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Journal articles on the topic 'Nosocomial infection'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Breathnach, Aodhán S. "Nosocomial infections and infection control." Medicine 41, no. 11 (November 2013): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2013.08.010.

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2

Jenkins, David R. "Nosocomial infections and infection control." Medicine 45, no. 10 (October 2017): 629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2017.07.005.

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3

Kollef, Marin H., Antoni Torres, Andrew F. Shorr, Ignacio Martin-Loeches, and Scott T. Micek. "Nosocomial Infection." Critical Care Medicine 49, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0000000000004783.

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4

Farhat, Calil K. "Nosocomial infection." Jornal de Pediatria 76, no. 4 (July 15, 2000): 259–60211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2223/jped.2.

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5

Leaper, D. "Nosocomial infection." British Journal of Surgery 91, no. 5 (April 26, 2004): 526–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.4632.

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6

Hughes, James M. "Nosocomial Infection Surveillance in the United States: Historical Perspective." Infection Control 8, no. 11 (November 1987): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700069769.

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AbstractDuring the past 30 years, many important strides have been made in the prevention of nosocomial infections in the United States. Infection control programs have been established in hospitals throughout the country. Techniques for surveillance of nosocomial infections have been developed and utilized extensively. Results of the Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control (SENIC Project) and the experience with surveillance of surgical wound infections have documented the fact that surveillance is an integral component of an effective nosocomial infection control program. In recent years, a number of approaches to nosocomial infection surveillance have been proposed as alternatives to comprehensive or hospital-wide surveillance. In 1986, four surveillance components were introduced in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system to provide participating institutions the option to tailor their surveillance program to their local needs and priorities while continuing to provide information to the national database on nosocomial infections. Infection control practitioners currently face a challenge to develop more meaningful nosocomial infection rates to permit identification of new infection control priorities for their institution and to assess progress toward specific prevention objectives.
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7

Ford-Jones, E. L., C. M. Mindorff, E. Pollock, R. Milner, D. Bohn, J. Edmonds, G. Barker, and R. Gold. "Evaluation of a New Method of Detection of Nosocomial Infection in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: The Infection Control Sentinel Sheet System." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 10, no. 11 (November 1989): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/645938.

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AbstractTo improve the efficiency of nosocomial infection detection, a highly structured system combining initial reporting by the bedside night nurse of symptoms possibly related to infection with follow-up by the infection control nurse (ICN) was developed: The Infection Control Sentinel Sheet System (ICSSS).Between July 1, 1987 and February 28, 1988, a prospective comparison of results obtained through ICSSS and daily bedside observation/chart review by a full-time trained intensivist was undertaken in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Ratios of nosocomial infections and nosocomially-infected patients were 15.8 and 7.0 respectively among 685 admissions; included are seven infections identified only through the ICSSS so that the “gold standard” became an amalgamation of the two systems. The sensitivity for detection of nosocomially-infected patients by bedside observation/chart review and ICSSS was 100% and 87% respectively. The sensitivity for detection of standard infections (blood, wound and urine) was 88% and 85% respectively. The sensitivity for detection of nosocomial infections at all sites was 94% and 72% respectively. Missed infections were minor (e.g., drain, skin, eye), required physician diagnosis (e.g., pneumonia), were not requested on the sentinel sheet (SS) (e.g., otitis media), related to follow-up of deceased patients or were minor misclassifications or failures to associate with device (e.g., central-line related). Daily PICU surveillance by the ICN required only 20 minutes a day. The ICSSS appears highly promising and has many unmeasured benefits.
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8

Birnbaum, David. "Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Programs." Infection Control 8, no. 11 (November 1987): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700069800.

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Over 20 years ago, Philip Brachman advised us that “… the surveillance of all institutionally associated infections is important in order to minimize the risk of infection to all patients entering the institution and to members of the community.” Seven years later, in 1970, other staff members at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) offered us more specific surveillance objectives:A. To determine the frequency and kinds of endemic nosocomial infections, in order to identify deviations from the baseline so that infection control personnel can:1. Determine where studies are needed.2. Ascertain where control measures (long-term and emergency) need to be established and how effective new control measures are.3. Establish policy.B. To provide the patient and personnel (and in some instances the community) with all possible protection from infections of nosocomial origin.C. To meet the requirements of the Joint Commission on Accreditation and the medical-legal guidelines of “accepted standards of patient care.”D. To provide the medical and nursing staff with meaningful data on the level of nosocomial infection in their work areas.If each single nosocomial infection represented sufficient deviation from the baseline occurrence, then analysis of surveillance data would be quite straightforward. However, that is not the case. A 1976 project report for the National Center for Health Statistics identified various “sentinel health events” whose occurrence should trigger “… scientific search for remediable underlying causes.”
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9

Kaye, Keith S., John J. Engemann, Evelyn M. Fulmer, Connie C. Clark, Edwin M. Noga, and Daniel J. Sexton. "Favorable Impact of an Infection Control Network on Nosocomial Infection Rates in Community Hospitals." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 27, no. 3 (March 2006): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/500371.

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Objective.To describe an infection control network (the Duke Infection Control Outreach Network [DICON]) and its impact on nosocomial infection rates in community hospitals.Design.Prospective cohort study of rates of nosocomial infections and exposures of employees to bloodborne pathogens in hospitals during the first 3 years of their affiliation with DICON. Attributable cost and mortality estimates were obtained from published studies.Setting.Twelve community hospitals in North Carolina and Virginia.Results.During the first 3 years of hospital affiliation with DICON, annual rates of nosocomial bloodstream infections at study hospitals decreased by 23% (P = .009). Annual rates of nosocomial infection and colonization due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus decreased by 22% (P = .002), and rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia decreased by 40% (P = .001). Rates of exposure of employees to bloodborne pathogens decreased by 18% (P = .003).Conclusions.The establishment of an infection control network within a group of community hospitals was associated with substantial decreases in nosocomial infection rates. Standard surveillance methods, frequent data analysis and feedback, and interventions based on guidelines and protocols from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were the principal strategies used to achieve these reductions. In addition to lessening the adverse clinical outcomes due to nosocomial infections, these reductions substantially decreased the economic burden of infection: the decline in nosocomial bloodstream infections and ventilator-associated pneumonia alone yielded potential savings of $578,307 to $2,195,954 per year at the study hospitals.
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10

Gaynes, Robert P., Jonathan R. Edwards, William R. Jarvis, David H. Culver, James S. Tolson, and William J. Martone. "Nosocomial Infections Among Neonates in High-risk Nurseries in the United States." Pediatrics 98, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.98.3.357.

