Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Northland'

A study of the aquatic invertebrate communities from two locations (Location 1 and Location 2) within the Matapouri catchment in Northland, New Zealand, was conducted to assess community structure in differing local-scale habitats. Four data collection methods were utilised generating 33,058 adult or larval invertebrates. The sampling methods comprised benthic kick-sampling, sticky trapping, light trapping, and emergence trapping. For the sticky trapping and light trapping, sampling was carried out at three different sites (Sites 1–3) within each location. The sites were situated within three habitat types; native forest, native forest-fringe, and raupo wetland. Emergence trapping also commenced within the three sites, at both locations, but was discontinued after two months, due to the equipment being destroyed by consecutive flooding events (method described in Appendix 1). Benthic sampling was carried out within the Forest and Forest-fringe habitats. Benthic sampling, sticky trapping, and light trapping were carried out following a monthly schedule between June and November 2005. Conductivity, pH, and water temperature measurements were taken concurrently with benthic sampling on a monthly basis, while water velocity and substrate measurements were taken once to assist in habitat characterisation. Overall, 71 taxa were recorded by benthic sampling over the six month period, with a mean of approximately 30 taxa per site per month. In comparison with similar studies elsewhere in New Zealand, a figure of around 30 taxa per sample was high. The benthic macroinvertebrate fauna at all sites was dominated by Trichoptera (19 taxa), Diptera (16 taxa) and Ephemeroptera (10 taxa). This pattern of diversity is similar to that reported in other New Zealand studies. However, in contrast to previous studies, the leptophlebiid mayfly genus Deleatidium was not numerically dominant over the rest of the community, and other leptophlebiid genera (Acanthophlebia, Atalophlebioides, Mauiulus and Zephlebia) were equally represented, possibly reflecting niche partitioning between the groups. The genus Nesameletus was not recorded at any site, despite being one of the core mayfly species in New Zealand streams. The rare mayfly Isothraulus abditus was recorded at one of the forest locations. There are no published records of this species from Northland. Although acknowledged as another of the core New Zealand benthic taxa, the hydropsychid caddisfly Aoteapsyche was not recorded during the study. However, another hydropsychid, Orthopsyche, was commonly recorded, and these may be filling a similar niche to the Aoteapsyche genus. In contrast to the Trichoptera, Diptera, and Ephemeroptera, the Plecoptera fauna was relatively depauperate, probably reflecting the warmer climate of the region and lack of temperature-buffered spring-fed streams. Surprisingly, Zelandobius, a core New Zealand genus, was absent but is regularly recorded in Northland. A species of conservation interest, Spaniocercoides watti, currently recognised as a Northland endemic, was recorded in low numbers. There were no apparent trends in diversity or abundance of benthic invertebrates over time. Also, there were no significant differences in species diversity between the two locations. However, in many cases, taxa were more abundant at Location 2. This may have been due to steeper gradients at Location 2, and the consequent effects on substrate size and streambed stability, as all other physical factors appeared similar between locations. Although several significant differences of individual benthic taxa were recorded, no broad effect of habitat (sites) on species diversity was observable. However, at Location 2, abundances were significantly higher at Site 3 (Forest) compared to Site 2 (Forest-fringe). The reasons were uncertain, but may be attributed to higher retention of allochthonous organic materials, trapped by in-stream cover and larger substrates. Investigations of adult stages by sticky traps supported benthic results recording community compositions and abundances dominated by Trichoptera and Diptera. Plecoptera were poorly represented. Location 2 recorded higher abundances of taxa, particularly Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. Investigations of adult stages by light traps however did not produce any statistically significant differences in abundances between sites, between locations, or between sites across locations, and it is believed to be due to limited sampling replication combined with some biases of light trapping. This study indicates that the aquatic invertebrate community at Matapouri is diverse but also reasonably representative. Several rare or uncommon insects inhabit the catchment. It is therefore important that Iwi and the local Landcare Group, who invited and supported this research, together with the Department of Conservation, continue their efforts in protecting these areas. The resident fauna have the capacity to restock areas downstream, which are intended to be improved and restored through sediment control and riparian management.

