Key recommendations should be given on diagnostic strategies, testing, selection of antibiotics as well as duration of treatment. We also need to collect data on how to prevent nosocomial infections in general and nosocomial urinary tract infections in particular.

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Gaynes, Robert P., Jonathan R. Edwards, William R. Jarvis, David H. Culver, James S. Tolson, and William J. Martone. "Nosocomial Infections Among Neonates in High-risk Nurseries in the United States." Pediatrics 98, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.98.3.357.

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Background. Nosocomial infections result in considerable morbidity and mortality among neonates in high-risk nurseries (HRNs). Purpose. To examine the epidemiology of nosocomial infections among neonates in level III HRNs. Methods. Data were collected from 99 hospitals with HRNs participating in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system, which uses standard surveillance protocols and nosocomial infection site definitions. The data included information on maternal acquisition of and risk factors for infection, such as device exposure, birth weight category (≤1000, 1001 through 1500, 1501 through 2500, and >2500 g), mortality, and the relationship of the nosocomial infection to death. Results. From October 1986 through September 1994, these hospitals submitted data on 13 179 nosocomial infections. The bloodstream was the most frequent site of nosocomial infection in all birth weight groups. Nosocomial pneumonia was the second most common infection site, followed by the gastrointestinal and eye, ear, nose, and throat sites. The most common nosocomial pathogens among all neonates were coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci, Enterobacter sp, and Escherichia coli. Group B streptococci were associated with 46% of bloodstream infections that were maternally acquired; coagulase-negative staphylococci were associated with 58% of bloodstream infections that were not maternally acquired, most of which (88%) were associated with umbilical or central intravenous catheters. Conclusions. Bloodstream infections, the most frequent nosocomial infections in all birth weight groups, should be a major focus of surveillance and prevention efforts in HRNs. For bloodstream infections, stratification of surveillance data by maternal acquisition will help focus prevention efforts for group B streptococci outside the HRN. Within the nursery, bloodstream infection surveillance should focus on umbilical or central intravenous catheter use, a major risk factor for infection.

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Ford-Jones, E. L., C. M. Mindorff, E. Pollock, R. Milner, D. Bohn, J. Edmonds, G. Barker, and R. Gold. "Evaluation of a New Method of Detection of Nosocomial Infection in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: The Infection Control Sentinel Sheet System." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 10, no. 11 (November 1989): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/645938.

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AbstractTo improve the efficiency of nosocomial infection detection, a highly structured system combining initial reporting by the bedside night nurse of symptoms possibly related to infection with follow-up by the infection control nurse (ICN) was developed: The Infection Control Sentinel Sheet System (ICSSS).Between July 1, 1987 and February 28, 1988, a prospective comparison of results obtained through ICSSS and daily bedside observation/chart review by a full-time trained intensivist was undertaken in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Ratios of nosocomial infections and nosocomially-infected patients were 15.8 and 7.0 respectively among 685 admissions; included are seven infections identified only through the ICSSS so that the “gold standard” became an amalgamation of the two systems. The sensitivity for detection of nosocomially-infected patients by bedside observation/chart review and ICSSS was 100% and 87% respectively. The sensitivity for detection of standard infections (blood, wound and urine) was 88% and 85% respectively. The sensitivity for detection of nosocomial infections at all sites was 94% and 72% respectively. Missed infections were minor (e.g., drain, skin, eye), required physician diagnosis (e.g., pneumonia), were not requested on the sentinel sheet (SS) (e.g., otitis media), related to follow-up of deceased patients or were minor misclassifications or failures to associate with device (e.g., central-line related). Daily PICU surveillance by the ICN required only 20 minutes a day. The ICSSS appears highly promising and has many unmeasured benefits.

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Phule, D. B., and A. V. Manwar. "A Review of Nosocomial Infections: Source and Prevention." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 83, no. 4 (August 17, 2021): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj83.04.098.