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Background. Nosocomial infections result in considerable morbidity and mortality among neonates in high-risk nurseries (HRNs). Purpose. To examine the epidemiology of nosocomial infections among neonates in level III HRNs. Methods. Data were collected from 99 hospitals with HRNs participating in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system, which uses standard surveillance protocols and nosocomial infection site definitions. The data included information on maternal acquisition of and risk factors for infection, such as device exposure, birth weight category (≤1000, 1001 through 1500, 1501 through 2500, and >2500 g), mortality, and the relationship of the nosocomial infection to death. Results. From October 1986 through September 1994, these hospitals submitted data on 13 179 nosocomial infections. The bloodstream was the most frequent site of nosocomial infection in all birth weight groups. Nosocomial pneumonia was the second most common infection site, followed by the gastrointestinal and eye, ear, nose, and throat sites. The most common nosocomial pathogens among all neonates were coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci, Enterobacter sp, and Escherichia coli. Group B streptococci were associated with 46% of bloodstream infections that were maternally acquired; coagulase-negative staphylococci were associated with 58% of bloodstream infections that were not maternally acquired, most of which (88%) were associated with umbilical or central intravenous catheters. Conclusions. Bloodstream infections, the most frequent nosocomial infections in all birth weight groups, should be a major focus of surveillance and prevention efforts in HRNs. For bloodstream infections, stratification of surveillance data by maternal acquisition will help focus prevention efforts for group B streptococci outside the HRN. Within the nursery, bloodstream infection surveillance should focus on umbilical or central intravenous catheter use, a major risk factor for infection.
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11

Eickhoff, Theodore C. "Airborne Nosocomial Infection: A Contemporary Perspective." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 15, no. 10 (October 1994): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646830.

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AbstractThe history of airborne nosocomial infections is reviewed, and current beliefs about such infections are placed into their historical context. Possible sources, both animate and inanimate, of airborne nosocomial infections in the hospital environment are identified. Viruses, bacteria, and fungi that have been important causes of airborne nosocomial infections in the past are discussed, and examples of key studies that have confirmed an airborne route of transmission are presented. Where relevant, measures that have been used to control airborne transmission of nosocomial pathogens are discussed. Although outbreaks of airborne nosocomial infection have been uncommon, airborne transmission appears to account for about 10% of all endemic nosocomial infections.
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12

Sottile, Frank D., Donald S. Prough, Anthony G. Gristina, David J. Gower, Cherri D. Hobgood, Lawrence X. Webb, Thomas J. Marrie, and J. William Costerton. "NOSOCOMIAL PULMONARY INFECTION." Critical Care Medicine 13, no. 4 (April 1985): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198504000-00063.

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13

SOTTILE, FRANK D., THOMAS J. MARRIE, DONALD S. PROUGH, CHERRI D. HOBGOOD, DAVID J. GOWER, LAWRENCE X. WEBB, J. WILLIAM COSTERTON, and ANTHONY G. GRISTINA. "Nosocomial pulmonary infection." Critical Care Medicine 14, no. 4 (April 1986): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-198604000-00001.

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14

Uttley, Anne H. C., and Robert C. George. "Nosocomial enterococcal infection." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 4, no. 4 (August 1991): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199108000-00013.

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15

Machado, Flavia R., Eduardo A. S. de Medeiros, Sinaida T. S. Rego, Rosangela M. Almeida, Glaci R. M. Franco, Marcelo Nunes, and Jose Luis Gomes Amaral. "NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION CONTROL." Critical Care Medicine 27, Supplement (January 1999): 99A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199901001-00252.

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16

SINGH-NAZ, NALINI, MARTHA BROWN, and MUTTIAH GANESHANANTHAN. "Nosocomial adenovirus infection." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 12, no. 11 (November 1993): 922–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199311000-00006.

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17

Barlow, Gavin, and Dilip Nathwani. "Nosocomial influenza infection." Lancet 355, no. 9210 (April 2000): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)72268-6.

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18

Halder, Smita, Leroy Benons, Paola Dey, Ciaran Woodman, and Kevin Snee. "Nosocomial influenza infection." Lancet 355, no. 9210 (April 2000): 1187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)72269-8.

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19

Paton, Shirley. "Nosocomial Infection Program." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 6, no. 2 (1995): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1995/347240.

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20

Weinstein, Robert. "Nosocomial Infection Update." Emerging Infectious Diseases 4, no. 3 (September 1998): 416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0403.980320.

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21

Aliberti, Linda. "Enterococcal Nosocomial Infection." Gastroenterology Nursing 18, no. 5 (September 1995): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001610-199509000-00005.

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22

Mer, M. "Nosocomial bloodstream infection." Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection 20, no. 2 (January 2005): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2005.11441235.

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23

Schultalbers, Marie, Tammo L. Tergast, Nicolas Simon, Abdul-Rahman Kabbani, Markus Kimmann, Christoph Höner zu Siederdissen, Svetlana Gerbel, Michael P. Manns, Markus Cornberg, and Benjamin Maasoumy. "Frequency, characteristics and impact of multiple consecutive nosocomial infections in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis and ascites." United European Gastroenterology Journal 8, no. 5 (March 13, 2020): 567–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050640620913732.