Autobiographically motivated and using two separate approaches, the study aims at exploring interlinkages between voluntary intra-national return migration, place and identity, paying particular attention to the social, political and personal contexts within which individuals' return decisions are made. The first approach represents a theoretical one based one existing literature, discussing the three core concepts - place, identity and return migrating - independently while applying conclusions and findings to the current case study of Ma��ori return migration. The second part of the study consists of a field study of eight actual returnees to a Northland community, one non-returnee and two potential returnees. Information about the two potential returnees is derived from published interviews while data from actual returnees and the non-returnee is gathered by semi-structured interviews. After applying Social Identity Theory, all data is analysed qualitatively and discussed in relation to conclusions derived from the theoretical analysis, and in relation to the international context of indigenism, the national context of the Ma��ori renaissance and to the regional context of the Muriwhenua land claim. Confirming findings of literature about return migration returnees' characteristics vary, as do return motives which are usually deeply personal. Nevertheless, two clusters of return motives emerge amongst informants: family- and culturally related ones. Profiles of culturally motivated returnees are in line with those suggested in literature on Ma��ori return migration of young urban individuals of Ma��ori descent who are influenced by the current social and political context of the Ma��ori renaissance and the propagated Ma��ori prototype. The study provides a departure point for practical purposes such as rural and urban planning, while arguing the importance of individuals' identification practices for return decisions in light of anticipated increases of ethnification and indigenist movements. The interdisciplinary and contextual approach appears suitable for a holistic understanding of the complex phenomenon of return migration.

Thesis (D.Min.)--Central Baptist Theological Seminary, 2005.
Computer printout. At time of cataloging, Dr. Coats is Dean of Men at Northland Baptist Bible College. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-158).

Road slips are common in Northland Allochthon residual clay soil, and are commonly mitigated using deep soil mixing (DSM). A deficiency in laboratory investigations on Northland Allochthon residual clay and a need for a better understanding of the numerical modelling of DSM columns used to mitigate unstable slopes in this soil type is evident in literature, and has been highlighted by practitioners. This research has aimed to fill aspects of these deficiencies. Field testing and classification tests have provided insight into how the soil varies between sites and with depth, and how in situ testing methods compare to one another. Field testing has also demonstrated that soil property changes around DSM columns have been shown to exist through seismic flat plate dilatometer testing before and after column installation, which has not previously been proven using an in situ method. This is important for practitioners who use DSM to demonstrate the additional soil improvements provided by the columns. The testing of reconstituted soil is fundamental in examining soil behaviour, and this study is the first to examine the triaxial behaviour of reconstituted specimens of Northland Allochthon soil. Laboratory triaxial testing and oedometer testing have allowed for a normalized comparison of the intact strength of Northland Allochthon residual clay soil to its reconstituted state. This work provides an answer to the important question regarding the role of soil structure in this soil type. It was revealed that soil structure results in increased shear strength of the soil, and that this increase is primarily cohesive in nature. The near coincidence of the post-rupture strength of intact specimens with the critical state angle of internal shearing resistance provides support for its use in examining first time slope failures in this soil type. This is an important finding for practitioners, as it demonstrates the value of testing reconstituted specimens, which are much easier to obtain than high quality intact specimens. In addition, relationships between the plasticity index (PI) of the soil and certain soil parameters (and soil behaviour) have been demonstrated to be relevant and useful for this soil type. Soil properties acquired in this study were tabulated along with those from other field sites in Northland Allochthon soil. It was found that there is significant variation between field sites, likely due to varying degrees of weathering, which is an important consideration for practitioners dealing with this soil type. A brief examination of constitutive models for representation of Northland Allochthon residual clay soil have shown that several different models can sufficiently represent the behaviour of this soil. The Mohr-Coulomb model was selected for use in subsequent finite element numerical models. A case study of a road slip at a field site in Northland Allochthon residual clay soil, mitigated using DSM columns, revealed that the use of a pre-existing slip surface after first time failure leads to an improved match between observed field behaviour and the behaviour of the slope as exhibited in a numerical model. This type of failure mechanism has not been previously examined in this soil type, and this case study demonstrates it is a useful approach that should be considered when dealing with second time failure in Northland Allochthon slopes. This numerical model also introduces the replacement ratio method (RRM), a technique used to represent the three dimensional (3D) geometry of the DSM columns in the more commonly used two dimensional (2D) analysis. Examination of laterally loaded DSM columns in plan view, which has not previously been performed in the context of DSM columns, has illustrated how installation effects and column shape influence load displacement curves, and demonstrates the effects of soil arching. This analysis provides practitioners with evidence that improved soil property changes, found to occur around DSM columns, lead to improved DSM column performance. A simplified 3D numerical model of laterally loaded DSM columns, which builds on the ideas developed in the previous two 2D models, has been compared to an identical 2D model. It is shown that the commonly used RRM results in an overestimation of the resisting force provided by the columns as compared to the 3D model. However, this does not necessarily imply that the use of the RRM in an analysis will always result in a safe slope. The degree to which its use will affect the results will depend on the slope geometry, location of the DSM columns, and the type of analysis performed (i.e. factor of safety or deformation based). A modification to the RRM has been proposed. It is recommended that when the DSM column diameter and soil properties are similar to those used in this study, the MRRM developed in this study should be utilized. In circumstances where they differ, it is recommended that practitioners perform a sensitivity analysis using the MRRM developed here as a basis for modifying the RRM in order to determine the extent to which their results are influenced. If the influence is significant, the use of a 3D model should be considered.

