Journal articles: 'Northern slope'

1

Aharonson, Oded, Maria T. Zuber, Gregory A. Neumann, and James W. Head. "Mars: Northern hemisphere slopes and slope distributions." Geophysical Research Letters 25, no. 24 (December 15, 1998): 4413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998gl900057.

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2

NICHOLAS C. BROWN and TIFFANY ROBERTS BRIGGS. "SEDIMENTOLOGY OF BEACHES IN NORTHERN PALM BEACH COUNTY, FLORIDA, USA." William Morris Davis – Revista de Geomorfologia 1, no. 1 (August 13, 2020): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.48025/issn2675-6900.v1n1.p29-46.2020.

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Beach nourishment is a common strategy for erosion mitigation that also increases coastal resilience to storm impacts, provides habitat, and supports the economy. Regulations often require that placed sediment closely match the native grain size distribution and composition, however characteristics can vary based on the borrow site. Certain sediment properties will also influence beach slope and other critical beach functions. This study evaluates the 3-dimensional sediment properties and beach morphology of nourished and non-nourished barrier island beaches in northern Palm Beach County, Florida, USA. Surveyed beach profiles were compared with predicted slope based on median grain size. The inlet-adjacent beach managed with annual placement of beneficial use of dredged materials consisted of poorly sorted coarse sand and the steepest measured slope. Sediment was progressively finer and better sorted downdrift with decreasing foreshore slopes. Although sediment near the shoreline is typically the coarsest, clasts were finer than the mid-beach location suggesting that the sampling period coincided with beach recovery and onshore sediment transport of finer material. Sediment at the surface differed from sediment at depth, likely due to the frequent introduction of sediment from various borrow areas compared to the dominance of weathered coquina at depth. The non-carbonate, siliciclastic fraction was primary quartz with few other minerals. The estimated beach slope at the location with the coarsest sediment matched the measured slope. A lower beach slope was predicted for the other locations with finer grain sizes at the shoreline that was attributed to slightly steeper slopes associated with beach accretion. Therefore, complicated spatio-temporal morphodynamics of beaches should be considered when using median grain size from only one sampling event.

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LEE, F. T., J. K. ODUM, and J. D. LEE. "Slope Failures in Northern Vermont, USA." Environmental & Engineering Geoscience III, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.iii.2.161.

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4

Bouma, Arnold H., and Harry H. Roberts. "Northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope." Geo-Marine Letters 10, no. 4 (December 1990): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02431064.

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5

Alhadad, khaled. "HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF SLOPE FAILURES IN CONGLOMERET AT TIKRIT, NORTHERN IRAQ." Iraqi Geological Journal 53, no. 1C (April 1, 2020): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.53.1c.8rx-08/03/2020.

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6

Hao, Chengyuan, Hebing Zhang, and Jian Zhou. "Comparative Analysis on Soil Basic Properties Between Southern and Northern Slopes in Funiu Mountain, China." Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2014): 636–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874129001408010636.

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The spatial variation of soil physical and chemical properties in Funiu Mountain was studied to provide references for identifying soil spatial variation mechanism in bordering land of China warm temperate zone and northern subtropical region. Using vertical gradient sampling and traditional statistics method, the soil samples at the altitude from 1640 m to 1870 m were collected to compare physical and chemical properties between south and north slopes of the Funiu Mountain. The results showed that soil pH, soil organic matter and soil total nitrogen were remarkably correlated with altitude change, but soil electrical conductivity, soil available nitrogen, available phosphors, available potassium, and total potassium were not related to altitude. With the increase of altitude, soil pH and total nitrogen increased, but soil organic matter decreased. Compared with the soil properties of northern slope in Funiu Mountain, soil acidity, electrical conductivity, and available nitrogen were higher in southern slope. Especially, the soil available nitrogen was much higher than the mean value observed in northern slope samples. The contents of soil organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, total nitrogen, and total potassium showed no striking difference on between southern and northern slopes. In conclusion, both altitude and slope direction significantly influenced spatial variation of soil properties in Funiu Mountain. It added to the boundary effect of Qinling Mountains, and revealled the interaction mechanism of the environmental elements such as land-climate-soil-ecosystem in Funiu Mountain.

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7

Wu, Xuemin, Qianyong Liang, Yun Ma, Yaohong Shi, Zhen Xia, Lihua Liu, and Matthias Haeckel. "Submarine Landslides and their Distribution in the Gas Hydrate Area on the North Slope of the South China Sea." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 13, 2018): 3481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123481.

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Integrated investigations have revealed abundant resources of gas hydrates on the northern slope of the South China Sea (SCS). Regarding the gas hydrate research of northern SCS, the gas hydrate related environment problem such as seabed landslides were also concentrated on in those areas. Based on 2D seismic data and sub-bottom profiles of the gas hydrate areas, submarine landslides in the areas of Qiongdongnan, Xisha, Shenhu, and Dongsha have been identified, characterized, and interpreted, and the geophysical characteristics of the northern SCS region investigated comprehensively. The results show 6 major landslides in the gas hydrate zone of the northern SCS and 24 landslides in the Shenhu and Dongsha slope areas of the northern SCS. The landslide zones are located mainly at water depths of 200–3000 m, and they occur on the sides of valleys on the slope, on the flanks of volcanoes, and on the uplifted steep slopes above magmatic intrusions. All landslides extend laterally towards the NE or NEE and show a close relationship to the ancient coastline and the steep terrain of the seabed. We speculate that the distribution and development of submarine landslides in this area has a close relationship with the tectonic setting and sedimentary filling characteristics of the slopes where they are located. Seismic activity is the important factor controlling the submarine landslide in Dongsha area, but the important factor controlling the submarine landslides in Shenhu area is the decomposition of natural gas hydrates.