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Background Nosocomial infections are a particular threat for patients with liver cirrhosis. It is not uncommon that individuals develop even several consecutive infections during a single hospital stay. We aimed to investigate the impact and characteristics of multiple, consecutive nosocomial infections. Methods A total of 514 consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites were included and followed up for 28 days for nosocomial infection, death or liver transplantation (LTx). Laboratory values were assessed at the time of hospitalization as well as at the onset of each new infectious episode. Results 58% ( n = 298) of the patients developed at least one nosocomial infection and in 23% ( n = 119) even multiple infections were documented during a single hospital stay. Consecutive infections usually occurred shortly after the previous episode. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) was the most common infection. However, the proportion of SBP declined from 43% at the first to only 31% at the third nosocomial infection ( p = 0.096). In contrast, the likelihood for other, less common types of infection such as blood stream infections increased. Third nosocomial infections were also more likely to be linked to the detection of fungal pathogens (21% vs. 52%; p = 0.001). Each additional infectious episode had a dramatic detrimental impact on LTx-free survival that was independent from the stage of liver disease (adjusted-HR: 6.76, p = 0.002 for first nosocomial infection; adjusted-HR: 14.69, p<0.001 for second nosocomial infection; adjusted-HR: 24.95, p<0.001 for third nosocomial infection). Conclusion In patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis LTx-free survival significantly decreases with every consecutive infectious episode. Development of prevention strategies is urgently required.
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Zuschneid, Irina, Gerta Rücker, Rotraut Schoop, Jan Beyersmann, Martin Schumacher, Christine Geffers, Henning Rüden, and Petra Gastmeier. "Representativeness of the Surveillance Data in the Intensive Care Unit Component of the German Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 31, no. 9 (September 2010): 934–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/655462.

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Objective.To assess the representativeness of the data in the Krankenhaus Infektions Surveillance System (KISS), which is a nosocomial infections surveillance system for intensive care units (ICUs) in Germany.Design.Prospective and retrospective surveillance study.Setting.Medical-surgical ICUs in Germany.Methods.A sample of medical-surgical ICUs from all over Germany, stratified according to hospital size, was randomly selected. Surveillance personnel from the hospitals were trained in surveillance of nosocomial infections, and they subsequently conducted a 2-month surveillance in their ICUs. Data were compared with KISS data for medical-surgical ICUs.Results.During the period from 2004 through 2005, a total of 50 medical-surgical ICUs agreed to participate in our study: 21,832 patient-days were surveyed, and 262 cases of nosocomial infection were registered, 176 of which were cases of device-associated nosocomial infection (100 cases of lower respiratory tract infection, 47 cases of urinary tract infection, and 29 cases of bloodstream infection). The overall incidence density of all types of nosocomial infections was estimated to be 10.65 cases per 1,000 patient-days. Device utilization rates in the study ICUs and in the KISS medical-surgical ICUs were similar. The pooled mean device-associated infection rates were higher in the study ICUs than in the KISS medical-surgical ICUs (10.2 vs 5.1 cases of pneumonia; 2.0 vs 1.2 cases of bloodstream infection; and 2.7 vs 1.2 cases of urinary tract infection), but the pooled mean device-associated infection rates in the study ICUs were comparable to those of the KISS ICUs during their first year of participation in KISS. The incidence density for nosocomial infections in the study ICUs varied according hospital size, with ICUs in larger hospitals having a higher incidence density than those in smaller hospitals.Conclusions.KISS ICUs started with nosocomial infection rates comparable to those found in our study ICUs. Over the years of participation, however, a decrease in nosocomial infections is seen. Thus, rates of nosocomial infection from KISS should be used as benchmarks, but estimations for Germany that are based on KISS data may underestimate the real burden of nosocomial infections.
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P, Pati. "Nosocomial Infection in SARS COV-2 Pandemic." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 7, no. 2 (April 6, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000222.

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In SARS COV-2 pandemic, the healthcare facilities are the most actively functioning setups which are the critical (microbiologically) areas. Due to these facilities patients were benefitted but during this time many health care providers suffered from nosocomial infection and many were complaining about the spread of nosocomial infection. Hospitals and healthcare facilities are easy place for contacting with infection, but the spread of infection should be stopped by taking proper disinfection measures.
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26

Sha, Rak, and Gurjeet Singh. "OPERATION THEATERS: A SOURCE OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION." Era's Journal of Medical Research 6, no. 1 (June 2019): 09–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24041/ejmr2019.103.

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27

Suartawan, Suartawan, and Hamid HA. "Incidence and Risk Factors of Nosocomial Infections in Neonatal Unit Sanglah General Hospital, Denpasar." Paediatrica Indonesiana 38, no. 3-4 (July 11, 2017): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi38.3-4.1998.68-74.

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The rate of morbidity due to infection including nosocomial infection during neonatal period is higher than that due to other causes. The purpose of this study was to know the incidence and risk factors of nosocomial infection. This study was conducted on all babies treated at the neonatal unit, Sanglah General Hospital, Denpasar during the period of April-June 1995. Chi square test was used to compare nosocomial infection between birth weight groups and mode of deliveries. The incidence of nosocomial infections in this study was 6%, with male to female ratio of 1.6:1. Skin infections were found most frequently. This occurrence of nosocomial infection was significantly related to the birth weight and mode of delivery, in which the risk of nosocomial infection was greater in babies with low birth weight and delivered by cesarean section or other obstetric procedures.
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Souizi, Zahra, Mohammad Nematshahi, Mohammad Sahebkar, Zahra Jafarabadi, Masoud Hiteh, and Rahim Akrami. "The Prevalence of Nosocomial Infections and Related Microbial Agents Based on the NNIS System in Sabzevar During 2011-2015." Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection 9, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ajcmi.2022.10.

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Background: Nosocomial infection is an infection that hospitalized patients get while receiving health care. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors involved in the incidence of nosocomial infections, related microbial agents, and antibiotic resistance profiles. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 390 patients with nosocomial infection admitted to Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Sabzevar from 2011 to 2015. The acquired data were assessed by the standard checklist of the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system of the Ministry of Health. The collected data were analyzed using the Stata 12 software. Results: Of the 41979 admitted patients during the mentioned period, 390 patients with an average age of 48.08 years suffered from a hospital-acquired infection. The prevalence of nosocomial infections was 1% with the highest rate related to the respiratory tract in men and surgical sites in women. Intravenous catheters, surgical wounds, urinary catheters, suction, ventilator, tracheotomy, and tracheostomy were the most commonly encountered factors (invasive measures) of nosocomial infection, respectively. The most prevalent causes of nosocomial infections were Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter. Conclusions: Based on our findings, several factors play a pivotal role in preventing hospital-associated infections, including proper follow-up and timely reporting of nosocomial infection cases. The other influential factors were accurate identification of microorganisms involved, allocation of sufficient funds to provide appropriate facilities for infection prevention, the appropriate and timely medical interventions, and the rational use of antibiotics.
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Rotstein, Coleman, K. Michael Cummings, Andreas L. Nicolaou, Joyce Lucey, and John Fitzpatrick. "Nosocomial Infection Rates at an Oncology Center." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 9, no. 1 (January 1988): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/645727.