(English) Antoine Marie Garin (1810-1889) was a French Marist priest in charge of a mission station among the Maori people in Mangakahia (Northland) from 1843 to 1847. His personal diary, his ‘Notes de mission’ for the 1844-6 period, is a testimony to his years spent with the Maori and gives a day-to-day account of his evangelisation work. The individual reactions of the people he relates to, especially the Maori people, are reproduced with great care. The value of the document stems mainly from the careful record of the words and thoughts of the persons who Garin meets or the persons he lives with during his work. The quotations, often written in the original language, show the author’s desire to keep and reproduce the point of view of the Other. The sacred task of Garin was to convert the Maori people to Catholic Christianity, but his attitude towards evangelisation was relatively open for a nineteenth-century religious man. Although Garin did not exploit these ‘Notes’ for any published work about his mission, they were the documentary basis for a lecture he gave in 1876 in Nelson about the events of the Hone Heke war which Garin observed in 1845-6. Antoine Garin’s diary is also very interesting for its picture of the mission life of a French Catholic priest living in a Maori world shortly after the Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840, at a time when some Maori people were beginning to realise what the Treaty actually meant in their lives. The missionary work of these early French pioneers in the Maori mission is barely known. Finally, the ‘Notes de mission’ are an incredible testimony to Maori life and thought–processes at a time when Maori people were facing a flow of new ideas, new ways of living and new behaviours brought by the Europeans. This document, far from reproducing a culture from the outside, is an attempt to understand in depth and express the thinking of the Other. It will be analysed in the context of a modern post-colonial reading. A careful reading shows that cultural contact between European and Indigenous people was not a one-way process, but involved a two-way relationship in which the two sides of the contact were each involved in transformation and re-interpretation. This thesis presents a transcription of the ‘Notes de mission’ from the original manuscript for the years 1844 to 1846, along with explanatory notes on the text and its variations. Analytical chapters aim to place the document in the context of Garin’s life, the Catholic mission in New Zealand, the Maori reaction to Christianity in the nineteenth century, the events of 1845-6 and the methodology of writing a private journal.
(French) Antoine Marie Garin (1810-1889) était un prêtre missionnaire mariste chargé de la mission maorie de Mangakahia (Northland) de 1843 à 1847. Son journal personnel, intitulé « Notes de mission », pour la période 1844-6, est le témoin de ces années passées parmi les Maoris et retrace au jour le jour son travail d’évangélisation. Les réactions individuelles de ses interlocuteurs, surtout des personnes maories, y sont notées avec soin. L’intérêt du document réside principalement dans l’enregistrement minutieux des paroles des individus que Garin rencontre ou avec lesquelles il vit. Les citations, souvent faites dans la langue d’origine de l’interlocuteur, reflètent la volonté de l’auteur de conserver et de reproduire le point de vue de l’Autre. La mission sacrée de Garin était la conversion des Maoris, mais son attitude vis-à-vis de l’évangélisation était relativement ouverte pour un homme de religion du dix-neuvième siècle. Alors que Garin n’a pas utilisé ces Notes pour la publication d’un ouvrage sur son travail de mission, elles ont servi de source documentaire à une conférence qu’il a donné en 1876 à Nelson sur les événements de la guerre de Hone Heke et Kawiti dont Garin fut en partie le témoin. Le journal de Garin est intéressant aussi pour le rapport de la vie de mission d’un prêtre catholique français immergé dans le monde maori, peu après le Traité de Waitangi de 1840 et lors de la première prise de conscience, par une partie de la population maorie, de ses conséquences. Le travail missionnaire de ces pionniers de la mission maorie est peu ou mal connu. Enfin, ces Notes sont un témoignage exemplaire de la vie et de la pensée maories à une période où elle était confrontée à un afflux d’idées, de manières et d’attitudes nouvelles apportées par la présence européenne. Ce document, loin de dépeindre une autre culture de l’extérieur, est une tentative de comprendre en profondeur et d’exprimer la pensée de l’Autre. Il sera interprété dans le contexte d’une lecture post-colonialiste moderne. Une lecture attentive révèle que le contact entre Européen et peuple indigène n’est nullement un processus à sens unique, mais qu’il implique une relation à double sens, dans lequel les deux côtés des contacts sont eux-mêmes invariablement transformés. Cette thèse présente une transcription du texte manuscrit des « Notes de mission » pour les années 1844 à 1846, accompagnée de notes explicatives sur le texte et ses variations. Des chapitres analytiques visent à replacer le document dans le contexte de la vie de Garin, la mission catholique en Nouvelle-Zélande, la réaction maorie au christianisme au dix-neuvième siècle, les évènements de 1845-6 et la méthodologie d’écriture d’un journal personnel.

