Journal articles on the topic 'Norway – Social conditions – 18th century'
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1
Knudtzon, Magaret Aasness. "Increased Imports of Colorants and Constituent Components during the 18th Century Reflects the Start of the Consumer Society in Norway." Heritage 5, no. 4 (November 29, 2022): 3705–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040193.
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The start of the consumer society in Norway is examined by studying the increased imports of colorants and their constituents during the 18th century. Based on historical customs records, 82 imported pigments and dyes, 27 binders and additives and nine mordants and auxiliaries are presented. Imports increased significantly in the middle and at end of the century, representing two chromatic “revolutions”. This was especially evident for lead white and indigo; being the only particularly white and blue pigments used for painting and dyeing, respectively. Red dyes at different prices and properties (brazilwood, madder and cochineal) met the demands for red textile coloring in different social groups. The study presents a comprehensive overview of colorant imports and provides new insights in the development of consumption in Norway. Colorant imports were probably initiated by a supply-driven positive feed-back loop as a result of increased export trade. This was followed by a demand-driven loop, involving increased domestic trade, product preferences, “fashionability”, consumer culture, economic conditions and enlightenment. A model is presented that can contribute to a further understanding of the start of the consumer society in the second half of the 18th century in Norway.
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Johansen, Kenneth Arctander, Virginie Debaere, Stijn Vandevelde, and Michel Vandenbroeck. "Governance of substance use as a by-product of policing in Norway." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 35, no. 4 (August 2018): 240–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072518787619.
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Aim: The aim of this article was to study governance of drug use in Norway through a historical account. Method: A genealogy was conducted through the study of documentation and legal texts from the 1600s until contemporary times. Findings: Based on legal texts addressing people using substances (both drugs and alcohol) various strategies for governance of drug use appears. The first section describes the emergence of institutions where people with alcohol problems were confined in a system originating the Dutch discipline houses. The second section describes the poor laws of the 1800s and the practice of the local poorhouses. The third section takes a look at the Vagrancy Act of 1900 and the state-owned labour camp at Opstad. The fourth section discusses the establishment of the sobriety boards and their role in confining alcoholics at cure homes. The fifth section describes developments in post-world-war Norway, with increased attention to illicit substances. Conclusions: The terminology justifying interventions is increasingly medicalised. Descriptions of the “drunkard” that appeared in 18th-century legal texts as immoral and free are contrasted by a positioning of this character as being a slave to his drinking in 20th-century political discourses, or as substance-dependent patients in the 21st century, alongside concerted efforts to dissolve open drug scenes.
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Kamenskii, Alexander B. "What Was the Love If Any in the 18th Century Russia?" Chelovek 33, no. 2 (2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s023620070019512-0.
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The theme of love, in the context of the history of emotions, is poorly developed on the Russian material of the early modern period. In a few studies, on the one hand, it is argued that in the 18th century. this feeling was freed from the aura of sinfulness and the idea of romantic love was formed, and on the other hand, that under the conditions of arranged marriages and strict marriage legislation, its institutionalization was impossible. This article, based on archival sources, proposes one of the possible approaches to the study of this topic and proves that the feeling of love was familiar to representatives of different social strata of Russian society.
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Roos, Merethe. "USING SPEECH ACT THEORY AS A TOOL FOR UNDERSTANDING THE AUTHORSHIP OF BALTHASAR MÜNTER." Wiek Oświecenia, no. 38 (September 25, 2022): 114–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/0137-6942.wo.38.7.
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This paper sheds light on the German (Danish at that time) theologian Balthasar Münter’s authorship and focuses on how his writings adapted to his intellectual, social and cultural surroundings. Münter served as a preacher in the German congregation in Copenhagen between 1765 and 1793 and left many writings to posterity, including 17 volumes of sermons. These texts are written in a public and political environment, offering shifting conditions for the church. The reflection concentrates on how he changed his preaching and teaching under the different conditions the church was offered in this period. A central question is what Münter is doing when preaching, writing and teaching, i.e., how he wanted this to be understood by the 18th-century reader? This approach to 18th-century intellectual history draws on the speech act theory, such as this theoretical foundation developed by the British intellectual historian Quentin Skinner.
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Stark, David. "The family tree is not cut: marriage among slaves in eighteenth-century Puerto Rico." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 76, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2002): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002542.
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Examines the frequency of slave marriage in 18th-c. Puerto Rico, through family reconstitution based on parish baptismal, marriage, and death registers. Author first sketches the development of slavery, and the work regimens and conditions of the not yet sugar-dominated slavery in Puerto Rico. Then, he describes the religious context and social implications of marriage among slaves, and discusses, through an example, spousal selection patterns, and further focuses on age and seasonality of the slave marriages. He explains that marriage brought some legal advantages for slaves, such as the prohibited separation, by sale, of married slaves. In addition, he explores how slaves pursued marital strategies in order to manipulate material conditions. He concludes from the results that in the 18th c. marriage among slaves was not uncommon, and appear to have been determined mostly by the slaves own choice, with little direct intervention by masters. Most slaves married other slaves, with the same owner.
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Rolla, Nicoletta. "Communities beyond borders: internal boundaries and circulations in the 18th century." Journal of the British Academy 9s4 (2021): 168–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/jba/009s4.168.
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To understand the political, social and economic conditions which made possible a certain freedom of movement in early modern Europe, it is necessary to abandon the idea of a state sovereignty which expressed itself through the control of boundaries and its territory, which is a relatively recent notion in Western legal culture. Thus, in early modern Europe external borders were porous, and surveillance systems were organised in a plurality of jurisdictions and responded to multiple logics and interests. This article focuses on Turin, the capital of the States of Savoy, where boundaries were defined by the control of urban institutions responsible for the police of the city, as the Vicariate. To observe the process of defining these frontiers, I have chosen to use an emic perspective, attentive to the point of view of the actors. This contribution is interested in the strategies adopted by a group of people subject to high mobility�construction workers�when faced with internal borders. This approach allows us to consider the �relational� substance of the border, its multiple and changing nature.
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Hawk, Barry E. "English Competition Law Before 1900." Antitrust Bulletin 63, no. 3 (July 11, 2018): 350–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x18781397.
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English competition law before 1900 developed over many centuries and reflected changes in political conditions, economic theories and social values. It mirrored the historical movements in England, from the medieval ideal of fair prices and just wages to 16th and 17th century nation-state mercantilism to the 18th and 19th century Industrial Revolution and notions of laissez faire capitalism and freedom of contract. English competition law at varying times articulated three fundamental principles: monopolies were disfavored; freedom to trade was emphasized; and fair or reasonable prices were sought. The Sherman Act truly was a watershed that significantly took a different path from English law as it had evolved. In England, legal challenges to monopolization were limited to the royal creation of monopolies and were concentrated in the 17th and early 18th centuries. A prominent element of English competition law—bans on forestalling—was repealed in the first half of the 19th century. Enforcement of English law against cartels was largely emasculated by the end of the 19th century with the ascendancy of freedom of contract and laissez faire political theory.
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KozubĂk, Michal, and Barbora Odrášková. "HOW UPBRINGING IN ROMA FAMILIES HAS CHANGED OVER THE CENTURIES." CBU International Conference Proceedings 5 (September 23, 2017): 676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.1006.
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This study compares family upbringing in Slovak Roma during the 18th century with that of current times. It attempts to identify parallels between the Samuel Augusitni’s 18th-century masterpiece: Gypsy in Hungary, and more recent data from a long-term study of Roma people in the eastern Slovakia–Poprad District. Open and axial coding inspired by the Strauss and Corbin Grounded Theory method is used to analyze the data. The primary results reveal that the common feature in all social classes of the settlement is a strong relationship between children and family. The poorest parents fail to provide adequate living conditions. Their children are brought up on the â€street’ and come home only when hungry, thirsty, or want to sleep. Parents do not support further education of their children for several reasons: fear of an unknown environment, distrust of most educational institutions, or financial benefit of the family.
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Danilova, L. N. "Forming of social order for teachers in the history of education in Russia." Professional education in the modern world 12, no. 2 (July 13, 2022): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/2618-7515-2022-2-10.