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AbstractNosocomial infection rates were computed for 5,031 patients at an oncology center during a 20-month period. Twelve percent of the patients developed nosocomial infections, accounting for a total of 802 infections. The overall incidence of nosocomial infections during this study period was 6.27 infections per 1,000 patient days. The highest incidence of nosocomial infections was found in patients having acute myelogenous leukemia (30.49 infections per 1,000 patient days); bone and joint cancer (27.27 infections per 1,000 patient days); and liver cancer (26.58 infections per 1,000 patient days). The respiratory tract was the most common site of infection, followed by blood-stream, surgical wound, and urinary tract infections. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and coagulase-negative staphylococci were most frequently implicated as pathogens. The distribution of specific types of infection according to underlying malignancy was also tabulated. These data provide nosocomial infection rates, common pathogens, and sites of infection for cancer patients, thus assisting in directing appropriate therapy for these patients.
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Ayliffe, G. A. J. "Nosocomial Infection—The Irreducible Minimum." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 7, S2 (February 1986): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700065541.

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Prevalence surveys in different countries have shown that about 1 in 10 hospitalized patients at any one time have acquired an infection and the incidence of infection is usually about 3% to 5%. Can this infection rate be significantly reduced and is there an irreducible minimum below which further reduction cannot be obtained? Cross-infection could probably be almost eliminated by the use of plastic isolators or life islands, and endogenous infections reduced by the wider and more rational prophylactic use of topical and systemic antimicrobial agents, and possibly a range of vaccines. However, the use of these techniques on all patients would clearly be impractical and too expensive for use in the foreseeable future. Excessive isolation techniques would have a detrimental psychological effect on many patients. In addition, failure to eradicate the organisms of the normal flora might be associated with more infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, fungi and viruses which would be more difficult to treat. Even if organisms could be eradicated, morbidity and mortality might not be correspondingly reduced. Priorities must therefore be set on the most effective use of staff and finances. These not only involve a consideration of infection, but all areas of clinical practice, eg, costs of cardiac transplants and provision of geriatric facilities. It therefore seems likely that little additional finance will be available for control of infection, other than possibly for transmissible infections with high mortality such as AIDS.
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Agrawal, Sanjay, and Rahul Kewal Kumar. "A Study of Nosocomial Infections in Intensive Care Units of Local Tertiary Care Hospitals." Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences 8, no. 2 (April 13, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2021.8.2.01.

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Introduction: It has been reported that the incidence of nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit (ICU) is about 2–5 times higher than in the general in-patient hospital population. The objectives of the present study were to determine the incidence of nosocomial infection, to identify possible risk factors for these infections, to clarify the distribution of the causative pathogens, and to evaluate the outcome of the infected patients in terms of length of ICU and hospital stay and mortality. Methods: This was a retrospective and analytical study. For classification of the different causative pathogens associated with nosocomial infections, all the microorganisms isolated on culture from each of the patients with confirmed infection according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions were recorded and their relative frequency of isolation was determined as percentage. Bacterial isolates were identified by Gram stain, cultures on routine media and where necessary, selective media, and specific biochemical tests following standard protocols. Results: Nosocomial infections were in 28 patients. The most frequently diagnosed nosocomial infection was nosocomial pneumonia. A total of 39 pathogens were isolated on culture and accounted for the nosocomial infections in 28 patients. Some infections were polymicrobial. Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae were the most frequently isolated pathogens. There was no statistically significant difference between the hospital mortality rates among the patients with and without nosocomial infection. Conclusion: Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, as a group, were the most frequently isolated pathogens, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the single most frequent causative organism. The acquisition of nosocomial infections in the ICU resulted in significantly increased length of ICU and hospital stay, but did not result in statistically significant increase in ICU or hospital mortality. These findings can now be utilized toward planning a surveillance program for nosocomial infection in our ICU setting as a first step toward a better infection control strategy.
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Agustina Simamora. "Relationship of Nursing Behavior with Treatment of Nosocomial Infections in RSUS Delitua in 2018." Caring: Indonesian Journal of Nursing Science 1, no. 1 (August 4, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ijns.v1i1.1167.

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Most patients who are hospitalized get treatment and treatment from nurses according to their respective complaints. The behavior of nurses in these patients mostly can make an infection because often the action is taken in the form of therapy or not. Infection that often occurs in a hospital is called a nosocomial infection, nosocomial infection is an infection that is obtained during a patient's hospital treatment. Currently nosocomial infection is one of the causes of increased morbidity and mortality in hospitals. The aim of this study is to know in general the relationship between nurses' behavior and nosocomial infection control in Sembiring Delitua Hospital in 2018. This research is descriptive correlational, which identifies the causal relationship between the behavior of nurses and the prevention of nosocomial infections in Sembiring Delitua General Hospital in 2018. Based on the results obtained, the respondents' knowledge and attitudes in Sembiring Delitua General Hospital in 2013 will be able to overcome nosocomial infections. say well according to the results of a good questionnaire and on the respondent's actions both based on the observations of the respondent's actions can be said to be good. Thus the researchers hope that the results of this study can be a motivation in improving service quality in improving services for nosocomial infections for nurses.
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33

Reddy, Palle Lokhnah, and Aluka Anand Chand. "Control and prevention of nosocomial infection." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 7 (June 26, 2020): 2528. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20202972.

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Background: The center for disease control and prevention estimates that 1.5 million people suffer from hospital acquired infection every year and hereby one lack people die. Major nosocomial infections (NIs) are ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), urinary tract infection (UTI), surgical site infection (SSI) and blood stream infections (BSI).Methods: This was a retrospective multicenter descriptive study involving 2000 consecutive patients in ICU for a period of 2 years. The data was compared with the data available from National Nosocomial infection surveillance. NIs were analyzed by infection site and pathogen distribution.Results: The main factors responsible for NI are both hospital and patients. Almost 40% UTI’s contribute to NI’s, 30% VAP’s, 20% SSI and 10% BSI respectively. Nosocomial infections can be reduced by better surveillance system and infection control. Primary blood stream infections, pneumonia and UTI associated with invasive devises made up the great majority of nosocomial infections.Conclusion: We can reduce NI’s by proper use and care of urine catheters, proper use and care of vascular accesses lines, by proper surveillance of surgical procedure and by proper hand and hygiene standard precautions.
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Jarvis, William R. "Selected Aspects of the Socioeconomic Impact of Nosocomial Infections: Morbidity, Mortality, Cost, and Prevention." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 17, no. 8 (August 1996): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s019594170000480x.