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) occupy a wide range of coastal and pelagic habitats throughout tropical and temperate waters worldwide. Around New Zealand, bottlenose dolphins inhabit three discontinuous regions in the north-eastern coast of the North Island, Marlborough Sound and Fiordland in the South Island. All these populations are subject to anthropogenic activities including dolphin-based tourism industry. Along the north-eastern coast of the North Island, the Bay of Islands presents a unique opportunity to study this population because of regular occurrence year-round and a history of long-term studies conducted in the region. This study examines the population structure and genetic diversity of the three New Zealand bottlenose dolphin populations to define their boundaries. Second, it focuses on the Bay of Islands subpopulation to investigate the dynamics of dolphin groups, pattern of habitat use, abundance and trends over time. Finally, it estimates reproductive parameters of female bottlenose dolphins to predict the long-term viability of the Bay of Islands subpopulation.

The objective of this study was to determine how final stocking influences tree growth and radial and longitudinal variation in wood properties at a Pinus radiata D. Don plantation located at one of the warmest forest sites in New Zealand, Forsyth Downs forest in Northland. This thesis addressed both the effect of stocking on stand basal area, height, diameter and branch diameter and the effect of stocking on wood properties microfibril angle (MFA), module of elasticity and density. Finally, how ring width influences wood properties and whether this variable accounts for the treatment effects was investigated. Stocking, height and ring number and all interactions between these variables significantly affected ring width. Ring width by itself was significant as a predictor of density, but when it was combined with other class level variables it was insignificant (i.e. does not account for treatment effects), and it did not add anything to a model with only class effects. There was a significant impact of ring number on density while ring width was insignificant in the same model. MFA was significantly affected by ring width, height and ring number in the tree, and all interactions, apart from the three way interaction, but not by stocking. Ring width was significant in the MFA model both by itself and when it was combined with other variables. Ring width accounted for the stocking effect. The best model of MOE included the class level effects of stocking, height and ring number within the tree, and all interactions between these variables, and ring width, as a continuous variable. While there was a significant effect between stockings this was relatively weak compared to the other main effects. Ring width largely accounted for the effect of stocking, but not that of ring number, or height.

