Academic literature on the topic 'Norway – Social conditions – 18th century'
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Journal articles on the topic "Norway – Social conditions – 18th century"
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Knudtzon, Magaret Aasness. "Increased Imports of Colorants and Constituent Components during the 18th Century Reflects the Start of the Consumer Society in Norway." Heritage 5, no. 4 (November 29, 2022): 3705–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040193.
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The start of the consumer society in Norway is examined by studying the increased imports of colorants and their constituents during the 18th century. Based on historical customs records, 82 imported pigments and dyes, 27 binders and additives and nine mordants and auxiliaries are presented. Imports increased significantly in the middle and at end of the century, representing two chromatic “revolutions”. This was especially evident for lead white and indigo; being the only particularly white and blue pigments used for painting and dyeing, respectively. Red dyes at different prices and properties (brazilwood, madder and cochineal) met the demands for red textile coloring in different social groups. The study presents a comprehensive overview of colorant imports and provides new insights in the development of consumption in Norway. Colorant imports were probably initiated by a supply-driven positive feed-back loop as a result of increased export trade. This was followed by a demand-driven loop, involving increased domestic trade, product preferences, “fashionability”, consumer culture, economic conditions and enlightenment. A model is presented that can contribute to a further understanding of the start of the consumer society in the second half of the 18th century in Norway.
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Johansen, Kenneth Arctander, Virginie Debaere, Stijn Vandevelde, and Michel Vandenbroeck. "Governance of substance use as a by-product of policing in Norway." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 35, no. 4 (August 2018): 240–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072518787619.
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Aim: The aim of this article was to study governance of drug use in Norway through a historical account. Method: A genealogy was conducted through the study of documentation and legal texts from the 1600s until contemporary times. Findings: Based on legal texts addressing people using substances (both drugs and alcohol) various strategies for governance of drug use appears. The first section describes the emergence of institutions where people with alcohol problems were confined in a system originating the Dutch discipline houses. The second section describes the poor laws of the 1800s and the practice of the local poorhouses. The third section takes a look at the Vagrancy Act of 1900 and the state-owned labour camp at Opstad. The fourth section discusses the establishment of the sobriety boards and their role in confining alcoholics at cure homes. The fifth section describes developments in post-world-war Norway, with increased attention to illicit substances. Conclusions: The terminology justifying interventions is increasingly medicalised. Descriptions of the “drunkard” that appeared in 18th-century legal texts as immoral and free are contrasted by a positioning of this character as being a slave to his drinking in 20th-century political discourses, or as substance-dependent patients in the 21st century, alongside concerted efforts to dissolve open drug scenes.
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Kamenskii, Alexander B. "What Was the Love If Any in the 18th Century Russia?" Chelovek 33, no. 2 (2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s023620070019512-0.
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The theme of love, in the context of the history of emotions, is poorly developed on the Russian material of the early modern period. In a few studies, on the one hand, it is argued that in the 18th century. this feeling was freed from the aura of sinfulness and the idea of romantic love was formed, and on the other hand, that under the conditions of arranged marriages and strict marriage legislation, its institutionalization was impossible. This article, based on archival sources, proposes one of the possible approaches to the study of this topic and proves that the feeling of love was familiar to representatives of different social strata of Russian society.
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Roos, Merethe. "USING SPEECH ACT THEORY AS A TOOL FOR UNDERSTANDING THE AUTHORSHIP OF BALTHASAR MÜNTER." Wiek Oświecenia, no. 38 (September 25, 2022): 114–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/0137-6942.wo.38.7.
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This paper sheds light on the German (Danish at that time) theologian Balthasar Münter’s authorship and focuses on how his writings adapted to his intellectual, social and cultural surroundings. Münter served as a preacher in the German congregation in Copenhagen between 1765 and 1793 and left many writings to posterity, including 17 volumes of sermons. These texts are written in a public and political environment, offering shifting conditions for the church. The reflection concentrates on how he changed his preaching and teaching under the different conditions the church was offered in this period. A central question is what Münter is doing when preaching, writing and teaching, i.e., how he wanted this to be understood by the 18th-century reader? This approach to 18th-century intellectual history draws on the speech act theory, such as this theoretical foundation developed by the British intellectual historian Quentin Skinner.
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Stark, David. "The family tree is not cut: marriage among slaves in eighteenth-century Puerto Rico." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 76, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2002): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002542.
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Examines the frequency of slave marriage in 18th-c. Puerto Rico, through family reconstitution based on parish baptismal, marriage, and death registers. Author first sketches the development of slavery, and the work regimens and conditions of the not yet sugar-dominated slavery in Puerto Rico. Then, he describes the religious context and social implications of marriage among slaves, and discusses, through an example, spousal selection patterns, and further focuses on age and seasonality of the slave marriages. He explains that marriage brought some legal advantages for slaves, such as the prohibited separation, by sale, of married slaves. In addition, he explores how slaves pursued marital strategies in order to manipulate material conditions. He concludes from the results that in the 18th c. marriage among slaves was not uncommon, and appear to have been determined mostly by the slaves own choice, with little direct intervention by masters. Most slaves married other slaves, with the same owner.