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Introduction. The first state educational institution for teacher’s training was the teachers’ seminary established in 1783. However, the teaching profession appeared in Russia long before that and was supported by social request. This fact builds questions about transformations of public expectations in relation to teachers, i.e. about the history of the social order to teachers. That order had not been realized and reflected in some documents for a long time, but its influence on education in Russia can be clearly observed already in the 17th century. Purpose setting. The article attempts to determine features of its becoming. Methodology of the study. The research is based on a large layer of literature, on the principles of dialectics and historicism, and uses comparative historical analysis, deduction, culturomics, content analysis, statistics and other theoretical methods. Results. Features of forming of a social order to teachers in the 17th and 18th centuries are identified and specified. The factors and conditions of its forming in the specified historical period are characterized; its structural components were determined, also patterns of changes in the social order for teachers and its actualization time were detected. Conclusion. In the 17th century, there was an order for teachers in the Russian Tsardom, the subject of which was the church, but partly also the state and townspeople. The state imposed requirements on teacher’s work, regulating some aspects of school organizing. The emerging in those times trend of transition from religious characteristics of the teacher to professional ones finally took shape at the beginning of the 18th century, when the state order for teachers had been formed. By the middle of the century, the image of the teacher had radically changed, and there were requirements of professionalism in the being taught science and of positive personal characteristics, which found its place in organizing of the first teachers’ seminary: the order for teacher’s methodological training began thanks to it. Patterns of formation of a social order to teachers (society always has high expectations from either professional or personal characteristics of the teacher; during periods of social conflicts and changes the requirements for his personal characteristics are actualized; that transfer depends on social stability) confirm that clearly it depends on historical periods and socio-political conditions.
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Bryłka-Jesionek, Agata. "Doktryna protestancka na kartach śląskich druków kalendarzowych do połowy XVIII w." Studia Historyczne 62, no. 3 (247) (March 18, 2022): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sh.62.2019.03.01.
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PROTESTANT DOCTRINE IN SILESIAN CALENDARS BEFORE THE MID-18TH CENTURY
This article looks at the issue of confesionality and the presence of Protestant doctrine in early modern calendars produced in Silesia. The article is based on an examination of 78 early modern calendars (16th through mid-18th century), which were printed in Silesian printing houses (including Breslau, Brzeg, Legnica, Kłodzko, Kożuchów, Nysa and Opawa). Of the calendars bearing the names of editors/authors, 17 were Protestant. While some of these figures were pastors, others were intellectuals who associated with Protestant groups. Silesian calendars were addressed to both Protestants and Catholics. This dual religious character reflected the contemporary Silesian political context, which was fraught with religious tension. While these conditions stimulated a broad religious neutrality, leading many to avoid any direct reference to either Protestant reformers or their doctrines in published works, some Protestant religious ideals nevertheless permeated calendars. The goal of this infiltration, often couched in religious and biblical phrases, was to educate readers on specific social values and work ethic, morality, obedience to superiors, and openness to the outside world.
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Rosset, François. "HOW TO STUDY LITERARY CULTURE IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT?" Wiek Oświecenia, no. 38 (September 25, 2022): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/0137-6942.wo.38.1.
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It has long been known which books were read most widely throughout enlightened Europe and to which intellectual authorities particular social groups referred. After the long history of research about the 18th century, modernity has also inherited various research habits consisting mainly of constant verification of the recognised hierarchy of authors, publications, and actors of intellectual life. However, the question remains: how to study this literary culture in given continent areas? Speaking of literary culture, we mean the prevailing patterns in the reception, evaluation, assimilation and imitation of literature, information and evaluation channels, local conditions that have a decisive influence on choices and opinions. The author proposes to speak about this matter based on the recently completed work on literary culture in French-speaking Switzerland in the 18th century. Despite its specificity and evident provincialism, this example provides material for a general, theoretical and methodological reflection: is it worth researching production from the second (and further) shelf? If so, how should this material be approached? What does it tell us about the evaluation procedures? The article presents and analyses these issues.
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Choidis, Petros, Katerina Tsikaloudaki, and Dimitrios Kraniotis. "Hygrothermal performance of log walls in a building of 18th century and prediction of climate change impact on biological deterioration." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 15006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017215006.
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Several studies underline the dramatic changes that are expected to take place in nature and environment due to climate change. The latter is also expected to affect the built environment. Particular emphasis is currently given to the impact of climate change on historical structures. Within this context, it is important to use simple methods and novel tools in order to investigate specific case studies. In this study, the climate change impact on the hygrothermal performance of the log walls in a historic timber building is presented. The building under investigation is the Fadum storehouse, also known as ‘the coated house’, located in Tønsberg, Norway. The storehouse dates to the late 18th century. It has a particular design with the main features of stumps or piles up to which it stands and the ‘coating’ that covers its outer walls. The main damage of the construction is related to the biological degradation of the wood. The hygrothermal performance of the log walls, as well as the exterior and interior climate, have been monitored and the results have been used to validate a Heat, Air and Moisture transport (HAM) model. The validated HAM model is then used to examine the performance of the log walls for both current and potential future climate conditions. The transient hygrothermal boundary conditions serve as the input parameters to a biohygrothermal model that is used to investigate the biological deterioration of the building components. The findings reveal that currently there is no mould risk for the main body of the construction, which is in accordance with the visual inspection. The passive systems of the building are highly conducive to these results, since they protect it from driving rain and other sources of moisture and eliminate the potential impact of future climate change risk scenarios.
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Çevi̇kel, Nuri. "Ayâns in the Ottoman Cyprus in the Second Half of the 18th Century." Belleten 72, no. 264 (August 1, 2008): 567–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2008.567.
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A process of fluctuation was experienced at the expense of the Muslim - non-Muslim reayah living in the Province of Cyprus exclusively in 17501800 A.D. In this period, along with the natural calamities like earthquakes, plagues, droughts and the likes, appeared other factors to play a decisive role in the case. One of the most important of them was a progression of "decentralization". It first appeared in the late sixteenth century as a result of inner and outer political, social and economic conditions, developed in the following century and widely spread all over the Ottoman Empire by the second half of the eighteenth century. Consequently, the proccss led the Ottoman central governments to lose or share its authority in provinces with newly emerged local powers called "ayans". To study the repercussions of the process, main subject of this writing, will obviously help someone to understand satisfactorily the history of Cyprus under the Ottoman rule, and grasp the whole picture of the conversions like that "process of decentralization". By this study one can also see determining to what extent and how those changings were tested in provinces is inevitable for clarifying the essence of the transitions which influenced the whole empire.
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Wittrock, Björn. "Sociology and the Critical Reflexivity of Modernity: Scholarly Practices in Historical and Comparative Context." Comparative Sociology 2, no. 3 (February 7, 2003): 523–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-00203007.
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A sense of the contingency of human, finite existence, reflections on its temporal embeddedness and on the possibility to act, to bring about other states of affairs in the world, i.e. what has sometimes been labeled the reflexivity of modernity, are not phenomena that appear only in the epoch of modernity. However, they become articulated in a distinctly new way, at the turn of the 18th century, one in which categories of the social and new notions of temporality and of agency become key components. Sociology came to depend on the existence of certain epistemic, institutional and existential conditions that allowed the new discourses of society to uphold epistemic claims to valid knowledge but also to reflexively engage in societal practices and their transformations. This article focuses on the ways in which this dilemma was articulated at three crucial historical junctures, namely the turn of the 18th century; the period of classical sociology in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and finally; the present situation in the early 21st century with a global diffusion of professional sociological practices. This comparison in historical time is, for the last two periods of transformation, complemented also by a comparative analysis in space, by juxtaposing a Continental European experience with a North American one.
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Ligenko, Nelli P. "SOME FACTORS ABOUT FORMATION OF THE ENTREPRENEURIAL SOCIAL STRATUM IN THE KAMA-VYATKA REGION OF THE 18th – EARLY 20th CENTURY." Historical Search 1, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2020-1-4-52-62.
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The article discusses the main determinants of successful entrepreneurship development in an individual provincial region of the country. Favorable natural-geographical and socio-economic conditions contributed to relatively early inclusion of the region into the development of a single all-Russian commodity market, and later a capitalist market. On the one hand, the set of necessary factors contributed to the involvement of a wide stratum of peasantry in the processes of initial accumulation of capital and the formation of the local entrepreneurial social stratum. It should be noted that the establishment of a solid, sustainable trade and industrial economy by dynasty took place, as a rule, during 150 years. On the other hand, favorable conditions for investment attracted the attention of the foreign bourgeoisie. These ways of entrepreneurship development determined that active, talented, educated, business people who knew how to think large-scale, risk-capable and possessed high adaptive qualities were concentrated in the Kama-Vyatka region. The entrepreneurial stratum played a large role in the socio-economic and cultural development of the province.