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AbstractApproximately 2 million nosocomial infections occur annually in the United States. These infections result in substantial morbidity, mortality, and cost. The excess duration of hospitalization secondary to nosocomial infections has been estimated to be 1 to 4 days for urinary tract infections, 7 to 8.2 days for surgical site infections, 7 to 21 days for bloodstream infections, and 6.8 to 30 days for pneumonia. The estimated mortalities associated with nosocomial bloodstream infections and pneumonia are 23.8% to 50% and 14.8% to 71% (overall), or 16.3% to 35% and 6.8% to 30% (attributable), respectively. The estimated average costs of these infections are $558 to $593 for each urinary tract infection, $2,734 for each surgical site infection, $3,061 to $40,000 for each bloodstream infection, and $4,947 for each pneumonia. Even minimally effective infection control programs are cost-effective. In countries with prospective payment systems based on diagnosis-related groups, hospitals lose from $583 to $4,886 for each nosocomial infection. As administrators focus on cost containment, increased support should be given to infection control programs so that preventable nosocomial infections and their associated expenditures can be averted.
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Nazeer, Zoya, Arusa Bano, Rubina Naz, Muhammad Ahmed Sohail, and Muhammad Asim Amin. "Assessment of Knowledge among Nurses Regarding Spread of Nosocomial Infection." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22169246.

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Introduction: Nosocomial infections, also described as healthcare-associated infections (HAI), are illnesses that occur in hospitals or other healthcare settings. Infection obtained while receiving care and was not aware at the moment of hospitalization. Hospital - associated infection occurs when a client is taken to a hospital for a long or short term for particular treatment reasons but has no indication of infection time of admission. Nosocomial infections can always be microbial, prion, highly infectious, or parasitic, but they can be observed with in wind, inside the body, or on surfaces.(1) Objective: To assess the knowledge among nurses regarding spread of nosocomial infection. To identify association between knowledge about nosocomial infection and demographic variables of staff nurses. Place and duration: University Lahore teaching hospital Lahore, Pakistan. This study approximately took in 5 months (September, 2021 to January, 2022). The data is collected in 1 month. Methodology: A cross sectional study design was used in of University Lahore teaching hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Questionnaire distributed among staff nurses and data analyzed by SPSS software (version 21). All male and female Staff nurses having age20-60 years, who have more than one year working experience were included. Sample size of n=159 staff nurses were taken by using convenient sampling. Throughout the study, participants' identities were kept strictly confidential to ensure research participants protection. Results: The results of study show that 23.9% of individuals demonstrated excellent knowledge of nosocomial infection transmission. 46.5 percent of individuals had good knowledge about nosocomial infection spread, whereas 29.6 percent had poor knowledge about nosocomial infection spread. Conclusion: We concluded that nurses had a good knowledge regarding spread of nosocomial infection. Antibiotic resistance in emerging pathogens can be reduced by following sound and health care delivery techniques devised by infection control committees, preventing transmission of these illnesses with suitable antimicrobial usage methods. Keywords: Knowledge, nurses, nosocomial infection
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Morozov, A. M., E. M. Askerov, S. V. Zhukov, M. I. ,. Konstantinova, M. A. Belyak, and K. I. Horak. "New ways to prevent nosocomial infection (literature review)." Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Doctor), no. 7 (July 8, 2022): 466–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-08-2207-03.

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The problem of prevention of nosocomial infection is one of the central in the work of medical organizations, and interest in it from clinicians remains high. Nosocomial infection is one of the main causes of death in a hospital setting and significantly increases the risk of death. Nosocomial infections lengthen the time spent in the hospital and increase the material costs of diagnosing and treating the underlying disease. Due to the high prevalence, more and more new methods of prevention of nosocomial infections appear and the existing ones are being improved. The basis of all methods is the observance of the rules of asepsis and antisepsis, but the importance of the socio-economic aspect of the policy of medical organizations and institutions is not excluded. Currently, examples of successful preventive measures are hand hygiene, sterilization and disinfection of medical equipment, prevention of environmental pollution, timely disposal of waste, compliance with precautions for isolation and continuous monitoring of data on the spread of nosocomial infections. However, despite significant progress in the study and application of preventive measures in practice, the problem of nosocomial infection remains unresolved. Difficulty for the development of a trend towards a decrease in the incidence of nosocomial infections is the specificity of pathogens and an increase in their resistance. Research and the search for effective, convenient and cost-effective methods and means of prevention of nosocomial infection must continue, as the implementation of programs for prevention and control of infections in the future can reduce the length of hospital stay and avoid other additional costs.
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Rosenthal, Victor Daniel, Sandra Guzmán, and Christopher Crnich. "Device-Associated Nosocomial Infection Rates in Intensive Care Units of Argentina." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 25, no. 3 (March 2004): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502386.

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AbstractBackground:Nosocomial infections are an important public health problem in many developing countries, particularly in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. No previous data are available on the incidence of device-associated nosocomial infections in different types of ICUs in Argentina.Methods:We performed a prospective nosocomial infection surveillance study during the first year of an infection control program in six Argentinean ICUs. Nosocomial infections were identified using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System definitions, and site-specific nosocomial infection rates were calculated.Results:The rate of catheter-associated bloodstream infections in medical-surgical ICUs was 30.3 per 1,000 device days; it was 14.2 per 1,000 device-days in coronary care units (CCUs). The rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia in medical-surgical ICUs was 46.3 per 1,000 device-days; it was 45.5 per 1,000 device-days in CCUs. The rate of symptomatic catheter-associated urinary tract infections in medical-surgical ICUs was 18.5 per 1,000 device-days; it was 12.1 per 1,000 device-days in CCUs.Conclusion:The high rate of nosocomial infections in Argentinean ICUs found during our surveillance suggests that ongoing targeted surveillance and implementation of proven infection control strategies is needed in developing countries such as Argentina.
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Badsha Miah, Shila Veronica Corranya, Monjur Hossain, Nazma Begum, Biroti Rani, Suraia Akter, Sabina Ieasmin, Kawsar Alam, and Momtaz Begum. "Assessment of nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding nosocomial infection at 250 bedded Mohammad Ali Hospital, Bogura, Bangladesh." International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive 5, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.1.0104.