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Rolla, Nicoletta. "Communities beyond borders: internal boundaries and circulations in the 18th century." Journal of the British Academy 9s4 (2021): 168–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/jba/009s4.168.
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To understand the political, social and economic conditions which made possible a certain freedom of movement in early modern Europe, it is necessary to abandon the idea of a state sovereignty which expressed itself through the control of boundaries and its territory, which is a relatively recent notion in Western legal culture. Thus, in early modern Europe external borders were porous, and surveillance systems were organised in a plurality of jurisdictions and responded to multiple logics and interests. This article focuses on Turin, the capital of the States of Savoy, where boundaries were defined by the control of urban institutions responsible for the police of the city, as the Vicariate. To observe the process of defining these frontiers, I have chosen to use an emic perspective, attentive to the point of view of the actors. This contribution is interested in the strategies adopted by a group of people subject to high mobility�construction workers�when faced with internal borders. This approach allows us to consider the �relational� substance of the border, its multiple and changing nature.
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Hawk, Barry E. "English Competition Law Before 1900." Antitrust Bulletin 63, no. 3 (July 11, 2018): 350–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x18781397.
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English competition law before 1900 developed over many centuries and reflected changes in political conditions, economic theories and social values. It mirrored the historical movements in England, from the medieval ideal of fair prices and just wages to 16th and 17th century nation-state mercantilism to the 18th and 19th century Industrial Revolution and notions of laissez faire capitalism and freedom of contract. English competition law at varying times articulated three fundamental principles: monopolies were disfavored; freedom to trade was emphasized; and fair or reasonable prices were sought. The Sherman Act truly was a watershed that significantly took a different path from English law as it had evolved. In England, legal challenges to monopolization were limited to the royal creation of monopolies and were concentrated in the 17th and early 18th centuries. A prominent element of English competition law—bans on forestalling—was repealed in the first half of the 19th century. Enforcement of English law against cartels was largely emasculated by the end of the 19th century with the ascendancy of freedom of contract and laissez faire political theory.
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KozubĂk, Michal, and Barbora Odrášková. "HOW UPBRINGING IN ROMA FAMILIES HAS CHANGED OVER THE CENTURIES." CBU International Conference Proceedings 5 (September 23, 2017): 676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.1006.
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This study compares family upbringing in Slovak Roma during the 18th century with that of current times. It attempts to identify parallels between the Samuel Augusitni’s 18th-century masterpiece: Gypsy in Hungary, and more recent data from a long-term study of Roma people in the eastern Slovakia–Poprad District. Open and axial coding inspired by the Strauss and Corbin Grounded Theory method is used to analyze the data. The primary results reveal that the common feature in all social classes of the settlement is a strong relationship between children and family. The poorest parents fail to provide adequate living conditions. Their children are brought up on the â€street’ and come home only when hungry, thirsty, or want to sleep. Parents do not support further education of their children for several reasons: fear of an unknown environment, distrust of most educational institutions, or financial benefit of the family.
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Danilova, L. N. "Forming of social order for teachers in the history of education in Russia." Professional education in the modern world 12, no. 2 (July 13, 2022): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/2618-7515-2022-2-10.
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Introduction. The first state educational institution for teacher’s training was the teachers’ seminary established in 1783. However, the teaching profession appeared in Russia long before that and was supported by social request. This fact builds questions about transformations of public expectations in relation to teachers, i.e. about the history of the social order to teachers. That order had not been realized and reflected in some documents for a long time, but its influence on education in Russia can be clearly observed already in the 17th century. Purpose setting. The article attempts to determine features of its becoming. Methodology of the study. The research is based on a large layer of literature, on the principles of dialectics and historicism, and uses comparative historical analysis, deduction, culturomics, content analysis, statistics and other theoretical methods. Results. Features of forming of a social order to teachers in the 17th and 18th centuries are identified and specified. The factors and conditions of its forming in the specified historical period are characterized; its structural components were determined, also patterns of changes in the social order for teachers and its actualization time were detected. Conclusion. In the 17th century, there was an order for teachers in the Russian Tsardom, the subject of which was the church, but partly also the state and townspeople. The state imposed requirements on teacher’s work, regulating some aspects of school organizing. The emerging in those times trend of transition from religious characteristics of the teacher to professional ones finally took shape at the beginning of the 18th century, when the state order for teachers had been formed. By the middle of the century, the image of the teacher had radically changed, and there were requirements of professionalism in the being taught science and of positive personal characteristics, which found its place in organizing of the first teachers’ seminary: the order for teacher’s methodological training began thanks to it. Patterns of formation of a social order to teachers (society always has high expectations from either professional or personal characteristics of the teacher; during periods of social conflicts and changes the requirements for his personal characteristics are actualized; that transfer depends on social stability) confirm that clearly it depends on historical periods and socio-political conditions.