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Mkhitaryan, Gohar Zh. "ARMENIANS IN THE ETHNIC LANDSCAPE OF EAST TRANSCAUCASIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 18, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch1126-38.
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In the second half of the 18th century the Armenians occupied a special place in the ethnopolitical picture of East Transcaucasia. Despite a number of scientific studies carried out with the involvement of a wide range of historical sources and archival materials about the Armenians of East Transcaucasia, the subject can be still considered insufficiently studied. The choice of chronological framework is due to the fact that in the previous (16–17th centuries) and subsequent (19–20th centuries) periods, the history of the problem was comprehensively and properly covered in historiography. The present paper, by comparing Russian sources, manuscript materials of the Matenadaran archive, archival documents, based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, involving the study of the relationship of facts in specific historical conditions in chronological order, aims to recreate the most complete ethno-confessional history and the social and legal status of the Armenian population Eastern Transcaucasia in the context of political events of the second half of the 18th century. After the assassination of Nadir Shah (1747) and the collapse of his state in East Transcaucasia, a number of sovereign administrative and political units arose (Derbent, Quba, Sheki, Shemakha, Baku khanates), and the former Iranian rulers gained local power. The study shows that with the weakening of the central government in Iran in the second half of the 18th century, the ethnopolitical picture in East Transcaucasia changed. One of the consequences of these processes was the intensification of socio-economic and ethno-religious repressions against the Armenian population. The aggravation of the military-political situation in the South Caucasus at the end of the century (the invasion of Agha-Mohammed-Khan Qajar’s troops, the Persian campaign of the Russian army in 1796) led to the migration of Armenians from their places of permanent residence to the North Caucasus and the territory of the Russian Empire. As a result, the ethno-religious picture of Eastern Transcaucasia changed not in favor of Christians, in particular, Armenians.
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Crossland, Zoe. "Acts of estrangement. The post-mortem making of self and other." Archaeological Dialogues 16, no. 1 (June 2009): 102–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203809002827.
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AbstractThe histories of post-mortem intervention in 18th- and 19th-century Britain illustrate how the relationships within which the dead were located affected their post-mortem treatment and were reproduced through it. This paper explores how traditions of marking social distinctions among the dead have been incorporated into archaeological practice, tracing some of the ways in which relationships between the dead and the living define the nature and tone of post-mortem interventions. This history suggests that the conditions within which people are produced as dead bodies through archaeological practice are at present poorly understood, and, as such, I contribute some notes towards a relational understanding of this production.
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Ilchenko, Olena. "WOMEN'S CHARITY IN EDUCATION OF UKRAINE THROUGH THE ASSESSMENT OF THE XXI CENTURY." Aesthetics and Ethics of Pedagogical Action, no. 18 (September 9, 2018): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2226-4051.2018.18.176317.
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The article deals with the historical and pedagogical assessment of women's charitable experience in education of Ukraine in the 17th century – the last quarter of the 18th century. The parameters of the assessment of women’s charity are chosen: a) the expansion of the network of schools, improving their material base; b) the ability of schools to provide high-quality training of students; c) the level of financial security of the educational institution; d) education of spiritual and moral values of the person, the formation of their internal needs and beliefs to develop education industry is based on the principles of charity and humanity.The determining of parameters and factors has an impact on their formation when the data are taken into account. They are: the level of development of the society, socio-political conditions, the state of the economy in the country, the identified priorities in education policy, the place of the state on the international arena. In the context of the stated, the modern assessment of the experience of the charitable activities of women in Ukrainian education in the 17th century – the last quarter of the 18th century is made from positions of comprehension: 1) the spiritually-moral phenomenon; 2) the historical-pedagogical phenomenon; 3) social- public phenomenon; 4) socio-economic phenomenon.The study highlights the fact of the historical existence of women’s charitable activities as an effective tool of the development of education in Ukraine testifies to the vitality and sustainability of this phenomenon, its ability to evolve, develop adequately updated and flexibly respond to dynamic changes in the socio-economic, cultural and spiritual life of the society.According to the prognostic-projective potential of women's charity, we believe in modern conditions of entering of Ukraine into the global educational dimension, it is the charity as a socio-civic, socio-economic and professionally organized force (along with the public programs support) has become an important means of building and development of the educational sector, which provides the personal well-being of the person, the economic prosperity of the state, its power and authority.
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Peno, Vesna, and Ivana Vesic. "Serbian еcclesiastical chanting for the glory of god and in the service of the nation." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 164 (2017): 651–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1764651p.
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Shaped in complex social circumstances and in accordance with the postulates of baroque historicism, Serbian ecclesial art has expressed clear tendency toward nationalization of Serbian religious identity during the 18th century. Due to general musical illiteracy of the clerics, the real conditions for the development of chanting art in Serbian Church were nonexistent. However, by the end of 18th and at the beginning of the 19th century the myth of authentic Serbian national Church singing, being the result of special ?Serbian folk piety?, was established. The construction of Serbian Church chanting tradition was primarily initialized by the growing distance from Greek psalmody in Serbian worship. In other words, because there was no historically relevant form of singing, the ancient singing of Fruska Gora and Krusedol, i.e. the singing of Karlovci, had to be constructed as an antithesis to Byzantine- Greek musical tradition. By comparing historical facts and critically reading the narrative of the origins of national Church music in the time of Metropolitan Stefan Stratimirovic of Karlovci, a new interpretation of common stereotype about Serbian musical reform and its main protagonists was produced. This paper offers an original analysis of the origin of: 1) the singing of Fruska Gora, in the context of the belief that Fruska Gora, with its monasteries which preserved the memory of the golden age of Serbian history, are sacred spaces - Serbian Mount Athos; as well as 2) the singing of Karlovci, where was the centre of Metropolitanate of Karlovci and first Ecclesiastical Seminary which was connected the ungrounded belief that it was nursery of a magnificent form of church chanting by the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century. This paper, also for the first time, pointed the relationship between the monasteries of Fruska Gora, as Serbian sacred spaces of great importance for national identity, and their abbots Dimitrije Krestic, Dionisije Cupic and Jerotej Mutibaric, who were, according to oral tradition, the creators of singing of Karlovci. The adequate music and historical sources that would offer us an insight into the process of musical reform that was conducted by them do not exist, but their contributions in constituting national self-awareness and ?Serbian piety? are well known and documented. In conclusion, by the end of the 18th and the beginning of 19th century, but also during the entire century of ?nationalism(s)?, the prayers in Serbian Church were chanted for the glory of God, although with a clear tendency to emancipate a new religious identity of Serbian people. However, the catholic ecclesial spirit of Tradition was repressed in order to fulfill the goals of ideology of religious nationalism.
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Trygstad, Sissel, Trine P. Larsen, and Kristine Nergaard. "Dealing with austerity and migration in the northern European cleaning sector: Social partner strategies to strengthen wage floors." European Journal of Industrial Relations 24, no. 4 (August 22, 2018): 373–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680118790818.
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Industrial cleaning shares some common features across countries. Institutions for collective wage regulation are fragile, the market is highly price-sensitive and skewed competition has exerted pressure on wages and conditions. Increased cross-border mobility of labour and enterprises after EU enlargement brought new sources of competitive pressure, which was amplified by the subsequent economic crisis. We study changes in collective regulation in industrial cleaning in Denmark, Germany, Norway and the UK since the turn of the century, and find that the social partners have responded differently to the challenges. We discuss these responses in the light of national differences in industrial relations regimes and the regulatory tools available for the organized actors.
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Trąbski, Maciej. "Twierdze na straży lojalności. Brytyjskie fortyfikacje na terenie północnej Szkocji w pierwszej połowie XVIII w." Studia Historica Gedanensia 12, no. 1 (2021): 177–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23916001hg.21.032.15092.