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8

Ali, Masumian, Naghdi Ramin, Zenner Eric K, Nikooy Mehrdad, and Lotfalian Majid. "Comparison of different erosion control techniques in the Hyrcanian forest in northern Iran." Journal of Forest Science 63, No. 12 (December 12, 2017): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/121/2017-jfs.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of closure best management practices (BMPs) on runoff volume and soil loss on skid trails that received two densities of soil cover mats and were located on two slope gradients in an Iranian temperate mountainous forest. The treatments included combinations of three closure BMPs (water bar only, water bar + sawdust, and water bar + hardwood slash), two amounts (densities) of mats (7.5 and 15 kg·m–2), and two levels of slope gradients (≤ 20% and > 20%). Results showed that the water bar treatment was the least effective erosion control treatment, followed by the hardwood slash and sawdust treatments. Averaged over mat densities and both slope gradients, the average runoff rates and amounts of soil loss from the skid trails with the water bar treatment were 46.7 l per plot and 6.1 g·m–2, respectively, 16.8 l per plot, 2.8 g·m–2, respectively, with the hardwood slash treatment and 11.7 l per plot, 1.9 g·m–2, respectively, with the sawdust treatment. The results indicated that surface cover is a necessary element for controlling erosion losses following a skidding disturbance, particularly on steep slopes.

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9

Terhorst, Birgit, and Bodo Damm. "Slope Stability and Slope Formation in the Flysch Zone of the Vienna Forest (Austria)." Journal of Geological Research 2009 (May 27, 2009): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/589037.

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The Rhenodanubian Flysch of the northern Vienna Forest is composed of various layers of sandstones, marly shales, calcareous marls, and clay shists, which are covered by Quaternary periglacial cover beds and loess deposits. This area at the margin of the eastern Alps represents an undulating landscape of the Austrian low-mountain regions. The Vienna Forest Flysch region is considered to be susceptible to landslides. Both petrography of the bedrock and soil mechanical properties of the Quaternary sediments control the current slope dynamics in the study area. In a temporal context it is evident that the stability of slopes exceeding 27∘ is controlled by a succession of several steps of slope formation. On the basis of field surveys, laboratory analyses, and slope stability modelling, results from investigations on recent landslides demonstrate five different phases of slope formation. In general, after passing these phases the stability of studied slopes is increased, due to the different soil mechanical properties of the potential sliding masses.

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10

Schwab, W. C., W. W. Danforth, K. M. Scanlon, and D. G. Masson. "A giant submarine slope failure on the northern insular slope of Puerto Rico." Marine Geology 96, no. 3-4 (January 1991): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(91)90149-x.

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11

Niedobová, Jana, František Chládek, and Vladimír Hula. "Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Caelifera) and crickets (Orthoptera: Ensifera) from slopes of Macošská stráň and Vilémovická stráň (Moravský kras Protected landscape area, Czech Republic)." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 5 (2011): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159050179.

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In 2008 we found 21 species of grasshoppers and crickets on Macošská stráň slope and 18 species on Vilémovická stráň slope. Both slopes are located in the northern part of the Moravský kras Protected landscape area and have xerothermic character. Both slopes are influenced by pasture management. For the most comprehensive picture of Orthoptera we used a standard method (sweeping of vegetation) and nonstandard methods (pitfall traps and Möricke yellow cups). Termophilous species of Orthoptera on Macošská stráň (47%) were dominating. On Vilémovická stráň mezophilous species (46%) were dominating. The most common species were Stenobothrus lineatus (Panzer, 1796) on Macošská stráň slope and Chorthippus parallelus (Zetterstedt, 1821), Stenobothrus lineatus, Chorthippus bigutulus (Linné, 1758) and Chorthippus dorsatus (Zetterstedt, 1821) on Vilémovická stráň slope. Rare species of this assemblage were Stenobothrus nigromaculatus (Herrich-Schaffer, 1840) which was on Macošská stráň slope only and Tetrix bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) which has much bigger abundances also on Macošská stráň slope.

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12

Serrano, Alberto, Francisco Sánchez, Antonio Punzón, Francisco Velasco, and Ignacio Olaso. "Deep sea megafaunal assemblages off the northern Iberian slope related to environmental factors." Scientia Marina 75, no. 3 (April 26, 2011): 425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2011.75n3425.

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13

Terry, James P. "Erosion pavement formation and slope process interactions in commercial forest plantations, northern Portugal." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 40, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/40/1996/97.

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14

Wakai, Akihiko, Akino Watanabe, Nguyen Van Thang, Takashi Kimura, Go Sato, Kazunori Hayashi, Nanaha Kitamura, et al. "Stability Analysis of Slopes with Terraced Topography in Sapa, Northern Vietnam: Semi-Infinite Slope Assumption with Specific Lengths for Slope Failure." Journal of Disaster Research 16, no. 4 (June 1, 2021): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2021.p0485.