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Bryłka-Jesionek, Agata. "Doktryna protestancka na kartach śląskich druków kalendarzowych do połowy XVIII w." Studia Historyczne 62, no. 3 (247) (March 18, 2022): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sh.62.2019.03.01.
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PROTESTANT DOCTRINE IN SILESIAN CALENDARS BEFORE THE MID-18TH CENTURY
This article looks at the issue of confesionality and the presence of Protestant doctrine in early modern calendars produced in Silesia. The article is based on an examination of 78 early modern calendars (16th through mid-18th century), which were printed in Silesian printing houses (including Breslau, Brzeg, Legnica, Kłodzko, Kożuchów, Nysa and Opawa). Of the calendars bearing the names of editors/authors, 17 were Protestant. While some of these figures were pastors, others were intellectuals who associated with Protestant groups. Silesian calendars were addressed to both Protestants and Catholics. This dual religious character reflected the contemporary Silesian political context, which was fraught with religious tension. While these conditions stimulated a broad religious neutrality, leading many to avoid any direct reference to either Protestant reformers or their doctrines in published works, some Protestant religious ideals nevertheless permeated calendars. The goal of this infiltration, often couched in religious and biblical phrases, was to educate readers on specific social values and work ethic, morality, obedience to superiors, and openness to the outside world.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Norway – Social conditions – 18th century"
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Northrop, Chloe Aubra. "Fashioning Society in Eighteenth-century British Jamaica." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822729/.
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White women who inhabited the West Indies in the eighteenth century fascinated the metropole. In popular prints, novels, and serial publications, these women appeared to stray from “proper” British societal norms. Inhabiting a space dominated by a tropical climate and the presence of a large enslaved African population opened white women to censure. Almost from the moment of colonial encounter, they were perceived not as proper British women but as an imperial “other,” inhabiting a middle space between the ideal woman and the supposed indigenous “savage.” Furthermore, white women seemed to be lacking the sensibility prized in eighteenth-century England. However, the correspondence that survives from white women in Jamaica reveals the language of sensibility. “Creolized” in this imperial landscape, sensibility extended beyond written words to the material objects exchanged during their tenure on these sugar plantations. Although many women who lived in the Caribbean island of Jamaica might have fit the model, extant writings from Ann Brodbelt, Sarah Dwarris, Margaret and Mary Cowper, Lady Maria Nugent, and Ann Appleton Storrow, show a longing to remain connected with metropolitan society and their loved ones separated by the Atlantic. This sensibility and awareness of metropolitan material culture masked a lack of empathy towards subordinates, and opened the white women these islands to censure, particularly during the era of the British abolitionist movement. Novels and popular publications portrayed white women in the Caribbean as prone to overconsumption, but these women seem to prize items not for their inherent value. They treasured items most when they came from beloved connections. This colonial interchange forged and preserved bonds with loved ones and comforted the women in the West Indies during their residence in these sugar plantation islands. This dissertation seeks to complicate the stereotype of insensibility and overconsumption that characterized the perception of white women who inhabited the British West Indies in the long eighteenth century.
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Nitcholas, Mark C. "The Evolution of Gentility in Eighteenth-Century England and Colonial Virginia." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2617/.
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This study analyzes the impact of eighteenth-century commercialization on the evolution of the English and southern American landed classes with regard to three genteel leadership qualities--education, vocation, and personal characteristics. A simultaneous comparison provides a clearer view of how each adapted, or failed to adapt, to the social and economic change of the period. The analysis demonstrates that the English gentry did not lose a class struggle with the commercial ranks as much as they were overwhelmed by economic changes they could not understand. The southern landed class established an economy based on production of cash crops and thus adapted better to a commercial economy. The work addresses the development of class-consciousness in England and the origins of Virginia's landed class.
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Dwyer, John. "Virtuous discourse : sensibility and community in late eighteenth-century Scotland." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25786.
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This study explores the moral characteristics of late eighteenth-century Scottish culture in order to ascertain both its specific nature and its contribution to modern consciousness. It argues that, while the language of moral discourse in that socio-economic environment remained in large part traditional, containing aspects from both neo-Stoicism and classical humanism, it also incorporated and helped to develop an explicitly modern conceptual network. The language of sensibility as discussed by Adam Smith and adapted by practical Scottish moralists, played a key role in the Scottish assessment of appropriate ethical behaviour In a complex society.