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[Fortresses as a guarantee of loyalty. British fortifications in the area of northern Scotland in the first half of the 18th century] In the first half of the 18th century, the Scottish Highlands were a “wild and inaccessible” area, and from London’s perspective, they were at least uncertain as far as local inhabitants’ loyalty was concerned. The Highlands were controlled by clans, who cultivated social and economic traditions dating back to the mediaeval times. Despite it being anachronistic, this system made it possible to gather significant forces, not so well armed, but usually strongly motivated. Although some clan leaders quickly backed William of Orange, and what follows the Hanoverian dynasty, state forces were not able to control the whole area of the Highlands. What is more, strategic territories on the western coast and in Great Glen were occupied by pro‑Jacobean clans. Due to that fact, the authorities were forced to introduce military garrisons into the Highlands that were supposed to force all the inhabitants to be loyal to the government. However, soldiers had to stay in safe conditions so that they could defend themselves in case Scottish Jacobites attacked them, especially if the latter were backed by the regular French military forces. That is why the first fortress started to be built already during the uprising of 1689. Finally, up to 1745, 3 fortress and 4 fortified barrack complexes were erected in the area of the Highlands.
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Vermes, Caroline. "The individualism impasse in counselling psychology." Counselling Psychology Review 32, no. 1 (March 2017): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpr.2017.32.1.44.
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Context and focusThis paper argues that counselling psychology has been shaped by the philosophical and cultural value of individualism. Counselling psychology’s reliance on individual therapy models hinders its potential to actively address social issues that cause or exacerbate many mental health problems. The history and role of UK state-funded individual therapy markets, which employ a significant proportion of counselling psychologists, is examined. Some origins and consequences of counselling psychology’s individualistic ideals are explored. The professionalisation of personal therapy in the UK is traced to the USA and the development of humanistic psychology in the mid-20th century. Humanistic ideals are traced back further, to the 18th and 19th century rhetoric of New World democracy. Some undesirable social consequences of individualism are highlighted. In comparison the paper looks at potentially ‘post-individualistic’ therapeutic philosophies, including feminist and social constructionist approaches but finds that, in practice, they also tend to operate as individual therapy models.ConclusionsIndividual therapy approaches help people cope with conditions arising from the socioeconomic status quo, but don’t necessarily challenge it. Evolving counselling psychology research and practice into more demonstrably socially transformative ways of working would require substantive, and probably unpopular, changes in training, regulation, career pathways and professional identity.
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De Juan, Alexander, and Tim Wegenast. "Temperatures, food riots, and adaptation: A long-term historical analysis of England." Journal of Peace Research 57, no. 2 (August 21, 2019): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343319863474.
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A large body of research indicates that environmental conditions can influence the risk of social unrest. However, we know little about how these effects may change in the long run. Are they likely to remain constant or do they change over time – for example as a consequence of human adaptation? To investigate this question, we rely on a disaggregated analysis of England over a period of more than 300 years. Combining data on geo-referenced food riots with reconstructed climate data, we first assess the impact of annual temperatures on social unrest over the period 1500–1817. We then use our long-term time-series dataset to assess the temporal heterogeneity of year-to-year associations between temperatures and social conflict. Our models show a substantive negative correlation between temperatures and food riots in the aggregate. This association, however, seems to be highly inconsistent over time and largely confined to the 18th century. In addition, we find evidence of decadal processes of adaptation: past exposure to adverse weather conditions dampens the effect of current exposure. Taken together, these findings underline the importance of considering temporal heterogeneities when assessing the climate–conflict nexus and caution against any simple extrapolations of observable present-day effects of environmental conditions into the future.
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Allardt, Erik. "Perspektiv och perspektivförskjutningar inom nordisk." Dansk Sociologi 11, no. 4 (August 23, 2006): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v11i4.632.
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Paradigms and vicissitudes in the perspectives of 20th century Nordic sociology
Both as regards its own development and its cultural impact 20th century was an era of sociology. There was, however, in the central focuses considerable vicissitudes, clearly observable in the sociology of the Nordic countries, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The de-velopmental patterns can be divided into three periods: (1) an emphasis on evolution and evolutionary explanations of social behavior up to the First World War, (2) a during most of the century prevailing dominance of a sociology emphasizing socialization and societies as wholes with their social structure, normative rules and social func-tions, and (3) at the end of the century an emerging rise of a new view of social life with an accentuation of uncer-tainty, agency, and semiotic interpretation. The institu-tionalization of Nordic academic sociology occurred in the 1940’s, 1950’s and 1960’s.
Towards the end of this period reorientations and protests against the prevailing sociology began to emerge. The dominant research interests today may be summed up in the following four orientations:cultural sociology with an emphasis on semiotic constructions of reality, feminist studies with a special interest in gendered experiences of women, studies of the conditions of the Nordic welfare state, and historically oriented macro social science with a focus on large-scale both European and global trans-formations.
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Butvilaitė, Rasa. "Architektas XVIII amžiaus Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės visuomenėje." Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė Luomas. Pašaukimas. Užsiėmimas, T. 5 (January 1, 2021): 254–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/23516968-005012.
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ARCHITECT IN THE SOCIETY OF THE 18TH CENTURY GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA The article deals with the problem of professional field of activity of an architect, the place of his profession in the system of crafts, sciences and arts, architects’ position in the society of the eighteenth century. Before the education reform undertaken by the Education Commission, architecture had not been developed into a separate subject that provided professional training in the schools of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The course in architecture was only a part of general education in Vilnius Jesuit Academy, in nobility schools of a military type, and Jesuit and Piarist Collegium Nobilium. There was not enough focus on architectural studies in these most important educational institutions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: a short course of up to two years provided only general and technical basis of the theory of architecture based on classical orders, and it was not capable of training high ranked professionals-practitioners. Until the eighties of the 18th century, to become an independent professional architect one had to continue his studies abroad. It is argued that the Enlightenment concept of a creator serving to the state and society as well as representing them has provided an important impetus to the growth of the value of the architect’s profession and its social status. While many eighteenth-century artists were still very close to craftsmen in terms of social status (it was considered, that they used to do specific tasks and earn a living by employing manual / physical, not intellectual / mental powers), architects, due to the specifics of their education – studies at the university and military careers (they were mostly employed as engineers) were granted titles of nobility. In the eighteenth century, the social and material position of the architect-creator, who had been liberated from the crafts guild system, had evolved considerably and created conditions for privileges and for the establishment in the rank of nobility. The nobilitation of architects, who usually also had the rank of an officer and executed significant orders in large estates, intensified especially during the period of the partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Experienced architects were desired and welcome guests in the manors of the nobles. Successful architects used to invest accumulated funds in real estate and manors with land. The architect was no longer just a hired employee but became a patron himself – the one who was initiating and partly financing construction. Keywords: architect, engineer, social status of an architect, Enlightenment, nobilitation.
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Camenisch, Chantal, Kathrin M. Keller, Melanie Salvisberg, Benjamin Amann, Martin Bauch, Sandro Blumer, Rudolf Brázdil, et al. "The 1430s: a cold period of extraordinary internal climate variability during the early Spörer Minimum with social and economic impacts in north-western and central Europe." Climate of the Past 12, no. 11 (December 1, 2016): 2107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2107-2016.
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Abstract. Changes in climate affected human societies throughout the last millennium. While European cold periods in the 17th and 18th century have been assessed in detail, earlier cold periods received much less attention due to sparse information available. New evidence from proxy archives, historical documentary sources and climate model simulations permit us to provide an interdisciplinary, systematic assessment of an exceptionally cold period in the 15th century. Our assessment includes the role of internal, unforced climate variability and external forcing in shaping extreme climatic conditions and the impacts on and responses of the medieval society in north-western and central Europe.Climate reconstructions from a multitude of natural and anthropogenic archives indicate that the 1430s were the coldest decade in north-western and central Europe in the 15th century. This decade is characterised by cold winters and average to warm summers resulting in a strong seasonal cycle in temperature. Results from comprehensive climate models indicate consistently that these conditions occurred by chance due to the partly chaotic internal variability within the climate system. External forcing like volcanic eruptions tends to reduce simulated temperature seasonality and cannot explain the reconstructions. The strong seasonal cycle in temperature reduced food production and led to increasing food prices, a subsistence crisis and a famine in parts of Europe. Societies were not prepared to cope with failing markets and interrupted trade routes. In response to the crisis, authorities implemented numerous measures of supply policy and adaptation such as the installation of grain storage capacities to be prepared for future food production shortfalls.