Late Cenozoic subduction-related volcanism in northern New Zealand left a record in Northland, the Coromandel and, from 2 Ma, in the central North Island. Over 90% of the volcanic succession formed prior to the intensely studied central North Island volcanism. This study documents geochemical and isotopic characteristics of volcanic rocks of the Northland Arc and the Coromandel Volcanic Zone (CVZ). Rocks are basaltic, andesitic, dacitic to rhyolitic, with subordinate trachybasalts to trachydacites. All samples have an arc-type trace element signature, Northland Arc (23.5-15.5 Ma) western belt rocks are relatively mafic, and eastern belt rocks relatively felsic. The contrast possibly reflects variable crustal thickness across the Northland peninsula, with eastern belt magmas the products of more deep-seated magmatic systems. The CZV (18-1.95 Ma) erupted comparable andesites to Northland Arc eastern belt rocks, and also basalts, rhyolites and high-magnesium andesites. CVZ basalts resemble least differentiated andesites, but have relatively high Na2O and TiO2. CVZ rhyolites have distinct compositions, where the least differentiated rhyolites may represent partial melts derived from equivalents to CVZ basalts. Crystal and groundmass compositions suggest that andesites are mixtures of mafic and silicic components that to some extent resemble the compositions of CVZ basalts and rhyolites, respectively. With the recognition of high-magnesium andesites in the Kiwitahi chain, the CVZ includes all the major rock types that characterise the modern volcanic system. Hydrothermally altered CVZ andesites host c. 50 epithermal gold-silver deposits of the Hauraki goldfield. Trace elements used in exploration to locate such ore bodies are mostly confined to veins, so the range of geochemical exploration targeting can potentially be extended by a better understanding of major element mass changes that occur over larger distances. The unaltered rock dataset obtained in this study provides a baseline to quantify major element mass changes in altered rocks by using the immobile element ratio Zr/Ti to estimate protolith composition. A test case in the Waitekauri area alteration zone shows that maximum and average K and Rb gains consistently increase from periphery to core over a 3 km wide section, demonstrating that quantitative mass balance data can be a significant addition to geochemical exploration.

Several subvertical dikes of quenched and chilled basalt intrude a submarine tephra and underlying Miocene sediments on the north shore of Okahukura peninsula, Kaipara harbour, west coast of Northland, New Zealand. Results of simple physical modelling show that a number of structures, complex at first sight, i.e. rim dikes and horns, fingers, sigmoidal and rhomboidal intrusives ( the three latter named internal intrusives ) and peperites form in sequence when the dikes stop and cool. Rim dikes and horns are formed at an early stage as dike tips are blunted as a result of consolidation of tephra when the pore water pressure dissipates. Internal intrusives and at last peperite are interpreted as volume of expelled magma consecutively to the change from liquid to the more voluminous solid+gas states of the magma as the dikes cool. The tips of the dikes act as a pressure valve because, in such sheet intrusion, an increase in the internal pressure is magnified some thirty times at the tip. After the dikes had solidified, the tephra ahead of dike tip was fluidized by vapor flow. Two dikes intruding the tephra are selected for mechanical modelling. Preliminary results show that the tephra was not cemented. It is modelled as a sand with a hyperbolic stress vs strain relationship which changes with the stress path. The dikes are treated as flat elliptical cavities. It is shown that the presence of an array of cracks in the tephra ahead of the dikes can be simulated with the Barenblatt-Dugdale model of fracture mechanics and that the width of the elliptical slit used in calculation must be wider than that of the dikes. The driving pressure of these two dikes was approximately 4 MPa and elastic displacement 25 to 30 % of total displacement. The tephra is the remnant of a dissected but structurally intact shallow submarine volcano of surtseyan type. Results of the mechanical modelling and structural and sedimentological data enable to localise the main vent of the volcano. The surtseyan cone, which consists of tholeiite, overlies unconformably all other Tertiary formations. This confirms that, along the west coast of Northland, the latest lower Miocene manifestation of high alumina volcanism occurred in Mid-Upper Altonian times ( 17.5-15.5 My ) and was basic and tholeiitic.