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Numerous annual slope failures are induced by heavy rainfall during the monsoons, especially in developing countries in Asia. The authors have developed a simple method to predict rising groundwater levels in natural slopes at a relatively shallow depth based on parametric studies conducted using the finite element method. An assumption of a semi-infinite homogeneous slope was adopted in the analysis. Addtionally, the authors numerically modelled the vertical infiltration and the lateral seepage flow. Using this method implies that the finite element analysis is not mandatory in the evaluations of practical slopes. Such a simplified approach helps avoid time-consuming tasks in rigorous computations. However, a semi-infinite assumption used in the developed method may provide us with unsuitable solutions, particularly in cases where the slopes include heavily terraced topography with local small cliffs, because theoretically, the first slope failure tends to occur in steep slopes, like the edge of a rice terrace, even though they are very small cliffs. Nevertheless, these local solutions do not affect the conclusions for disaster risk reduction. Moreover, such unsuitable alternatives must be eliminated during analysis. To address this matter, the current study proposes a novel concept of specific lengths. This procedure provides a representative length within the specified length range. The averaged slope gradient is defined by focusing on the secant lines between each topographical grid, while those defined outside the specified range – for example, local cliff angles – are ignored in the slope stability calculation. Consequently, the proposed concept was confirmed to be efficient and can be applied to evaluate the terraced rice fields in Sapa, northern Vietnam. In the past, this area had experienced rainfall-induced slope failures; hence, the proposed method may be able to simulate these occurences. The proposed concept’s effectiveness when applied to terraced fields should continue to be verified through case studies conducted in areas with extensive smallterraced topography.

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15

Parsakhoo, A., and S. A. Hosseini. "Analytical hierarchy process to choose the best earthwork machine in northern forests of Iran." Journal of Forest Science 59, No. 12 (December 20, 2013): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/44/2013-jfs.

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This study attempts to use the analytical hierarchy process to choose the most appropriate earthwork machine for slope classes of 30–50% and 50–70%. Required data were collected by pairwise comparison as questionnaires filled by experts of forest engineering. Results showed that cross-sections and grade line (Technical criteria), soil excavation and displacement (Environmental criteria), production rate and multi-application (Operational criteria), production cost (Economic criteria) with the respective weights of  0.345, 0.345, 0.136, 0.058, 0.058 and 0.058 were the most important criteria for choosing the earthwork machines in the slope class of 30–50%. These coefficients for the slope class of 50–70% were 0.329, 0.329, 0.174, 0.056, 0.056 and 0.056, respectively. Overall priority of bulldozer in slope classes of 30–50% and 50–70% was 0.51 and 0.48, respectively. Therefore, in slope class of 30–50% bulldozer and in slope class of 50–70% hydraulic excavator must be selected for earthwork operation.

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16

Syvitski, James, Clark Alexander, Michael Field, James Gardner, Daniel Orange, and Janet Yun. "Continental-Slope Sedimentation: The View from Northern California." Oceanography 9, no. 3 (1996): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.1996.04.

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17

Jonasson, Christer. "Slope Processes in Periglacial Environments of Northern Scandinavia." Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography 70, no. 3 (1988): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/521077.

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18

Jonasson, Christer. "Slope Processes in Periglacial Environments of Northern Scandinavia." Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 70, no. 3 (October 1988): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04353676.1988.11880252.

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19

Roberts, Harry, Robert Carney, Matthew Kupchik, Charles Fisher, Kim Nelson, Erin Becker, Liz Goehring, et al. "AlvinExplores the Deep Northern Gulf of Mexico Slope." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 88, no. 35 (August 28, 2007): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007eo350001.

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20

Kennicutt, Mahlon C., James M. Brooks, Robert R. Bidigare, Susanne J. McDonald, Daniel L. Adkison, and Stephen A. Macko. "An upper slope “cold” seep community: Northern California." Limnology and Oceanography 34, no. 3 (May 1989): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1989.34.3.0635.

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21

Vick, Louise M., Martina Böhme, Line Rouyet, Steffen G. Bergh, Geoffrey D. Corner, and Tom Rune Lauknes. "Structurally controlled rock slope deformation in northern Norway." Landslides 17, no. 8 (May 11, 2020): 1745–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01421-7.

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22

Poss, R., and G. Rossi. "Slope systems and morphopedological evolution in Northern Togo." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 31, no. 1 (April 7, 1987): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/31/1987/21.

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23

Agassi, M., and M. Ben-Hur. "Effect of slope length, aspect and phosphogypsum on runoff and erosion from steep slopes." Soil Research 29, no. 2 (1991): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9910197.

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The efficiency of phsophogypsum as an amendment for controlling erosion on embankments was studied on a Typic Rhodoxeralf soil, with 48% slope and 10 and 1.5 m long plots, with western and northern aspects and a westerly dominant wind during rainstorms. Phosphogypsum reduced the runoff by 23%, and the erosion was 2-3 times less than on the control slope. The embarkment's aspect has no effect on the amounts of rainfall and runoff, but the erosion from the long plots with a western aspect compared with the long plots with a northern aspect was 1.4 and 2.5 times higher in the control and phosphogypsum treatments, respectively. The length of the plots has no effect on the runoff, however, soil loss was 6.4 times higher in the longer plots. High correlations were found between the amount of erosion and the erosivity index or the runoff amount.

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24

Usupbaev, Adilet. "The Synopsis of the Genus Phleum L. (Poaceae) in Flora of The Kyrgyz Republic." Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Serija 11. Estestvennye nauki, no. 2 (August 2018): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu11.2018.2.2.