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N. A., Chetyrina. "PRACTICE OF MEDIATOR'S COURT IN URBAN SETTLEMENTS OF THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 19th CENTURY." Human research of Inner Asia 3 (2022): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18101/2305-753x-2022-3-28-33.
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Mediation is an integral part of pre-trial conflict resolution. The decrees on me-diation available in the Russian legislation of the 18th–19th centuries regulate the main criteria for functioning of this institution and include such elements as court composition, scope of regulation, terms, etc. The report considers three main laws on the practice of the mediator’s court covering almost a century. The first mention of the term refers to 1727 and used to mean an intermediary. Through time, the mediator’s court undergone changes affecting its social, professional and procedural scope of regulation, and by the beginning of the 19th century it had acquired the features of arbitral tribunal. Despite the complica-tion of legal proceedings, the basic feature of mediator’s court was the unchanging agree-ment of the parties with the candidates for mediators and the decisions they made. The in-cident that happened in Sergiyev Posad demonstrates the use of mediation in practice in the first quarter of the 19th century, and allows us to conclude that mediation is one of the most important components of municipal government, it is historically determined, de-pends on changing real conditions, and is adjusted by life circumstances.
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Mäkinen, Ilkka. "Diffusion of the Discourse on Love of Reading in Europe from the 18th till the 20th Century." Knygotyra 73 (January 13, 2020): 203–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2019.73.38.
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When reading in the 18th century became an activity common among an ever growing part of the European population and thereby a socially more visible cultural phenomenon, a need arose to create concepts and linguistic terms to refer to the new types of reading behavior. The new masses of readers did not seemingly have a rational goal for their reading, they just read for the sake of reading itself. Therefore, an explanation for their behavior was that they had a love of reading. To speak about people’s love of reading became a recurrent feature of the discourse on reading, a sub-discourse of its own, the discourse on the love of reading. The birthplace of the discourse may have been in 17th century France, wherefrom it was mediated into other countries and language areas. Even the contemporaries believed that the reading mania was contagious, and expected, feared, or hoped that something similar would happen in their own country. This caused debate and the use, even invention, of words and phrases that belong to the discourse on love of reading. Even the words and phrases used for speaking about reading migrated over linguistic, political, and social borders. The initiation, growth, and diffusion of the discourse can be followed by searching the typical words and phrases that indicate the presence of the discourse. Data were obtained from Google Books Ngram Viewer and national full-text databases of books and newspapers. A map representing the geographical diffusion of the discourse in Europe until the 20th century is constructed. The historical conditions for the diffusion of the discourse are discussed. Methodological problems are discussed and future research is outlined.
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Chernyaeva, Irina V., and Lidiya V. Balakhnina. "On the issue of pricing works of art in the process of historical development of artistic practices." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 59 (2021): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2021-59-321-329.
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In modern art practice, the issue of formation of symbolic and economic value of works of art remains acute and relevant. In the history of art art historians, curators, and art critics used to determine symbolic value. The issue of formation of economic value of works of art is still debatable. The task of the study is to identify features of the pricing of works of art inherent in individual periods of the development of artistic practices in a historical context. The authors address the issue retrospectively, considering the relationships between art and market, originated in the 18th century in Holland. The paper conducts a detailed analyze of the epistolary heritage of P. M. Tretiakov, concluding that in the 19th century it was the professional environment that acted as a regulator of the pricing of works of art. Economic conditions of the 20th century in the domestic art put to the forefront state insurance or state order, therefore the volume of payment of works depended on regalia and social status of an artist. The situation of the beginning of the 21st century brought not only new forms and mechanisms to the art market as Internet trading, corporate collecting, art banking, but also new problems that influenced the pricing process.
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Tabernacka, Magdalena. "Retrospektywna perspektywa badań prowadzonych przez Alice Miller nad związkami czarnej pedagogiki i znaczeniem relacji rodzinnych dla kształtowania się postaw społecznych wspierających nazizm i faszyzm." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 43, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.43.4.28.
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A retrospective analysis of the conditions that influenced the emergence of Nazism and fascism indicates that one of the factors that fostered the emergence of both systems were specific family relationships and the upbringing currently referred to as black pedagogy. Alice Miller claimed that the full subordination of children to the will of adults, resulting from the use of mechanisms of black pedagogy, led to the subsequent political subordination, which was an element of social relations in the totalitarian system of the Third Reich. Miller noticed the roots of black pedagogy in the educational tendencies present in the German cultural circle as early as the 18th century, and she noticed ethnocentric conditions based on black pedagogy, also in the post-war period. The contemporary international legal standard for the protection of the subjectivity of the child should contribute to the creation of systemic and cultural barriers against black pedagogy and its consequences.
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Zanchin, G., P. Rossi, F. Maggioni, and H. Isler. "Headache as an Occupational Illness in the Treatise “De Morbis Artificum Diatriba” of Bernardino Ramazzini∗." Cephalalgia 16, no. 2 (April 1996): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1996.1602079.x.
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The treatise “De morbis artificum diatriba” (Modena, 1700) is considered to be the first text to specifically deal with occupational illnesses. It was also the last for over 150 years. Written by Bernardino Ramazzini (Carpi, 1633-Padua, 1714), a professor at the University of Padua from 1700 to 1714, the book highlights the importance given at the time to headache as an occupational symptom. Among the 69 professions described, accounting for the majority of the occupations of the period, 12 were found to lead to headache as an important symptom caused by work. Ramazzini appears to have paid more attention to this than we do today. Ramazzini's work opens up a wide view on social conditions in the 18th century, as his sensitivity for occupational hazards was exceptional. His remarks on headache are typical of his way of collecting first-hand experience of working conditions, and they underline the importance of occupational hazards in the assessment of headache, today just as in 1710.
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Kaufmann, Laurence. "In Search of a Cultural “Common Denominator”: Metaphors, Historical Change and Folk Metaphysics." Social Science Information 42, no. 1 (March 2003): 107–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018403042001799.
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Numerous recent works, primarily in sociocultural history, emphasize the circulation of common meanings across class lines rather than the unilateral influence of economic conditions or intellectual ideas. This perspective has provided a means to better assess the resources enabling ordinary people to construct and change their world. One of the interesting ways to account for this folk inventiveness is to go back to its origins, that is to say, to the minds and the mainly metaphorical conceptualization that are relentlessly remaking reality. The case of the French Revolution clearly illustrates the political efficiency of a metaphorical reasoning that, in the 18th century, led to both the symbolic and the real overthrow of the king's authority. By virtue of the leading role they play in folk metaphysics, metaphors can be seen as the semantic “books” of the collective mentality that constitutes the lowest common denominator of a given community.
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Du Vignaux, Maÿlis Merveilleux, Pierre-Majorique Léger, Patrick Charland, Youness Salame, Emmanuel Durand, Nicolas Bouillot, Mylène Pardoen, and Sylvain Sénécal. "An Exploratory Study on the Impact of Collective Immersion on Learning and Learning Experience." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 5, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti5040017.
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This paper aims to explore the impact of a collective immersion on learners’ engagement and performance. Building on Bandura’s social learning theory and the theory on the sense of presence, we hypothesise that collective immersion has a positive impact on performance as well as cognitive, emotional and behavioural engagement. Ninety-three participants distributed in four conditions took part in the experiment. The four conditions manipulated the collective and individual dimensions of the learning environment as well as the high and low immersion of the learning material. The two conditions that offered a high immersion setting used two types of the novel immersive dome: a large one for collective immersion and a small one for individual use. All participants were presented with the same stimuli, an 8-min-long video of a virtual neighbourhood visit in Paris in the 18th century. The participants’ reactions were measured during and after the task. The learning outcome, as well as the cognitive, emotional and behavioural engagement, were measured. Final results showed that collective immersion learning outcomes are not significantly different, but we find that collective immersion impacts the cognitive, emotional and behavioural engagement of learners.
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Potočárová, Mária. "Poland – Slovak regional relationships and development of minority Slovak schools in Poland in the Upper Orava region." Forum Pedagogiczne 10, no. 2 (July 18, 2020): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/fp.2020.2.15.