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Nosocomial infections are a severe public health concern around the world, particularly in developing nations where infection control is difficult owing to financial constraints. Despite the significant drop in infectious disease due to advances in medical technology and medicine, it is well acknowledged that nosocomial infection has been one of the key impediments to better health conditions. The spread of bacterial species associated with number of medical devices for example commonly used stethoscope is one of the sources of infection. The presence of coagulase negative Staphylococcus species, Enterococci species, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species and Acinetobacter species found to be common on stethoscope. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics without any regulation and proper screening certainly making many antibiotics non-functional to control their targeted pathogens. The hospital acquired pathogens mainly showcase increased incidences of antibiotic resistance. The purpose of this study is to examine epidemiologic characteristics of nosocomial infection and to find out effectives measures for their preventing.

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Rubin, Lorry G., Nina Kohn, Susan Nullet, and Margaret Hill. "Reduction in Rate of Nosocomial Respiratory Virus Infections in a Children’s Hospital Associated With Enhanced Isolation Precautions." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 39, no. 2 (January 14, 2018): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2017.282.

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OBJECTIVETo determine whether the use of enhanced isolation precautions (droplet and contact precautions) for inpatients with respiratory tract viral infections is associated with a reduction in rate of nosocomial viral respiratory infections.DESIGNQuasi-experimental study with the rate of nosocomial respiratory virus infection as the primary dependent variable and rate of nosocomialClostridium difficileinfection as a nonequivalent dependent variable comparator.SETTINGCohen Children’s Medical Center of NY, a tertiary-care children’s hospital attached to a large general hospital.INTERVENTIONDuring years 1 and 2 (July 2012 through June 2014), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee’s recommended isolation precautions for inpatients with selected respiratory virus infections were in effect. Enhanced isolation precautions were in effect during years 3 and 4 (July, 2014 through June, 2016), except for influenza, for which enhanced precautions were in effect during year 4 only.RESULTSDuring the period of enhanced isolation precautions, the rate of nosocomial respiratory virus infections with any of 4 virus categories decreased 39% from 0.827 per 1,000 hospital days prior to enhanced precautions to 0.508 per 1,000 hospital days (P<.0013). Excluding rhinovirus/enterovirus infections, the rates decreased 58% from 0.317 per 1,000 hospital days to 0.134 per 1,000 hospital days during enhanced precautions (P<.0014). During these periods, no significant change was detected in the rate of nosocomialC. difficileinfection.CONCLUSIONSEnhanced isolation precautions for inpatients with respiratory virus infections were associated with a reduction in the rate of nosocomial respiratory virus infections.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2018;39:152–156

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Rhame, Frank S. "Surveillance Objectives: Descriptive Epidemiology." Infection Control 8, no. 11 (November 1987): 454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700069770.

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This paper addresses the problems associated with defining and classifying events as nosocomial infections, discusses the methods by which rates of nosocomial infection are calculated and their rationales, and presents some specific rates useful in nosocomial epidemiology. Previously unpublished data demonstrate important differences between antibiotic susceptibility tallies produced by clinical laboratories and similar tallies derived from nosocomial infection surveillance data.Conversion of real world events into categorical data presents formidable difficulties. Surveillance personnel must classify a given series of clinical events as 0,1, or more infections and make a determination as to whether each infection is nosocomial or community acquired. High-quality research studies to validate these efforts should compare the sensitivity and specificity of methods used to some “gold standard.” The gold standard is usually a review of medical records or patients by an infectious diseases physician. But even the standard is flawed. In clinical practice this flaw presents less of a problem because therapy for infectious diseases is generally quite safe and may be instituted when the probability of infection is 10%, 5%, or even lower. For surveillance purposes a higher standard is required, which is particularly important when surveillance information is used to provide feedback data to physicians who understandably bridle at overestimates of infection rates in their patients. The overestimation of infections based on weak evidence under-cuts feedback efforts.

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Tauhid, Syed Ahsan, MAK Azad Chowdhury, Md Mahbubul Hoque, MA Kamal, and Emdadul Haque. "Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections in Children in Intensive Care Unit: Organisms, Sources, Their Sensitivity Pattern and Outcome of Treatment." Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons 35, no. 3 (October 22, 2017): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v35i3.34341.