The contribution of enlightened Scottish moralists to the language and literature of sensibility has been virtually overlooked, with a corresponding impoverishment of our understanding of some of the most important eighteenth-century social and cultural developments. Both literary scholars and social historians have made the mistake of equating eighteenth century sensibility with the growth of individualism and romanticism. The Scottish contribution to sensibility cannot be appreciated in such terms, but needs to be examined in relation to the stress that its practitioners placed upon man's social nature and the integrity of the moral community.
Scottish moralists believed that their traditional ethical community was threatened by the increased selfishness, disparateness, and mobility of an imperial and commercial British society. They turned to the cultivation of the moral sentiments as a primary mechanism for moral preservation and regeneration in a cold and indifferent modern world. What is more their discussion of this cultivation related in significant ways to the development of new perspectives on adolescence, private and domestic life, the concept of the feminine and the literary form of the novel.
Scottish moralists made a contribution to sentimental discourse which has been almost completely overlooked. Henry Mackenzie, Hugh Blair and James Fordyce were among the most popular authors of the century and their discussion of the family, the community, education, the young and the conjugal relationship was not only influential per se but also reflected a particularly Scottish moral discourse which stressed the concept of sociability and evidenced concern about the survival of the moral community in a modern society. To the extent that literary scholars and historians have ignored or misread their works, they have obscured rather than enlightened eighteenth-century culture and its relationship with the social base.Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate
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Bethune, Kate. "British politeness and elite culture in revolutionary and early national Philadelphia, c.1775-1800." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609079.
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Allen, Katherine June. "Manuscript recipe collections and elite domestic medicine in eighteenth century England." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7c96c4db-2d18-4cff-bedc-f80558d57322.
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Collecting recipes was an established tradition that continued in elite English households throughout the eighteenth century. This thesis is on medical recipes and advice, and it addresses the evolution of recipe collecting from the seventeenth century and throughout the eighteenth century. It investigates elite domestic medicine within a cultural history of medicine framework and uses social and material history approaches to reveal why elites continued to collect medical recipes, given the commercialisation of medicine. This thesis contends that the meaning of domestic medicine must be understood within a wider context of elite healthcare in order to appreciate how the recipe collecting tradition evolved alongside cultural shifts, and shifts within the medical economy. My re-appraisal of the meaning of domestic medicine gives elite healthcare a clearer role within the narrative of the social history of medicine. Elite healthcare was about choice. Wealthy individuals had economic agency in consumerism, and recipe compilers interacted with new sources of information and products; recipe books are evidence of this consumer engagement. In addition to being household objects, recipe books had cultural significance as heirlooms, and as objects of literacy, authority, and creativity. A crucial reason for the continuation of the recipe collecting tradition was due to its continued engagement with cultural attitudes towards social obligation, knowledge exchange, taste, and sociability as an intellectual pursuit. Positioning the household as an important space of creativity, experiment, and innovation, this thesis reinforces domestic medicine as an important part of the interconnected histories of science and medicine. This thesis moreover contributes to the social history of eighteenth-century England by demonstrating the central role domestic medicine had in elite healthcare, and reveals the elite reception of the commercialisation of medicine from a consumer perspective through an investigation of personal records of intellectual pastimes and patient experiences.
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Baigent, Elizabeth. "Bristol society in the later eighteenth century with special reference to the handling by computer of fragmentary historical sources." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1c29c607-abe8-486b-9694-e11682413a3a.
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There has been little interest in eighteenth century urban history in England and particularly in the significance of patterns of urban social structure during the transition from a traditional to a modern society. One reason for this is the intractable and fragmentary nature of the sources for this precensus period. In this study three types of source, a town directory, a Parliamentary Poll Book and the city rate and national tax returns for Bristol in 1774/5, were collated using nominal record linkage techniques to give a body of information which covered 80% of the city's heads of household. With the use of this database and various computer techniques occupation, sex, wealth, place of residence and voting allegiance were analysed. The results suggest that a professional or leisured suburban group was by this date well established in distinct areas of the city. The supremacy of the traditional élite, the overseas merchants, was challenged by this group, although the merchants themselves were in part joining the suburban dwellers. Poorer Bristolians still concentrated in dockside parishes and in parts of the city which were becoming increasingly unfashionable and homogeneous as the richer men moved out, though this process was not very far advanced and there was still a degree of mixing in the older city parishes. The economic structure of the city was changing with increased emphasis on services, professions and distribution. This increased disparities in wealth within the city and between the city and its hinterland and gave the ability to the rich to further their isolation from the poor by moving to the suburbs. The 1774 election pointed to the continuing importance of traditional influences (here of religion) In society, but also confirmed suggestions that the professions and distributors were drawing away from the mass of the populace. A revision of previous interpretations of the nature of Bristol society is necessary to accommodate this growing and important group - the emergent middle class. The thesis shows that a comprehensive computer-based study can make usable dubious sources (in particular fiscal records) and use them to revise interpretations of English urban communities at this date.