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The study deals with the situation of the minority (Slovak) education in the Upper Orava region in Poland. The situation and overall state of development of minority education is evaluated mainly from the perspective of historical development of social conditions that not only influenced the school policy, but in some aspects, also reflected the wider understood development of pedagogical thinking in Poland. Over roughly more than two centuries (from the 18th century to the present), a number of historical milestones in Polish – Slovak relationships have taken place, which also affected the functioning of Slovak minority schools in Poland. It is reflected in the territorial and language disputes that affect mainly the national identity of the Slovaks. This paper reflects on the meaning and mission of regional minority schools in this border area of Poland. It emphasizes their unifying role, promoting good coexistence and the formation of an honest and civic open national (ethnic) identity of Slovaks living in Poland in the Upper Orava region.
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Classon Frangos, Mike, and Anna Nordenstam. "Introduction." European Comic Art 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/eca.2022.150101.
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This special issue of European Comic Art presents articles on the diversity of contemporary feminist comics in the Nordic region. The Nordic countries have seen an explosion in feminist comics and graphic novels since the first decade of the twenty-first century. In Sweden, feminist comics have become commercial successes, winning prestigious prizes, and appearing in exhibitions, Instagram, and other social media. Recently, a new generation of artists has entered the scene with a renewed focus on queer and intersectional issues. This special issue directs attention to feminist comic art throughout the Nordic region—with representation from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden—by established creators as well as emerging voices. The history of feminist comics can be traced back to the social movements of the 1970s, but the energy and creativity of contemporary feminist comics is new, reflecting both international trends and conditions specific to the region and to each national context.
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Ryblova, Marina. "The Organization of Fishing and Hunting Crafts Among the Russian Population of the Don and Lower Volga Area: Its Artel Roots." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (December 2022): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.5.8.
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Introduction. The article reveals the peculiarities of the organization of fishing and hunting among the Russian population of the Lower Volga region and the Don in the 18th – 19th centuries, which were associated with the artel (collectivist) beginning. The author shows that the general principles of the organization of male fishing artels of fishermen and hunters find direct analogies with the organizational principles characteristic of archaic male, including military, traditions, for example, for the Cossack communities of the Don and Volga in the early period of their history. Methods and materials. The study was carried out on the basis of data from the periodical press of the 19th century, archival and field materials, reflecting both the fishing activities of the Russian population of the region and the forms of self-organization of the Don Cossacks in the early period of their history. This made it possible to conduct a historical and cultural comparison and identify common or similar norms and principles associated with archaic social institutions. Analysis. Conducting a comparative analysis, the author discovers that these similarities manifest themselves in the traditions of the free seizure of territories and ideas about their land and the common share, in the electability of the leaders of the artels, other officials and the presence of general meetings of its members, in the ways of dividing the loot, in the presence of unwritten law, rituals, prohibitions and regulations. Results. Many of these principles and norms are opposed to those that were typical, for example, for agricultural communities, demonstrating a connection with such categories as “strength”, “luck”, “competitiveness” on the one hand, and the denial of equality in work and the division of production, on the other. Contrasted with those that were typical, for example, for agricultural communities, demonstrating a connection with such categories as “strength”, “luck”, “competitiveness” on the one hand, and the denial of equality in work and the division of prey, on the other. Russian colonization of the Don and the Lower Volga area, starting from the 16th century, was carried out mainly by free Cossacks (also engaged in hunting and fishing), and later – by the Russian commercial population. The formation of neighboring land communities in the region began much later (from the beginning of the 18th century). There is reason to assert that the people’s “Cossacks” and artel principles were subsequently periodically revived at a later time in the fishing activities of the male part of the population, consolidating in the public consciousness strong stereotypes of survival in extreme living conditions based on deep social and cultural archaism. The actual folk forms of self-organization existed along with official structures, representing a deep layer of social life, some elements of which survived until the end of the 20th century.
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Leffel, Gregory. "The missiology of trouble: Liberal discontent and metamodern hope." Missiology: An International Review 45, no. 1 (November 19, 2016): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091829616676193.
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Missioners and missiologists called home from the wider world, literally or figuratively, to do mission in the United States return to confront a historically liberal society in disarray. To what troubles shall we address our public witness in word and deed? How shall we make our witness intelligible to a traditionally liberal society in the midst of its unraveling? Liberalism’s legitimacy crisis and the decline of the force of its social imaginary since the 1960s define the specific public conditions for a contemporary, contextually sensitive Christian mission in America. Liberalism is taken here not as a political orientation, but as a central theme in the public sensibilities shared by most Americans on the left and right. Liberalism’s often overlooked conceptual foundations and its many manifestations along a spectrum of ideologies and practices are presented as a background to this discussion. As well, the discussion features the pervasive and also overlooked Christian influences that emerged in the 18th century—the American Reformation—and elaborated into the middle of the 20th century to shape a distinctively (mostly) Protestant liberal society. A well-contextualized Christian public witness—and a public missiology—will draw from its own historical resources born in the American Reformation as well as address both post-political despair and metamodern hope if it is to make sense to a liberal society in trouble.
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Ujma, Magdalena. "Jan Sobieski’s latifundium and the soldiers (1652-1696)." Open Military Studies 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openms-2020-0105.
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Abstract An analysis of the relationship between Jan III Sobieski and the people he distinguished shows that there were many mutual benefits. Social promotion was more difficult if the candidate for the office did not come from a senatorial family34. It can be assumed that, especially in the case of Atanazy Walenty Miączyński, the economic activity in the Sobieski family was conducive to career development. However, the function of the plenipotentiary was not a necessary condition for this. Not all the people distinguished by Jan III Sobieski achieved the same. More important offices were entrusted primarily to Marek Matczyński. Stanisław Zygmunt Druszkiewicz’s career was definitely less brilliant. Druszkiewicz joined the group of senators thanks to Jan III, and Matczyński and Szczuka received ministerial offices only during the reign of Sobieski. Jan III certainly counted on the ability to manage a team of people acquired by his comrades-in-arms in the course of his military service. However, their other advantage was also important - good orientation in political matters and exerting an appropriate influence on the nobility. The economic basis of the magnate’s power is an issue that requires more extensive research. This issue was primarily of interest to historians dealing with latifundia in the 18th century. This was mainly due to the source material. Latifundial documentation was kept much more regularly in the 18th century than before and is well-organized. The economic activity of the magnate was related not only to the internal organization of landed estates. It cannot be separated from the military, because the goal of the magnate’s life was politics and, very often, also war. Despite its autonomy, the latifundium wasn’t isolated. Despite the existence of the decentralization process of the state, the magnate families remained in contact with the weakening center of the state and influenced changes in its social structure. The actual strength of the magnate family was determined not only by the area of land goods, but above all by their profitability, which depended on several factors: geographic location and natural conditions, the current situation on the economic market, and the management method adopted by the magnate. In the 17th century, crisis phenomena, visible in demography, agricultural and crafts production, money and trade, intensified. In these realities, attempts by Jan III Sobieski to reconstruct the lands destroyed by the war and to introduce military rigor in the management center did not bring the expected results. Sobieski, however, introduced “new people” to the group of senators, who implemented his policy at the sejmiks and the Parliament, participated in military expeditions and managed his property.
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Põltsam-Jürjo, Inna. "Paganate kookidest seakõrvadeni. Transkultuuriline rännak ühe toidu jälgedes läbi sajandite ja kokaraamatute." Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat, no. 60 (October 12, 2017): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33302/ermar-2017-001.