The Karikari Plutonics are Early Miocene in age and consist of two plutonic bodies, with age relations delineated by cross- cutting relationships, and associated later stage dykes. The older pluton is a complex body exhibiting textural variability, cumulate-style crystallisation, varied enclaves (indicating complex magma chamber processes including convection and crystallisation along steeply-dipping northwest oriented fronts) and a multi-phase structural and dyke intrusion history. Modal analysis shows this body to be diorite to quartz monzodiorite, and geochemically calc-alkaline and medium-K in nature. In contrast the younger pluton is extremely homogeneous and intruded by a single, volumetrically sparse, dyke phase. Modally quartz monzonite to granite (adamellite), and high-K calc- alkaline, this body has higher Si, K-group + Na, REE group and HFSE group elements than the older pluton. Mineral differences are confined to An contents in plagioclase, En values in orthopyroxenes and a wider range of Al in younger pluton hornblendes. Igneous differentiation can be modelled within the older pluton and between the older and younger bodies, by fractional crystallisation dominated by plagioclase, with subordinate ortho- and clino- pyroxene and oxide phases. The dykes show a compositional range from basaltic andesite to dacite, with andesite volumetrically dominant. A temporal trend can be seen with younger dykes becoming more felsic and of greater volume, and changing orientation from northeast to northwest. Two subdivisions can be made based on the presence or absence of hornblende. Pyroxene only dykes are mostly medium-K and dominantly andesitic, whereas hornblende-bearing lithologies are both medium-K and high-K, are andesite and dacite, and appear to be more evolved chemically. The rock envelope into which the Karikari Plutonics was intruded consists of Cretaceousage basalts, rhyolites and sedimentary lithologies. Although a regular contact aureole is not exposed, the lowest grade of contact metamorphism is delineated by the first occurrence of biotite. Rocks equivalent to the hornblende hornfels facies are widespread and rare pyroxene hornfels are found adjacent to contacts. Alteration and veining, particularly prevalent in fault/shear zones, and the presence of a magmatic-hydrothermal type breccia are evidence for a hydrothermal system associated with the waning stages of Lower Miocene-age igneous activity on the Karikari Peninsula. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope data indicates the presence of fluids of both magmatic and meteoric origin. The Karikari Plutonics are correlated with the arc-type regional association of Northland and the Coromandel Peninsula. The source of these rocks is broadly M-type, hydrous and involving subduction zone, and modified mantle wedge components, but with some unspecified crustal involvement indicated by Sr isotopes. Specifically this source is modelled, for the Karikari Plutonics, as having LREE enriched 2x relative to HREE and partially melting (< 15% of the source) at the base of the crust (≥30 km). These melts gave rise to the arc-type association either erupting at the surface, or ponding in upper crustal (≤10 km) magma chambers.

The Ngawha geothermal system is the only known high temperature (220-230˚C) system in New Zealand outside the Taupo Volcanic Zone. This current examination integrates new and available geochemical and geological data on the system and surroundings. Ngawha occurs in a Quaternary-Holocene basalt field, within a ENE-trending extensional fault block 15 km in width. The youngest volcanism in the region is associated with this structure. The basaltic activity changed in composition from earlier (? 1.5 to 0.5 m.y.) high-Al, to younger alkali basalt (< 0.5 m.y. to at least 1200 yr b.p.). Crystal fractionation of the alkali basalt magma produced comenditic rhyolite lava, which outcrops as a dome near Ngawha, and is also inferred to have formed an unerupted intrusion, the likely heat source. The geothermal system has developed within pre-existing fault/fracture permeability in basement metasediments (Permian-Jurassic greywacke and argillite), and is concluded to be on the order of 10,000-20,000 years old. The hydrological model developed for the system is of a fault-bounded reservoir within basement rocks, formed of a series of blocks within which fluid migrates in fractures and joints. The reservoir has a low permeability base from silica deposition, and fluid is confined by a caprock of 500-700 m of Cretaceous-Tertiary marine sediments. This allows only vapour discharge at the surface, and minor local leakage of reservoir waters. Recharge to the system is indicated to occur from the N-NE, with subsurface discharge from the reservoir to the SW. Recharging waters are heated during deep circulation (? 3.5 km) and enter the reservoir from faults to the N and on the southern boundary. Vertical displacement of up to 100 m occurs on some of these faults. Most of the 15 wells drilled (usually 1000-1200 m deep) are within the reservoir. The reservoir fluids are slightly acid pH (5.6 at 230˚C) alkali C1 type, but contain high B (800 mg/kg) and NH3 (200 mg/kg). They have a high gas content, largely CO2 (1.2 wt %) and H2S (100 mg/kg). These fluids have ascended in boundary faults, "degassing" during ascent, with the greatest vapour separation in the upper part of the reservoir. The residual fluids then enter the reservoir. Most dissolved constituents are probably derived from high temperature (? 