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Renton, Amy Jane Victoria. "Physical disability, disabled veterans and the American Revolution." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265610.
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Using a combination of public institutional records and private personal records, this thesis explores how a newly emerging America constructed its ideas of physical disability in the era of the War for Independence. In the colonies, physical disability never stood alone as an independent category of difference, but was anchored in discourses of poverty and morality. However, the tumultuous events that occurred during the period 177 5 to 1818 forced this developing nation to confront physical disability to an extent that had not previously been required. The result was a conceptual and legislative shift, which caused the understanding of physical disability to be fundamentally redefined and become something identifiable in its own right. To analyse how, and why, this happened, this thesis looks at the public, cultural discourse of disability through this period, and examines the legal developments and the lived experiences that were occurring alongside it. By considering how disability was used in public commentaries to allegorise the split with Britain, it highlights the complicated environment and conceptual tumult which faced disabled Revolutionary War veterans on their return. Analysis of the trajectory of disability pension legislation suggests an infant nation testing the waters with early welfare programmes, often with limited success. However, these early initiatives were the progenitors of the first. national pension program. These developments created a distinct legal construction of disability that was seemingly at odds with the negative representation of disability in the public arena and, through medical and legal classifications, created a more formal platform for the conceptualisation of disability to emerge. To complement the institutional perspective, this thesis explores the lives of 523 disabled Revolutionary War veterans, using information they gave in their applications for a disability pension. This experiential approach expounds the ways in which disability was managed, how it shaped - and was shaped by - pre-existing expectations of gender roles, and how these experiences were often determined by class. Pertinent topics include family life, work life, and the ways in which veterans understood and employed their identities as disabled pensioners. Unlike the post-Civil War period a Revolutionary War disability never became the symbol of patriotism and bravery that the empty sleeve of the Civil War amputee did. Using the experiences of disabled former Revolutionary servicemen and contrasting this with the public discourse and national memory of the war, this thesis presents the reasons why this was the case.
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Withall, Caroline Louise. "Shipped out? : pauper apprentices of port towns during the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1870." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:519153d8-336b-4dac-bf37-4d6388002214.
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The thesis challenges popular generalisations about the trades, occupations and locations to which pauper apprentices were consigned, shining the spotlight away from the familiar narrative of factory children, onto the fate of their destitute peers in port towns. A comparative investigation of Liverpool, Bristol and Southampton, it adopts a deliberately broad definition of the term pauper apprenticeship in its multi-sourced approach, using 1710 Poor Law and charity apprenticeship records and previously unexamined New Poor Law and charity correspondence to provide new insight into the chronology, mechanisms and experience of pauper apprenticeship. Not all port children were shipped out. Significantly more children than has hitherto been acknowledged were placed in traditional occupations, the dominant form of apprenticeship for port children. The survival and entrenchment of this type of work is striking, as are the locations in which children were placed; nearly half of those bound to traditional trades remained within the vicinity of the port. The thesis also sheds new light on a largely overlooked aspect of pauper apprenticeship, the binding of boys into the Merchant service. Furthermore, the availability of sea apprenticeships as well as traditional placements caused some children to be shipped in to the ports for apprenticeships. Of those who were still shipped out to the factories, the evidence shows that far from dying out, as previously thought, the practice of batch apprenticeship persisted under the New Poor Law. The most significant finding of the thesis is the survival and endurance of pauper apprenticeship as an institution involving both Poor Law and charity children. Poor children were still being apprenticed late into the third quarter of the nineteenth century. Pauper apprenticeship is shown to have been a robust, resilient and resurgent institution. The evidence from port towns offers significant revision to the existing historiography of pauper apprenticeship.
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Underwood, Scott V. "A revolutionary atmosphere : England in the aftermath of the French revolution." Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/722223.
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This study is a cross-examination of the theory of revolution and the historical view of English society and politics in the late eighteenth century. Historical research focused upon the most respected (if not the most recent) works containing theory and information about the effects of the French Revolution on English society and politics. Research into the theory of revolution was basically a selection process whereby a few of the most extensive and reasonable theories were chosen for use.The cross-study of the two fields revealed that, although historians view it as politically conservative and generally complacent, English society, fettered by antiquated political institutions and keenly aware of the recent French Revolution, contained all the elements conducive to rebellion listed by the theorists of revolution. In the final analysis, research indicated revolution did not occur in England because of the confluence of political, military and social events in England and France.Department of History
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Wien, William Thomas. "Peasant accumulation in a context of colonization : Rivière-du-Sud, Canada, 1720-1775." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75847.