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On the base of investigation of material kept in Herbarium of flora laboratory (Institute for Biology and Pedology, National Aсademy of Sciences (FRU), a synopsis of the genus Phleum L. (Poaceae) in flora of Kyrgyz Republic with a key for identification of species and short citats is presented. Six species are recognized in Kyrgyz Republic (Phleum phleoides H. Karst., Phleum himalaicum Mez, Phleum paniculatum Huds., Phleum pratense L., Phleum roshevitzii Pavlov, Phleum alpinum L.). Phleumroshevitzii Pavlov newly reported for Kyrgyz Republic (Issyk-Kul Lake depression, Northern Kyrgyzstan). Maps of distribution for species growing in Kyrgyz Republic (Laskov GA., Sultanova BA., 2011) and list of studied specimens are provided. NK - Northern Kyrgyzstan (Chu Valley with adjacent northern macro-slope of Alexander Mountain Range, and the basin of Chon-Kemin River); IK - Issyk-Kul Lake depression (including northern macro-slope of TerskeiAla-Too Mountain Range, southern slope of KungeiAla-Too Mountain Range, basins of Tyup, Jergalan, and Karkyra rivers); CT - Central Tien Shan (basin of the Sary-Dzhaz River); WT - esternTien Shan (Talas and Chatkal valleys together with slopes of adjacent mountain ranges, and Ketmen-Tyube Valley); F - Cis-Ferghanian Kyrgyzstan (edges of the Fergana Valley, with adjacent macro-slopes of Chatkal Mountain Range, Fergana Mountain Range, Turkestan Mountain range, and Alai Mountain System); IT - Inner Tien Shan (the area bounded in the north by Kyrgyz Mt. Ridge, in the southwest by Fergana Mountain Range, and in the south-east by Kokshaal-Too Mountain System); А - Alai Valley (including southern macro-slope of Alai Mts. and northern macro-slope of Trans-Alai Mt. Range); EK - Entire territory of Kyrgyzstan (i. e. species is registered in all of abovementioned regions). Kyrgyz Republic is located in the centre of Eurasia. The distance to an Indian Ocean is about 3 000 km. The total square is about 198,500 km2. Altitudes are from 410 to 7 439 m above sea level. Over 90 % of the territory is elevated above 1 500 m. About 40 % of nearly uninhabitable: glaciers, permanent snow, rocks, scree, alpine desert, etc. Ca. 7 % of territory is occupied by the cultural landscape: fields, settlements, roads, and industry (Atlas…1987). Only the main literature sources are cited for species: “Flora URSS” (Ovczinnikov, 1934), “Flora of Kirghiz SSR”(Nikitina, 1950), “Conspectus florae AsiaeMediae” (Gamajunova, 1968), and also the monograph of Tzvelev NN. “Grasses of URSS” (Tzvelev, 1976). The article contains 1 Figures, 1 key for identification of species, and 11 References.

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25

Thompson, David W. J., and Thomas Birner. "On the Linkages between the Tropospheric Isentropic Slope and Eddy Fluxes of Heat during Northern Hemisphere Winter." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 1811–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0187.1.

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Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated the key role of baroclinicity and thus the isentropic slope in determining the climatological-mean distribution of the tropospheric eddy fluxes of heat. Here the authors examine the role of variability in the isentropic slope in driving variations in the tropospheric eddy fluxes of heat about their long-term mean during Northern Hemisphere winter. On month-to-month time scales, the lower-tropospheric isentropic slope and eddy fluxes of heat are not significantly correlated when all eddies are included in the analysis. But the isentropic slope and heat fluxes are closely linked when the data are filtered to isolate the fluxes due to synoptic (<10 days) and low-frequency (>10 days) time scale waves. Anomalously steep isentropic slopes are characterized by anomalously poleward heat fluxes by synoptic eddies but anomalously equatorward heat fluxes by low-frequency eddies. Lag regressions based on daily data reveal that 1) variations in the isentropic slope precede by several days variations in the heat fluxes by synoptic eddies and 2) variations in the heat fluxes due to both synoptic and low-frequency eddies precede by several days similarly signed variations in the momentum flux at the tropopause level. The results suggest that seemingly modest changes in the tropospheric isentropic slope drive significant changes in the synoptic eddy heat fluxes and thus in the generation of baroclinic wave activity in the lower troposphere. The linkages have implications for understanding the extratropical tropospheric eddy response to a range of processes, including anthropogenic climate change, stratospheric variability, and extratropical sea surface temperature anomalies.

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Barbero, Diego, Paola Boano, Maria Teresa Colla, and Maria Gabriella Forno. "Pleistocene terraced fluvial succession, northern slope of Torino Hill." Quaternary International 171-172 (August 2007): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2006.12.009.

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27

Bray, N. A., and C. L. Greengrove. "Circulation over the shelf and slope off northern California." Journal of Geophysical Research 98, no. C10 (1993): 18119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93jc01142.

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28

Wu, Xiao Qiang. "In Northern Shaanxi Soil Nailing Wall Slope Protection Design." Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (December 2014): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.242.

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Through the function mechanism of soil nail wall support and work performance analysis and research, combined with some slope protection of shaanxi and the typical application of the supporting engineering, illustrates the design method of soil nailing wall soil nail wall and basic steps.

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29

Hutchinson, Thomas W. "Ventilation of Low Slope Roof Systems in Northern Climates." Energy Procedia 132 (October 2017): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.647.