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Background: Nosocomial bloodstream infection in paediatric ICU is a leading, preventable infectious complication in critically ill patients and has a negative impact on patients outcome. This study was done to determine the type of pathogens responsible for nosocomial infections and its sensitivity pattern, to evaluate the probable sources (fomites) of nosocomial infections and also to compare the outcome of treatment between children with and without nosocomial bloodstream infections in terms of length of ICU stay and mortalityMaterial and methods: This study was conducted in the intensive care unit of Dhaka Shishu(children) hospital. Children between 0-5 years of age were included in the study. Blood culture positive case at the time of admission and Children discharged or died within 48 hours of admission were excluded. When children clinically suspected to have nosocomial infections, their blood culture and swab culture of probable sources were done.Results: Out 110 patients, 23(20.9%) patients developed nosocomial BSI. Neonates were found to be more susceptible to develop nosocomial BSI. Most of the organisms (86%) were Gram negative bacilli. Klebsiella was the most common pathogens (30.78%) followed by acinatobacter (21.73%), E-coli (13.04%), Pseudomonas (8.7%). Type of micro-organisms and their sensitivity pattern obtained from blood culture and sources culture of corresponding patient were almost similar which indicate the clue for probable source of nosocomial infection. Microorganisms were almost sensitive to Imipenem but there were high resistance to commonly used antibiotics including third generation cephalosporins. ICU acquired infections increase hospital mortality and duration of hospital stay.Conclusion: Nosocomial bloodstream infections in children in ICU are associated with high mortality rate and prolong hospital stay. Neonates are more susceptible to develop nosocomial BSI than children aged above 28 days. Gram negative organisms are predominant isolates and are developing resistance to commonly used antibiotics including third generation cephalosporin. Imipenem is the most effective and reliable antibiotic option. Fomites especially health care device including IV canula, suction catheter, endotracheal tubes, oxygen mask are the important probable sources of nosocomial infections.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2017; 35(3): 115-122

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Nazeer, Zoya, Arusa Bano, Rubina Naz, Muhammad Ahmed Sohail, and Muhammad Asim Amin. "Assessment of Knowledge among Nurses Regarding Spread of Nosocomial Infection." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22169246.

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Introduction: Nosocomial infections, also described as healthcare-associated infections (HAI), are illnesses that occur in hospitals or other healthcare settings. Infection obtained while receiving care and was not aware at the moment of hospitalization. Hospital - associated infection occurs when a client is taken to a hospital for a long or short term for particular treatment reasons but has no indication of infection time of admission. Nosocomial infections can always be microbial, prion, highly infectious, or parasitic, but they can be observed with in wind, inside the body, or on surfaces.(1) Objective: To assess the knowledge among nurses regarding spread of nosocomial infection. To identify association between knowledge about nosocomial infection and demographic variables of staff nurses. Place and duration: University Lahore teaching hospital Lahore, Pakistan. This study approximately took in 5 months (September, 2021 to January, 2022). The data is collected in 1 month. Methodology: A cross sectional study design was used in of University Lahore teaching hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Questionnaire distributed among staff nurses and data analyzed by SPSS software (version 21). All male and female Staff nurses having age20-60 years, who have more than one year working experience were included. Sample size of n=159 staff nurses were taken by using convenient sampling. Throughout the study, participants' identities were kept strictly confidential to ensure research participants protection. Results: The results of study show that 23.9% of individuals demonstrated excellent knowledge of nosocomial infection transmission. 46.5 percent of individuals had good knowledge about nosocomial infection spread, whereas 29.6 percent had poor knowledge about nosocomial infection spread. Conclusion: We concluded that nurses had a good knowledge regarding spread of nosocomial infection. Antibiotic resistance in emerging pathogens can be reduced by following sound and health care delivery techniques devised by infection control committees, preventing transmission of these illnesses with suitable antimicrobial usage methods. Keywords: Knowledge, nurses, nosocomial infection

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Jarvis, William R. "Selected Aspects of the Socioeconomic Impact of Nosocomial Infections: Morbidity, Mortality, Cost, and Prevention." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 17, no. 8 (August 1996): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s019594170000480x.