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Recent research has shown the Canadian peasantry of the eighteenth century to be less homogeneous than was once thought. Beyond the ebb and flow of the family cycle, the striking differences in productive resources from one household to the next can only have furthered accumulation among the peasants. Set in Riviere-du-Sud, a seigneury fifty kilometres downstream from Quebec on the south shore of the St. Lawrence, the present study is concerned with the forms and limits of that process. By 1720, the seigneury had entered what might be called the second phase of colonization; the population had taken root, but throughout the period land for the children who departed would continue to be available farther afield. In this setting, it is suggested, both production and markets were too uncertain to permit even the largest producers to lose their subsistence orientation and break through the traditional limits to scale. At the same time, such peasants had no choice but to invest most of their appreciable surplus in land, which they eventually distributed to their children. A muted differentiation process, in which the most prosperous continually pushed the vulnerable off their valuable land to inferior holdings elsewhere, resulted.
Books on the topic "Norway – Social conditions – 18th century"
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Desloges, Yvon. A tenant's town: Quebec in the 18th century. Ottawa: National Historic Sites, Parks Service, 1991.
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Desloges, Yvon. A tenant's town: Québec in the 18th century. Canada: National Historic Sites, Park Service, Environment Canada, 1991.
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Sexual customs in rural Norway: A nineteenth-century study. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1993.
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Daily life in 18th-century England. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1999.
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Fernand, Braudel. Civilization and capitalism, 15th-18th century. New York: Harper & Row, 1985.
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Fernand, Braudel. Civilization and capitalism, 15th-18th century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
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Fernand, Braudel. Civilization and capitalism, 15th-18th century. New York: Perennial Library, 1985.
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Porter, Roy. English society in the eighteenth century. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2001.
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English society in the eighteenth century. London, England: Penguin Books, 1990.
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Roy, Porter. English society in the eighteenth century. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Norway – Social conditions – 18th century"
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Köroğlu, Muhammet Ali, and Cemile Zehra Köroğlu. "Information Technologies and Social Change." In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition, 4715–22. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch409.
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There are turning points in human history changed the destiny of humanity: Representing the transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture, Agricultural Revolution or the Neolithic Revolution. French Revolution that took place in 18th century and the Industrial Revolution providing the transition from the agricultural economy to industrial economy. From 19th century, Information Revolution, the whole world has experienced the effects of it in varying degrees. Information Science and technologies have become areas that their communities give the greatest importance for them and they make maximum investments to them in the globalized world conditions. As Daniel Bell describes, Industrial society left its place to Post-industrial society which is an Information society in a sense.
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Ershov, Bogdan, and Natalia Muhina. "Factors of Political Development of Russia From the 10th to the 18th Centuries." In Political, Economic, and Social Factors Affecting the Development of Russian Statehood, 1–20. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9985-2.ch001.
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The chapter deals with the formation and development of Russian statehood from the 10th to the 18th centuries. It was at this time that domestic statehood was formed in very peculiar conditions. The following factors greatly influenced the specifics of Russian statehood: peasant, national, geopolitical, modernization. Throughout its history, Russia has gone through five major periods of state development: the Old Russian state, Muscovy, the Russian Empire, the Soviet state, and the Russian Federation. The process of Russian statehood was birthed in the ancient Russian state, which arose in the middle of the 9th century with its center in Kiev and existed until the middle of the 15th century. This period was marked by the approval of the basic principles of statehood in Russia, the merging of its northern and southern centers, and the growth of the military-political and international influence of the state.
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Bull, Ida. "Byeliten på 1700-tallet. De sterke nettverk." In Hvem styrte byene? Nordisk byhistorie 1500–1800, 85–106. Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/noasp.149.ch3.
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Urban elites in the 18th century: The strong networks During the 17th and 18th centuries, Norwegian cities changed. The population became more differentiated, and the administrations of cities were adapted to absolute monarchy. Trade was in principle connected to cities, which forced merchants to settle in Norwegian cities to take part in export. Immigrant merchants soon joined the elites in the cities, establishing themselves as centres in networks connecting their regions to the international market. While the King was strengthening his local administration, the new economic elites secured a distinct influence on the economic and political conditions in the cities. This chapter discusses how this elite worked to affect the political administration of the major cities in the four regions in Norway: Bergen, Kristiania, Kristiansand and Trondheim, with a special focus on the latter. All of these cities were obliged to communicate through the King’s servants with Copenhagen. In addition, they all had important trading connections to other cities in Europe. Immigrant merchants established strong networks in their new cities. Together with the King’s most prominent servants, these merchants constituted the cities’ elites. While the King’s men ruled the city, a consultative board was elected among men with citizenship – “de eligerte menn”. How this board was elected and functioned differed between cities, but in the larger Norwegian cities the international trading merchants monopolised the boards of elected men. Their education and experience from a larger world made their power seem self-evident. However, towards the end of the 18th century, against the background of the French Revolution, their monopoly was no longer obvious. Citizens with lower status, especially craftsmen, contested the merchants’ power. This chapter discusses how conflict developed and pointed towards a more democratic evolution in the 19th century.