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30

Bairov, Abdunabi, Khurshida Nuriddinova, and Shukhrat Juraev. "Study on the organic carbon and total nitrogen reserves in brown soils in the Chirchik river basin: A case study of Tashkent region, Uzbekistan." E3S Web of Conferences 304 (2021): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130403006.

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To identify the role in carbon stabilization, the content and reserves of SOC and TN in brown soils of the middle mountains of the Chirchik river basin of the Tashkent region of Uzbekistan were investigated in connection with the climatic conditions of the slopes of various topographic aspects. The content and reserves of SOC and N were the highest in the soils of the northern slope, and the lowest in the soils of the southern slopes; the eastern slopes, in this respect, occupied an intermediate position. The climates of slope exposures were the main factors influencing on the content and reserves of SOC and N in the profile of brown soils, indicating the need for separate consideration of carbon emissions from soils which are developed on slopes of various topographic aspects.

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Watanabe, Akino, Akihiko Wakai, Takatsugu Ozaki, Thang Van Nguyen, Takashi Kimura, Go Sato, Kazunori Hayashi, and Nanaha Kitamura. "The Effect of Surface Layer Thickness in a Wide-Area Simulation in Different Models: Susceptibility Mapping of Rainfall-Induced Landslide." Journal of Disaster Research 16, no. 4 (June 1, 2021): 636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2021.p0636.

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In recent years, sediment disaster has frequently been caused by heavy rainfall and has cost many human lives and great property losses. To estimate such risks, Wakai et al. [1] proposed a simplified prediction method to calculate the variation of groundwater levels in natural slopes both at the time of rainfall in wide areas and in real time. To calculate the variation of groundwater levels using this method, the slope conditions (such as material constant and initial conditions) must be determined in advance. This study takes the 2017 heavy rainfall in Northern Kyushu as an example to analyze surface layer thickness, one of the slope conditions that most significantly influences slope stability, over wide areas. The findings reveal that the prediction of slope failure distribution differs depending on how the surface layer thickness and sliding surface are determined.

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32

Fang, Haiyan. "Water-Saving Soil Conservation Measures Should Be Used in Northern China: Evidence from Runoff Plot Data." Water 13, no. 6 (March 20, 2021): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060853.

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Most of the current studies on soil conservation measures mainly focus on their soil control effect, neglecting their impact on water quantity. In the present study, the latest seven years (2014–2020) of monitored data from 22 runoff plots in the upstream catchment of the Miyun Reservoir, Beijing were used to evaluate the effects of slope, rainfall, and soil conservation measures on soil and water loss, and some implications were given in this water-scarce region. Excluding the impact of soil conservation measures, soil loss increased with the slope gradient and slope length. Runoff and soil loss were greatly affected by the rainfall amount and maximum 30-min rainfall intensity on the bare and cultivated slopes, or by rainfall amount and rainfall duration on almost all of the plots with soil conservation measures. The results indicated that the bare soil suffered the most severe soil loss, with a mean annual soil loss rate (SLR) of 4325 t km−2 year−1, followed by the cultivated lands without any measure, with an annual SLR of above 3205 t km−2 year−1. Contour tillage cannot effectively control soil loss on steep slopes. The vegetation measures and terrace, level bench, and fish scale pits, as well as their combinations, can decrease runoff by above 86% and decrease soil loss by 95%, respectively. Water-saving measures should be implemented in the study region. The measures, such as vegetation coverage, terracing, contour tillage, etc., should be carefully implemented on slopes. Bare and cultivated lands should further be implemented with soil conservation measures in this and similar regions in the world.

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33

Pongsai, S., D. Schmidt Vogt, R. P. Shrestha, R. S. Clemente, and A. Eiumnoh. "Calibration and validation of the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation for estimating sediment yield on sloping plots: A case study in Khun Satan catchment of Northern Thailand." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 90, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 585–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss09076.

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In this study, model testing, calibration, and validation of the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) model were carried out in Khun Satan catchment, Thailand, for the estimation of sediment yield in plots of different slopes using the S factor from the classic Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the McCool model, as the calibration parameter. In situ experimental plots were established with five different inclinations (9, 16, 25, 30, and 35%), with the other model parameters (e.g., erodibility, conservation practice, etc) being treated as constants. Sediment yields were recorded from 27 rainfall events between July and October 2003. It was found that both the classic USLE and the McCool models over-estimated sediment yields at all slope angles. However, the classic USLE produced a smaller relative error (RE) than the McCool model at plots with slopes of 9 and 16%, while the McCool model performed better at plots with slopes over 16% inclination. The calibration of the model using the S factor was then made for two slope range intervals, and the slope algorithm was later modified. The calibrated S factors were used in the prototype model for slope ranges of 9 to 16% using classic USLE and for slopes from 16 to 35% using the McCool model. The results revealed that an acceptable accuracy can be obtained through model calibration. The model validation based on paired t-test, on the other hand, showed that there was no difference (α = 0.05) between measured and estimated sediment yield using both models. This result indicates that if data on various slope gradients are limited, MUSLE needs to be calibrated before application, especially with respect to topographic factors, in order to obtain an accurate estimate of the sediment yield from individual rainfall events.

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Christiansen, Hanne H., Lars H. Blikra, and Lis E. Mortensen. "Holocene slope processes and landforms in the northern Faroe Islands." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 98, no. 1 (March 2007): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691007000047.