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Background: Nosocomial infections, otherwise known as Hospital-acquired infections, are infections that are not present or incubating when the person is admitted to a healthcare facility (WHO, 1988). In other words, infections are considered nosocomial if they first appear 48 hours or more after hospital admissions or 30 days after discharge (Wikipedia 2007). Hospital-acquired or Nosocomial infection is the result of the transmission of pathogenic organisms to a previously un-infected patient from a source in a hospital's environment. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in developed countries is much lower than in developing countries, and studies show it is 15.5 per 100 patients in Europe and USA. In Intensive care units, the prevalence rate was 48 per 1000 patients. The most common infection was surgical site infection, which was 5.6 per 100 surgical procedures. Nosocomial infection significantly impacts the health of hundreds of millions of people and is considered a major global issue today by all stakeholders (Basson, 2006). Objective: The aim was to assess nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding nosocomial infection at 250 Bedded Mohammad Ali Hospital, Bogura, Bangladesh. Methodology: This descriptive type of cross-sectional study design was used. A 120 sample size that was purposive sampling followed those who met the inclusion criteria to assess the knowledge and practice regarding nosocomial infection. The instruments for data collection were a semi-structured questionnaire and a self-report method composed of three parts: Demographic variables, knowledge and practice-based information on nosocomial infection. Results: The findings of the present study revealed that the majority of the 55% were between 31-40 years, 91% were female, 96% were Muslim, and 63% were a Diploma in nursing in professional education. Regarding nurses’ knowledge, an average of 40% had a moderate knowledge of nosocomial infection. It is expected that the study will provide a better understanding of the uses of contraceptive methods. Conclusion: it is clear that nosocomial infections are a significant problem for both developed and developing countries. To achieve good health for every patient in the hospital, it is essential for all nurses to have a moderate level of nurse’s knowledge on nosocomial infections and to practice standard protocols so that the spread of infection in any healthcare setting can be minimized. However, the nosocomial infection does not create a significant problem if maintained adequate aseptic precautions during any procedure. Senior staff Nurses, as a part of the health care team, play an essential role in providing care to both infectious and non-infectious patients in the same ward.
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Hinduja, Archana, Jamil Dibu, Eugene Achi, Anand Patel, Rohan Samant, and Shadi Yaghi. "Nosocomial Infections in Patients With Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage." American Journal of Critical Care 24, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2015422.

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Background Nosocomial infections are frequent complications in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Objectives To determine the prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of nosocomial infections in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods Prospectively collected data on patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage between January 2009 and June 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who had nosocomial infection during the hospital stay were compared with patients who did not. Poor outcome was defined as death or discharge to a long-term nursing facility. Results At least 1 nosocomial infection developed in 26% of 202 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. The most common infections were pneumonia (18%), urinary tract infection (12%), meningitis or ventriculitis (3%), and bacteremia (1%). On univariate analysis, independent predictors of nosocomial infection were intraventricular hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, low score on the Glasgow Coma Scale at admission, hyperglycemia at admission, and treatment with mechanical ventilation. On multivariate regression analysis, the only significant predictor of nosocomial infection was intraventricular hemorrhage (odds ratio, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.2–11.4; P = .02). Patients with nosocomial infection were more likely than those without to require a percutaneous gastrostomy tube (odds ratio, 33.1, 95% CI, 23.3–604.4; P &lt; .001) and to have a longer stay in the intensive care unit or hospital without a significant increase in mortality. Patients with nosocomial pneumonia were also more likely to have a poor outcome (P &lt; .001). Conclusion Pneumonia was the most common infection among patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Yadav, Sunil Kumar, Niraj Niroula, and Arun Giri. "Profile of Nosocomial Sepsis in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern Part of Nepal." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 41, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v41i3.37162.

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Introduction: Nosocomial sepsis constitutes a global health problem. They lead to significant morbidity and mortality in both developed and resource-limited countries. The objective of the study was to describe the profile of nosocomial sepsis in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: This was a prospective descriptive study conducted in a teaching and referral NICU. All neonates in NICU who did not have any sign of infection at admission and remained hospitalized for at least 48 hours were observed. Profile of nosocomial infection was analyzed with descriptive statistics. P value of < 0.05 was considered significant wherever applicable. Results: The incidence rate and density of nosocomial sepsis were 47.3% and 39.3 infections per 1000 patient-days respectively. Blood stream infection was the commonest nosocomial infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most commonly isolated agent in blood cultures of patients with nosocomial sepsis. Conclusions: This study revealed a high incidence of nosocomial sepsis. Hence, there is urgent need to adopt policies to prevent these infections.
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Scheckler, William E., and Patty J. Peterson. "Nosocomial Infections in 15 Rural Wisconsin Hospitals—Results and Conclusions from 6 Months of Comprehensive Surveillance." Infection Control 7, no. 8 (August 1986): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700064626.

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AbstractFifteen rural Wisconsin acute care community hospitals with an average approved bed size of 55 and an average daily census of 28 patients participated in a nosocomial infection control project. Each hospital Infection Control Practitioner (ICP) was trained and conducted prospective nosocomial infection surveillance on all patients admitted to the hospital for 6 consecutive months between May 1,1984 and April 30, 1985. Two hundred twenty nosocomial infections were reported among 13,420 discharged patients for an incidence rate of 1.64 infections per 100 discharged patients. One hundred sixty-four patients had one nosocomial infection. Twenty-three patients had two or more. Infection rates were highest among gynecology— 4.9% and general surgery patients— 4.0%, and lowest among newborns—0.3% and pediatric patients—0%. 39.7% of the infections were of the urinary tract, 27.9% of surgical wounds, 16% pneumonia, and 1.4% primary bacteremia. The other infections were in seven additional sites. Risk factors associated with acquisition of infections included old age, urinary catheterization, and/or a surgical procedure. The overall nosocomial surgical wound infection incidence for inpatient procedures was 1.9%, with incidences of 0.4% for hernia repair, 1.3% for cholecystectomy, 3.3% for appendectomy, 4.0% for total abdominal hysterectomy, and 3.9% for cesarean sections; The incidence of nosocomial infections was 2.7 infections per 100 discharged patients age 65 years or over and 0.9 infections per 100 discharged patients less than 65 years. Two hundred thirty-six microorganisms were cultured from 175 of the infections. Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and Enterococcus were the most common gram-positive organisms. E. coli, Pseudomonas, Proteus, and Klebsiella were the most common gram-negative organisms cultured. The overall nosocomial infection incidence was much lower than reported rates for other groups of hospitals. These data have implications for the review and potential modification of complex guidelines and requirements for infection control in smaller rural hospitals.
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Situmorang, Paskah Rina. "HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN BIDAN TENTANG INFEKSI NOSOKOMIAL DENGAN TINDAKAN PENCEGAHANNYA PADA PASIEN BEDAH SEKSIO SESAREA." Jurnal Keperawatan Priority 3, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.34012/jukep.v3i1.811.