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AbstractApproximately 2 million nosocomial infections occur annually in the United States. These infections result in substantial morbidity, mortality, and cost. The excess duration of hospitalization secondary to nosocomial infections has been estimated to be 1 to 4 days for urinary tract infections, 7 to 8.2 days for surgical site infections, 7 to 21 days for bloodstream infections, and 6.8 to 30 days for pneumonia. The estimated mortalities associated with nosocomial bloodstream infections and pneumonia are 23.8% to 50% and 14.8% to 71% (overall), or 16.3% to 35% and 6.8% to 30% (attributable), respectively. The estimated average costs of these infections are $558 to $593 for each urinary tract infection, $2,734 for each surgical site infection, $3,061 to $40,000 for each bloodstream infection, and $4,947 for each pneumonia. Even minimally effective infection control programs are cost-effective. In countries with prospective payment systems based on diagnosis-related groups, hospitals lose from $583 to $4,886 for each nosocomial infection. As administrators focus on cost containment, increased support should be given to infection control programs so that preventable nosocomial infections and their associated expenditures can be averted.

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Agrawal, Sanjay, and Rahul Kewal Kumar. "A Study of Nosocomial Infections in Intensive Care Units of Local Tertiary Care Hospitals." Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences 8, no. 2 (April 13, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2021.8.2.01.

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Introduction: It has been reported that the incidence of nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit (ICU) is about 2–5 times higher than in the general in-patient hospital population. The objectives of the present study were to determine the incidence of nosocomial infection, to identify possible risk factors for these infections, to clarify the distribution of the causative pathogens, and to evaluate the outcome of the infected patients in terms of length of ICU and hospital stay and mortality. Methods: This was a retrospective and analytical study. For classification of the different causative pathogens associated with nosocomial infections, all the microorganisms isolated on culture from each of the patients with confirmed infection according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions were recorded and their relative frequency of isolation was determined as percentage. Bacterial isolates were identified by Gram stain, cultures on routine media and where necessary, selective media, and specific biochemical tests following standard protocols. Results: Nosocomial infections were in 28 patients. The most frequently diagnosed nosocomial infection was nosocomial pneumonia. A total of 39 pathogens were isolated on culture and accounted for the nosocomial infections in 28 patients. Some infections were polymicrobial. Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae were the most frequently isolated pathogens. There was no statistically significant difference between the hospital mortality rates among the patients with and without nosocomial infection. Conclusion: Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, as a group, were the most frequently isolated pathogens, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the single most frequent causative organism. The acquisition of nosocomial infections in the ICU resulted in significantly increased length of ICU and hospital stay, but did not result in statistically significant increase in ICU or hospital mortality. These findings can now be utilized toward planning a surveillance program for nosocomial infection in our ICU setting as a first step toward a better infection control strategy.

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Eickhoff, Theodore C. "Airborne Nosocomial Infection: A Contemporary Perspective." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 15, no. 10 (October 1994): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646830.

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AbstractThe history of airborne nosocomial infections is reviewed, and current beliefs about such infections are placed into their historical context. Possible sources, both animate and inanimate, of airborne nosocomial infections in the hospital environment are identified. Viruses, bacteria, and fungi that have been important causes of airborne nosocomial infections in the past are discussed, and examples of key studies that have confirmed an airborne route of transmission are presented. Where relevant, measures that have been used to control airborne transmission of nosocomial pathogens are discussed. Although outbreaks of airborne nosocomial infection have been uncommon, airborne transmission appears to account for about 10% of all endemic nosocomial infections.

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Rosenthal, Victor Daniel, Sandra Guzmán, and Christopher Crnich. "Device-Associated Nosocomial Infection Rates in Intensive Care Units of Argentina." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 25, no. 3 (March 2004): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502386.

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AbstractBackground:Nosocomial infections are an important public health problem in many developing countries, particularly in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. No previous data are available on the incidence of device-associated nosocomial infections in different types of ICUs in Argentina.Methods:We performed a prospective nosocomial infection surveillance study during the first year of an infection control program in six Argentinean ICUs. Nosocomial infections were identified using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System definitions, and site-specific nosocomial infection rates were calculated.Results:The rate of catheter-associated bloodstream infections in medical-surgical ICUs was 30.3 per 1,000 device days; it was 14.2 per 1,000 device-days in coronary care units (CCUs). The rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia in medical-surgical ICUs was 46.3 per 1,000 device-days; it was 45.5 per 1,000 device-days in CCUs. The rate of symptomatic catheter-associated urinary tract infections in medical-surgical ICUs was 18.5 per 1,000 device-days; it was 12.1 per 1,000 device-days in CCUs.Conclusion:The high rate of nosocomial infections in Argentinean ICUs found during our surveillance suggests that ongoing targeted surveillance and implementation of proven infection control strategies is needed in developing countries such as Argentina.