350ºC) leaching of metasediments at depth below the reservoir. Some, however, also have a magmatic component (CO2, S(H2S), N2(NH3), Hg). The fluids have elevated б18O values (+ 5.5 ‰) relative to local meteoric water (-5.5‰), but reservoir rocks have only been depleted c. 1‰. It is concluded the high б18O is derived from rock leaching at depth, a magmatic component and boiling enrichment during fluid ascent. Reassessment of the hydrothermal mineralogy and oxygen isotopes in quartz, show that the system previously contained 260º-280ºC fluids. Tectonic (fault) movement resulted in an inflow of cooler groundwater from the E "flooding" part of the reservoir and reducing temperatures to c. 180ºC. continued inflow of hot water from the N and S, and heat in rocks, has reheated the reservoir to the current measured temperatures (c. 230ºC). The onset of the cool inflow was probably only several thousands of years ago, and it has persisted and produced a zone of fluid mixing across the central part of the reservoir. This inflow can be identified by oxygen and carbon isotopes (in quartz and calcite), fluid chemistry, alteration minerals, and major and trace element chemistry of rocks, as well as downhole temperatures. Temperature inversions have resulted in some parts. The distribution of major, and twenty-six trace elements, was examined in cores and cuttings from twelve geothermal wells, and compared to equivalent non-geothermal lithologies. Distribution was also related to temperature, permeability and mineralogy. Most major elements have been added to reservoir rocks, but there is obvious depletion of K and Al. Of trace elements, Ba, Rb and Th are strongly depleted. Most trace elements typically show trends of major elements with which they are associated, usually by ionic substitution (e.g. Ca-Sr; K-Rb). Zn, for example, is strongly associated with Fe-and Mg-bearing alteration minerals. Some elements can be correlated with temperature, such as increasing Li, Cd, S, Ca, La and Mg. Base metals are typically enriched 30-50% relative to non-geothermal samples. Element associations, are however, often hard to determine due to the limited distribution of alteration (very low water/rock ratios), the occurrence of elements in different mineral phases, and the episodic deposition of hydrothermal minerals. The basement rocks (Waipapa Group) are of quartzo-felds-pathic nature, but have a minor volcanic contribution. Ratios of immobile trace elements (La/V vs Y) appear to be useful in distinguishing whether geothermal samples are greywacke or argillite. Sulphur fugacities of Ngawha fluids are low and S-bearing minerals are not abundant. Sulphide minerals are of limited occurrence, pyrite being the main sulphide (< 5% of rocks) with minor amounts of poorly crystalline pyrrhotite. Both are more common in the upper reservoir-lower caprock, a zone in which boiling occurs. Pyrite is often of earlier (hotter) formation, and pyrrhotite of the recent-current regime. Pyrrhotite is typically monoclinic or monoclinic + hexagonal. Minor arsenopyrite was found locally in a fault intersection; traces of sphalerite and chalcopyrite have been identified. Minor S as a sublimate forms veins at the surface, but hydrothermal SO4 minerals are in trace amounts only. Grains of primary (detrital) barite were identified in metasediments. Minor amounts of As and Sb sulphides occur at the surface in the main thermal zone. Within that area Hg was previously mined both as cinnabar in siliceous lenses, and adsorbed Hg˚ in fine grain sediments. Mercury is transported through the system as Hg˚ vapour. Downhole analyses of cuttings (30-50 m intervals) show Hg has not been leached from rocks in the reservoir, and is stable in pyrite at that temperature range (200˚-250˚C). The decrease of temperatures in the caprock (<150˚C) allows adsorbed Hg˚ to become stable and deposit. Gold and Ag are in low concentration in all geothermal rocks, the highest being Au = 0.07 ppm and Ag = 0.55 ppm. Gold is mostly associated with pyrite and concentrations are higher in the hot inflow zones; it is depleted in the cool inflow, presumably by subsequent dissolution. Silver occurs in pyrite, but also as other phases not identified (possibly in pyrrhotite), and is enriched in the cool inflow. Well discharge silica has relatively elevated concentrations (Au = 0.27, Ag = 13.9 ppm) and is considered analagous to sinter deposits that would form in the absence of a caprock. Sinters forming to the N of the thermal area, contain very low metallic trace elements, as they form from neutral pH HCO3 waters in the caprock. Modelling the hydrology of the overall system and using Au bisulphide solubilities suggests the likelihood that Au (and base metals) have deposited from the fluids in upflow zones before they enter the reservoir. This model appears to be supported by greater mineralisation in well Ng5 samples, in the N of the drillfield.

This paper describes the concept of traditional education. Educators define traditional education as a way of life, spirituality, an act of love, wholistic, language, and culture. In economics, children learn by observing a skill like setting a snare and then actually snaring something, like a rabbit. This paper includes a history of the Lubicon Lake First Nation, history of the first Indian Mission and Northland School Division. It concludes with the idea that now is the time to develop a unique Lubicon Lake First Nation approach to education. This idea means that the First Nation school has the chance to develop their own system in conjunction with mainstream curriculum, but would include appropriate cultural concepts such as language, native spirituality and history.