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From “heathens’ cakes” to “pig’s ears”: tracing a food’s journey across cultures, centuries and cookbooks It is intriguing from the perspective of food history to find in 19th and 20th century Estonian recipe collections the same foods – that is, foods sharing the same names – found back in European cookbooks of the 14th and 15th centuries. It is noteworthy that they have survived this long, and invites a closer study of the phenomenon. For example, 16th century sources contain a record about the frying of heathen cakes, a kind of fritter, in Estonia. A dish by the same name is also found in 18th and 19th century recipe collections. It is a noteworthy phenomenon for a dish to have such a long history in Estonian cuisine, spanning centuries in recipe collections, and merits a closer look. Medieval European cookbooks listed two completely different foods under the name of heathen cakes and both were influenced from foods from the east. It is likely that the cakes made it to Tallinn and finer Estonian cuisine through Hanseatic merchants. It is not ultimately clear whether a single heathen cake recipe became domesticated in these parts already in the Middle Ages. In any case, heathen cakes would remain in Estonian cuisine for several centuries. As late as the early 19th century, the name in the local Baltic German cuisine referred to a delicacy made of egg-based batter fried in oil. Starting from the 18th century, the history of these fritters in Estonian cuisine can be traced through cookbooks. Old recipe collections document the changes and development in the tradition of making these cakes. The traditions of preparing these cakes were not passed on only in time, but circulated within society, crossing social and class lines. Earlier known from the elites’ culture, the dish reached the tables of ordinary people in the late 19th and early 20th century. In Estonian conditions, it meant the dish also crossed ethnic lines – from the German elite to the Estonian common folk’s menus. In the course of adaptation process, which was dictated and guided by cookbooks and cooking courses, the name of the dish changed several times (heydenssche koken, klenätid, Räderkuchen, rattakokid, seakõrvad), and changes also took place in the flavour nuances (a transition from spicier, more robust favours to milder ones) and even the appearance of the cakes. The story of the heathen cakes or pig’s ears in Estonian cuisine demonstrates how long and tortuous an originally elite dish can be as it makes its way to the tables of the common folk. The domestication and adaptation of such international recipes in the historical Estonian cuisine demonstrates the transregional cultural exchange, as well as culinary mobility and communication.
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Schenk, Winfried. "Holznöte im 18. Jahrhundert? – Ein Forschungsbericht zur «Holznotdebatte» der 1990er Jahre | Wood shortage in the 18th century? A report on the wood shortage debate of the 1990s." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 157, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2006.0377.
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At the beginning of the 1990s forest historians turned against the economic historian Joachim Radkau, who argued that lamentations in forest instructions around 1800 regarding wood shortage (scarcity) should rather be interpreted as an instrument of feudal authorities to regulate and constrain usage as well as a means to subjugate and discipline their subjects. By contrast, forest historians judged these lamentations to be an indication of actual shortcomings that existed before the advent of governmental forest management. As a result, many studies were undertaken that dealt with the social relevance of woods and forests in pre-industrial times. The present article starts with the status quo and traces back the complexity of the so-called wood emergency debate by taking a closer look at these early studies. It demonstrates how regional studies that were based on a wide range of sources contributed to the understanding of pre-industrial wood shortage events as complex phenomena related to distinct forest conditions and energy shortage discussions.
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Panova, Olga Yu. "“Beholding the Lamb of God”: Jupiter Hammon, the First America’s Black Christian Poet." Literature of the Americas, no. 12 (2022): 198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2022-12-198-212.
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The role of Christianity as a factor that exerted a decisive influence over African American social and cultural history, is being debated time and again in the course of African American studies. The ambivalent attitude of the 18th –19th century Christian preachers and missionaries to slavery, egalitarian tendencies that combined with the idea of humility and resignation, led to contradictions and controversy in the evaluation of the role Christianity played in Afroamerica. The case of Jupiter Hammon (1711 –1806?), a preacher and the first Black Christian poet in America, illustrates the emergence of the basic topoi in the pre-war Blackamerican literary tradition: conversion to Christianity and literacy (enculturation) as two essential conditions for the acknowledgement of Black humanity and ability to integrate into the New World civilization. Jupiter Hammon refused to struggle against slavery; paradoxically, however, his work is an inherent part of both African American religious and cultural history and the New England Christian thought, that engendered Abolitionism and its most famous book, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, or Life among the Lowly (1852), based on the concept of the “religious genius” of the African and the “Black redemption” of the greatest American vice, slavery.
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Chochowski, Krzysztof. "THE GENESIS OF THE PUBLIC LAW ENTITIES." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 55–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3227.
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Public law entities currently play an important role in the social and economic life of our country. The activity of local government, professional and business self-governments, as well as public law entities such as the Polish Red Cross, the Polish Academy of Sciences or the Bank Guarantee Fund, significantly contributes to the improvement of the quality of life in Poland. It is difficult to imagine effective state functioning without the existence of this category of legal entities. Being independent in their actions, they are at the same time a part of the state apparatus, whose activity is based on the systemic principle of decentral-ization and the participation of citizens in the exercise of public authority. It can be said that their existence and conditions of operation constitute a kind of litmus paper test of realizing the idea of a democratic legal state. This article presents considerations regarding the genesis of public law entities. It presents the views of the legal doctrine concerning entities governed by public law, starting from the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, through the 19th centuryand XX century, ending with the contemporary times.
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Andreeva, Tatyana V. "The Epoch of Peter I in the Historical Consciousness of the Decembrists." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 20, no. 1 (2021): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-1-71-81.
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The article analyses the attitude to the Petrine era shared by the members of the secret political societies in the first quarter of the 19th century. The study focuses on the assessments of the personality of Peter I, his reform activities and its aftermath for Russian history that were stated by the participants of the Decembrist revolt. Although only some of the Decembrists had a professional background as historians, the comprehension of grandiose state transformations in the first quarter of the 18th century was significantly important for the majority of the plotters. The author shows that various assessments of the Decembrists Petrine era were determined by the combination in their historical consciousness of westernism and ideas of Russian identity. Decembrists, as people of their epoch, had different views on Peter I: from idealization to censure. Their ambiguous attitude to the reforms of Peter I was based on the Petrine compromise concept of state-building according to Western models with their adaptation to Russian conditions, which led to the “catching-up model” of Russia’s development, its secondary nature in relation to Western civilization. Realizing the interconnection between the establishment of an autocratic state system and the creation of a new social structure, the Decembrists, especially the authors of historical and political books and treatises, reacted negatively to the formation in Peter’s time of a new type of statehood – a “regular state” – with its comprehensive control, suppression of individual liberty and legal consolidation of serfdom.
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Raimondo, Rossella. "L’assistenza all’infanzia a Reggio Emilia: origini e trasformazioni tra Otto e Novecento." Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.139.
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The aim of this article is to reconstruct the evolution in the type of interventions and childcare models adopted by the institutions charged with caring for orphans in 18th- and 19th-century Reggio Emilia, Italy. Through analysis of the documents – some previously unseen – preserved at the archives of ASP Reggio Emilia Città delle Persone and Polo Archivistico Comunale, it is possible to understand how the city of Reggio Emilia adapted itself to the developing needs of its wards, and social, legislative and especially educational changes, seeking to go beyond the isolatory and custodial spirit that characterised life within orphanages until the end of the 19th century. The history of the local institutions intertwines with that of the national processes and changes which revolutionised the traditional concept of «institute». The monolithic, centuries-old and obsolete «orphanage» gave way to care within the community (1962), founded on the principles of protection, promotion and education of individuals. The stories of these individuals that emerge from the personal records and material analysed enable us to broaden our gaze on the reconstruction of institutional history, starting from a more internal perspective and focusing on the «subjectivity» of those in need of basic care. Such personal histories enable us to not only to understand the peculiarities of the various «cases», but also their living conditions, and the ways in which care, and at the same time education, was provided.
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Lee, Byung-Ho. "Ethnic Distinctions, Legal Connotations: Chinese Patterns of Boundary Making and Crossing." SAGE Open 11, no. 3 (July 2021): 215824402110439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211043930.
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This study analyzes, from a comparative and historical perspective, the clash between state statutory law and native customary law and the consequential effects of that rivalry on ethno-legal categories. It adopts a long-term perspective on Chinese society, with a particular focus on its history over the last three centuries. Although the imperial Chinese state had a centralized legal code, many non-Han subjects followed different legal standards and systems. Such conditions became the basis of legal pluralism and the structural constraint for full-fledged legal uniformity. It is argued that state-imposed ethnic categories in China have been institutionalized to determine those who should be protected, or even privileged, by their own native law. This is especially true during the alien dynasties of conquest, which purposely emphasized the principle of personal law to preserve legal prerogatives of ruling ethnicity. Similarly, indigenes on the frontier carried a variety of legal exemptions on grounds of the principle of territorial law. Such conditions could leave room for individual agency and provide incentives for both acculturated Han settlers and sinicized indigenes to claim native status. Several examples, including an 18th-century homicide case in China’s southwestern frontier, substantiate how individuals manipulated their ethnicity for their self-advantage and how these behaviors complicated the personality and territoriality principles of imperial law. In this sense, ethnic law served as an institutionalized distillation of ethnic group boundaries, which were realigned by shifts in self-identity. The legacy of China’s imperial practices of particularistic jural relations continues today.