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Poór, Judit, and Éva Tóth. "The Viti-viniculture Sector of the Festetics Estate at the Beginning of the 19th Century." In Economic and Social Changes: Historical Facts, Analyses and Interpretations, 89–94. Working Group of Economic and Social History, Regional Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Pécs, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/seshst-01-10.
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At the end of the 18th century, only 3-4 % of the cultivated area was covered with vineyards. However, the importance of viticulture was not proportionate with the extent of its territorial size - due to the poor public health conditions, most of the waters were non-drinkable, so people usually drunk wines with a 4-5 % alcohol content. The wine production was 13-17 million hectoliters in the first third of the 19th century. During this period, several large estates switched from the former taxation approach to income-oriented market production, in which winemaking played a key role, as it had been an important vital market product before. According to Kaposi, lordships’ cellar economy of lordships was engaged in the storage and treatment operations of wine community customs duty, ninth wine, the supply of wine to inns and public houses, and other wine sales.1 In our study, we examined the most important characteristics of the viticulture and wine sector of the Keszthely-based Festetics estate in the period between 1785-1807, both in terms of production and profitability. We concluded that the share of income from wine within the total income decreased at the beginning of the 1800s, besides high production fluctuation characterized the production of lordships as well as production of the estate; however, the production of the lordships could compensate each other to confirm the diversified production in space.
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Bryden, John. "Towards a Theory of Divergent Development." In Northern Neighbours. Edinburgh University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696208.003.0002.
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The author develops a theoretical argument that seeks to help explain the very different development paths taken by and in Scotland and Norway since the 18th Century, and their implications. Drawing on the ideas of Classical Political Economy as well as those of Karl Polanyi, Bryden uses material from the other Chapters to reject essentialist and ’stage theory’ approaches to understanding development in a long term, comparative perspective. The argument starts by highlighting the very different patterns of land ownership and occupation in the two countries by the early 1800’s. Norway was a country of small peasant proprietors, while Scotland was one of large landowners. In Scotland, the former peasants became dispossessed urban labour or migrants to the new colonies of the British empire. In Norway, the peasants remained on the land and continued to grow in number until well into the 20th Century. This was possible because of the specific nature of Norway’s industrialization, which was based on its decentralized hydro-electric energy, in contrast to Scotland’s centralised coal resources. Scottish industrialisation depended on the ’reserve army’ of ‘cheap’ dispossessed labour either from the rural areas of Scotland or Ireland. A further consequence of widespread land ownership in Norway was the much larger, and more diverse, political franchise from the early stages of democracy following independence from Denmark in 1814, and the effect of this on political alliances and the development of local as well as central government institutions and policies up to the present day. Political choices were made because of specific historical, political and social conditions in Norway, not because they were in a particular ’stage’ of development. A multilinear framework is needed to understand the differences between Scotland and Norway, based on Polanyi’s claim that markets are embedded in social institutions and not, as neoliberals maintain, the other way around.
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Cała, Alina. "The Question of the Assimilation of Jews in the Polish Kingdom (1864-1897): An Interpretive Essay." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 1, 130–50. Liverpool University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781904113171.003.0011.
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This chapter explores the question of the assimilation of Jews in the Kingdom of Poland. What had in fact occurred to 19th-century Polish Jewry? Firstly, the idea developed that its social structure was abnormal. The demand to reform this, understood as calling for changes in economic and political status, had been aired already in the 18th century. Such ideas were strengthened in the 19th century, both in the minds of Poles and some Jews, so that in the wake of the January rising this problem was raised together with the necessity for the Polish caste system to be destroyed. By the end of the century, the specific features of Jewish assimilation in the Polish Kingdom took on quite different forms from those the assimilationist programme itself had assumed. In the 19th century, Jewish assimilation occurred on a widespread scale throughout Europe. The movement generated its own ideology and a large body of literature. In the Congress Kingdom, this ideology was promoted primarily by publicists. In post-insurrectionary conditions in Poland, it was forced to adopt too the role of a quasi-political current.
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Bryden, John, Erik Opsahl, Ottar Brox, and Lesley Riddoch. "Introduction." In Northern Neighbours. Edinburgh University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696208.003.0001.
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This chapter outlines the book’s main purpose – to answer the question of how the development of two small counties in the north of Europe, whose histories were intertwined from c.AD 795, and whose economic, social, cultural and political structures had certain similarities in the early and late medieval periods, nevertheless diverged sharply in the development of these structures from the eighteenth century on. In answering this question, the authors seek to move closer to an understanding of the political, social and economic conditions that make an ‘alternative’ development possible. In this way, they intend to inform debates about the political and economic future of post-Brexit Scotland, and contribute to debates about present and future policy choices in Norway, as well as those about future relationships between Scotland and the Nordic Union.