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Nosocomial infection is an infection obtained by patients who are undergoing treatment in a hospital. Nosocomial infections stem from non-invasive measures. Prantara that cause nosocomial infections are microorganisms, medications and the environment. Where, is a factor causing nosocomial infection that is the focus of this study is midwives who are less aware of personal’ hygiene. This study aims to determine the relationship of knowledge of midwives about nosocomial infections with prevention measures in cesarean section surgical patients at Imelda General Hospital Medan. This research is a quantitative study with a correlational research design with Cross Sectional approach, where sampling is done with a total sampling technique with a total of 31 midwives, and data collection is done using a questionnaire. The results of the study of midwife knowledge about nosocomial infections are mostly knowledgeable, 21 people (67.8%), while the majority of prevention measures are good, 19 people (61.3%). The results of the study were tested using the Spearman Rank test to see the relationship between knowledge of midwives about nosocomial infections and their preventive measures in post-cesarean section patients, the results obtained with a probability value (p) = 0.011 (p <0.05), which means there is a relationship where (r) = 0.452, it means that the strength of the relationship is sufficient and this relationship is positive which means that if the midwife's knowledge of nosocomial infection is sufficient, the more sufficient value of infection prevention measures is obtained.
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Yufi Aliyupiudin, Yufi. "THE RELATIONSHIP OF NURSING KNOWLEDGE REGARDING NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS ON PREVENTIVE BEHAVIORS OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS IN SALAK HOSPITAL OPERATING ROOM." Jurnal Ilmiah Wijaya 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46508/jiw.v11i1.32.

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Nosocomial infection or also called hospital-acquired infection occurs in patients who are hospitalized for at least 72 hours and the patient does not show symptoms of infection when admitted to hospital. Riskes data shows the level of nosocomial infection in Indonesia reaches 6-16% with an average of 9.8%. In 2006 Indonsia had the percentage of nosocomial infections was obtained in Lampung Province reached 4.3%, Jambi 2.8%, DKI Jakarta 0.9%, West Java 2.2%, then Central Java 0.5%, and Yogyakarta 0.8 %. Knowing the relationship between nurses' knowledge about nosocomial infections on the prevention behavior of nosocomial infections in the Salak hospital operating room Bogor in 2018 This type of research uses quantitative analytic descriptive study with Cross Sectional research design. The sampling method uses total sampling with the population are nurses in the operating room and data were obtained by 30 respondents. The data collection is obtained through questionnaires. The results showed that from a total of 30 respondents 17 respondents (56.7%) stated that nurses were well-informed, 18 respondents (60.0%) stated that nurses behaved positively. The results of the behavior of prevention of nosocomial infection there were 16 respondents (53.3%) nurses had knowledge with positive behavior. The results of statistical tests obtained p value = 0,000 which means that p value <0.05. At the conclusion of the statistical test, there was a relationship between nurses' knowledge about nosocomial infections on the prevention behavior of nosocomial infections in the operating room Salak hospital of Bogor in 2018
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Menegueti, Mayra Gonçalves, Silvia Rita Marin da Silva Canini, Fernando Bellissimo-Rodrigues, and Ana Maria Laus. "Evaluation of Nosocomial Infection Control Programs in health services." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 23, no. 1 (February 2015): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.0113.2530.

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OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the Nosocomial Infection Control Programs in hospital institutions regarding structure and process indicators.METHOD: this is a descriptive, exploratory and quantitative study conducted in 2013. The study population comprised 13 Nosocomial Infection Control Programs of health services in a Brazilian city of the state of São Paulo. Public domain instruments available in the Manual of Evaluation Indicators of Nosocomial Infection Control Practices were used.RESULTS: The indicators with the highest average compliance were "Evaluation of the Structure of the Nosocomial Infection Control Programs" (75%) and "Evaluation of the Epidemiological Surveillance System of Nosocomial Infection" (82%) and those with the lowest mean compliance scores were "Evaluation of Operational Guidelines" (58.97%) and "Evaluation of Activities of Control and Prevention of Nosocomial Infection" (60.29%).CONCLUSION: The use of indicators identified that, despite having produced knowledge about prevention and control of nosocomial infections, there is still a large gap between the practice and the recommendations.
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Pirushi, Rudina, Denisa Bego (Veseli), and Zamira Imeraj. "Management and Prevention of Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, A (February 2, 2022): 1334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8436.

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BACKGROUND: Nosocomial infections are the leading cause of mortality, due to acquired nosocomial infections. Nosocomial urinary tract infections occur during or after hospitalization in patients who did not have an incubation phase of the infection at the time of admission to the hospital. AIM: In this study, we aim to define and manage nosocomial urinary tract infections in intensive care at University Hospital Center “Mother Teresa” Tirana. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1350 patients were included in the study, of which 115 patients resulted in nosocomial nosocomial infections. The mean age of patients was 62 ± 16.6 years. RESULTS: Out of 1350 patients hospitalized in the Intensive Care during the period October 2019 - December 2020, 4% of patients result in urinary tract infections or 45% of the total for 115 cases of nosocomial infections. We see that men have a higher percentage than women of being affected by urinary tract infections, it is significant (p < 0.001). The etiological cause of nosocomial urinary tract infections was Escherichia coli in 61.5% of cases. For nosocomial urinary tract infections, patients are monitored for fever, examination of urine complete, and uroculture. The mean hospital stay for patients without nosocomial infection of the urinary tract was 4 days, while that of those with urinary tract infection was 18.49 ± 27.68 (from 5 to 180 days). In comparison to the mean mentioned above, it is significant (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Nosocomial urinary tract infections are common in patients admitted to intensive care. Key recommendations should be given on diagnostic strategies, testing, selection of antibiotics as well as duration of treatment. We also need to collect data on how to prevent nosocomial infections in general and nosocomial urinary tract infections in particular.
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Wallace, William C., Marianne Cinat, Wendi B. Gornick, Michael E. Lekawa, and Samuel E. Wilson. "Nosocomial Infections in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit: A Difference between Trauma and Surgical Patients." American Surgeon 65, no. 10 (October 1999): 987–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313489906501019.