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Kozubik, Michal, Jitse P. van Dijk, and Daniela Filakovska Bobakova. "Aspects of Illness and Death among Roma—Have They Changed after More than Two Hundred Years?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 4796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234796.
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Augustini studied Roma and published reports in 1775–1776 on their illnesses and death. Our intention was to compare the features of these two topics described by him in the late 18th century with those in the present time. We studied Augustini’s work on illnesses and death in the past. The present qualitative study was conducted in 2012–2013 in the same geographical area in which Augustini lived and worked more than two hundred years ago, i.e., the Tatra Region in Slovakia; our findings were evaluated in 2017–2018. We carried out semi-structured interviews with more than 70 informants and organised two sessions of focus groups. Data were analysed using content analysis (Augustini) and an open coding process. Our findings suggest that illnesses in Roma are treated differently nowadays compared with 1775–1776. For example, the traditional forms of healing have completely disappeared in the area of investigation. We did not observe any differences in dying and death perceptions between the past and nowadays. Although data and knowledge on health disparities and related mechanisms exist, and much more about perceptions of Roma regarding illnesses is now known compared with 1775–1776, so far, this knowledge has not helped to design effective interventions to overcome them. Substandard living conditions in marginalised Roma communities have not significantly improved since 1775–1776, which may contribute to their higher morbidity and mortality also nowadays. Political and social consensus should lead to a comprehensive vision for enhancing the social situation and living conditions in segregated settlements, especially providing housing for the poorest classes and overcoming health disparities.
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Bayazitova, Rozaliya R. "Организация жилого пространства в традиционном этикете башкир." Oriental Studies 14, no. 6 (December 30, 2021): 1281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-58-6-1281-1289.
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Introduction. In traditional culture, proxemic behavior is of great importance. The article is based on the results of the research on the structuring of the dwelling and the observance of ethno-etiquette norms within the framework of the traditional living space of the Bashkirs. The aim was to study the structure of the living space, interiors, and the stylistics of behavior in the traditional dwelling. Materials and methods. The main research sources were the author’s unpublished field materials, as well as published folklore texts, reports of the participants of academic expeditions of the 18th century, which contain valuable information about the temporary and permanent dwellings of Bashkirs. Methods used for the analysis were comparative-historical, typological, structural-semantic, and descriptive. The chronological framework of the study covers the period between the 18th and early 20th centuries. Results. The research shows that the structuring of living space is closely related to ancient beliefs, religion, and the ethnic history of the people. Vertical and horizontal divisions of the dwelling and analysis of space distribution inside the yurt indicate that the dwelling was perceived as a model of the world. The horizontal structuring of the inner space was associated with the ancient knowledge of the Bashkirs about the cardinal points, later enriched with Muslim teachings. In their behavior in the interiors, the Bashkirs were guided by the structural-semantic model of the dwelling, the entire developed space. In this aspect, gender, age, and social status were important factors of the traditional etiquette. The dwelling represented a cultivated, protected space, separating “one’s own” space from “other’s”, according to the structure of the internal space, and creating conditions for variable behavior; family members and guests followed binary oppositions, such as left versus right, male versus female, honorable versus less honorable, the parts for guests and household activities, top and bottom, center and periphery.
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van Dijk, Evelien, Ingar Mørkestøl Gundersen, Anna de Bode, Helge Høeg, Kjetil Loftsgarden, Frode Iversen, Claudia Timmreck, Johann Jungclaus, and Kirstin Krüger. "Climatic and societal impacts in Scandinavia following the 536 and 540 CE volcanic double event." Climate of the Past 19, no. 2 (February 3, 2023): 357–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-357-2023.
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Abstract. In the Northern Hemisphere, the mid-6th century was one of the coldest periods of the last 2000 years, which was initiated by volcanic eruptions in 536 and 540 CE. Here, we study the effect of this volcanic double event on the climate and society in Scandinavia with a special focus on southern Norway. Using an ensemble of Max Planck Institute Earth system model transient simulations for 521–680 CE, temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric circulation patterns are analyzed. The simulated cooling magnitude is used as input for a growing degree day (GDD) model setup for three different study areas in southern Norway, representative of typical meteorological and landscape conditions. Pollen from bogs inside these study areas are analyzed at high resolution (1–3 cm sample intervals) to give insights into the validity of the GDD model setup with regard to the volcanic climate impact on the regional scale and to link the different data sets with the archeological records. We find that after the 536 and 540 CE double event, a maximum surface air cooling of up to 3.5 ∘C during the mean growing season is simulated regionally for southern Norway. With a scenario cooling of 3 ∘C, the GDD model indicates crop failures were likely in our northernmost and western study areas, while crops were more likely to mature in the southeastern study area. These results are in agreement with the pollen records from the respective areas. Archeological excavations show, however, a more complex pattern for the three areas with abandonment of farms and severe social impacts but also a continuation of occupation or a mix of those. Finally, we discuss the likely climatic and societal impacts of the 536 and 540 CE volcanic double event by synthesizing the new and available data sets for the whole Scandinavia.
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Agafonov, Anatoly I. "ARMORIAL IMAGES ON PORTRAITS OF THE MILITARY ATAMAN OF THE DON ARMY D. E. EFREMOV AND FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THE SOUTHERN RUSSIAN NOBILITY IN THE 18th CENTURY. PART 2." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 3 (211) (September 30, 2021): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2021-3-22-31.
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The article examines the main heraldic concepts and categories that affect the controversial issues of the topic. Considerable attention is paid to the reasons and conditions for the origin and placement of heraldic and non-heraldic figures on the coat of arms of D.E. Efremov, the nature and content of the heraldic images and their symbolism are considered. The author traces the ideological and heraldic continuity between the family coats of arms of different generations of the Efremovs family, their influence on the formation of region-al noble heraldry. The article analyzes the process of formation of the Don nobility from the first highest awards to individuals to the formation of the ranks and awards of the social corporation of officials through seniority, and its transformation as a result of the policy of Emperor Paul I into the highest estate of the Russian Empire. The article examines the legal framework for the acquisition of the rights and privileges of the hereditary nobility by the Don elders, identifies common and emphasizes different processes from those in the Malorussian and Russian provinces. The article describes new phenomena in the military, political and social life of the Don army in connection with the awards of the ranks of the Russian regular army to the senior officers - this is the restriction of military (ordinary) law and the formation of subordination on the basis of imperial legislation, as well as the creation of a new social hierarchy and military management.
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KURT KIRAL, Merve, and Emel AKIN. "SPATIAL FORMATION IN ARCADES: ANKARA-YENİŞEHİR ARCADES." INTERNATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL OF DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE, no. 21 (2020): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.17365/tmd.2020.21.7.
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Spaces are conditioned by social conditions; on the other hand, social structure is affected by spaces. Arcades, the subject of this article, first appeared in Europe in the 18th century as a result of an increase in trading activities. The arcades in Ankara, which were started to be built in the 1950s together with increasing trading activities, contributed to the urban economy with intense activities of shopping, re-determined social and urban relations as essential places of everyday life and became distinctive urban buildings with their original building typologies and the function of maintaining public continuity in the area of private ownership. Aim: This study aims to study the process in which passages emerged and to analyze their spatial features and, in particular, to examine the spatial formation of the distinctive passages in Ankara on the basis of their causation. Method: In the article, spatial features of the passages in the West were mentioned, and the conditions of the period in which the passages in Ankara were built were briefly explained. Spatial analysis of the passages found in the research area were conducted, and the formation of these passages were analyzed together with their reasons. Results: Of the 31 arcades in Ankara, 27 were built between 1950 and 1980 on and around the Atatürk Boulevard in Yenişehir/Kizilay. As of the mid-1950s, new planning decisions which were made one after the other in the built-up area re-shaped the Boulevard and its surrounding as the existing buildings were demolished, allowing to construct new buildings with arcades or stores in their entrances. Their interior designs and connections to the streets are different from the arcades in the West. Conclusion: The present subdivision system and new planning decisions applied in property order shaped the passages which were peculiar to Ankara.