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Elliott, Camille, and A. Justiz-Vaillant. "Nosocomial Infections at Three Regional Tertiary Hospitals in Trinidad and Tobago." Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9406/001.

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Objective: The main objectives of this research were to conduct and provide accurate and original findings related to the epidemiological study of nosocomial infections at three regional tertiary hospitals in Trinidad and Tobago. Specifically, the researcher determined; the frequency of nosocomial infections (NI), the frequency of multiple drug resistance among bacterial organisms associated with NI, infection control measures practiced at the research hospitals and the cost of such NI in terms of morbidity and mortality Synopsis: This study estimated the rate of nosocomial infections (NI) among patients at three major regional hospitals in Trinidad and Tobago and evaluated the frequency of pathogens associated with nosocomial infections. Approximately 450 of 126, 668 patients had nosocomial infections and the most frequent type of nosocomial pathogens were: Staphylococcus sp. (22.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa sp. (12.7%), Acinetobacter (11.8%) and Klebsiella sp. (11.6%). Methods: A one-year prospective cross-sectional study was carried out. The nosocomial pathogens were retrieved from the microbiology laboratory. Antimicrobial susceptibility test by the disk diffusion method were done on all bacterial isolates. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20.0. Results: This research revealed that 450 inpatients suffered nosocomial infections, with thirty (30) mortalities during the twelve (12) months that the study lasted (June 2013 to May 2014) at three regional hospitals of Trinidad and Tobago. The incidence of nosocomial infections was 5.8% and the nosocomial infection rate was 3.6 per 1000 (450/126,668). The highest rate (30.1%) was observed in the Intensive Care Unit (82/272 admissions). The most frequent type of nosocomial infection was Skin and Soft Tissue Infections 168 (37.3%). Staphylococcus sp. (22.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa sp. (12.7%), Acinetobacter (11.8%) and Klebsiella sp. (11.6%) were the most frequently occurring nosocomial pathogens. Conclusion: Consistency in performing good hygiene practices is vital for reducing the high nosocomial rate found at the research sites. Prediction of these infections is very important as a part of clinical surveillance programs to take preventive measures in advance. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern rate (ASPR) showed that only 8.3 % (5/60) of the isolates were antibiotic-susceptible strains.

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Mayhall, C. Glen, Donald E. Craven, Kathleen A. Steger, and Lisa R. Hirschhorn. "Nosocomial Colonization and Infection in Persons Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 17, no. 5 (May 1996): 304–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/647300.

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AbstractNosocomial infections appear to be increased in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), compared to individuals with asymptomatic infection due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Risk factors for bacterial colonization and infection include immunosuppression, prior treatment with some antibiotics, increased hospitalizations with longer lengths of stay, greater exposure to invasive devices such as indwelling intravenous or urinary catheters, and the degree of immunosuppression. Data suggest that other infectious agents such asPneumocystis carinii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium aviumcomplex, andCryptosporidiummay be acquired in healthcare facilities. Diagnosis and management of nosocomial infections in HIV-infected persons may be complicated by an atypical presentation, increased rates of relapse following treatment, presence of multiple infections, and early discharge from the inpatient setting. Accurate assessment of nosocomial infections and outbreaks in the hospital is complicated by limited data on the risk of transmission of both traditional and unusual pathogens in this population. Furthermore, some patients may acquire nosocomial pathogens during their initial hospitalization and present later with infections that normally would be classified as community acquired. Therefore, there probably is an underestimation of current nosocomial infection rates, and perhaps “hospital-associated” or “healthcare-facility–associated” might be more accurate terms for these infections (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol1996;17:304-318).

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Rotstein, Coleman, K. Michael Cummings, Andreas L. Nicolaou, Joyce Lucey, and John Fitzpatrick. "Nosocomial Infection Rates at an Oncology Center." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 9, no. 1 (January 1988): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/645727.