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ABSTRACTThe exposed nature of the northern Faroe Islands high relief landscape enabled widespread Holocene slope process activity and deposition of related landforms, which seem largely controlled by extreme meteorological conditions. Three different slope landforms – the large colluvial Glyvurs fan, the lower Marknastiggjur mountainside debris-flow deposits in the town of Klaksvik, and the mountain top aeolian sediment cover on Eidiskollur – were investigated by a combination of geomorphological, stratigraphic, sedimentological, chronological and modern process studies.Sporadic Holocene snow-avalanche and debris-flow activity were documented, with sedimentation starting significantly before 8000 cal yr BP in the Glyvurs fan, which still sporadically experiences activity. The largest amounts of Holocene slope sedimentation seem to occur in colluvial fans, such as the Glyvurs fan, which are located below large dyke canyons, called gjogvs. The lower Marknastiggjur mountainside consists of mainly debris-flow deposits, which started before 7800 cal yr BP. A relatively small amount of precipitation, but with high precipitation intensity after a dry summer, triggered modern small-scale debris-flows in the northern islands, also at the Marknastiggjur mountainside, early in Autumn 2000. Extensive continuous mountaintop aeolian sedimentation from cliff weathering started around 6900 cal yr BP on the Eidiskollur peninsula.No direct influence of settlement on slope process activity was found at the different investigated slope landforms in the northern Faroe Islands.

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Magnin, Florence, Bernd Etzelmüller, Sebastian Westermann, Ketil Isaksen, Paula Hilger, and Reginald L. Hermanns. "Permafrost distribution in steep rock slopes in Norway: measurements, statistical modelling and implications for geomorphological processes." Earth Surface Dynamics 7, no. 4 (October 30, 2019): 1019–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1019-2019.

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Abstract. Permafrost in steep rock slopes has been increasingly studied since the early 2000s in conjunction with a growing number of rock slope failures, which likely resulted from permafrost degradation. In Norway, rock slope destabilization is a widespread phenomenon and a major source of risk for the population and infrastructure. However, a lack of precise knowledge of the permafrost distribution in steep slopes hinders the assessment of its role in these destabilizations. This study proposes the first nationwide permafrost probability map for the steep slopes of Norway (CryoWall map). It is based on a multiple linear regression model fitted with multi-annual rock surface temperature (RST) measurements, collected at 25 rock slope sites, spread across a latitudinal transect (59–69∘ N) over mainland Norway. The CryoWall map suggests that discontinuous permafrost widely occurs above 1300–1400 and 1600–1700 m a.s.l. in the north and south rock faces of southern Norway (59∘ N), respectively. This lower altitudinal limit decreases in northern Norway (70∘ N) by about 500±50 m, with a more pronounced decrease for south faces, as a result of the insolation patterns largely driven by midnight sun in summer and polar night in winter. Similarly, the mean annual RST differences between north and south faces of similar elevation range around 1.5 ∘C in northern Norway and 3.5 ∘C in southern Norway. The CryoWall map is evaluated against direct ice observations in steep slopes and discussed in the context of former permafrost studies in various types of terrain in Norway. We show that permafrost can occur at much lower elevations in steep rock slopes than in other terrains, especially in north faces. We demonstrate that the CryoWall map is a valuable basis for further investigations related to permafrost in steep slopes in terms of both practical concerns and fundamental science.

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Lynch, Ann M., and John R. Bassett. "Oak Stump Sprouting on Dry Sites in Northern Lower Michigan." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 4, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/4.3.142.

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Abstract In clearcut portions of 37 stands, stumps from northern red, northern pin, and white oak trees, averaging about 65 years old when felled, were measured to relate sprouting to stump diameter, estimated dbh, slope position, aspect, site index, and parent tree (stump) age. At least one vigorous sprout was produced by 80 and 77% of northern red and northern pin oak stumps, respectively, and sprouting was independent of stump diameter. In contrast, 54% of white oak stumps produced at least one vigorous sprout, and sprouting was related to stump diameter. Northern red and northern pin oaks sprouted least frequently on lower slopes, whereas white oaks sprouted least frequently on midslope positions. White oak sprouting was also less frequent on south-and west-facing slopes. Sprouting of white and northern pin oaks was weakly associated with site index. The sprouting of all species was related to tree age, but only white oak showed a consistent trend of decreased sprouting with increased tree age. An average of 134 oak stumps per acre produced at least one vigorous sprout. North. J. Appl. For. 4:142-145, Sept. 1987.

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Solgi, Ahmad, Ramin Naghdi, Eric K. Zenner, Vahid Hemmati, Frashad Keivan Behjou, and Ali Masumian. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Mulching for Reducing Soil Erosion in Cut Slope and Fill Slope of Forest Roads in Hyrcanian Forests." Croatian journal of forest engineering 42, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/crojfe.2021.756.