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In 1970, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) established the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System to assist institutions with infection surveillance, data collection, and processing. This facilitates interinstitutional comparison for nosocomial infection rates. Nosocomial infection rates in the surgical intensive care unit have been shown to be different from the medical intensive care unit. Whether there exists a difference in infection rates between trauma and surgical patients in the intensive care unit has not been established. Our objective was to determine whether there is a difference in rates of nosocomial infections between trauma and surgical patients in the surgical intensive care unit. From January 1995 through December 1997, we reviewed 3715 admissions to the surgical intensive care unit and separated them into trauma (1272) or surgical (2443) cases. We documented all nosocomial pneumonias, urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, and surgical site infections. From these data we determined infection rates per 100 admissions. We also identified all device-related nosocomial infections and calculated infection rate by current CDC standards using number of device infections divided by number of device-days times 1000. We found that the overall trauma patient infection rate was 11.64 per cent compared with 6.43 per cent for surgical patients (P < .001). Using conventional infection rate criteria, trauma patients had higher frequency in the rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia (6.13% vs 2.50%; P < 0.001), urinary tract infection (2.36 versus 1.76; P < 0.2), and bloodstream infection (2.52% versus 1.27%; P < 0.01). However, when using the CDC guidelines, which correct for the number of device-days for infections, only the difference in rate of pneumonia between the two groups reached statistical significance (23.9 rate for trauma patients vs 16.7 for the surgery group; P < 0.005). We conclude that trauma patients are at higher risk for nosocomial infections than routine surgical patients. Because of this difference, centers should collect and report data separately for trauma and surgical patients in the intensive care unit. Specific attention should be focused on the causes and prevention of increased rates of nosocomial pneumonia in trauma patients.
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Herwaldt, Loreen A., Joseph J. Cullen, David Scholz, Pamela French, M. Bridget Zimmerman, Michael A. Pfaller, Richard P. Wenzel, and Trish M. Perl. "A Prospective Study of Outcomes, Healthcare Resource Utilization, and Costs Associated With Postoperative Nosocomial Infections." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 27, no. 12 (December 2006): 1291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/509827.

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Objective.We evaluated 4 important outcomes associated with postoperative nosocomial infection: costs, mortality, excess length of stay, and utilization of healthcare resources.Design.The outcomes for patients who underwent general, cardiothoracic, and neurosurgical operations were recorded during a previous clinical trial. Multivariable analyses including significant covariates were conducted to determine whether nosocomial infection significantly affected the outcomes.Setting.A large tertiary care medical center and an affiliated Veterans Affairs Medical Center.Patients.A total of 3,864 surgical patients.Results.The overall nosocomial infection rate was 11.3%. Important covariates included age, Karnofsky score, McCabe and Jackson classification of the severity of underlying disease, National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system risk index, and number of comorbidities. After accounting for covariates, nosocomial infection was associated with increased postoperative length of stay, increased costs, increased hospital readmission rate, and increased use of antimicrobial agents in the outpatient setting. Nosocomial infection was not associated independently with a significantly increased risk of death in this surgical population.Conclusion.Postoperative nosocomial infection was associated with increased costs of care and with increased utilization of medical resources. To accurately assess the effects of nosocomial infections, one must take into account important covariates. Surgeons seeking to decrease the cost of care and resource utilization must identify ways to decrease the rate of postoperative nosocomial infection.
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Li, Ye, Zhenyu Gong, Ye Lu, Guoqing Hu, Ran Cai, and Zhiping Chen. "Impact of nosocomial infections surveillance on nosocomial infection rates: A systematic review." International Journal of Surgery 42 (June 2017): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.04.065.

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Gastmeier, P., C. Geffers, C. Brandt, I. Zuschneid, D. Sohr, F. Schwab, M. Behnke, F. Daschner, and H. Rüden. "Effectiveness of a nationwide nosocomial infection surveillance system for reducing nosocomial infections." Journal of Hospital Infection 64, no. 1 (September 2006): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2006.04.017.

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Ahsan, Ahsan. "Nursing Care Model Based on Knowledge Management in Preventing Nosocomial Infection After Caesarean Section in Hospital." Jurnal NERS 9, no. 2 (September 29, 2016): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jn.v9i22014.236-245.

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Introduction: Nosocomial infection is one indicator of the quality of health services in the community, which also determines the image of health care institutions becauseit was a major cause of morbidityand death rate (mortality) in hospital. Nursing care based on knowledge management is established from identification knowledge which is required, prevention performance of nosocomial infections post section caesarea. Nosocomial infections component consists of wound culture result. Method: This study was an observational study with a quasi experimental design. The population was all of nursing staff who working in obstetrics installation in hospitals A and B as much as 46 people. Sample was the total population. Data was collected through questionnaire, observation sheets and examination of the wound culture. Data was analyzed using t test B 1.274 dan p=0.028 Result: The result showed that 1) there was difference in knowledge management implementation before and after training; 2) there was difference in nurse’s performance in preventing nosocomial infection before and after training; 3) there is significant relationship between nurse’s performance in preventing nosocomial infection and infection incidence; 4) there is no significant difference of nursing care impementation on nosocomial incidence. Discussion: In conclusion, the development of nursing care based on knowledge management as a synthesis or induction of findings directed at 1) nurses’ knowledge does not affect the performance of the prevention of nosocomial infections; 2) knowledge management has a positive effect on the performance of the prevention of nosocomial infections; 3) implementation of infection prevention is integrated capabilities between knowledge, skills and attitudes of nurses in implementing performance in care.Keywords: model prevention, nosocomial infections, nursing care, knowledge management, sectio Caesarea
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