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AbstractNosocomial infection rates were computed for 5,031 patients at an oncology center during a 20-month period. Twelve percent of the patients developed nosocomial infections, accounting for a total of 802 infections. The overall incidence of nosocomial infections during this study period was 6.27 infections per 1,000 patient days. The highest incidence of nosocomial infections was found in patients having acute myelogenous leukemia (30.49 infections per 1,000 patient days); bone and joint cancer (27.27 infections per 1,000 patient days); and liver cancer (26.58 infections per 1,000 patient days). The respiratory tract was the most common site of infection, followed by blood-stream, surgical wound, and urinary tract infections. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and coagulase-negative staphylococci were most frequently implicated as pathogens. The distribution of specific types of infection according to underlying malignancy was also tabulated. These data provide nosocomial infection rates, common pathogens, and sites of infection for cancer patients, thus assisting in directing appropriate therapy for these patients.

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Rosselló-Urgell, José, Josep Vaqué-Rafart, Eduardo Hermosilla-Pérez, and Alejandro Allepuz-Palau. "An Approach to the Study of Potentially Preventable Nosocomial Infections." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 25, no. 1 (January 2004): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502290.

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AbstractObjective:To analyze a method that identifies potentially preventable nosocomial infections, as a tool to evaluate the performance of infection control programs through quantification of their potential for reducing nosocomial infections.Methods:The database of the Study of the Prevalence of Nosocomial Infections in Spain (EPINE) was reanalyzed. The method was based on the use of false negatives of the classification table obtained from application of a fixed multiple logistic regression model, as an estimator of the number of potentially preventable nosocomial infections.Results:The calculated number of patients with preventable infections was 7,493, which constituted 21.6% of the infected patients. Among hospital areas, intensive care had the lowest preventability rate (4.6%), whereas gynecology and obstetrics had the highest (40.6%). There was a significant inverse exposure-effect relationship between the proportion of preventable infections and the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System risk index. No correlation was observed between the prevalence of patients with nosocomial infection and the percentage of preventable infections.Conclusion:This analysis suggests that fewer nosocomial infections may be preventable in Spanish hospitals than previously assumed.

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Vaqué, Josep, José Rosselló, Antoni Trilla, Vicente Monge, Juan García-Caballero, José L. Arribas, Pedro Blasco, et al. "Nosocomial Infections in Spain: Results of Five Nationwide Serial Prevalence Surveys (EPINE Project, 1990–1994)." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 17, no. 5 (May 1996): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700003982.

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AbstractObjective: To determine trends in rates of nosocomial infections in Spanish hospitals.Design: Prospective prevalence studies, performed yearly from 1990 through 1994.Setting: A convenience sample of acute-care Spanish hospitals.Participants and Patients: The number of hospitals and patients included were as follows: 1990, 125 hospitals and 38,489 patients; 1991, 136 and 42,185; 1992, 163 and 44,343; 1993, 171 and 46,983; 1994, 186 and 49,689. A core sample of 74 hospitals, which participated in all five surveys and included a mean of 23,871 patients per year, was analyzed separately.Results: The overall prevalence rate of patients with nosocomial infections in the five studies was as follows: 1990, 8.5%; 1991, 7.8%; 1992, 7.3%; 1993, 7.1%; and 1994, 7.2%. The prevalence rate of patients with nosocomial infection in the core sample of 74 hospitals was 8.9%, 8.0%, 7.4%, 7.6%, and 7.6%, respectively (test for trend, P=.0001). Patients admitted to intensive care units had a 22.8% prevalence rate of nosocomial infection in 1994. The most common nosocomial infections by primary site were urinary tract infection and surgical site infections, followed by respiratory tract infections and bacteremia. More than 60% of all infections were supported by a microbiological diagnosis.Conclusions: The EPINE project provides a uniform tool for performing limited surveillance of nosocomial infections in most Spanish acute-care hospitals. Its use helps to spread an accepted set of definitions and methods for nosocomial infection control in the Spanish healthcare system. The surveys indicate that the prevalence of nosocomial infections has been reduced over the last 5 years in a core sample of Spanish hospitals.

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Yufi Aliyupiudin, Yufi. "THE RELATIONSHIP OF NURSING KNOWLEDGE REGARDING NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS ON PREVENTIVE BEHAVIORS OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS IN SALAK HOSPITAL OPERATING ROOM." Jurnal Ilmiah Wijaya 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46508/jiw.v11i1.32.