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Forest operations often enhance runoff and soil loss in roads and skid trails, where cut slopes and fill slopes are the most important source of sediment. This study evaluated the effectiveness of four erosion control treatments applied to cut slope and fill slope segments of forest roads of different ages in the Hyrcanian forest in northern Iran. The treatment combinations, each replicated three times, included four classes of mulch cover (bare soil [BS], wood chips cover [WCH], sawdust cover [SC], and rice straw cover [RSC]), two levels of side slope (cut slope and fill slope), two levels of side slope gradient (20–25% and 40–45%), and three levels of road age (three, 10 and 20 years after construction). Mulch cover treatments significantly reduced average surface runoff volume and sediment yield compared to BS. Regardless of erosion control treatment, greater surface runoff volume and soil loss under natural rainfall occurred on steeper slope gradients in all road age classes and decreased with increasing road age on both slope gradients. On cut slopes, average runoff and soil loss from the plots covered with WCH (17.63 l per plot, 2.43 g m–2) was lower than from those covered with SC (22.81 l per plot, 3.50 g m–2), which was lower than from those covered with RSC (29.13 l per plot, 4.41 g m–2 and BS (34.61 l per plot, 4.94 g m–2). On fill slopes, average runoff and soil loss from the plots covered with WCH (14.13 l per plot, 1.99 g m–2) was lower than from plots covered with SC (20.01 l per plot, 3.23 g m–2), which was lower than from plots covered with RSC (24.52 l per plot, 4.06 g m–2) and BS (29.03 l per plot, 4.47 g m–2). Surface cover successfully controlled erosion losses following road construction, particularly on steep side slopes with high erosion potential.

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Li, S., Z. Q. Yue, L. G. Tham, C. F. Lee, and S. W. Yan. "Slope failure in underconsolidated soft soils during the development of a port in Tianjin, China. Part 2: Analytical study." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 166–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t04-088.

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This paper presents the analytical study of a major landslide that occurred in a newly dredged slope during port development in the city of Tianjin, northern China. The slope comprised mainly underconsolidated and submerged soft soils. The landslide consisted of a number of individual slides that occurred sequentially and extended retrogressively and laterally into the reclaimed land. The paper proposes a slope stability assessment methodology for the examination of such slope failures, with retrogressive and lateral extension into reclaimed land. Both the total and the effective stress approaches are adopted in the slope stability assessment. Eight different sets of soil shear strength parameters are used in the assessment. They were determined by using different methods in the laboratory and in the field or by back analysis. The assessment results indicate that the total stress approach, together with undrained vane strength values, gives the best result in the stability assessment of the original dredged slope and the subsequent failed slopes. The paper further examines the factors that might have caused or triggered the occurrence of the landslide. Backfilling of a thick general soil layer and a sand cushion for vacuum preloading of the hydraulic fill in the reclaimed land might have rendered the entire slope marginally stable. Lowering of the tidal level might also have had an effect in triggering the landslide. The engineering approach and results presented in this study could be useful in the design and construction of dredged slopes in underconsolidated soft soils.Key words: land reclamation, dredge excavation, slope stability assessment, landslide investigation, marine mud, case studies.

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Varga, Csaba, and Levente Csiszér. "The influence of slope aspect on soil moisture." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausae-2020-0007.

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AbstractIn this research, we investigated the variability of soil moisture on two slopes of opposite aspect (a northern slope and a southern slope) but with the same soil type. To identify the spatial disposal of the soil type on both slopes, we georeferenced the paper-based soil map of Sfântu Gheorghe, using the QGIS platform. In order to use the correct slope aspect, we used a numerical model of the terrain (relief). The research plot was soil sampled at the depth of 10 cm on two different dates: on 7 November 2019 and on 3 March 2020, using a Buerkle soil sampler.Gravimetric method was used to determine the soil moisture values that proved to be the most accurate for our purpose.The soil moisture values, obtained in weight percentage, were assigned to the coordinates of the sampling points, and soil moisture maps were generated in QGIS for both slopes and for both sampling dates. These maps gave us the opportunity to evaluate the variability in time of the soil moisture distribution on the sample plots.The water holding capacity of the soils is mostly influenced by their organic C content. So, the total organic carbon content of the soil from the sampling plots was measured using the Tyurin method.

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Varga, Csaba, and Levente Csiszér. "The influence of slope aspect on soil moisture." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausae-2020-0007.

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Abstract In this research, we investigated the variability of soil moisture on two slopes of opposite aspect (a northern slope and a southern slope) but with the same soil type. To identify the spatial disposal of the soil type on both slopes, we georeferenced the paper-based soil map of Sfântu Gheorghe, using the QGIS platform. In order to use the correct slope aspect, we used a numerical model of the terrain (relief). The research plot was soil sampled at the depth of 10 cm on two different dates: on 7 November 2019 and on 3 March 2020, using a Buerkle soil sampler. Gravimetric method was used to determine the soil moisture values that proved to be the most accurate for our purpose. The soil moisture values, obtained in weight percentage, were assigned to the coordinates of the sampling points, and soil moisture maps were generated in QGIS for both slopes and for both sampling dates. These maps gave us the opportunity to evaluate the variability in time of the soil moisture distribution on the sample plots. The water holding capacity of the soils is mostly influenced by their organic C content. So, the total organic carbon content of the soil from the sampling plots was measured using the Tyurin method.

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41

Hashemi, Mahsa, Ramin Naghdi, Mehrdad Nikooy, and Vahid Hemmati. "Assessment of forest road pavement materials one year after restoration (Case study: Asalem forest in northern Iran)." Journal of Forest Science 65, No. 3 (March 30, 2019): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/68/2018-jfs.