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Cropf, Robert A. "The Virtual Public Sphere." In Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition, 1525–30. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch206.
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The public sphere does not exist and operate in the same way everywhere. Every country is different with regard to its own economic, social, political, and cultural characteristics and relations; therefore, each country’s public sphere has its own roots which grow and develop within a unique set of conditions and circumstances. As a result, the impact of information technology (IT) on a public sphere will also vary considerably from one country to another. According to the German social theorist, Jürgen Habermas (1989,1996), the public sphere serves as a social “space,” which is separate from the private sphere of family relations, the commercial sphere of business and commerce, and the governmental sphere, which is dominated by the activities of the state. Its importance is that it contributes to the strengthening of democracy by, in effect, serving as a forum for reasoned discussion about politics and civic affairs. Furthermore, Habermas regards the public sphere as embodying such core liberal beliefs as individual rights, that is, the freedoms of speech, press, assembly and communication, and “privacy rights” (Cohen & Arato 1992, p. 211), which he thought were needed to ensure society’s autonomy from the state. Thus, for the purposes of this article, public sphere is defined as a “territory” of social relations that exist outside of the roles, duties, and constraints established by government, the marketplace, and kinship ties. Habermas’ conception of the public sphere is both a historical description and an ideal type. Historically, what Habermas refers to as the bourgeois public sphere emerged from the 18th century Enlightenment in Europe, for example, England and France, as well as early America, and which went into decline in the 19th century as a result of the increasing domination of the mass media, which transformed a reading public that debated matters of culture into disengaged consumers (Keane, 1998, p. 160). Along the way, active deliberation and participation were replaced by passive consumption of mass culture. As an ideal type, however, the public sphere represents an arena, absent of class and other social distinctions, in which private citizens can engage in critical deliberation and reasoned dialogue about important matters regarding politics and culture. The emergence of IT, particularly in the form of computer networks, as a progressive social force coincides with the apex of mass media’s domination of the public sphere in liberal democracies. Since the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW) in the early 1990s, various observers have touted IT’s potential to strengthen democratic institutions (e.g., Barber 2003; Becker & Slaton, 2000; Benkler, 2006; Cleveland, 1985; Cropf & Casaregola, 1998; Davis, Elin, & Reeher, 2002). The WWW, it is thought, provides citizens with numerous opportunities to engage in the political process as well as to take a more active role in the governance process. Benkler (2006), for example, asserts the WWW encourages a more open, participatory, and activist approach because it enables users to communicate directly with potentially many other users in a way that is outside the control of the media owners and is less corruptible by money than are the mass media (p. 11). Fulfilling the promise of the virtual public sphere, however, depends on political will; governments must commit the resources needed to facilitate public access to the technology and remove legal and economic barriers to the free flow of information inside and outside national boundaries.
Conference papers on the topic "Norway – Social conditions – 18th century"
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Panova, Elizaveta. "Word-image interaction in the treatise “Voyage en Siberie”." In 6th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.14163p.
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“Voyage en Siberie” describes a journey through Russia carried out by Jean Chappe d'Auteroche to observe the passage of Venus across the Sun. Besides the description of this phenomenon the book contains the author’s travel notes and study of the Russian political, historical, geographic and military conditions in the middle of the 18th century. “Voyage en Siberie” was accompanied by the cycle of illustrations performed by Jean-Baptiste Le Prince. As these works were among the first examples of the costume images on the Russian subject, they became crucial in the career of the artist who is considered to be the creator of “Russerie” in French art. This paper discusses the nature of the text and illustrations developing according to the logic of ideas of the Enlightenment. The author intends to show that although Chappe d'Auteroche and Le Prince worked together on the book they had different visions of the problem.
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Panova, Elizaveta. "Word-image interaction in the treatise “Voyage en Siberie”." In 6th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.14163p.
Full textAbstract:
“Voyage en Siberie” describes a journey through Russia carried out by Jean Chappe d'Auteroche to observe the passage of Venus across the Sun. Besides the description of this phenomenon the book contains the author’s travel notes and study of the Russian political, historical, geographic and military conditions in the middle of the 18th century. “Voyage en Siberie” was accompanied by the cycle of illustrations performed by Jean-Baptiste Le Prince. As these works were among the first examples of the costume images on the Russian subject, they became crucial in the career of the artist who is considered to be the creator of “Russerie” in French art. This paper discusses the nature of the text and illustrations developing according to the logic of ideas of the Enlightenment. The author intends to show that although Chappe d'Auteroche and Le Prince worked together on the book they had different visions of the problem.