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Nosocomial infection or also called hospital-acquired infection occurs in patients who are hospitalized for at least 72 hours and the patient does not show symptoms of infection when admitted to hospital. Riskes data shows the level of nosocomial infection in Indonesia reaches 6-16% with an average of 9.8%. In 2006 Indonsia had the percentage of nosocomial infections was obtained in Lampung Province reached 4.3%, Jambi 2.8%, DKI Jakarta 0.9%, West Java 2.2%, then Central Java 0.5%, and Yogyakarta 0.8 %. Knowing the relationship between nurses' knowledge about nosocomial infections on the prevention behavior of nosocomial infections in the Salak hospital operating room Bogor in 2018 This type of research uses quantitative analytic descriptive study with Cross Sectional research design. The sampling method uses total sampling with the population are nurses in the operating room and data were obtained by 30 respondents. The data collection is obtained through questionnaires. The results showed that from a total of 30 respondents 17 respondents (56.7%) stated that nurses were well-informed, 18 respondents (60.0%) stated that nurses behaved positively. The results of the behavior of prevention of nosocomial infection there were 16 respondents (53.3%) nurses had knowledge with positive behavior. The results of statistical tests obtained p value = 0,000 which means that p value <0.05. At the conclusion of the statistical test, there was a relationship between nurses' knowledge about nosocomial infections on the prevention behavior of nosocomial infections in the operating room Salak hospital of Bogor in 2018

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Souizi, Zahra, Mohammad Nematshahi, Mohammad Sahebkar, Zahra Jafarabadi, Masoud Hiteh, and Rahim Akrami. "The Prevalence of Nosocomial Infections and Related Microbial Agents Based on the NNIS System in Sabzevar During 2011-2015." Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection 9, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.10.

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Background: Nosocomial infection is an infection that hospitalized patients get while receiving health care. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors involved in the incidence of nosocomial infections, related microbial agents, and antibiotic resistance profiles. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 390 patients with nosocomial infection admitted to Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Sabzevar from 2011 to 2015. The acquired data were assessed by the standard checklist of the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system of the Ministry of Health. The collected data were analyzed using the Stata 12 software. Results: Of the 41979 admitted patients during the mentioned period, 390 patients with an average age of 48.08 years suffered from a hospital-acquired infection. The prevalence of nosocomial infections was 1% with the highest rate related to the respiratory tract in men and surgical sites in women. Intravenous catheters, surgical wounds, urinary catheters, suction, ventilator, tracheotomy, and tracheostomy were the most commonly encountered factors (invasive measures) of nosocomial infection, respectively. The most prevalent causes of nosocomial infections were Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter. Conclusions: Based on our findings, several factors play a pivotal role in preventing hospital-associated infections, including proper follow-up and timely reporting of nosocomial infection cases. The other influential factors were accurate identification of microorganisms involved, allocation of sufficient funds to provide appropriate facilities for infection prevention, the appropriate and timely medical interventions, and the rational use of antibiotics.

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Anaissie, Elias, and Gerald P. Bodey. "Nosocomial Fungal Infections." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 3, no. 4 (December 1989): 867–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5520(20)30311-1.

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Sankur, Funda. "Nosocomial Parasitic Infections." European Journal of Therapeutics 25, no. 3 (September 23, 2019): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/eurjther.2019.18081.

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Suleyman, Geehan, and George J. Alangaden. "Nosocomial Fungal Infections." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 35, no. 4 (December 2021): 1027–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2021.08.002.

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Brachman, Philip S. "Nosocomial Infections Surveillance." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 14, no. 4 (April 1993): 194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30149727.

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Mussi-Pinhata, Marisa Márcia, and Suely Dornellas do Nascimento. "Neonatal nosocomial infections." Jornal de Pediatria 77, no. 7 (July 15, 2001): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2223/jped.222.

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Carvalho, Eduardo S., and Silvia R. Marques. "Pediatric nosocomial infections." Jornal de Pediatria 75, no. 7 (July 15, 1999): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2223/jped.369.

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Petignat, Christiane, Dominique S. Blanc, and Patrick Francioli. "Occult Nosocomial Infections." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 19, no. 8 (August 1998): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30141787.

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Araujo, Valter, Guodong Fang, and Richard L. Guerrant. "Nosocomial gastrointestinal infections." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 4, no. 4 (August 1991): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199108000-00017.

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