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The main purpose of this study was evaluating indicators of forest road pavement degradation and their relation with different longitudinal slope classes after one year. Therefore, 30 plots of 100 m2 (10×10 m) area at a distance of 100 meters from each other were selected by a systematic method in the study forest road in the north of Iran. All effective factors on pavement degradation, like longitudinal and transverse slope, crown canopy on top of plots, azimuth and shape of road bed were measured. Additionally, to evaluate the mechanical characteristics of soil, 4 kg soil samples of pavement surface materials were taken from each mentioned plot. Regarding the results of average sifting through various sieves, we can state that in higher slope classes it is reduced by employing a bigger size of sieves. The percentage passing through sieve number 40 because of increasing slope in 4–7% slope classes was increased. There is a significant difference in the coefficient of uniformity between control treatment and classes 4–7% and above 7%. The treatments did not have an appropriate coefficient of curvature either. Totally, regarding negligible changes that were observed in class 4–7% in comparison with the other classes, we can figure out that this class is more suitable for the road construction.

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Ampatzi, G., N. Chatzigogos, M. Makedon, G. Papathanassiou, and V. Marinos. "APPLICATION OF TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING (LIDAR) IN ROCK SLOPE STABILITY. ΑΝ ΕXAMPLE FROM NORTHERN GREECE." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 50, no. 2 (July 27, 2017): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11763.

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The scope of this study is to investigate the failure mechanisms of the eastern coastal zone of Mount Athos, using the LiDar device for the 3D mapping of the structural features of the rock mass. Therefore emphasis was given to the study of the planes of discontinuities that can trigger potential failures. All slopes were scanned by LiDar device in order to capture their structure and especially the orientation and the spacing of the discontinuities. The data were processed in order to produce the microtectonic model of the slopes and evaluate the potential slope failures. Finally some remedial measures are proposed.The results and the reliability as well as the constrictions of the applied methodology are discussed for future applications.

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Ribolzi, O., J. Patin, L. M. Bresson, K. O. Latsachack, E. Mouche, O. Sengtaheuanghoung, N. Silvera, J. P. Thiébaux, and C. Valentin. "Impact of slope gradient on soil surface features and infiltration on steep slopes in northern Laos." Geomorphology 127, no. 1-2 (April 2011): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.12.004.

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44

Piola, A. R., N. Martínez Avellaneda, R. A. Guerrero, F. P. Jardón, E. D. Palma, and S. I. Romero. "Malvinas-slope water intrusions on the northern Patagonia continental shelf." Ocean Science 6, no. 1 (March 8, 2010): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-6-345-2010.

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Abstract. The Patagonia continental shelf located off southeastern South America is bounded offshore by the Malvinas Current, which extends northward from northern Drake Passage (~55° S) to nearly 38° S. The transition between relatively warm-fresh shelf waters and Subantarctic Waters from the western boundary current is characterized by a thermohaline front extending nearly 2500 km. We use satellite derived sea surface temperature, and chlorophyll-a data combined with hydrographic and surface drifter data to document the intrusions of slope waters onto the continental shelf near 41° S. These intrusions create vertically coherent localized negative temperature and positive salinity anomalies extending onshore about 150 km from the shelf break. The region is associated with a center of action of the first mode of non-seasonal sea surface temperature variability and also relatively high chlorophyll-a variability, suggesting that the intrusions are important in promoting the local development of phytoplankton. The generation of slope water penetrations at this location may be triggered by the inshore excursion of the 100 m isobath, which appears to steer the Malvinas Current waters over the outer shelf.

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Piola, A. R., N. M. Avellaneda, R. A. Guerrero, F. P. Jardón, E. D. Palma, and S. I. Romero. "Malvinas-slope water intrusions on the northern Patagonia continental shelf." Ocean Science Discussions 6, no. 3 (December 2, 2009): 2939–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-6-2939-2009.

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Abstract. The Patagonia continental shelf located off southeastern South America is bounded offshore by the Malvinas Current, which extends northward from northern Drake Passage (~55° S) to nearly 38° S. The transition between relatively warm-fresh shelf waters and Subantarctic Waters from the western boundary current is characterized by a thermohaline front extending nearly 2500 km. We use satellite derived sea surface temperature, and chlorophyll-a data combined with hydrographic and surface drifter data to document the intrusions of slope waters onto the continental shelf near 41° S. These intrusions create vertically coherent localized negative temperature and positive salinity anomalies extending onshore about 150 km from the shelf break. The region is associated with a center of action of the first mode of non-seasonal sea surface temperature variability and also relatively high chlorophyll-a variability, suggesting that the intrusions are important in promoting the local development of phytoplankton. The generation of slope water penetrations at this location may be triggered by the inshore excursion of the 100 m isobath, which appears to steer the Malvinas Current waters over the outer shelf.

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Kilburn, Christopher R. J., and David N. Petley. "Forecasting giant, catastrophic slope collapse: lessons from Vajont, Northern Italy." Geomorphology 54, no. 1-2 (August 2003): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-555x(03)00052-7.

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Spinelli, G. A., and M. E. Field. "Evolution of Continental Slope Gullies on the Northern California Margin." Journal of Sedimentary Research 71, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/092500710237.

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Paronuzzi, Paolo. "Rockfall-induced block propagation on a soil slope, northern Italy." Environmental Geology 58, no. 7 (November 26, 2008): 1451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1648-7.

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Guo, Pu, Wendong Fang, Zijun Gan, Rongyu Chen, and Xiaomin Long. "Internal tide characteristics over northern South China Sea continental slope." Chinese Science Bulletin 51, S2 (December 2006): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-006-9017-y.

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50

Bouma, Arnold H., and William R. Bryant. "Physiographic features on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope." Geo-Marine Letters 14, no. 4 (December 1994): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01274061.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Northern slope'

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